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5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) polyclonal antibody (rabbit)

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Negative IgG control

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Catalog Number

Format

Price

C15310210-20

20 µl

$125.00
Bulk order

Other format

C15310210-100

100 µl

Polyclonal antibody raised against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC). 5-hmC is a recently discovered DNA modification which results from the enzymatic conversion of 5-methylcytosine into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine by the TET family of oxygenases. Preliminary results indicate that 5-hmC may have important roles distinct from 5-methylcytosine (5-mC). Although its precise role has still to be shown, early evidence suggests a few putative mechanisms that could have big implications in epigenetics.

Lot	A1204-004
Concentration	not determined
Species reactivity	Human, mouse, other (wide range)
Type	Polyclonal
Purity	Whole antiserum
Host	Rabbit
Precautions	This product is for research use only. Not for use in diagnostic or therapeutic procedures.

Applications	Suggested dilution	References
ELISA	1/500	Fig 1
hMeDIP	2.5 μl/IP	Fig 2
Dot Blotting	1:200	Fig 3

Validation Data

Figure 1. Determination of the 5-hmC rabbit polyclonal antibody titer
To determine the titer, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode rabbit polyclonal antibody directed against 5-hmC in antigen coated wells. The antigen used was BSA coupled to the 5-hmC base. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution, the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1: 3,500.

Figure 2. An hydroxymethylated DNA IP (hMeDIP) was performed using the Diagenode rabbit polyclonal antibody directed against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (Cat. No. CS-HMC-100).
The IgG isotype antibodies from rabbit (Cat. No. kch-504-250) was used as negative control. The DNA was prepared with the GenDNA module of the hMeDIP kit and sonicated with our Bioruptor® (UCD-200/300 series) to have DNA fragments of 300-500 bp. 1 μg of human Hela cells DNA were spiked with non-methylated, methylated, and hydroxymethylated fragments. The IP’d material has been analysed by qPCR using the primer pair specific for the 3 different control sequences. The obtained results show that the Diagenode rabbit polyclonal for 5-hmC is highly specific for this base modification (no IP with non-methylated or methylated C bases containing fragments).

Figure 3. Dotblot analysis of the Diagenode 5-hmC rabbit polyclonal antibody with the C, mC and hmC PCR controls
100 to 4 ng (equivalent of 5 to 0.2 pmol of C-bases) of the hmC, mC and C PCR controls from the Diagenode “5-hmC, 5-mC & cytosine DNA Standard Pack” (Cat No. AF-101-0002) were spotted on a membrane (Amersham Hybond-N+). The membrane was incubated with the rabbit 5-hydroxymethylcytosine polyclonal antibody (dilution 1:200). The membranes were exposed for 30 seconds.
Target description
5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) has been recently discovered in mammalian DNA. This results from the enzymatic conversion of 5-methylcytosine into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine by the TET family of oxygenases. So far, the 5-hmC bases have been identified in Purkinje neurons, in granule cells and embryonic stem cells where they are present at high levels (up to 0,6% of total nucleotides in Purkinje cells).

Preliminary results indicate that 5-hmC may have important roles distinct from 5-mC. Although its precise role has still to be shown, early evidence suggests a few putative mechanisms that could have big implications in epigenetics : 5-hydroxymethylcytosine may well represent a new pathway to demethylate DNA involving a repair mechanism converting 5-hmC to cytosine and, as such open up entirely new perspectives in epigenetic studies.

Due to the structural similarity between 5-mC and 5-hmC, these bases are experimentally almost indistinguishable. Recent articles demonstrated that the most common approaches (e.g. enzymatic approaches, bisulfite sequencing) do not account for 5-hmC. The development of the affinity-based technologies appears to be the most powerful way to differentially and specifically enrich 5-mC and 5-hmC sequences. The results shown here illustrate the use of this unique monoclonal antibody against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine that has been fully validated in various technologies.

実験手法

メチル化DNA免疫沈降
hMeDIPの場合、メチル化DNA IP（MeDIP）は5-メチルシトシン（5-mC）または5-ヒドロキシメチルシトシン（5-hmC）に対する抗体を用いたメチル化DNAのアフィニティー精製に基づきます。使い方メチルDNA IPは以下のようにして実施されます。(要約)：培養細胞または組織からのゲノムDNAを調製、せん断、その後変性させます。次いで、免疫選択および免疫沈降を、5メチルシトシンに対する抗体および抗体結合ビーズを用いて行うことが可能です。単離および精製が行われた後、... Read more

ELISA
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Read more

DB
Dot blotting Read more

資料
Datasheet 5hmC CS-HMC-050 DATASHEET
Polyclonal antibody raised in rabbit against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine conjugated to KLH. Download

出版物

How to properly cite this product in your work

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Using our products in your publication? Let us know!

Epigenetic Blockade of Hippocampal SOD2 Via DNMT3b-Mediated DNAMethylation: Implications in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced PersistentOxidative Damage.
Balasubramanian, Nagalakshmi and Sagarkar, Sneha and Choudhary, Amit G andKokare, Dadasaheb M and Sakharkar, Amul J
The recurrent events of mild trauma exacerbate the vulnerability for post-traumatic stress disorder; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms are scarcely known. The repeated mild traumatic brain injury (rMTBI) perturbs redox homeostasis which is primarily managed by superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2). The current st...

Genomic integrity of ground-state pluripotency.
Jafari N, Giehr P, Hesaraki M, Baas R, de Graaf P, Timmers HTM, Walter J, Baharvand H, Totonchi M
Pluripotent cells appear to be in a transient state during early development. These cells have the capability to transition into embryonic stem cells (ESCs). It has been reported that mouse pluripotent cells cultivated in chemically defined media sustain the ground state of pluripotency. Because the epigenetic patte...

Alterations in the placental methylome with maternal obesity and evidence for metabolic regulation
Mitsuya K. et al.
The inflammatory and metabolic derangements of obesity in pregnant women generate an adverse intrauterine environment, increase pregnancy complications and adverse fetal outcomes and program the fetus for obesity and metabolic syndrome in later life. We hypothesized that epigenetic modifications in placenta includin...

Maternal obesity programs increased leptin gene expression in rat male offspring via epigenetic modifications in a depot-specific manner
Lecoutre S. et al.
OBJECTIVE: According to the Developmental Origin of Health and Disease (DOHaD) concept, maternal obesity and accelerated growth in neonates predispose offspring to white adipose tissue (WAT) accumulation. In rodents, adipogenesis mainly develops during lactation. The mechanisms underlying the phenomenon known as ...

RESEARCH RESOURCE: Changes in gene expression and Estrogen Receptor cistrome in mouse liver upon acute E2 treatment.
Palierne G et al.
Transcriptional regulation by the Estrogen Receptor α (ER) has been investigated mainly in breast cancer cell lines but estrogens such as 17β-Estradiol (E2) exert numerous extra-reproductive effects, particularly in the liver where E2 exhibits both protective metabolic and deleterious thrombotic actions. ...

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and C/EBPα synergistically activate key metabolic adipocyte genes by assisted loading.
Madsen MS, Siersbæk R, Boergesen M, Nielsen R, Mandrup S
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα) are key activators of adipogenesis. They mutually induce the expression of each other and have been reported to cooperate in activation of a few adipocyte genes. Recently, genome-wide profiling ...

Dynamic hydroxymethylation of deoxyribonucleic acid marks differentiation-associated enhancers.
Sérandour AA, Avner S, Oger F, Bizot M, Percevault F, Lucchetti-Miganeh C, Palierne G, Gheeraert C, Barloy-Hubler F, Péron CL, Madigou T, Durand E, Froguel P, Staels B, Lefebvre P, Métivier R, Eeckhoute J, Salbert G
Enhancers are developmentally controlled transcriptional regulatory regions whose activities are modulated through histone modifications or histone variant deposition. In this study, we show by genome-wide mapping that the newly discovered deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) modification 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) is dy...

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<p><small><strong>Figure 1. Determination of the 5-hmC rabbit polyclonal antibody titer</strong><br />To determine the titer, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode rabbit polyclonal antibody directed against 5-hmC in antigen coated wells. The antigen used was BSA coupled to the 5-hmC base. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution, the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1: 3,500. </small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 2. An hydroxymethylated DNA IP (hMeDIP) was performed using the Diagenode rabbit polyclonal antibody directed against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (Cat. No. CS-HMC-100).</strong><br />The IgG isotype antibodies from rabbit (Cat. No. kch-504-250) was used as negative control. The DNA was prepared with the GenDNA module of the hMeDIP kit and sonicated with our Bioruptor&reg; (UCD-200/300 series) to have DNA fragments of 300-500 bp. 1 &mu;g of human Hela cells DNA were spiked with non-methylated, methylated, and hydroxymethylated fragments. The IP&rsquo;d material has been analysed by qPCR using the primer pair specific for the 3 different control sequences. The obtained results show that the Diagenode rabbit polyclonal for 5-hmC is highly specific for this base modification (no IP with non-methylated or methylated C bases containing fragments). </small></p>
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			'name' => '5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) Antibody (rabbit) ',
			'description' => '<p><span>Polyclonal antibody raised against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC). 5-hmC is a recently discovered DNA modification which results from the enzymatic conversion of 5-methylcytosine into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine by the TET family of oxygenases. Preliminary results indicate that 5-hmC may have important roles distinct from 5-methylcytosine (5-mC). Although its precise role has still to be shown, early evidence suggests a few putative mechanisms that could have big implications in epigenetics.</span></p>',
			'label1' => 'Validation Data',
			'info1' => '<div class="row">
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p class="text-center"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15310210-elisa.png" alt="ELISA" width="342" height="266" /></p>
</div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 1. Determination of the 5-hmC rabbit polyclonal antibody titer</strong><br />To determine the titer, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode rabbit polyclonal antibody directed against 5-hmC in antigen coated wells. The antigen used was BSA coupled to the 5-hmC base. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution, the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1: 3,500. </small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p class="text-center"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15310210-fig2.png" alt="" width="161" height="399" /></p>
</div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 2. An hydroxymethylated DNA IP (hMeDIP) was performed using the Diagenode rabbit polyclonal antibody directed against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (Cat. No. CS-HMC-100).</strong><br />The IgG isotype antibodies from rabbit (Cat. No. kch-504-250) was used as negative control. The DNA was prepared with the GenDNA module of the hMeDIP kit and sonicated with our Bioruptor&reg; (UCD-200/300 series) to have DNA fragments of 300-500 bp. 1 &mu;g of human Hela cells DNA were spiked with non-methylated, methylated, and hydroxymethylated fragments. The IP&rsquo;d material has been analysed by qPCR using the primer pair specific for the 3 different control sequences. The obtained results show that the Diagenode rabbit polyclonal for 5-hmC is highly specific for this base modification (no IP with non-methylated or methylated C bases containing fragments). </small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p class="text-center"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15310210-fig3.png" alt="Dot Blot" width="135" height="119" /></p>
</div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 3. Dotblot analysis of the Diagenode 5-hmC rabbit polyclonal antibody with the C, mC and hmC PCR controls</strong><br />100 to 4 ng (equivalent of 5 to 0.2 pmol of C-bases) of the hmC, mC and C PCR controls from the Diagenode &ldquo;5-hmC, 5-mC &amp; cytosine DNA Standard Pack&rdquo; (Cat No. AF-101-0002) were spotted on a membrane (Amersham Hybond-N+). The membrane was incubated with the rabbit 5-hydroxymethylcytosine polyclonal antibody (dilution 1:200). The membranes were exposed for 30 seconds. </small></p>
</div>
</div>',
			'label2' => 'Target description',
			'info2' => '<p>5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) has been recently discovered in mammalian DNA. This results from the enzymatic conversion of 5-methylcytosine into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine by the TET family of oxygenases. So far, the 5-hmC bases have been identified in Purkinje neurons, in granule cells and embryonic stem cells where they are present at high levels (up to 0,6% of total nucleotides in Purkinje cells).</p>
<p>Preliminary results indicate that 5-hmC may have important roles distinct from 5-mC. Although its precise role has still to be shown, early evidence suggests a few putative mechanisms that could have big implications in epigenetics : 5-hydroxymethylcytosine may well represent a new pathway to demethylate DNA involving a repair mechanism converting 5-hmC to cytosine and, as such open up entirely new perspectives in epigenetic studies.</p>
<p>Due to the structural similarity between 5-mC and 5-hmC, these bases are experimentally almost indistinguishable. Recent articles demonstrated that the most common approaches (e.g. enzymatic approaches, bisulfite sequencing) do not account for 5-hmC. The development of the affinity-based technologies appears to be the most powerful way to differentially and specifically enrich 5-mC and 5-hmC sequences. The results shown here illustrate the use of this unique monoclonal antibody against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine that has been fully validated in various technologies.</p>',
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			'format' => '100 µl',
			'catalog_number' => 'C15310210-100',
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			'sf_code' => 'C15310210-D001-001161',
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			'meta_title' => '5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) Polyclonal Antibody(rabbit) | Diagenode',
			'meta_keywords' => '5-hydroxymethylcytosine,5-hmC, 5-mC,polyclonal antibody ,Diagenode',
			'meta_description' => '5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) Polyclonal Antibody (rabbit)  validated  in hMeDIP, ELISA  and DB. Batch-specific data available on the website. Sample size available',
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			'name' => 'Methylated DNA immunoprecipitation',
			'description' => '<div class="row extra-spaced">
<div class="small-12 medium-3 large-3 columns"><center><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30429608" target="_blank"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/banners/banner-nature-publication-580.png" /></a></center></div>
<div class="small-12 medium-9 large-9 columns">
<h3>Sensitive tumour detection and classification using plasma cell-free DNA methylomes<br /><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30429608" target="_blank">Read the publication</a></h3>
<h3 class="c-article-title u-h1" data-test="article-title" itemprop="name headline">Preparation of cfMeDIP-seq libraries for methylome profiling of plasma cell-free DNA<br /><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41596-019-0202-2" target="_blank" title="cfMeDIP-seq Nature Method">Read the method</a></h3>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="large-12 columns"><span>The Methylated DNA Immunoprecipitation is based on the affinity purification of methylated and hydroxymethylated DNA using, respectively, an antibody directed against 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) in the case of MeDIP or 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) in the case of hMeDIP.</span><br />
<h2></h2>
<h2>How it works</h2>
<p>In brief, Methyl DNA IP is performed as follows: Genomic DNA from cultured cells or tissues is prepared, sheared, and then denatured. Then, immunoselection and immunoprecipitation can take place using the antibody directed against 5 methylcytosine and antibody binding beads. After isolation and purification is performed, the IP&rsquo;d methylated DNA is ready for any subsequent analysis as qPCR, amplification, hybridization on microarrays or next generation sequencing.</p>
<h2>Applications</h2>
<div align="center"><a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/p/magmedip-kit-x48-48-rxns" class="center alert radius button"> qPCR analysis</a></div>
<div align="center"><a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/p/magmedip-seq-package-V2-x10" class="center alert radius button"> NGS analysis </a></div>
<h2>Advantages</h2>
<ul style="font-size: 19px;" class="nobullet">
<li><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></i> <strong>Unaffected</strong> DNA</li>
<li><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></i> <strong>High enrichment</strong> yield</li>
<li><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></i> <strong>Robust</strong> &amp; <strong>reproducible</strong> techniques</li>
<li><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></i> <strong>NGS</strong> compatible</li>
</ul>
<h2></h2>
</div>
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			'meta_description' => 'Diagenode offers Monoclonal & Polyclonal antibodies for Dot blotting applications',
			'meta_title' => 'Dot blotting Antibodies - Monoclonal & Polyclonal antibody | Diagenode',
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			'name' => 'DNA modifications',
			'description' => '<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">T</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">he pattern of <strong>DNA modifications</strong> is critical for genome stability and the control of gene expression in the cell. Methylation of 5-cytosine (5-mC), one of the best-studied epigenetic marks, is carried out by the <strong>DNA methyltransferases</strong> DNMT3A and B and DNMT1. DNMT3A and DNMT3B are responsible for </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">de novo</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> DNA methylation, whereas DNMT1 maintains existing methylation. 5-mC undergoes active demethylation which is performed by the <strong>Ten-Eleven Translocation</strong> (TET) familly of DNA hydroxylases. The latter consists of 3 members TET1, 2 and 3. All 3 members catalyze the conversion of <strong>5-methylcytosine</strong> (5-mC) into <strong>5-hydroxymethylcytosine</strong> (5-hmC), and further into <strong>5-formylcytosine</strong> (5-fC) and <strong>5-carboxycytosine</strong> (5-caC). 5-fC and 5-caC can be converted to unmodified cytosine by <strong>Thymine DNA Glycosylase</strong> (TDG). It is not yet clear if 5-hmC, 5-fC and 5-caC have specific functions or are simply intermediates in the demethylation of 5-mC.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">DNA methylation is generally considered as a repressive mark and is usually associated with gene silencing. It is essential that the balance between DNA methylation and demethylation is precisely maintained. Dysregulation of DNA methylation may lead to many different human diseases and is often observed in cancer cells.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Diagenode offers highly validated antibodies against different proteins involved in DNA modifications as well as against the modified bases allowing the study of all steps and intermediates in the DNA methylation/demethylation pathway:</span></p>
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/categories/antibodies/dna-methylation.jpg" height="599" width="816" /></p>
<p><strong>Diagenode exclusively sources the original 5-methylcytosine monoclonal antibody (clone 33D3).</strong></p>
<p>Check out the list below to see all proposed antibodies for DNA modifications.</p>
<p>Diagenode&rsquo;s highly validated antibodies:</p>
<ul>
<li>Highly sensitive and specific</li>
<li>Cost-effective (requires less antibody per reaction)</li>
<li>Batch-specific data is available on the website</li>
<li>Expert technical support</li>
<li>Sample sizes available</li>
<li>100% satisfaction guarantee</li>
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			'meta_title' => 'DNA modifications - Monoclonal and Polyclonal Antibodies for DNA Methylation | Diagenode',
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			'description' => '<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">All Diagenode&rsquo;s antibodies are listed below. Please, use our Quick search field to find the antibody of interest by target name, application, purity.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Diagenode&rsquo;s highly validated antibodies:</span></p>
<ul>
<li>Highly sensitive and specific</li>
<li>Cost-effective (requires less antibody per reaction)</li>
<li>Batch-specific data is available on the website</li>
<li>Expert technical support</li>
<li>Sample sizes available</li>
<li>100% satisfaction guarantee</li>
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			'meta_title' => 'Diagenode's selection of Antibodies is exclusively dedicated for Epigenetic Research | Diagenode',
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			'description' => '<p>Polyclonal antibody raised in rabbit against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine conjugated to KLH.</p>',
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			'id' => '4079',
			'name' => 'Epigenetic Blockade of Hippocampal SOD2 Via DNMT3b-Mediated DNAMethylation: Implications in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced PersistentOxidative Damage.',
			'authors' => 'Balasubramanian, Nagalakshmi and Sagarkar, Sneha and Choudhary, Amit G andKokare, Dadasaheb M and Sakharkar, Amul J',
			'description' => '<p>The recurrent events of mild trauma exacerbate the vulnerability for post-traumatic stress disorder; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms are scarcely known. The repeated mild traumatic brain injury (rMTBI) perturbs redox homeostasis which is primarily managed by superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2). The current study investigates the role of DNA methylation in SOD2 gene regulation and its involvement in rMTBI-induced persistent neuropathology inflicted by weight drop injury paradigm. The oxidative damage, neurodegenerative indicators, and SOD2 function and its regulation in the hippocampus were analyzed after 48&nbsp;h and 30&nbsp;days of rMTBI. The temporal and episodic increase in ROS levels (oxidative stress) heightened 8-hydroxyguanosine levels indicating oxidative damage after rMTBI that was concomitant with decline in SOD2 function. In parallel, occupancy of DNMT3b at SOD2 promoter was higher post 30&nbsp;days of the first episode of rMTBI causing hypermethylation at SOD2 promoter. This epigenetic silencing of SOD2 promoter was sustained after the second episode of rMTBI causing permanent blockade in SOD2 response. The resultant oxidative stress further culminated into the increasing number of degenerating neurons. The treatment with 5-azacytidine, a pan DNMT inhibitor, normalized DNA methylation levels and revived SOD2 function after the second episode of rMTBI. The release of blockade in SOD2 expression by DNMT inhibition also normalized the post-traumatic oxidative consequences and relieved the neurodegeneration and deficits in learning and memory as measured by novel object recognition test. In conclusion, DNMT3b-mediated DNA methylation plays a critical role in SOD2 gene regulation in the hippocampus, and the perturbations therein post rMTBI are detrimental to redox homeostasis manifesting into neurological consequences.</p>',
			'date' => '2020-10-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33099744',
			'doi' => '10.1007/s12035-020-02166-z',
			'modified' => '2021-03-15 16:53:12',
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			'name' => 'Genomic integrity of ground-state pluripotency.',
			'authors' => 'Jafari N, Giehr P, Hesaraki M, Baas R, de Graaf P, Timmers HTM, Walter J, Baharvand H, Totonchi M',
			'description' => '<p>Pluripotent cells appear to be in a transient state during early development. These cells have the capability to transition into embryonic stem cells (ESCs). It has been reported that mouse pluripotent cells cultivated in chemically defined media sustain the ground state of pluripotency. Because the epigenetic pattern of pluripotent cells reflects their environment, culture under different conditions causes epigenetic changes, which could lead to genomic instability. This study focused on the DNA methylation pattern of repetitive elements (REs) and their activation levels under two ground-state conditions and assessed the genomic integrity of ESCs. We measured the methylation and expression level of REs in different media. The results indicated that although the ground-state conditions show higher REs activity, they did not lead to DNA damage; therefore, the level of genomic instability is lower under the ground-state compared with the conventional condition. Our results indicated that when choosing an optimum condition, different features of the condition must be considered to have epigenetically and genomically stable stem cells.</p>',
			'date' => '2018-12-01',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/30171711',
			'doi' => '10.1002/jcb.27296',
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		(int) 2 => array(
			'id' => '3312',
			'name' => 'Alterations in the placental methylome with maternal obesity and evidence for metabolic regulation',
			'authors' => 'Mitsuya K. et al.',
			'description' => '<p>The inflammatory and metabolic derangements of obesity in pregnant women generate an adverse intrauterine environment, increase pregnancy complications and adverse fetal outcomes and program the fetus for obesity and metabolic syndrome in later life. We hypothesized that epigenetic modifications in placenta including altered DNA methylation/hydroxymethylation may mediate these effects. Term placental villous tissue was collected following cesarean section from lean (prepregnancy BMI&lt;25) or obese (BMI&gt;30) women. Genomic DNA was isolated, methylated and hydroxymethylated DNA immunoprecipitated and hybridized to the NimbleGen 2.1M human DNA methylation array. Intermediate metabolites in placental tissues were measured by HPLC-ESI-MS, ascorbate levels by reverse phase HPLC and gene expression by RT-PCR. Differentially methylated and hydroxymethylated regions occurred across the genome, with a 21% increase in methylated but a 31% decrease in hydroxymethylated regions in obese vs lean groups. Whereas increased methylation and decreased methylation was evident around transcription start sites of multiple genes in the GH/CSH and PSG gene clusters on chromosomes 17 and 19 in other areas there was no relationship. Increased methylation was associated with decreased expression only for some genes in these clusters. Biological pathway analysis revealed the 262 genes which showed reciprocal differential methylation/ hydroxymethylation were enriched for pregnancy, immune response and cell adhesion-linked processes. We found a negative relationship for maternal BMI but a positive relationship for ascorbate with &alpha;-ketoglutarate a metabolite that regulates ten eleven translocase (TET) which mediates DNA methylation. We provide evidence for the obese maternal metabolic milieu being linked to an altered DNA methylome that may affect placental gene expression in relation to adverse outcomes.</p>',
			'date' => '2017-10-18',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29045485',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2018-01-10 16:11:14',
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		(int) 3 => array(
			'id' => '3220',
			'name' => 'Maternal obesity programs increased leptin gene expression in rat male offspring via epigenetic modifications in a depot-specific manner',
			'authors' => 'Lecoutre S. et al.',
			'description' => '<div class="">
<h4>OBJECTIVE:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="OBJECTIVE" nlmcategory="OBJECTIVE">According to the Developmental Origin of Health and Disease (DOHaD) concept, maternal obesity and accelerated growth in neonates predispose offspring to white adipose tissue (WAT) accumulation. In rodents, adipogenesis mainly develops during lactation. The mechanisms underlying the phenomenon known as developmental programming remain elusive. We previously reported that adult rat offspring from high-fat diet-fed dams (called HF) exhibited hypertrophic adipocyte, hyperleptinemia and increased leptin mRNA levels in a depot-specific manner. We hypothesized that leptin upregulation occurs via epigenetic malprogramming, which takes place early during development of WAT.</abstracttext></p>
<h4>METHODS:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="METHODS" nlmcategory="METHODS">As a first step, we identified <i>in silico</i> two potential enhancers located upstream and downstream of the leptin transcription start site that exhibit strong dynamic epigenomic remodeling during adipocyte differentiation. We then focused on epigenetic modifications (methylation, hydroxymethylation, and histone modifications) of the promoter and the two potential enhancers regulating leptin gene expression in perirenal (pWAT) and inguinal (iWAT) fat pads of HF offspring during lactation (postnatal days 12 (PND12) and 21 (PND21)) and in adulthood.</abstracttext></p>
<h4>RESULTS:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="RESULTS" nlmcategory="RESULTS">PND12 is an active period for epigenomic remodeling in both deposits especially in the upstream enhancer, consistent with leptin gene induction during adipogenesis. Unlike iWAT, some of these epigenetic marks were still observable in pWAT of weaned HF offspring. Retained marks were only visible in pWAT of 9-month-old HF rats that showed a persistent "expandable" phenotype.</abstracttext></p>
<h4>CONCLUSIONS:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="CONCLUSIONS" nlmcategory="CONCLUSIONS">Consistent with the DOHaD hypothesis, persistent epigenetic remodeling occurs at regulatory regions especially within intergenic sequences, linked to higher leptin gene expression in adult HF offspring in a depot-specific manner.</abstracttext></p>
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			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5518658/',
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			'description' => '<p>Enhancers are developmentally controlled transcriptional regulatory regions whose activities are modulated through histone modifications or histone variant deposition. In this study, we show by genome-wide mapping that the newly discovered deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) modification 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) is dynamically associated with transcription factor binding to distal regulatory sites during neural differentiation of mouse P19 cells and during adipocyte differentiation of mouse 3T3-L1 cells. Functional annotation reveals that regions gaining 5hmC are associated with genes expressed either in neural tissues when P19 cells undergo neural differentiation or in adipose tissue when 3T3-L1 cells undergo adipocyte differentiation. Furthermore, distal regions gaining 5hmC together with H3K4me2 and H3K27ac in P19 cells behave as differentiation-dependent transcriptional enhancers. Identified regions are enriched in motifs for transcription factors regulating specific cell fates such as Meis1 in P19 cells and PPAR&gamma; in 3T3-L1 cells. Accordingly, a fraction of hydroxymethylated Meis1 sites were associated with a dynamic engagement of the 5-methylcytosine hydroxylase Tet1. In addition, kinetic studies of cytosine hydroxymethylation of selected enhancers indicated that DNA hydroxymethylation is an early event of enhancer activation. Hence, acquisition of 5hmC in cell-specific distal regulatory regions may represent a major event of enhancer progression toward an active state and participate in selective activation of tissue-specific genes.</p>',
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<p><small><strong>Figure 1. Determination of the 5-hmC rabbit polyclonal antibody titer</strong><br />To determine the titer, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode rabbit polyclonal antibody directed against 5-hmC in antigen coated wells. The antigen used was BSA coupled to the 5-hmC base. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution, the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1: 3,500. </small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 2. An hydroxymethylated DNA IP (hMeDIP) was performed using the Diagenode rabbit polyclonal antibody directed against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (Cat. No. CS-HMC-100).</strong><br />The IgG isotype antibodies from rabbit (Cat. No. kch-504-250) was used as negative control. The DNA was prepared with the GenDNA module of the hMeDIP kit and sonicated with our Bioruptor&reg; (UCD-200/300 series) to have DNA fragments of 300-500 bp. 1 &mu;g of human Hela cells DNA were spiked with non-methylated, methylated, and hydroxymethylated fragments. The IP&rsquo;d material has been analysed by qPCR using the primer pair specific for the 3 different control sequences. The obtained results show that the Diagenode rabbit polyclonal for 5-hmC is highly specific for this base modification (no IP with non-methylated or methylated C bases containing fragments). </small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 3. Dotblot analysis of the Diagenode 5-hmC rabbit polyclonal antibody with the C, mC and hmC PCR controls</strong><br />100 to 4 ng (equivalent of 5 to 0.2 pmol of C-bases) of the hmC, mC and C PCR controls from the Diagenode &ldquo;5-hmC, 5-mC &amp; cytosine DNA Standard Pack&rdquo; (Cat No. AF-101-0002) were spotted on a membrane (Amersham Hybond-N+). The membrane was incubated with the rabbit 5-hydroxymethylcytosine polyclonal antibody (dilution 1:200). The membranes were exposed for 30 seconds. </small></p>
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<p>Preliminary results indicate that 5-hmC may have important roles distinct from 5-mC. Although its precise role has still to be shown, early evidence suggests a few putative mechanisms that could have big implications in epigenetics : 5-hydroxymethylcytosine may well represent a new pathway to demethylate DNA involving a repair mechanism converting 5-hmC to cytosine and, as such open up entirely new perspectives in epigenetic studies.</p>
<p>Due to the structural similarity between 5-mC and 5-hmC, these bases are experimentally almost indistinguishable. Recent articles demonstrated that the most common approaches (e.g. enzymatic approaches, bisulfite sequencing) do not account for 5-hmC. The development of the affinity-based technologies appears to be the most powerful way to differentially and specifically enrich 5-mC and 5-hmC sequences. The results shown here illustrate the use of this unique monoclonal antibody against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine that has been fully validated in various technologies.</p>',
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<p><small><strong>Figure 1. Determination of the 5-hmC rabbit polyclonal antibody titer</strong><br />To determine the titer, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode rabbit polyclonal antibody directed against 5-hmC in antigen coated wells. The antigen used was BSA coupled to the 5-hmC base. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution, the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1: 3,500. </small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 2. An hydroxymethylated DNA IP (hMeDIP) was performed using the Diagenode rabbit polyclonal antibody directed against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (Cat. No. CS-HMC-100).</strong><br />The IgG isotype antibodies from rabbit (Cat. No. kch-504-250) was used as negative control. The DNA was prepared with the GenDNA module of the hMeDIP kit and sonicated with our Bioruptor&reg; (UCD-200/300 series) to have DNA fragments of 300-500 bp. 1 &mu;g of human Hela cells DNA were spiked with non-methylated, methylated, and hydroxymethylated fragments. The IP&rsquo;d material has been analysed by qPCR using the primer pair specific for the 3 different control sequences. The obtained results show that the Diagenode rabbit polyclonal for 5-hmC is highly specific for this base modification (no IP with non-methylated or methylated C bases containing fragments). </small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 3. Dotblot analysis of the Diagenode 5-hmC rabbit polyclonal antibody with the C, mC and hmC PCR controls</strong><br />100 to 4 ng (equivalent of 5 to 0.2 pmol of C-bases) of the hmC, mC and C PCR controls from the Diagenode &ldquo;5-hmC, 5-mC &amp; cytosine DNA Standard Pack&rdquo; (Cat No. AF-101-0002) were spotted on a membrane (Amersham Hybond-N+). The membrane was incubated with the rabbit 5-hydroxymethylcytosine polyclonal antibody (dilution 1:200). The membranes were exposed for 30 seconds. </small></p>
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<p>Preliminary results indicate that 5-hmC may have important roles distinct from 5-mC. Although its precise role has still to be shown, early evidence suggests a few putative mechanisms that could have big implications in epigenetics : 5-hydroxymethylcytosine may well represent a new pathway to demethylate DNA involving a repair mechanism converting 5-hmC to cytosine and, as such open up entirely new perspectives in epigenetic studies.</p>
<p>Due to the structural similarity between 5-mC and 5-hmC, these bases are experimentally almost indistinguishable. Recent articles demonstrated that the most common approaches (e.g. enzymatic approaches, bisulfite sequencing) do not account for 5-hmC. The development of the affinity-based technologies appears to be the most powerful way to differentially and specifically enrich 5-mC and 5-hmC sequences. The results shown here illustrate the use of this unique monoclonal antibody against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine that has been fully validated in various technologies.</p>',
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	'authors' => 'Sérandour AA, Avner S, Oger F, Bizot M, Percevault F, Lucchetti-Miganeh C, Palierne G, Gheeraert C, Barloy-Hubler F, Péron CL, Madigou T, Durand E, Froguel P, Staels B, Lefebvre P, Métivier R, Eeckhoute J, Salbert G',
	'description' => '<p>Enhancers are developmentally controlled transcriptional regulatory regions whose activities are modulated through histone modifications or histone variant deposition. In this study, we show by genome-wide mapping that the newly discovered deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) modification 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) is dynamically associated with transcription factor binding to distal regulatory sites during neural differentiation of mouse P19 cells and during adipocyte differentiation of mouse 3T3-L1 cells. Functional annotation reveals that regions gaining 5hmC are associated with genes expressed either in neural tissues when P19 cells undergo neural differentiation or in adipose tissue when 3T3-L1 cells undergo adipocyte differentiation. Furthermore, distal regions gaining 5hmC together with H3K4me2 and H3K27ac in P19 cells behave as differentiation-dependent transcriptional enhancers. Identified regions are enriched in motifs for transcription factors regulating specific cell fates such as Meis1 in P19 cells and PPAR&gamma; in 3T3-L1 cells. Accordingly, a fraction of hydroxymethylated Meis1 sites were associated with a dynamic engagement of the 5-methylcytosine hydroxylase Tet1. In addition, kinetic studies of cytosine hydroxymethylation of selected enhancers indicated that DNA hydroxymethylation is an early event of enhancer activation. Hence, acquisition of 5hmC in cell-specific distal regulatory regions may represent a major event of enhancer progression toward an active state and participate in selective activation of tissue-specific genes.</p>',
	'date' => '2012-06-22',
	'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22730288',
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include - APP/View/Products/view.ctp, line 755
View::_evaluate() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 971
View::_render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 933
View::render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 473
Controller::render() - CORE/Cake/Controller/Controller.php, line 963
ProductsController::slug() - APP/Controller/ProductsController.php, line 1052
ReflectionMethod::invokeArgs() - [internal], line ??
Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/Cake/Controller/Controller.php, line 491
Dispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 193
Dispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 167
[main] - APP/webroot/index.php, line 118

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<div class="small-6 columns">
<p class="text-center"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15310210-elisa.png" alt="ELISA" width="342" height="266" /></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 1. Determination of the 5-hmC rabbit polyclonal antibody titer</strong><br />To determine the titer, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode rabbit polyclonal antibody directed against 5-hmC in antigen coated wells. The antigen used was BSA coupled to the 5-hmC base. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution, the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1: 3,500. </small></p>
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<p class="text-center"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15310210-fig2.png" alt="" width="161" height="399" /></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 2. An hydroxymethylated DNA IP (hMeDIP) was performed using the Diagenode rabbit polyclonal antibody directed against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (Cat. No. CS-HMC-100).</strong><br />The IgG isotype antibodies from rabbit (Cat. No. kch-504-250) was used as negative control. The DNA was prepared with the GenDNA module of the hMeDIP kit and sonicated with our Bioruptor&reg; (UCD-200/300 series) to have DNA fragments of 300-500 bp. 1 &mu;g of human Hela cells DNA were spiked with non-methylated, methylated, and hydroxymethylated fragments. The IP&rsquo;d material has been analysed by qPCR using the primer pair specific for the 3 different control sequences. The obtained results show that the Diagenode rabbit polyclonal for 5-hmC is highly specific for this base modification (no IP with non-methylated or methylated C bases containing fragments). </small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 3. Dotblot analysis of the Diagenode 5-hmC rabbit polyclonal antibody with the C, mC and hmC PCR controls</strong><br />100 to 4 ng (equivalent of 5 to 0.2 pmol of C-bases) of the hmC, mC and C PCR controls from the Diagenode &ldquo;5-hmC, 5-mC &amp; cytosine DNA Standard Pack&rdquo; (Cat No. AF-101-0002) were spotted on a membrane (Amersham Hybond-N+). The membrane was incubated with the rabbit 5-hydroxymethylcytosine polyclonal antibody (dilution 1:200). The membranes were exposed for 30 seconds. </small></p>
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<p>Preliminary results indicate that 5-hmC may have important roles distinct from 5-mC. Although its precise role has still to be shown, early evidence suggests a few putative mechanisms that could have big implications in epigenetics : 5-hydroxymethylcytosine may well represent a new pathway to demethylate DNA involving a repair mechanism converting 5-hmC to cytosine and, as such open up entirely new perspectives in epigenetic studies.</p>
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<div class="small-6 columns">
<p class="text-center"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15310210-elisa.png" alt="ELISA" width="342" height="266" /></p>
</div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 1. Determination of the 5-hmC rabbit polyclonal antibody titer</strong><br />To determine the titer, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode rabbit polyclonal antibody directed against 5-hmC in antigen coated wells. The antigen used was BSA coupled to the 5-hmC base. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution, the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1: 3,500. </small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p class="text-center"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15310210-fig2.png" alt="" width="161" height="399" /></p>
</div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 2. An hydroxymethylated DNA IP (hMeDIP) was performed using the Diagenode rabbit polyclonal antibody directed against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (Cat. No. CS-HMC-100).</strong><br />The IgG isotype antibodies from rabbit (Cat. No. kch-504-250) was used as negative control. The DNA was prepared with the GenDNA module of the hMeDIP kit and sonicated with our Bioruptor&reg; (UCD-200/300 series) to have DNA fragments of 300-500 bp. 1 &mu;g of human Hela cells DNA were spiked with non-methylated, methylated, and hydroxymethylated fragments. The IP&rsquo;d material has been analysed by qPCR using the primer pair specific for the 3 different control sequences. The obtained results show that the Diagenode rabbit polyclonal for 5-hmC is highly specific for this base modification (no IP with non-methylated or methylated C bases containing fragments). </small></p>
</div>
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<div class="row">
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p class="text-center"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15310210-fig3.png" alt="Dot Blot" width="135" height="119" /></p>
</div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 3. Dotblot analysis of the Diagenode 5-hmC rabbit polyclonal antibody with the C, mC and hmC PCR controls</strong><br />100 to 4 ng (equivalent of 5 to 0.2 pmol of C-bases) of the hmC, mC and C PCR controls from the Diagenode &ldquo;5-hmC, 5-mC &amp; cytosine DNA Standard Pack&rdquo; (Cat No. AF-101-0002) were spotted on a membrane (Amersham Hybond-N+). The membrane was incubated with the rabbit 5-hydroxymethylcytosine polyclonal antibody (dilution 1:200). The membranes were exposed for 30 seconds. </small></p>
</div>
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			'label2' => 'Target description',
			'info2' => '<p>5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) has been recently discovered in mammalian DNA. This results from the enzymatic conversion of 5-methylcytosine into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine by the TET family of oxygenases. So far, the 5-hmC bases have been identified in Purkinje neurons, in granule cells and embryonic stem cells where they are present at high levels (up to 0,6% of total nucleotides in Purkinje cells).</p>
<p>Preliminary results indicate that 5-hmC may have important roles distinct from 5-mC. Although its precise role has still to be shown, early evidence suggests a few putative mechanisms that could have big implications in epigenetics : 5-hydroxymethylcytosine may well represent a new pathway to demethylate DNA involving a repair mechanism converting 5-hmC to cytosine and, as such open up entirely new perspectives in epigenetic studies.</p>
<p>Due to the structural similarity between 5-mC and 5-hmC, these bases are experimentally almost indistinguishable. Recent articles demonstrated that the most common approaches (e.g. enzymatic approaches, bisulfite sequencing) do not account for 5-hmC. The development of the affinity-based technologies appears to be the most powerful way to differentially and specifically enrich 5-mC and 5-hmC sequences. The results shown here illustrate the use of this unique monoclonal antibody against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine that has been fully validated in various technologies.</p>',
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			'format' => '100 µl',
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			'meta_keywords' => '5-hydroxymethylcytosine,5-hmC, 5-mC,polyclonal antibody ,Diagenode',
			'meta_description' => '5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) Polyclonal Antibody (rabbit)  validated  in hMeDIP, ELISA  and DB. Batch-specific data available on the website. Sample size available',
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			'name' => 'Methylated DNA immunoprecipitation',
			'description' => '<div class="row extra-spaced">
<div class="small-12 medium-3 large-3 columns"><center><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30429608" target="_blank"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/banners/banner-nature-publication-580.png" /></a></center></div>
<div class="small-12 medium-9 large-9 columns">
<h3>Sensitive tumour detection and classification using plasma cell-free DNA methylomes<br /><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30429608" target="_blank">Read the publication</a></h3>
<h3 class="c-article-title u-h1" data-test="article-title" itemprop="name headline">Preparation of cfMeDIP-seq libraries for methylome profiling of plasma cell-free DNA<br /><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41596-019-0202-2" target="_blank" title="cfMeDIP-seq Nature Method">Read the method</a></h3>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="large-12 columns"><span>The Methylated DNA Immunoprecipitation is based on the affinity purification of methylated and hydroxymethylated DNA using, respectively, an antibody directed against 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) in the case of MeDIP or 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) in the case of hMeDIP.</span><br />
<h2></h2>
<h2>How it works</h2>
<p>In brief, Methyl DNA IP is performed as follows: Genomic DNA from cultured cells or tissues is prepared, sheared, and then denatured. Then, immunoselection and immunoprecipitation can take place using the antibody directed against 5 methylcytosine and antibody binding beads. After isolation and purification is performed, the IP&rsquo;d methylated DNA is ready for any subsequent analysis as qPCR, amplification, hybridization on microarrays or next generation sequencing.</p>
<h2>Applications</h2>
<div align="center"><a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/p/magmedip-kit-x48-48-rxns" class="center alert radius button"> qPCR analysis</a></div>
<div align="center"><a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/p/magmedip-seq-package-V2-x10" class="center alert radius button"> NGS analysis </a></div>
<h2>Advantages</h2>
<ul style="font-size: 19px;" class="nobullet">
<li><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></i> <strong>Unaffected</strong> DNA</li>
<li><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></i> <strong>High enrichment</strong> yield</li>
<li><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></i> <strong>Robust</strong> &amp; <strong>reproducible</strong> techniques</li>
<li><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></i> <strong>NGS</strong> compatible</li>
</ul>
<h2></h2>
</div>
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			'name' => 'DNA modifications',
			'description' => '<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">T</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">he pattern of <strong>DNA modifications</strong> is critical for genome stability and the control of gene expression in the cell. Methylation of 5-cytosine (5-mC), one of the best-studied epigenetic marks, is carried out by the <strong>DNA methyltransferases</strong> DNMT3A and B and DNMT1. DNMT3A and DNMT3B are responsible for </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">de novo</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> DNA methylation, whereas DNMT1 maintains existing methylation. 5-mC undergoes active demethylation which is performed by the <strong>Ten-Eleven Translocation</strong> (TET) familly of DNA hydroxylases. The latter consists of 3 members TET1, 2 and 3. All 3 members catalyze the conversion of <strong>5-methylcytosine</strong> (5-mC) into <strong>5-hydroxymethylcytosine</strong> (5-hmC), and further into <strong>5-formylcytosine</strong> (5-fC) and <strong>5-carboxycytosine</strong> (5-caC). 5-fC and 5-caC can be converted to unmodified cytosine by <strong>Thymine DNA Glycosylase</strong> (TDG). It is not yet clear if 5-hmC, 5-fC and 5-caC have specific functions or are simply intermediates in the demethylation of 5-mC.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">DNA methylation is generally considered as a repressive mark and is usually associated with gene silencing. It is essential that the balance between DNA methylation and demethylation is precisely maintained. Dysregulation of DNA methylation may lead to many different human diseases and is often observed in cancer cells.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Diagenode offers highly validated antibodies against different proteins involved in DNA modifications as well as against the modified bases allowing the study of all steps and intermediates in the DNA methylation/demethylation pathway:</span></p>
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/categories/antibodies/dna-methylation.jpg" height="599" width="816" /></p>
<p><strong>Diagenode exclusively sources the original 5-methylcytosine monoclonal antibody (clone 33D3).</strong></p>
<p>Check out the list below to see all proposed antibodies for DNA modifications.</p>
<p>Diagenode&rsquo;s highly validated antibodies:</p>
<ul>
<li>Highly sensitive and specific</li>
<li>Cost-effective (requires less antibody per reaction)</li>
<li>Batch-specific data is available on the website</li>
<li>Expert technical support</li>
<li>Sample sizes available</li>
<li>100% satisfaction guarantee</li>
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			'meta_title' => 'DNA modifications - Monoclonal and Polyclonal Antibodies for DNA Methylation | Diagenode',
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			'description' => '<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">All Diagenode&rsquo;s antibodies are listed below. Please, use our Quick search field to find the antibody of interest by target name, application, purity.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Diagenode&rsquo;s highly validated antibodies:</span></p>
<ul>
<li>Highly sensitive and specific</li>
<li>Cost-effective (requires less antibody per reaction)</li>
<li>Batch-specific data is available on the website</li>
<li>Expert technical support</li>
<li>Sample sizes available</li>
<li>100% satisfaction guarantee</li>
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			'meta_title' => 'Diagenode's selection of Antibodies is exclusively dedicated for Epigenetic Research | Diagenode',
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			'description' => '<p>Polyclonal antibody raised in rabbit against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine conjugated to KLH.</p>',
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			'name' => 'Epigenetic Blockade of Hippocampal SOD2 Via DNMT3b-Mediated DNAMethylation: Implications in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced PersistentOxidative Damage.',
			'authors' => 'Balasubramanian, Nagalakshmi and Sagarkar, Sneha and Choudhary, Amit G andKokare, Dadasaheb M and Sakharkar, Amul J',
			'description' => '<p>The recurrent events of mild trauma exacerbate the vulnerability for post-traumatic stress disorder; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms are scarcely known. The repeated mild traumatic brain injury (rMTBI) perturbs redox homeostasis which is primarily managed by superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2). The current study investigates the role of DNA methylation in SOD2 gene regulation and its involvement in rMTBI-induced persistent neuropathology inflicted by weight drop injury paradigm. The oxidative damage, neurodegenerative indicators, and SOD2 function and its regulation in the hippocampus were analyzed after 48&nbsp;h and 30&nbsp;days of rMTBI. The temporal and episodic increase in ROS levels (oxidative stress) heightened 8-hydroxyguanosine levels indicating oxidative damage after rMTBI that was concomitant with decline in SOD2 function. In parallel, occupancy of DNMT3b at SOD2 promoter was higher post 30&nbsp;days of the first episode of rMTBI causing hypermethylation at SOD2 promoter. This epigenetic silencing of SOD2 promoter was sustained after the second episode of rMTBI causing permanent blockade in SOD2 response. The resultant oxidative stress further culminated into the increasing number of degenerating neurons. The treatment with 5-azacytidine, a pan DNMT inhibitor, normalized DNA methylation levels and revived SOD2 function after the second episode of rMTBI. The release of blockade in SOD2 expression by DNMT inhibition also normalized the post-traumatic oxidative consequences and relieved the neurodegeneration and deficits in learning and memory as measured by novel object recognition test. In conclusion, DNMT3b-mediated DNA methylation plays a critical role in SOD2 gene regulation in the hippocampus, and the perturbations therein post rMTBI are detrimental to redox homeostasis manifesting into neurological consequences.</p>',
			'date' => '2020-10-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33099744',
			'doi' => '10.1007/s12035-020-02166-z',
			'modified' => '2021-03-15 16:53:12',
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			'name' => 'Genomic integrity of ground-state pluripotency.',
			'authors' => 'Jafari N, Giehr P, Hesaraki M, Baas R, de Graaf P, Timmers HTM, Walter J, Baharvand H, Totonchi M',
			'description' => '<p>Pluripotent cells appear to be in a transient state during early development. These cells have the capability to transition into embryonic stem cells (ESCs). It has been reported that mouse pluripotent cells cultivated in chemically defined media sustain the ground state of pluripotency. Because the epigenetic pattern of pluripotent cells reflects their environment, culture under different conditions causes epigenetic changes, which could lead to genomic instability. This study focused on the DNA methylation pattern of repetitive elements (REs) and their activation levels under two ground-state conditions and assessed the genomic integrity of ESCs. We measured the methylation and expression level of REs in different media. The results indicated that although the ground-state conditions show higher REs activity, they did not lead to DNA damage; therefore, the level of genomic instability is lower under the ground-state compared with the conventional condition. Our results indicated that when choosing an optimum condition, different features of the condition must be considered to have epigenetically and genomically stable stem cells.</p>',
			'date' => '2018-12-01',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/30171711',
			'doi' => '10.1002/jcb.27296',
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		(int) 2 => array(
			'id' => '3312',
			'name' => 'Alterations in the placental methylome with maternal obesity and evidence for metabolic regulation',
			'authors' => 'Mitsuya K. et al.',
			'description' => '<p>The inflammatory and metabolic derangements of obesity in pregnant women generate an adverse intrauterine environment, increase pregnancy complications and adverse fetal outcomes and program the fetus for obesity and metabolic syndrome in later life. We hypothesized that epigenetic modifications in placenta including altered DNA methylation/hydroxymethylation may mediate these effects. Term placental villous tissue was collected following cesarean section from lean (prepregnancy BMI&lt;25) or obese (BMI&gt;30) women. Genomic DNA was isolated, methylated and hydroxymethylated DNA immunoprecipitated and hybridized to the NimbleGen 2.1M human DNA methylation array. Intermediate metabolites in placental tissues were measured by HPLC-ESI-MS, ascorbate levels by reverse phase HPLC and gene expression by RT-PCR. Differentially methylated and hydroxymethylated regions occurred across the genome, with a 21% increase in methylated but a 31% decrease in hydroxymethylated regions in obese vs lean groups. Whereas increased methylation and decreased methylation was evident around transcription start sites of multiple genes in the GH/CSH and PSG gene clusters on chromosomes 17 and 19 in other areas there was no relationship. Increased methylation was associated with decreased expression only for some genes in these clusters. Biological pathway analysis revealed the 262 genes which showed reciprocal differential methylation/ hydroxymethylation were enriched for pregnancy, immune response and cell adhesion-linked processes. We found a negative relationship for maternal BMI but a positive relationship for ascorbate with &alpha;-ketoglutarate a metabolite that regulates ten eleven translocase (TET) which mediates DNA methylation. We provide evidence for the obese maternal metabolic milieu being linked to an altered DNA methylome that may affect placental gene expression in relation to adverse outcomes.</p>',
			'date' => '2017-10-18',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29045485',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2018-01-10 16:11:14',
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		(int) 3 => array(
			'id' => '3220',
			'name' => 'Maternal obesity programs increased leptin gene expression in rat male offspring via epigenetic modifications in a depot-specific manner',
			'authors' => 'Lecoutre S. et al.',
			'description' => '<div class="">
<h4>OBJECTIVE:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="OBJECTIVE" nlmcategory="OBJECTIVE">According to the Developmental Origin of Health and Disease (DOHaD) concept, maternal obesity and accelerated growth in neonates predispose offspring to white adipose tissue (WAT) accumulation. In rodents, adipogenesis mainly develops during lactation. The mechanisms underlying the phenomenon known as developmental programming remain elusive. We previously reported that adult rat offspring from high-fat diet-fed dams (called HF) exhibited hypertrophic adipocyte, hyperleptinemia and increased leptin mRNA levels in a depot-specific manner. We hypothesized that leptin upregulation occurs via epigenetic malprogramming, which takes place early during development of WAT.</abstracttext></p>
<h4>METHODS:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="METHODS" nlmcategory="METHODS">As a first step, we identified <i>in silico</i> two potential enhancers located upstream and downstream of the leptin transcription start site that exhibit strong dynamic epigenomic remodeling during adipocyte differentiation. We then focused on epigenetic modifications (methylation, hydroxymethylation, and histone modifications) of the promoter and the two potential enhancers regulating leptin gene expression in perirenal (pWAT) and inguinal (iWAT) fat pads of HF offspring during lactation (postnatal days 12 (PND12) and 21 (PND21)) and in adulthood.</abstracttext></p>
<h4>RESULTS:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="RESULTS" nlmcategory="RESULTS">PND12 is an active period for epigenomic remodeling in both deposits especially in the upstream enhancer, consistent with leptin gene induction during adipogenesis. Unlike iWAT, some of these epigenetic marks were still observable in pWAT of weaned HF offspring. Retained marks were only visible in pWAT of 9-month-old HF rats that showed a persistent "expandable" phenotype.</abstracttext></p>
<h4>CONCLUSIONS:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="CONCLUSIONS" nlmcategory="CONCLUSIONS">Consistent with the DOHaD hypothesis, persistent epigenetic remodeling occurs at regulatory regions especially within intergenic sequences, linked to higher leptin gene expression in adult HF offspring in a depot-specific manner.</abstracttext></p>
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			'date' => '2017-08-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5518658/',
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			'id' => '2935',
			'name' => 'RESEARCH RESOURCE: Changes in gene expression and Estrogen Receptor cistrome in mouse liver upon acute E2 treatment.',
			'authors' => 'Palierne G et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Transcriptional regulation by the Estrogen Receptor &alpha; (ER) has been investigated mainly in breast cancer cell lines but estrogens such as 17&beta;-Estradiol (E2) exert numerous extra-reproductive effects, particularly in the liver where E2 exhibits both protective metabolic and deleterious thrombotic actions. To analyze the direct and early transcriptional effects of estrogens in the liver, we determined the E2-sensitive transcriptome and ER cistrome in mice following acute administration of E2 or placebo. These analyses revealed the early induction of genes involved in lipid metabolism, which fits with the crucial role of ER in the prevention of liver steatosis. Characterization of the chromatin state of ER binding sites (BSs) in mice expressing or not ER demonstrated that ER is not required per se for the establishment and/or maintenance of chromatin modifications at the majority of its BSs. This is presumably a consequence of a strong overlap between ER and Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 &alpha; (Hnf4&alpha;) BSs. In contrast, 40% of the BSs of the pioneer factor Foxa2 were dependent upon ER expression, and ER expression also affected the distribution of nucleosomes harboring dimethylated H3K4 around Foxa2 BSs. We finally show that, in addition to a network of liver-specific transcription factors including Cebp&alpha;/&beta; and Hnf4&alpha;, ER might be required for proper Foxa2 function in this tissue.</p>',
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			'description' => '<p>Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor &gamma; (PPAR&gamma;) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein &alpha; (C/EBP&alpha;) are key activators of adipogenesis. They mutually induce the expression of each other and have been reported to cooperate in activation of a few adipocyte genes. Recently, genome-wide profiling revealed a high degree of overlap between PPAR&gamma; and C/EBP&alpha; binding in adipocytes, suggesting that cooperativeness could be mediated through common binding sites. To directly investigate the interplay between PPAR&gamma; and C/EBP&alpha; at shared binding sites, we established a fibroblastic model system in which PPAR&gamma; and C/EBP&alpha; can be independently expressed. Using RNA sequencing, we demonstrate that coexpression of PPAR&gamma; and C/EBP&alpha; leads to synergistic activation of many key metabolic adipocyte genes. This is associated with extensive C/EBP&alpha;-mediated reprogramming of PPAR&gamma; binding and vice versa in the vicinity of these genes, as determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation combined with deep sequencing. Our results indicate that this is at least partly mediated by assisted loading involving chromatin remodeling directed by the leading factor. In conclusion, we report a novel mechanism by which the key adipogenic transcription factors, PPAR&gamma; and C/EBP&alpha;, cooperate in activation of the adipocyte gene program.</p>',
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			'description' => '<p>Enhancers are developmentally controlled transcriptional regulatory regions whose activities are modulated through histone modifications or histone variant deposition. In this study, we show by genome-wide mapping that the newly discovered deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) modification 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) is dynamically associated with transcription factor binding to distal regulatory sites during neural differentiation of mouse P19 cells and during adipocyte differentiation of mouse 3T3-L1 cells. Functional annotation reveals that regions gaining 5hmC are associated with genes expressed either in neural tissues when P19 cells undergo neural differentiation or in adipose tissue when 3T3-L1 cells undergo adipocyte differentiation. Furthermore, distal regions gaining 5hmC together with H3K4me2 and H3K27ac in P19 cells behave as differentiation-dependent transcriptional enhancers. Identified regions are enriched in motifs for transcription factors regulating specific cell fates such as Meis1 in P19 cells and PPAR&gamma; in 3T3-L1 cells. Accordingly, a fraction of hydroxymethylated Meis1 sites were associated with a dynamic engagement of the 5-methylcytosine hydroxylase Tet1. In addition, kinetic studies of cytosine hydroxymethylation of selected enhancers indicated that DNA hydroxymethylation is an early event of enhancer activation. Hence, acquisition of 5hmC in cell-specific distal regulatory regions may represent a major event of enhancer progression toward an active state and participate in selective activation of tissue-specific genes.</p>',
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<p><small><strong>Figure 1. Determination of the 5-hmC rabbit polyclonal antibody titer</strong><br />To determine the titer, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode rabbit polyclonal antibody directed against 5-hmC in antigen coated wells. The antigen used was BSA coupled to the 5-hmC base. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution, the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1: 3,500. </small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 2. An hydroxymethylated DNA IP (hMeDIP) was performed using the Diagenode rabbit polyclonal antibody directed against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (Cat. No. CS-HMC-100).</strong><br />The IgG isotype antibodies from rabbit (Cat. No. kch-504-250) was used as negative control. The DNA was prepared with the GenDNA module of the hMeDIP kit and sonicated with our Bioruptor&reg; (UCD-200/300 series) to have DNA fragments of 300-500 bp. 1 &mu;g of human Hela cells DNA were spiked with non-methylated, methylated, and hydroxymethylated fragments. The IP&rsquo;d material has been analysed by qPCR using the primer pair specific for the 3 different control sequences. The obtained results show that the Diagenode rabbit polyclonal for 5-hmC is highly specific for this base modification (no IP with non-methylated or methylated C bases containing fragments). </small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 3. Dotblot analysis of the Diagenode 5-hmC rabbit polyclonal antibody with the C, mC and hmC PCR controls</strong><br />100 to 4 ng (equivalent of 5 to 0.2 pmol of C-bases) of the hmC, mC and C PCR controls from the Diagenode &ldquo;5-hmC, 5-mC &amp; cytosine DNA Standard Pack&rdquo; (Cat No. AF-101-0002) were spotted on a membrane (Amersham Hybond-N+). The membrane was incubated with the rabbit 5-hydroxymethylcytosine polyclonal antibody (dilution 1:200). The membranes were exposed for 30 seconds. </small></p>
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<p>Preliminary results indicate that 5-hmC may have important roles distinct from 5-mC. Although its precise role has still to be shown, early evidence suggests a few putative mechanisms that could have big implications in epigenetics : 5-hydroxymethylcytosine may well represent a new pathway to demethylate DNA involving a repair mechanism converting 5-hmC to cytosine and, as such open up entirely new perspectives in epigenetic studies.</p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 1. Determination of the 5-hmC rabbit polyclonal antibody titer</strong><br />To determine the titer, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode rabbit polyclonal antibody directed against 5-hmC in antigen coated wells. The antigen used was BSA coupled to the 5-hmC base. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution, the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1: 3,500. </small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 2. An hydroxymethylated DNA IP (hMeDIP) was performed using the Diagenode rabbit polyclonal antibody directed against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (Cat. No. CS-HMC-100).</strong><br />The IgG isotype antibodies from rabbit (Cat. No. kch-504-250) was used as negative control. The DNA was prepared with the GenDNA module of the hMeDIP kit and sonicated with our Bioruptor&reg; (UCD-200/300 series) to have DNA fragments of 300-500 bp. 1 &mu;g of human Hela cells DNA were spiked with non-methylated, methylated, and hydroxymethylated fragments. The IP&rsquo;d material has been analysed by qPCR using the primer pair specific for the 3 different control sequences. The obtained results show that the Diagenode rabbit polyclonal for 5-hmC is highly specific for this base modification (no IP with non-methylated or methylated C bases containing fragments). </small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 3. Dotblot analysis of the Diagenode 5-hmC rabbit polyclonal antibody with the C, mC and hmC PCR controls</strong><br />100 to 4 ng (equivalent of 5 to 0.2 pmol of C-bases) of the hmC, mC and C PCR controls from the Diagenode &ldquo;5-hmC, 5-mC &amp; cytosine DNA Standard Pack&rdquo; (Cat No. AF-101-0002) were spotted on a membrane (Amersham Hybond-N+). The membrane was incubated with the rabbit 5-hydroxymethylcytosine polyclonal antibody (dilution 1:200). The membranes were exposed for 30 seconds. </small></p>
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<p>Preliminary results indicate that 5-hmC may have important roles distinct from 5-mC. Although its precise role has still to be shown, early evidence suggests a few putative mechanisms that could have big implications in epigenetics : 5-hydroxymethylcytosine may well represent a new pathway to demethylate DNA involving a repair mechanism converting 5-hmC to cytosine and, as such open up entirely new perspectives in epigenetic studies.</p>
<p>Due to the structural similarity between 5-mC and 5-hmC, these bases are experimentally almost indistinguishable. Recent articles demonstrated that the most common approaches (e.g. enzymatic approaches, bisulfite sequencing) do not account for 5-hmC. The development of the affinity-based technologies appears to be the most powerful way to differentially and specifically enrich 5-mC and 5-hmC sequences. The results shown here illustrate the use of this unique monoclonal antibody against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine that has been fully validated in various technologies.</p>',
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	'name' => 'Dynamic hydroxymethylation of deoxyribonucleic acid marks differentiation-associated enhancers.',
	'authors' => 'Sérandour AA, Avner S, Oger F, Bizot M, Percevault F, Lucchetti-Miganeh C, Palierne G, Gheeraert C, Barloy-Hubler F, Péron CL, Madigou T, Durand E, Froguel P, Staels B, Lefebvre P, Métivier R, Eeckhoute J, Salbert G',
	'description' => '<p>Enhancers are developmentally controlled transcriptional regulatory regions whose activities are modulated through histone modifications or histone variant deposition. In this study, we show by genome-wide mapping that the newly discovered deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) modification 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) is dynamically associated with transcription factor binding to distal regulatory sites during neural differentiation of mouse P19 cells and during adipocyte differentiation of mouse 3T3-L1 cells. Functional annotation reveals that regions gaining 5hmC are associated with genes expressed either in neural tissues when P19 cells undergo neural differentiation or in adipose tissue when 3T3-L1 cells undergo adipocyte differentiation. Furthermore, distal regions gaining 5hmC together with H3K4me2 and H3K27ac in P19 cells behave as differentiation-dependent transcriptional enhancers. Identified regions are enriched in motifs for transcription factors regulating specific cell fates such as Meis1 in P19 cells and PPAR&gamma; in 3T3-L1 cells. Accordingly, a fraction of hydroxymethylated Meis1 sites were associated with a dynamic engagement of the 5-methylcytosine hydroxylase Tet1. In addition, kinetic studies of cytosine hydroxymethylation of selected enhancers indicated that DNA hydroxymethylation is an early event of enhancer activation. Hence, acquisition of 5hmC in cell-specific distal regulatory regions may represent a major event of enhancer progression toward an active state and participate in selective activation of tissue-specific genes.</p>',
	'date' => '2012-06-22',
	'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22730288',
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	'modified' => '2016-04-04 10:15:19',
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include - APP/View/Products/view.ctp, line 755
View::_evaluate() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 971
View::_render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 933
View::render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 473
Controller::render() - CORE/Cake/Controller/Controller.php, line 963
ProductsController::slug() - APP/Controller/ProductsController.php, line 1052
ReflectionMethod::invokeArgs() - [internal], line ??
Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/Cake/Controller/Controller.php, line 491
Dispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 193
Dispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 167
[main] - APP/webroot/index.php, line 118

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<div class="small-6 columns">
<p class="text-center"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15310210-elisa.png" alt="ELISA" width="342" height="266" /></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 1. Determination of the 5-hmC rabbit polyclonal antibody titer</strong><br />To determine the titer, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode rabbit polyclonal antibody directed against 5-hmC in antigen coated wells. The antigen used was BSA coupled to the 5-hmC base. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution, the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1: 3,500. </small></p>
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<p class="text-center"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15310210-fig2.png" alt="" width="161" height="399" /></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 2. An hydroxymethylated DNA IP (hMeDIP) was performed using the Diagenode rabbit polyclonal antibody directed against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (Cat. No. CS-HMC-100).</strong><br />The IgG isotype antibodies from rabbit (Cat. No. kch-504-250) was used as negative control. The DNA was prepared with the GenDNA module of the hMeDIP kit and sonicated with our Bioruptor&reg; (UCD-200/300 series) to have DNA fragments of 300-500 bp. 1 &mu;g of human Hela cells DNA were spiked with non-methylated, methylated, and hydroxymethylated fragments. The IP&rsquo;d material has been analysed by qPCR using the primer pair specific for the 3 different control sequences. The obtained results show that the Diagenode rabbit polyclonal for 5-hmC is highly specific for this base modification (no IP with non-methylated or methylated C bases containing fragments). </small></p>
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<p class="text-center"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15310210-fig3.png" alt="Dot Blot" width="135" height="119" /></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 3. Dotblot analysis of the Diagenode 5-hmC rabbit polyclonal antibody with the C, mC and hmC PCR controls</strong><br />100 to 4 ng (equivalent of 5 to 0.2 pmol of C-bases) of the hmC, mC and C PCR controls from the Diagenode &ldquo;5-hmC, 5-mC &amp; cytosine DNA Standard Pack&rdquo; (Cat No. AF-101-0002) were spotted on a membrane (Amersham Hybond-N+). The membrane was incubated with the rabbit 5-hydroxymethylcytosine polyclonal antibody (dilution 1:200). The membranes were exposed for 30 seconds. </small></p>
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<p>Preliminary results indicate that 5-hmC may have important roles distinct from 5-mC. Although its precise role has still to be shown, early evidence suggests a few putative mechanisms that could have big implications in epigenetics : 5-hydroxymethylcytosine may well represent a new pathway to demethylate DNA involving a repair mechanism converting 5-hmC to cytosine and, as such open up entirely new perspectives in epigenetic studies.</p>
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<p class="text-center"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15310210-elisa.png" alt="ELISA" width="342" height="266" /></p>
</div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 1. Determination of the 5-hmC rabbit polyclonal antibody titer</strong><br />To determine the titer, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode rabbit polyclonal antibody directed against 5-hmC in antigen coated wells. The antigen used was BSA coupled to the 5-hmC base. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution, the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1: 3,500. </small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p class="text-center"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15310210-fig2.png" alt="" width="161" height="399" /></p>
</div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 2. An hydroxymethylated DNA IP (hMeDIP) was performed using the Diagenode rabbit polyclonal antibody directed against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (Cat. No. CS-HMC-100).</strong><br />The IgG isotype antibodies from rabbit (Cat. No. kch-504-250) was used as negative control. The DNA was prepared with the GenDNA module of the hMeDIP kit and sonicated with our Bioruptor&reg; (UCD-200/300 series) to have DNA fragments of 300-500 bp. 1 &mu;g of human Hela cells DNA were spiked with non-methylated, methylated, and hydroxymethylated fragments. The IP&rsquo;d material has been analysed by qPCR using the primer pair specific for the 3 different control sequences. The obtained results show that the Diagenode rabbit polyclonal for 5-hmC is highly specific for this base modification (no IP with non-methylated or methylated C bases containing fragments). </small></p>
</div>
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<div class="row">
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p class="text-center"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15310210-fig3.png" alt="Dot Blot" width="135" height="119" /></p>
</div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 3. Dotblot analysis of the Diagenode 5-hmC rabbit polyclonal antibody with the C, mC and hmC PCR controls</strong><br />100 to 4 ng (equivalent of 5 to 0.2 pmol of C-bases) of the hmC, mC and C PCR controls from the Diagenode &ldquo;5-hmC, 5-mC &amp; cytosine DNA Standard Pack&rdquo; (Cat No. AF-101-0002) were spotted on a membrane (Amersham Hybond-N+). The membrane was incubated with the rabbit 5-hydroxymethylcytosine polyclonal antibody (dilution 1:200). The membranes were exposed for 30 seconds. </small></p>
</div>
</div>',
			'label2' => 'Target description',
			'info2' => '<p>5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) has been recently discovered in mammalian DNA. This results from the enzymatic conversion of 5-methylcytosine into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine by the TET family of oxygenases. So far, the 5-hmC bases have been identified in Purkinje neurons, in granule cells and embryonic stem cells where they are present at high levels (up to 0,6% of total nucleotides in Purkinje cells).</p>
<p>Preliminary results indicate that 5-hmC may have important roles distinct from 5-mC. Although its precise role has still to be shown, early evidence suggests a few putative mechanisms that could have big implications in epigenetics : 5-hydroxymethylcytosine may well represent a new pathway to demethylate DNA involving a repair mechanism converting 5-hmC to cytosine and, as such open up entirely new perspectives in epigenetic studies.</p>
<p>Due to the structural similarity between 5-mC and 5-hmC, these bases are experimentally almost indistinguishable. Recent articles demonstrated that the most common approaches (e.g. enzymatic approaches, bisulfite sequencing) do not account for 5-hmC. The development of the affinity-based technologies appears to be the most powerful way to differentially and specifically enrich 5-mC and 5-hmC sequences. The results shown here illustrate the use of this unique monoclonal antibody against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine that has been fully validated in various technologies.</p>',
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			'format' => '100 µl',
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			'meta_keywords' => '5-hydroxymethylcytosine,5-hmC, 5-mC,polyclonal antibody ,Diagenode',
			'meta_description' => '5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) Polyclonal Antibody (rabbit)  validated  in hMeDIP, ELISA  and DB. Batch-specific data available on the website. Sample size available',
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			'name' => 'Methylated DNA immunoprecipitation',
			'description' => '<div class="row extra-spaced">
<div class="small-12 medium-3 large-3 columns"><center><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30429608" target="_blank"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/banners/banner-nature-publication-580.png" /></a></center></div>
<div class="small-12 medium-9 large-9 columns">
<h3>Sensitive tumour detection and classification using plasma cell-free DNA methylomes<br /><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30429608" target="_blank">Read the publication</a></h3>
<h3 class="c-article-title u-h1" data-test="article-title" itemprop="name headline">Preparation of cfMeDIP-seq libraries for methylome profiling of plasma cell-free DNA<br /><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41596-019-0202-2" target="_blank" title="cfMeDIP-seq Nature Method">Read the method</a></h3>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="large-12 columns"><span>The Methylated DNA Immunoprecipitation is based on the affinity purification of methylated and hydroxymethylated DNA using, respectively, an antibody directed against 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) in the case of MeDIP or 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) in the case of hMeDIP.</span><br />
<h2></h2>
<h2>How it works</h2>
<p>In brief, Methyl DNA IP is performed as follows: Genomic DNA from cultured cells or tissues is prepared, sheared, and then denatured. Then, immunoselection and immunoprecipitation can take place using the antibody directed against 5 methylcytosine and antibody binding beads. After isolation and purification is performed, the IP&rsquo;d methylated DNA is ready for any subsequent analysis as qPCR, amplification, hybridization on microarrays or next generation sequencing.</p>
<h2>Applications</h2>
<div align="center"><a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/p/magmedip-kit-x48-48-rxns" class="center alert radius button"> qPCR analysis</a></div>
<div align="center"><a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/p/magmedip-seq-package-V2-x10" class="center alert radius button"> NGS analysis </a></div>
<h2>Advantages</h2>
<ul style="font-size: 19px;" class="nobullet">
<li><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></i> <strong>Unaffected</strong> DNA</li>
<li><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></i> <strong>High enrichment</strong> yield</li>
<li><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></i> <strong>Robust</strong> &amp; <strong>reproducible</strong> techniques</li>
<li><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></i> <strong>NGS</strong> compatible</li>
</ul>
<h2></h2>
</div>
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			'name' => 'DNA modifications',
			'description' => '<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">T</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">he pattern of <strong>DNA modifications</strong> is critical for genome stability and the control of gene expression in the cell. Methylation of 5-cytosine (5-mC), one of the best-studied epigenetic marks, is carried out by the <strong>DNA methyltransferases</strong> DNMT3A and B and DNMT1. DNMT3A and DNMT3B are responsible for </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">de novo</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> DNA methylation, whereas DNMT1 maintains existing methylation. 5-mC undergoes active demethylation which is performed by the <strong>Ten-Eleven Translocation</strong> (TET) familly of DNA hydroxylases. The latter consists of 3 members TET1, 2 and 3. All 3 members catalyze the conversion of <strong>5-methylcytosine</strong> (5-mC) into <strong>5-hydroxymethylcytosine</strong> (5-hmC), and further into <strong>5-formylcytosine</strong> (5-fC) and <strong>5-carboxycytosine</strong> (5-caC). 5-fC and 5-caC can be converted to unmodified cytosine by <strong>Thymine DNA Glycosylase</strong> (TDG). It is not yet clear if 5-hmC, 5-fC and 5-caC have specific functions or are simply intermediates in the demethylation of 5-mC.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">DNA methylation is generally considered as a repressive mark and is usually associated with gene silencing. It is essential that the balance between DNA methylation and demethylation is precisely maintained. Dysregulation of DNA methylation may lead to many different human diseases and is often observed in cancer cells.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Diagenode offers highly validated antibodies against different proteins involved in DNA modifications as well as against the modified bases allowing the study of all steps and intermediates in the DNA methylation/demethylation pathway:</span></p>
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/categories/antibodies/dna-methylation.jpg" height="599" width="816" /></p>
<p><strong>Diagenode exclusively sources the original 5-methylcytosine monoclonal antibody (clone 33D3).</strong></p>
<p>Check out the list below to see all proposed antibodies for DNA modifications.</p>
<p>Diagenode&rsquo;s highly validated antibodies:</p>
<ul>
<li>Highly sensitive and specific</li>
<li>Cost-effective (requires less antibody per reaction)</li>
<li>Batch-specific data is available on the website</li>
<li>Expert technical support</li>
<li>Sample sizes available</li>
<li>100% satisfaction guarantee</li>
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			'meta_title' => 'DNA modifications - Monoclonal and Polyclonal Antibodies for DNA Methylation | Diagenode',
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			'description' => '<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">All Diagenode&rsquo;s antibodies are listed below. Please, use our Quick search field to find the antibody of interest by target name, application, purity.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Diagenode&rsquo;s highly validated antibodies:</span></p>
<ul>
<li>Highly sensitive and specific</li>
<li>Cost-effective (requires less antibody per reaction)</li>
<li>Batch-specific data is available on the website</li>
<li>Expert technical support</li>
<li>Sample sizes available</li>
<li>100% satisfaction guarantee</li>
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			'meta_title' => 'Diagenode's selection of Antibodies is exclusively dedicated for Epigenetic Research | Diagenode',
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			'description' => '<p>Polyclonal antibody raised in rabbit against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine conjugated to KLH.</p>',
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			'name' => 'Epigenetic Blockade of Hippocampal SOD2 Via DNMT3b-Mediated DNAMethylation: Implications in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced PersistentOxidative Damage.',
			'authors' => 'Balasubramanian, Nagalakshmi and Sagarkar, Sneha and Choudhary, Amit G andKokare, Dadasaheb M and Sakharkar, Amul J',
			'description' => '<p>The recurrent events of mild trauma exacerbate the vulnerability for post-traumatic stress disorder; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms are scarcely known. The repeated mild traumatic brain injury (rMTBI) perturbs redox homeostasis which is primarily managed by superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2). The current study investigates the role of DNA methylation in SOD2 gene regulation and its involvement in rMTBI-induced persistent neuropathology inflicted by weight drop injury paradigm. The oxidative damage, neurodegenerative indicators, and SOD2 function and its regulation in the hippocampus were analyzed after 48&nbsp;h and 30&nbsp;days of rMTBI. The temporal and episodic increase in ROS levels (oxidative stress) heightened 8-hydroxyguanosine levels indicating oxidative damage after rMTBI that was concomitant with decline in SOD2 function. In parallel, occupancy of DNMT3b at SOD2 promoter was higher post 30&nbsp;days of the first episode of rMTBI causing hypermethylation at SOD2 promoter. This epigenetic silencing of SOD2 promoter was sustained after the second episode of rMTBI causing permanent blockade in SOD2 response. The resultant oxidative stress further culminated into the increasing number of degenerating neurons. The treatment with 5-azacytidine, a pan DNMT inhibitor, normalized DNA methylation levels and revived SOD2 function after the second episode of rMTBI. The release of blockade in SOD2 expression by DNMT inhibition also normalized the post-traumatic oxidative consequences and relieved the neurodegeneration and deficits in learning and memory as measured by novel object recognition test. In conclusion, DNMT3b-mediated DNA methylation plays a critical role in SOD2 gene regulation in the hippocampus, and the perturbations therein post rMTBI are detrimental to redox homeostasis manifesting into neurological consequences.</p>',
			'date' => '2020-10-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33099744',
			'doi' => '10.1007/s12035-020-02166-z',
			'modified' => '2021-03-15 16:53:12',
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			'name' => 'Genomic integrity of ground-state pluripotency.',
			'authors' => 'Jafari N, Giehr P, Hesaraki M, Baas R, de Graaf P, Timmers HTM, Walter J, Baharvand H, Totonchi M',
			'description' => '<p>Pluripotent cells appear to be in a transient state during early development. These cells have the capability to transition into embryonic stem cells (ESCs). It has been reported that mouse pluripotent cells cultivated in chemically defined media sustain the ground state of pluripotency. Because the epigenetic pattern of pluripotent cells reflects their environment, culture under different conditions causes epigenetic changes, which could lead to genomic instability. This study focused on the DNA methylation pattern of repetitive elements (REs) and their activation levels under two ground-state conditions and assessed the genomic integrity of ESCs. We measured the methylation and expression level of REs in different media. The results indicated that although the ground-state conditions show higher REs activity, they did not lead to DNA damage; therefore, the level of genomic instability is lower under the ground-state compared with the conventional condition. Our results indicated that when choosing an optimum condition, different features of the condition must be considered to have epigenetically and genomically stable stem cells.</p>',
			'date' => '2018-12-01',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/30171711',
			'doi' => '10.1002/jcb.27296',
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		(int) 2 => array(
			'id' => '3312',
			'name' => 'Alterations in the placental methylome with maternal obesity and evidence for metabolic regulation',
			'authors' => 'Mitsuya K. et al.',
			'description' => '<p>The inflammatory and metabolic derangements of obesity in pregnant women generate an adverse intrauterine environment, increase pregnancy complications and adverse fetal outcomes and program the fetus for obesity and metabolic syndrome in later life. We hypothesized that epigenetic modifications in placenta including altered DNA methylation/hydroxymethylation may mediate these effects. Term placental villous tissue was collected following cesarean section from lean (prepregnancy BMI&lt;25) or obese (BMI&gt;30) women. Genomic DNA was isolated, methylated and hydroxymethylated DNA immunoprecipitated and hybridized to the NimbleGen 2.1M human DNA methylation array. Intermediate metabolites in placental tissues were measured by HPLC-ESI-MS, ascorbate levels by reverse phase HPLC and gene expression by RT-PCR. Differentially methylated and hydroxymethylated regions occurred across the genome, with a 21% increase in methylated but a 31% decrease in hydroxymethylated regions in obese vs lean groups. Whereas increased methylation and decreased methylation was evident around transcription start sites of multiple genes in the GH/CSH and PSG gene clusters on chromosomes 17 and 19 in other areas there was no relationship. Increased methylation was associated with decreased expression only for some genes in these clusters. Biological pathway analysis revealed the 262 genes which showed reciprocal differential methylation/ hydroxymethylation were enriched for pregnancy, immune response and cell adhesion-linked processes. We found a negative relationship for maternal BMI but a positive relationship for ascorbate with &alpha;-ketoglutarate a metabolite that regulates ten eleven translocase (TET) which mediates DNA methylation. We provide evidence for the obese maternal metabolic milieu being linked to an altered DNA methylome that may affect placental gene expression in relation to adverse outcomes.</p>',
			'date' => '2017-10-18',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29045485',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2018-01-10 16:11:14',
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			'id' => '3220',
			'name' => 'Maternal obesity programs increased leptin gene expression in rat male offspring via epigenetic modifications in a depot-specific manner',
			'authors' => 'Lecoutre S. et al.',
			'description' => '<div class="">
<h4>OBJECTIVE:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="OBJECTIVE" nlmcategory="OBJECTIVE">According to the Developmental Origin of Health and Disease (DOHaD) concept, maternal obesity and accelerated growth in neonates predispose offspring to white adipose tissue (WAT) accumulation. In rodents, adipogenesis mainly develops during lactation. The mechanisms underlying the phenomenon known as developmental programming remain elusive. We previously reported that adult rat offspring from high-fat diet-fed dams (called HF) exhibited hypertrophic adipocyte, hyperleptinemia and increased leptin mRNA levels in a depot-specific manner. We hypothesized that leptin upregulation occurs via epigenetic malprogramming, which takes place early during development of WAT.</abstracttext></p>
<h4>METHODS:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="METHODS" nlmcategory="METHODS">As a first step, we identified <i>in silico</i> two potential enhancers located upstream and downstream of the leptin transcription start site that exhibit strong dynamic epigenomic remodeling during adipocyte differentiation. We then focused on epigenetic modifications (methylation, hydroxymethylation, and histone modifications) of the promoter and the two potential enhancers regulating leptin gene expression in perirenal (pWAT) and inguinal (iWAT) fat pads of HF offspring during lactation (postnatal days 12 (PND12) and 21 (PND21)) and in adulthood.</abstracttext></p>
<h4>RESULTS:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="RESULTS" nlmcategory="RESULTS">PND12 is an active period for epigenomic remodeling in both deposits especially in the upstream enhancer, consistent with leptin gene induction during adipogenesis. Unlike iWAT, some of these epigenetic marks were still observable in pWAT of weaned HF offspring. Retained marks were only visible in pWAT of 9-month-old HF rats that showed a persistent "expandable" phenotype.</abstracttext></p>
<h4>CONCLUSIONS:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="CONCLUSIONS" nlmcategory="CONCLUSIONS">Consistent with the DOHaD hypothesis, persistent epigenetic remodeling occurs at regulatory regions especially within intergenic sequences, linked to higher leptin gene expression in adult HF offspring in a depot-specific manner.</abstracttext></p>
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			'date' => '2017-08-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5518658/',
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			'id' => '2935',
			'name' => 'RESEARCH RESOURCE: Changes in gene expression and Estrogen Receptor cistrome in mouse liver upon acute E2 treatment.',
			'authors' => 'Palierne G et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Transcriptional regulation by the Estrogen Receptor &alpha; (ER) has been investigated mainly in breast cancer cell lines but estrogens such as 17&beta;-Estradiol (E2) exert numerous extra-reproductive effects, particularly in the liver where E2 exhibits both protective metabolic and deleterious thrombotic actions. To analyze the direct and early transcriptional effects of estrogens in the liver, we determined the E2-sensitive transcriptome and ER cistrome in mice following acute administration of E2 or placebo. These analyses revealed the early induction of genes involved in lipid metabolism, which fits with the crucial role of ER in the prevention of liver steatosis. Characterization of the chromatin state of ER binding sites (BSs) in mice expressing or not ER demonstrated that ER is not required per se for the establishment and/or maintenance of chromatin modifications at the majority of its BSs. This is presumably a consequence of a strong overlap between ER and Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 &alpha; (Hnf4&alpha;) BSs. In contrast, 40% of the BSs of the pioneer factor Foxa2 were dependent upon ER expression, and ER expression also affected the distribution of nucleosomes harboring dimethylated H3K4 around Foxa2 BSs. We finally show that, in addition to a network of liver-specific transcription factors including Cebp&alpha;/&beta; and Hnf4&alpha;, ER might be required for proper Foxa2 function in this tissue.</p>',
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			'description' => '<p>Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor &gamma; (PPAR&gamma;) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein &alpha; (C/EBP&alpha;) are key activators of adipogenesis. They mutually induce the expression of each other and have been reported to cooperate in activation of a few adipocyte genes. Recently, genome-wide profiling revealed a high degree of overlap between PPAR&gamma; and C/EBP&alpha; binding in adipocytes, suggesting that cooperativeness could be mediated through common binding sites. To directly investigate the interplay between PPAR&gamma; and C/EBP&alpha; at shared binding sites, we established a fibroblastic model system in which PPAR&gamma; and C/EBP&alpha; can be independently expressed. Using RNA sequencing, we demonstrate that coexpression of PPAR&gamma; and C/EBP&alpha; leads to synergistic activation of many key metabolic adipocyte genes. This is associated with extensive C/EBP&alpha;-mediated reprogramming of PPAR&gamma; binding and vice versa in the vicinity of these genes, as determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation combined with deep sequencing. Our results indicate that this is at least partly mediated by assisted loading involving chromatin remodeling directed by the leading factor. In conclusion, we report a novel mechanism by which the key adipogenic transcription factors, PPAR&gamma; and C/EBP&alpha;, cooperate in activation of the adipocyte gene program.</p>',
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			'description' => '<p>Enhancers are developmentally controlled transcriptional regulatory regions whose activities are modulated through histone modifications or histone variant deposition. In this study, we show by genome-wide mapping that the newly discovered deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) modification 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) is dynamically associated with transcription factor binding to distal regulatory sites during neural differentiation of mouse P19 cells and during adipocyte differentiation of mouse 3T3-L1 cells. Functional annotation reveals that regions gaining 5hmC are associated with genes expressed either in neural tissues when P19 cells undergo neural differentiation or in adipose tissue when 3T3-L1 cells undergo adipocyte differentiation. Furthermore, distal regions gaining 5hmC together with H3K4me2 and H3K27ac in P19 cells behave as differentiation-dependent transcriptional enhancers. Identified regions are enriched in motifs for transcription factors regulating specific cell fates such as Meis1 in P19 cells and PPAR&gamma; in 3T3-L1 cells. Accordingly, a fraction of hydroxymethylated Meis1 sites were associated with a dynamic engagement of the 5-methylcytosine hydroxylase Tet1. In addition, kinetic studies of cytosine hydroxymethylation of selected enhancers indicated that DNA hydroxymethylation is an early event of enhancer activation. Hence, acquisition of 5hmC in cell-specific distal regulatory regions may represent a major event of enhancer progression toward an active state and participate in selective activation of tissue-specific genes.</p>',
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<p><small><strong>Figure 1. Determination of the 5-hmC rabbit polyclonal antibody titer</strong><br />To determine the titer, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode rabbit polyclonal antibody directed against 5-hmC in antigen coated wells. The antigen used was BSA coupled to the 5-hmC base. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution, the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1: 3,500. </small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 2. An hydroxymethylated DNA IP (hMeDIP) was performed using the Diagenode rabbit polyclonal antibody directed against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (Cat. No. CS-HMC-100).</strong><br />The IgG isotype antibodies from rabbit (Cat. No. kch-504-250) was used as negative control. The DNA was prepared with the GenDNA module of the hMeDIP kit and sonicated with our Bioruptor&reg; (UCD-200/300 series) to have DNA fragments of 300-500 bp. 1 &mu;g of human Hela cells DNA were spiked with non-methylated, methylated, and hydroxymethylated fragments. The IP&rsquo;d material has been analysed by qPCR using the primer pair specific for the 3 different control sequences. The obtained results show that the Diagenode rabbit polyclonal for 5-hmC is highly specific for this base modification (no IP with non-methylated or methylated C bases containing fragments). </small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 3. Dotblot analysis of the Diagenode 5-hmC rabbit polyclonal antibody with the C, mC and hmC PCR controls</strong><br />100 to 4 ng (equivalent of 5 to 0.2 pmol of C-bases) of the hmC, mC and C PCR controls from the Diagenode &ldquo;5-hmC, 5-mC &amp; cytosine DNA Standard Pack&rdquo; (Cat No. AF-101-0002) were spotted on a membrane (Amersham Hybond-N+). The membrane was incubated with the rabbit 5-hydroxymethylcytosine polyclonal antibody (dilution 1:200). The membranes were exposed for 30 seconds. </small></p>
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<p>Preliminary results indicate that 5-hmC may have important roles distinct from 5-mC. Although its precise role has still to be shown, early evidence suggests a few putative mechanisms that could have big implications in epigenetics : 5-hydroxymethylcytosine may well represent a new pathway to demethylate DNA involving a repair mechanism converting 5-hmC to cytosine and, as such open up entirely new perspectives in epigenetic studies.</p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 1. Determination of the 5-hmC rabbit polyclonal antibody titer</strong><br />To determine the titer, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode rabbit polyclonal antibody directed against 5-hmC in antigen coated wells. The antigen used was BSA coupled to the 5-hmC base. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution, the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1: 3,500. </small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 2. An hydroxymethylated DNA IP (hMeDIP) was performed using the Diagenode rabbit polyclonal antibody directed against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (Cat. No. CS-HMC-100).</strong><br />The IgG isotype antibodies from rabbit (Cat. No. kch-504-250) was used as negative control. The DNA was prepared with the GenDNA module of the hMeDIP kit and sonicated with our Bioruptor&reg; (UCD-200/300 series) to have DNA fragments of 300-500 bp. 1 &mu;g of human Hela cells DNA were spiked with non-methylated, methylated, and hydroxymethylated fragments. The IP&rsquo;d material has been analysed by qPCR using the primer pair specific for the 3 different control sequences. The obtained results show that the Diagenode rabbit polyclonal for 5-hmC is highly specific for this base modification (no IP with non-methylated or methylated C bases containing fragments). </small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 3. Dotblot analysis of the Diagenode 5-hmC rabbit polyclonal antibody with the C, mC and hmC PCR controls</strong><br />100 to 4 ng (equivalent of 5 to 0.2 pmol of C-bases) of the hmC, mC and C PCR controls from the Diagenode &ldquo;5-hmC, 5-mC &amp; cytosine DNA Standard Pack&rdquo; (Cat No. AF-101-0002) were spotted on a membrane (Amersham Hybond-N+). The membrane was incubated with the rabbit 5-hydroxymethylcytosine polyclonal antibody (dilution 1:200). The membranes were exposed for 30 seconds. </small></p>
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<p>Preliminary results indicate that 5-hmC may have important roles distinct from 5-mC. Although its precise role has still to be shown, early evidence suggests a few putative mechanisms that could have big implications in epigenetics : 5-hydroxymethylcytosine may well represent a new pathway to demethylate DNA involving a repair mechanism converting 5-hmC to cytosine and, as such open up entirely new perspectives in epigenetic studies.</p>
<p>Due to the structural similarity between 5-mC and 5-hmC, these bases are experimentally almost indistinguishable. Recent articles demonstrated that the most common approaches (e.g. enzymatic approaches, bisulfite sequencing) do not account for 5-hmC. The development of the affinity-based technologies appears to be the most powerful way to differentially and specifically enrich 5-mC and 5-hmC sequences. The results shown here illustrate the use of this unique monoclonal antibody against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine that has been fully validated in various technologies.</p>',
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	'authors' => 'Sérandour AA, Avner S, Oger F, Bizot M, Percevault F, Lucchetti-Miganeh C, Palierne G, Gheeraert C, Barloy-Hubler F, Péron CL, Madigou T, Durand E, Froguel P, Staels B, Lefebvre P, Métivier R, Eeckhoute J, Salbert G',
	'description' => '<p>Enhancers are developmentally controlled transcriptional regulatory regions whose activities are modulated through histone modifications or histone variant deposition. In this study, we show by genome-wide mapping that the newly discovered deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) modification 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) is dynamically associated with transcription factor binding to distal regulatory sites during neural differentiation of mouse P19 cells and during adipocyte differentiation of mouse 3T3-L1 cells. Functional annotation reveals that regions gaining 5hmC are associated with genes expressed either in neural tissues when P19 cells undergo neural differentiation or in adipose tissue when 3T3-L1 cells undergo adipocyte differentiation. Furthermore, distal regions gaining 5hmC together with H3K4me2 and H3K27ac in P19 cells behave as differentiation-dependent transcriptional enhancers. Identified regions are enriched in motifs for transcription factors regulating specific cell fates such as Meis1 in P19 cells and PPAR&gamma; in 3T3-L1 cells. Accordingly, a fraction of hydroxymethylated Meis1 sites were associated with a dynamic engagement of the 5-methylcytosine hydroxylase Tet1. In addition, kinetic studies of cytosine hydroxymethylation of selected enhancers indicated that DNA hydroxymethylation is an early event of enhancer activation. Hence, acquisition of 5hmC in cell-specific distal regulatory regions may represent a major event of enhancer progression toward an active state and participate in selective activation of tissue-specific genes.</p>',
	'date' => '2012-06-22',
	'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22730288',
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include - APP/View/Products/view.ctp, line 755
View::_evaluate() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 971
View::_render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 933
View::render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 473
Controller::render() - CORE/Cake/Controller/Controller.php, line 963
ProductsController::slug() - APP/Controller/ProductsController.php, line 1052
ReflectionMethod::invokeArgs() - [internal], line ??
Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/Cake/Controller/Controller.php, line 491
Dispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 193
Dispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 167
[main] - APP/webroot/index.php, line 118

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<div class="small-6 columns">
<p class="text-center"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15310210-elisa.png" alt="ELISA" width="342" height="266" /></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 1. Determination of the 5-hmC rabbit polyclonal antibody titer</strong><br />To determine the titer, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode rabbit polyclonal antibody directed against 5-hmC in antigen coated wells. The antigen used was BSA coupled to the 5-hmC base. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution, the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1: 3,500. </small></p>
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<p class="text-center"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15310210-fig2.png" alt="" width="161" height="399" /></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 2. An hydroxymethylated DNA IP (hMeDIP) was performed using the Diagenode rabbit polyclonal antibody directed against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (Cat. No. CS-HMC-100).</strong><br />The IgG isotype antibodies from rabbit (Cat. No. kch-504-250) was used as negative control. The DNA was prepared with the GenDNA module of the hMeDIP kit and sonicated with our Bioruptor&reg; (UCD-200/300 series) to have DNA fragments of 300-500 bp. 1 &mu;g of human Hela cells DNA were spiked with non-methylated, methylated, and hydroxymethylated fragments. The IP&rsquo;d material has been analysed by qPCR using the primer pair specific for the 3 different control sequences. The obtained results show that the Diagenode rabbit polyclonal for 5-hmC is highly specific for this base modification (no IP with non-methylated or methylated C bases containing fragments). </small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 3. Dotblot analysis of the Diagenode 5-hmC rabbit polyclonal antibody with the C, mC and hmC PCR controls</strong><br />100 to 4 ng (equivalent of 5 to 0.2 pmol of C-bases) of the hmC, mC and C PCR controls from the Diagenode &ldquo;5-hmC, 5-mC &amp; cytosine DNA Standard Pack&rdquo; (Cat No. AF-101-0002) were spotted on a membrane (Amersham Hybond-N+). The membrane was incubated with the rabbit 5-hydroxymethylcytosine polyclonal antibody (dilution 1:200). The membranes were exposed for 30 seconds. </small></p>
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<p>Preliminary results indicate that 5-hmC may have important roles distinct from 5-mC. Although its precise role has still to be shown, early evidence suggests a few putative mechanisms that could have big implications in epigenetics : 5-hydroxymethylcytosine may well represent a new pathway to demethylate DNA involving a repair mechanism converting 5-hmC to cytosine and, as such open up entirely new perspectives in epigenetic studies.</p>
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<p class="text-center"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15310210-elisa.png" alt="ELISA" width="342" height="266" /></p>
</div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 1. Determination of the 5-hmC rabbit polyclonal antibody titer</strong><br />To determine the titer, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode rabbit polyclonal antibody directed against 5-hmC in antigen coated wells. The antigen used was BSA coupled to the 5-hmC base. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution, the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1: 3,500. </small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p class="text-center"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15310210-fig2.png" alt="" width="161" height="399" /></p>
</div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 2. An hydroxymethylated DNA IP (hMeDIP) was performed using the Diagenode rabbit polyclonal antibody directed against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (Cat. No. CS-HMC-100).</strong><br />The IgG isotype antibodies from rabbit (Cat. No. kch-504-250) was used as negative control. The DNA was prepared with the GenDNA module of the hMeDIP kit and sonicated with our Bioruptor&reg; (UCD-200/300 series) to have DNA fragments of 300-500 bp. 1 &mu;g of human Hela cells DNA were spiked with non-methylated, methylated, and hydroxymethylated fragments. The IP&rsquo;d material has been analysed by qPCR using the primer pair specific for the 3 different control sequences. The obtained results show that the Diagenode rabbit polyclonal for 5-hmC is highly specific for this base modification (no IP with non-methylated or methylated C bases containing fragments). </small></p>
</div>
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<div class="row">
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p class="text-center"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15310210-fig3.png" alt="Dot Blot" width="135" height="119" /></p>
</div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 3. Dotblot analysis of the Diagenode 5-hmC rabbit polyclonal antibody with the C, mC and hmC PCR controls</strong><br />100 to 4 ng (equivalent of 5 to 0.2 pmol of C-bases) of the hmC, mC and C PCR controls from the Diagenode &ldquo;5-hmC, 5-mC &amp; cytosine DNA Standard Pack&rdquo; (Cat No. AF-101-0002) were spotted on a membrane (Amersham Hybond-N+). The membrane was incubated with the rabbit 5-hydroxymethylcytosine polyclonal antibody (dilution 1:200). The membranes were exposed for 30 seconds. </small></p>
</div>
</div>',
			'label2' => 'Target description',
			'info2' => '<p>5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) has been recently discovered in mammalian DNA. This results from the enzymatic conversion of 5-methylcytosine into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine by the TET family of oxygenases. So far, the 5-hmC bases have been identified in Purkinje neurons, in granule cells and embryonic stem cells where they are present at high levels (up to 0,6% of total nucleotides in Purkinje cells).</p>
<p>Preliminary results indicate that 5-hmC may have important roles distinct from 5-mC. Although its precise role has still to be shown, early evidence suggests a few putative mechanisms that could have big implications in epigenetics : 5-hydroxymethylcytosine may well represent a new pathway to demethylate DNA involving a repair mechanism converting 5-hmC to cytosine and, as such open up entirely new perspectives in epigenetic studies.</p>
<p>Due to the structural similarity between 5-mC and 5-hmC, these bases are experimentally almost indistinguishable. Recent articles demonstrated that the most common approaches (e.g. enzymatic approaches, bisulfite sequencing) do not account for 5-hmC. The development of the affinity-based technologies appears to be the most powerful way to differentially and specifically enrich 5-mC and 5-hmC sequences. The results shown here illustrate the use of this unique monoclonal antibody against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine that has been fully validated in various technologies.</p>',
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			'format' => '100 µl',
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			'meta_keywords' => '5-hydroxymethylcytosine,5-hmC, 5-mC,polyclonal antibody ,Diagenode',
			'meta_description' => '5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) Polyclonal Antibody (rabbit)  validated  in hMeDIP, ELISA  and DB. Batch-specific data available on the website. Sample size available',
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			'name' => 'Methylated DNA immunoprecipitation',
			'description' => '<div class="row extra-spaced">
<div class="small-12 medium-3 large-3 columns"><center><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30429608" target="_blank"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/banners/banner-nature-publication-580.png" /></a></center></div>
<div class="small-12 medium-9 large-9 columns">
<h3>Sensitive tumour detection and classification using plasma cell-free DNA methylomes<br /><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30429608" target="_blank">Read the publication</a></h3>
<h3 class="c-article-title u-h1" data-test="article-title" itemprop="name headline">Preparation of cfMeDIP-seq libraries for methylome profiling of plasma cell-free DNA<br /><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41596-019-0202-2" target="_blank" title="cfMeDIP-seq Nature Method">Read the method</a></h3>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="large-12 columns"><span>The Methylated DNA Immunoprecipitation is based on the affinity purification of methylated and hydroxymethylated DNA using, respectively, an antibody directed against 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) in the case of MeDIP or 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) in the case of hMeDIP.</span><br />
<h2></h2>
<h2>How it works</h2>
<p>In brief, Methyl DNA IP is performed as follows: Genomic DNA from cultured cells or tissues is prepared, sheared, and then denatured. Then, immunoselection and immunoprecipitation can take place using the antibody directed against 5 methylcytosine and antibody binding beads. After isolation and purification is performed, the IP&rsquo;d methylated DNA is ready for any subsequent analysis as qPCR, amplification, hybridization on microarrays or next generation sequencing.</p>
<h2>Applications</h2>
<div align="center"><a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/p/magmedip-kit-x48-48-rxns" class="center alert radius button"> qPCR analysis</a></div>
<div align="center"><a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/p/magmedip-seq-package-V2-x10" class="center alert radius button"> NGS analysis </a></div>
<h2>Advantages</h2>
<ul style="font-size: 19px;" class="nobullet">
<li><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></i> <strong>Unaffected</strong> DNA</li>
<li><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></i> <strong>High enrichment</strong> yield</li>
<li><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></i> <strong>Robust</strong> &amp; <strong>reproducible</strong> techniques</li>
<li><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></i> <strong>NGS</strong> compatible</li>
</ul>
<h2></h2>
</div>
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			'name' => 'DNA modifications',
			'description' => '<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">T</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">he pattern of <strong>DNA modifications</strong> is critical for genome stability and the control of gene expression in the cell. Methylation of 5-cytosine (5-mC), one of the best-studied epigenetic marks, is carried out by the <strong>DNA methyltransferases</strong> DNMT3A and B and DNMT1. DNMT3A and DNMT3B are responsible for </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">de novo</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> DNA methylation, whereas DNMT1 maintains existing methylation. 5-mC undergoes active demethylation which is performed by the <strong>Ten-Eleven Translocation</strong> (TET) familly of DNA hydroxylases. The latter consists of 3 members TET1, 2 and 3. All 3 members catalyze the conversion of <strong>5-methylcytosine</strong> (5-mC) into <strong>5-hydroxymethylcytosine</strong> (5-hmC), and further into <strong>5-formylcytosine</strong> (5-fC) and <strong>5-carboxycytosine</strong> (5-caC). 5-fC and 5-caC can be converted to unmodified cytosine by <strong>Thymine DNA Glycosylase</strong> (TDG). It is not yet clear if 5-hmC, 5-fC and 5-caC have specific functions or are simply intermediates in the demethylation of 5-mC.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">DNA methylation is generally considered as a repressive mark and is usually associated with gene silencing. It is essential that the balance between DNA methylation and demethylation is precisely maintained. Dysregulation of DNA methylation may lead to many different human diseases and is often observed in cancer cells.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Diagenode offers highly validated antibodies against different proteins involved in DNA modifications as well as against the modified bases allowing the study of all steps and intermediates in the DNA methylation/demethylation pathway:</span></p>
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/categories/antibodies/dna-methylation.jpg" height="599" width="816" /></p>
<p><strong>Diagenode exclusively sources the original 5-methylcytosine monoclonal antibody (clone 33D3).</strong></p>
<p>Check out the list below to see all proposed antibodies for DNA modifications.</p>
<p>Diagenode&rsquo;s highly validated antibodies:</p>
<ul>
<li>Highly sensitive and specific</li>
<li>Cost-effective (requires less antibody per reaction)</li>
<li>Batch-specific data is available on the website</li>
<li>Expert technical support</li>
<li>Sample sizes available</li>
<li>100% satisfaction guarantee</li>
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			'meta_title' => 'DNA modifications - Monoclonal and Polyclonal Antibodies for DNA Methylation | Diagenode',
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			'description' => '<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">All Diagenode&rsquo;s antibodies are listed below. Please, use our Quick search field to find the antibody of interest by target name, application, purity.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Diagenode&rsquo;s highly validated antibodies:</span></p>
<ul>
<li>Highly sensitive and specific</li>
<li>Cost-effective (requires less antibody per reaction)</li>
<li>Batch-specific data is available on the website</li>
<li>Expert technical support</li>
<li>Sample sizes available</li>
<li>100% satisfaction guarantee</li>
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			'meta_title' => 'Diagenode's selection of Antibodies is exclusively dedicated for Epigenetic Research | Diagenode',
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			'description' => '<p>Polyclonal antibody raised in rabbit against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine conjugated to KLH.</p>',
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			'name' => 'Epigenetic Blockade of Hippocampal SOD2 Via DNMT3b-Mediated DNAMethylation: Implications in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced PersistentOxidative Damage.',
			'authors' => 'Balasubramanian, Nagalakshmi and Sagarkar, Sneha and Choudhary, Amit G andKokare, Dadasaheb M and Sakharkar, Amul J',
			'description' => '<p>The recurrent events of mild trauma exacerbate the vulnerability for post-traumatic stress disorder; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms are scarcely known. The repeated mild traumatic brain injury (rMTBI) perturbs redox homeostasis which is primarily managed by superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2). The current study investigates the role of DNA methylation in SOD2 gene regulation and its involvement in rMTBI-induced persistent neuropathology inflicted by weight drop injury paradigm. The oxidative damage, neurodegenerative indicators, and SOD2 function and its regulation in the hippocampus were analyzed after 48&nbsp;h and 30&nbsp;days of rMTBI. The temporal and episodic increase in ROS levels (oxidative stress) heightened 8-hydroxyguanosine levels indicating oxidative damage after rMTBI that was concomitant with decline in SOD2 function. In parallel, occupancy of DNMT3b at SOD2 promoter was higher post 30&nbsp;days of the first episode of rMTBI causing hypermethylation at SOD2 promoter. This epigenetic silencing of SOD2 promoter was sustained after the second episode of rMTBI causing permanent blockade in SOD2 response. The resultant oxidative stress further culminated into the increasing number of degenerating neurons. The treatment with 5-azacytidine, a pan DNMT inhibitor, normalized DNA methylation levels and revived SOD2 function after the second episode of rMTBI. The release of blockade in SOD2 expression by DNMT inhibition also normalized the post-traumatic oxidative consequences and relieved the neurodegeneration and deficits in learning and memory as measured by novel object recognition test. In conclusion, DNMT3b-mediated DNA methylation plays a critical role in SOD2 gene regulation in the hippocampus, and the perturbations therein post rMTBI are detrimental to redox homeostasis manifesting into neurological consequences.</p>',
			'date' => '2020-10-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33099744',
			'doi' => '10.1007/s12035-020-02166-z',
			'modified' => '2021-03-15 16:53:12',
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			'name' => 'Genomic integrity of ground-state pluripotency.',
			'authors' => 'Jafari N, Giehr P, Hesaraki M, Baas R, de Graaf P, Timmers HTM, Walter J, Baharvand H, Totonchi M',
			'description' => '<p>Pluripotent cells appear to be in a transient state during early development. These cells have the capability to transition into embryonic stem cells (ESCs). It has been reported that mouse pluripotent cells cultivated in chemically defined media sustain the ground state of pluripotency. Because the epigenetic pattern of pluripotent cells reflects their environment, culture under different conditions causes epigenetic changes, which could lead to genomic instability. This study focused on the DNA methylation pattern of repetitive elements (REs) and their activation levels under two ground-state conditions and assessed the genomic integrity of ESCs. We measured the methylation and expression level of REs in different media. The results indicated that although the ground-state conditions show higher REs activity, they did not lead to DNA damage; therefore, the level of genomic instability is lower under the ground-state compared with the conventional condition. Our results indicated that when choosing an optimum condition, different features of the condition must be considered to have epigenetically and genomically stable stem cells.</p>',
			'date' => '2018-12-01',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/30171711',
			'doi' => '10.1002/jcb.27296',
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		(int) 2 => array(
			'id' => '3312',
			'name' => 'Alterations in the placental methylome with maternal obesity and evidence for metabolic regulation',
			'authors' => 'Mitsuya K. et al.',
			'description' => '<p>The inflammatory and metabolic derangements of obesity in pregnant women generate an adverse intrauterine environment, increase pregnancy complications and adverse fetal outcomes and program the fetus for obesity and metabolic syndrome in later life. We hypothesized that epigenetic modifications in placenta including altered DNA methylation/hydroxymethylation may mediate these effects. Term placental villous tissue was collected following cesarean section from lean (prepregnancy BMI&lt;25) or obese (BMI&gt;30) women. Genomic DNA was isolated, methylated and hydroxymethylated DNA immunoprecipitated and hybridized to the NimbleGen 2.1M human DNA methylation array. Intermediate metabolites in placental tissues were measured by HPLC-ESI-MS, ascorbate levels by reverse phase HPLC and gene expression by RT-PCR. Differentially methylated and hydroxymethylated regions occurred across the genome, with a 21% increase in methylated but a 31% decrease in hydroxymethylated regions in obese vs lean groups. Whereas increased methylation and decreased methylation was evident around transcription start sites of multiple genes in the GH/CSH and PSG gene clusters on chromosomes 17 and 19 in other areas there was no relationship. Increased methylation was associated with decreased expression only for some genes in these clusters. Biological pathway analysis revealed the 262 genes which showed reciprocal differential methylation/ hydroxymethylation were enriched for pregnancy, immune response and cell adhesion-linked processes. We found a negative relationship for maternal BMI but a positive relationship for ascorbate with &alpha;-ketoglutarate a metabolite that regulates ten eleven translocase (TET) which mediates DNA methylation. We provide evidence for the obese maternal metabolic milieu being linked to an altered DNA methylome that may affect placental gene expression in relation to adverse outcomes.</p>',
			'date' => '2017-10-18',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29045485',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2018-01-10 16:11:14',
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			'id' => '3220',
			'name' => 'Maternal obesity programs increased leptin gene expression in rat male offspring via epigenetic modifications in a depot-specific manner',
			'authors' => 'Lecoutre S. et al.',
			'description' => '<div class="">
<h4>OBJECTIVE:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="OBJECTIVE" nlmcategory="OBJECTIVE">According to the Developmental Origin of Health and Disease (DOHaD) concept, maternal obesity and accelerated growth in neonates predispose offspring to white adipose tissue (WAT) accumulation. In rodents, adipogenesis mainly develops during lactation. The mechanisms underlying the phenomenon known as developmental programming remain elusive. We previously reported that adult rat offspring from high-fat diet-fed dams (called HF) exhibited hypertrophic adipocyte, hyperleptinemia and increased leptin mRNA levels in a depot-specific manner. We hypothesized that leptin upregulation occurs via epigenetic malprogramming, which takes place early during development of WAT.</abstracttext></p>
<h4>METHODS:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="METHODS" nlmcategory="METHODS">As a first step, we identified <i>in silico</i> two potential enhancers located upstream and downstream of the leptin transcription start site that exhibit strong dynamic epigenomic remodeling during adipocyte differentiation. We then focused on epigenetic modifications (methylation, hydroxymethylation, and histone modifications) of the promoter and the two potential enhancers regulating leptin gene expression in perirenal (pWAT) and inguinal (iWAT) fat pads of HF offspring during lactation (postnatal days 12 (PND12) and 21 (PND21)) and in adulthood.</abstracttext></p>
<h4>RESULTS:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="RESULTS" nlmcategory="RESULTS">PND12 is an active period for epigenomic remodeling in both deposits especially in the upstream enhancer, consistent with leptin gene induction during adipogenesis. Unlike iWAT, some of these epigenetic marks were still observable in pWAT of weaned HF offspring. Retained marks were only visible in pWAT of 9-month-old HF rats that showed a persistent "expandable" phenotype.</abstracttext></p>
<h4>CONCLUSIONS:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="CONCLUSIONS" nlmcategory="CONCLUSIONS">Consistent with the DOHaD hypothesis, persistent epigenetic remodeling occurs at regulatory regions especially within intergenic sequences, linked to higher leptin gene expression in adult HF offspring in a depot-specific manner.</abstracttext></p>
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			'date' => '2017-08-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5518658/',
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			'id' => '2935',
			'name' => 'RESEARCH RESOURCE: Changes in gene expression and Estrogen Receptor cistrome in mouse liver upon acute E2 treatment.',
			'authors' => 'Palierne G et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Transcriptional regulation by the Estrogen Receptor &alpha; (ER) has been investigated mainly in breast cancer cell lines but estrogens such as 17&beta;-Estradiol (E2) exert numerous extra-reproductive effects, particularly in the liver where E2 exhibits both protective metabolic and deleterious thrombotic actions. To analyze the direct and early transcriptional effects of estrogens in the liver, we determined the E2-sensitive transcriptome and ER cistrome in mice following acute administration of E2 or placebo. These analyses revealed the early induction of genes involved in lipid metabolism, which fits with the crucial role of ER in the prevention of liver steatosis. Characterization of the chromatin state of ER binding sites (BSs) in mice expressing or not ER demonstrated that ER is not required per se for the establishment and/or maintenance of chromatin modifications at the majority of its BSs. This is presumably a consequence of a strong overlap between ER and Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 &alpha; (Hnf4&alpha;) BSs. In contrast, 40% of the BSs of the pioneer factor Foxa2 were dependent upon ER expression, and ER expression also affected the distribution of nucleosomes harboring dimethylated H3K4 around Foxa2 BSs. We finally show that, in addition to a network of liver-specific transcription factors including Cebp&alpha;/&beta; and Hnf4&alpha;, ER might be required for proper Foxa2 function in this tissue.</p>',
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			'description' => '<p>Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor &gamma; (PPAR&gamma;) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein &alpha; (C/EBP&alpha;) are key activators of adipogenesis. They mutually induce the expression of each other and have been reported to cooperate in activation of a few adipocyte genes. Recently, genome-wide profiling revealed a high degree of overlap between PPAR&gamma; and C/EBP&alpha; binding in adipocytes, suggesting that cooperativeness could be mediated through common binding sites. To directly investigate the interplay between PPAR&gamma; and C/EBP&alpha; at shared binding sites, we established a fibroblastic model system in which PPAR&gamma; and C/EBP&alpha; can be independently expressed. Using RNA sequencing, we demonstrate that coexpression of PPAR&gamma; and C/EBP&alpha; leads to synergistic activation of many key metabolic adipocyte genes. This is associated with extensive C/EBP&alpha;-mediated reprogramming of PPAR&gamma; binding and vice versa in the vicinity of these genes, as determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation combined with deep sequencing. Our results indicate that this is at least partly mediated by assisted loading involving chromatin remodeling directed by the leading factor. In conclusion, we report a novel mechanism by which the key adipogenic transcription factors, PPAR&gamma; and C/EBP&alpha;, cooperate in activation of the adipocyte gene program.</p>',
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			'description' => '<p>Enhancers are developmentally controlled transcriptional regulatory regions whose activities are modulated through histone modifications or histone variant deposition. In this study, we show by genome-wide mapping that the newly discovered deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) modification 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) is dynamically associated with transcription factor binding to distal regulatory sites during neural differentiation of mouse P19 cells and during adipocyte differentiation of mouse 3T3-L1 cells. Functional annotation reveals that regions gaining 5hmC are associated with genes expressed either in neural tissues when P19 cells undergo neural differentiation or in adipose tissue when 3T3-L1 cells undergo adipocyte differentiation. Furthermore, distal regions gaining 5hmC together with H3K4me2 and H3K27ac in P19 cells behave as differentiation-dependent transcriptional enhancers. Identified regions are enriched in motifs for transcription factors regulating specific cell fates such as Meis1 in P19 cells and PPAR&gamma; in 3T3-L1 cells. Accordingly, a fraction of hydroxymethylated Meis1 sites were associated with a dynamic engagement of the 5-methylcytosine hydroxylase Tet1. In addition, kinetic studies of cytosine hydroxymethylation of selected enhancers indicated that DNA hydroxymethylation is an early event of enhancer activation. Hence, acquisition of 5hmC in cell-specific distal regulatory regions may represent a major event of enhancer progression toward an active state and participate in selective activation of tissue-specific genes.</p>',
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<p><small><strong>Figure 1. Determination of the 5-hmC rabbit polyclonal antibody titer</strong><br />To determine the titer, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode rabbit polyclonal antibody directed against 5-hmC in antigen coated wells. The antigen used was BSA coupled to the 5-hmC base. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution, the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1: 3,500. </small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 2. An hydroxymethylated DNA IP (hMeDIP) was performed using the Diagenode rabbit polyclonal antibody directed against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (Cat. No. CS-HMC-100).</strong><br />The IgG isotype antibodies from rabbit (Cat. No. kch-504-250) was used as negative control. The DNA was prepared with the GenDNA module of the hMeDIP kit and sonicated with our Bioruptor&reg; (UCD-200/300 series) to have DNA fragments of 300-500 bp. 1 &mu;g of human Hela cells DNA were spiked with non-methylated, methylated, and hydroxymethylated fragments. The IP&rsquo;d material has been analysed by qPCR using the primer pair specific for the 3 different control sequences. The obtained results show that the Diagenode rabbit polyclonal for 5-hmC is highly specific for this base modification (no IP with non-methylated or methylated C bases containing fragments). </small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 3. Dotblot analysis of the Diagenode 5-hmC rabbit polyclonal antibody with the C, mC and hmC PCR controls</strong><br />100 to 4 ng (equivalent of 5 to 0.2 pmol of C-bases) of the hmC, mC and C PCR controls from the Diagenode &ldquo;5-hmC, 5-mC &amp; cytosine DNA Standard Pack&rdquo; (Cat No. AF-101-0002) were spotted on a membrane (Amersham Hybond-N+). The membrane was incubated with the rabbit 5-hydroxymethylcytosine polyclonal antibody (dilution 1:200). The membranes were exposed for 30 seconds. </small></p>
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<p>Preliminary results indicate that 5-hmC may have important roles distinct from 5-mC. Although its precise role has still to be shown, early evidence suggests a few putative mechanisms that could have big implications in epigenetics : 5-hydroxymethylcytosine may well represent a new pathway to demethylate DNA involving a repair mechanism converting 5-hmC to cytosine and, as such open up entirely new perspectives in epigenetic studies.</p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 1. Determination of the 5-hmC rabbit polyclonal antibody titer</strong><br />To determine the titer, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode rabbit polyclonal antibody directed against 5-hmC in antigen coated wells. The antigen used was BSA coupled to the 5-hmC base. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution, the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1: 3,500. </small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 2. An hydroxymethylated DNA IP (hMeDIP) was performed using the Diagenode rabbit polyclonal antibody directed against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (Cat. No. CS-HMC-100).</strong><br />The IgG isotype antibodies from rabbit (Cat. No. kch-504-250) was used as negative control. The DNA was prepared with the GenDNA module of the hMeDIP kit and sonicated with our Bioruptor&reg; (UCD-200/300 series) to have DNA fragments of 300-500 bp. 1 &mu;g of human Hela cells DNA were spiked with non-methylated, methylated, and hydroxymethylated fragments. The IP&rsquo;d material has been analysed by qPCR using the primer pair specific for the 3 different control sequences. The obtained results show that the Diagenode rabbit polyclonal for 5-hmC is highly specific for this base modification (no IP with non-methylated or methylated C bases containing fragments). </small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 3. Dotblot analysis of the Diagenode 5-hmC rabbit polyclonal antibody with the C, mC and hmC PCR controls</strong><br />100 to 4 ng (equivalent of 5 to 0.2 pmol of C-bases) of the hmC, mC and C PCR controls from the Diagenode &ldquo;5-hmC, 5-mC &amp; cytosine DNA Standard Pack&rdquo; (Cat No. AF-101-0002) were spotted on a membrane (Amersham Hybond-N+). The membrane was incubated with the rabbit 5-hydroxymethylcytosine polyclonal antibody (dilution 1:200). The membranes were exposed for 30 seconds. </small></p>
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<p>Preliminary results indicate that 5-hmC may have important roles distinct from 5-mC. Although its precise role has still to be shown, early evidence suggests a few putative mechanisms that could have big implications in epigenetics : 5-hydroxymethylcytosine may well represent a new pathway to demethylate DNA involving a repair mechanism converting 5-hmC to cytosine and, as such open up entirely new perspectives in epigenetic studies.</p>
<p>Due to the structural similarity between 5-mC and 5-hmC, these bases are experimentally almost indistinguishable. Recent articles demonstrated that the most common approaches (e.g. enzymatic approaches, bisulfite sequencing) do not account for 5-hmC. The development of the affinity-based technologies appears to be the most powerful way to differentially and specifically enrich 5-mC and 5-hmC sequences. The results shown here illustrate the use of this unique monoclonal antibody against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine that has been fully validated in various technologies.</p>',
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	'meta_keywords' => '5-hydroxymethylcytosine,5-hmC, 5-mC,polyclonal antibody ,Diagenode',
	'meta_description' => '5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) Polyclonal Antibody (rabbit)  validated  in hMeDIP, ELISA  and DB. Batch-specific data available on the website. Sample size available',
	'modified' => '2022-01-05 15:27:19',
	'created' => '2015-06-29 14:08:20'
)
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	'description' => '<p>Dot blotting</p>',
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	'meta_description' => 'Diagenode offers Monoclonal & Polyclonal antibodies for Dot blotting applications',
	'meta_title' => 'Dot blotting Antibodies - Monoclonal & Polyclonal antibody | Diagenode',
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	'name' => 'DB',
	'description' => '<p>Dot blotting</p>',
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	'slug' => 'dot-blotting',
	'meta_keywords' => 'Dot blotting,Monoclonal & Polyclonal antibody,',
	'meta_description' => 'Diagenode offers Monoclonal & Polyclonal antibodies for Dot blotting applications',
	'meta_title' => 'Dot blotting Antibodies - Monoclonal & Polyclonal antibody | Diagenode',
	'modified' => '2016-01-13 14:40:49',
	'created' => '2015-07-08 13:45:05',
	'locale' => 'jpn'
)
$description = '<p>Dot blotting</p>'
$name = 'DB'
$document = array(
	'id' => '563',
	'name' => 'Datasheet 5hmC CS-HMC-050',
	'description' => '<p>Polyclonal antibody raised in rabbit against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine conjugated to KLH.</p>',
	'image_id' => null,
	'type' => 'Datasheet',
	'url' => 'files/products/antibodies/Datasheet_5hmC_CS-HMC-050.pdf',
	'slug' => 'datasheet-5hmc-cs-hmc-050',
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	'countries' => 'ES',
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$publication = array(
	'id' => '906',
	'name' => 'Dynamic hydroxymethylation of deoxyribonucleic acid marks differentiation-associated enhancers.',
	'authors' => 'Sérandour AA, Avner S, Oger F, Bizot M, Percevault F, Lucchetti-Miganeh C, Palierne G, Gheeraert C, Barloy-Hubler F, Péron CL, Madigou T, Durand E, Froguel P, Staels B, Lefebvre P, Métivier R, Eeckhoute J, Salbert G',
	'description' => '<p>Enhancers are developmentally controlled transcriptional regulatory regions whose activities are modulated through histone modifications or histone variant deposition. In this study, we show by genome-wide mapping that the newly discovered deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) modification 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) is dynamically associated with transcription factor binding to distal regulatory sites during neural differentiation of mouse P19 cells and during adipocyte differentiation of mouse 3T3-L1 cells. Functional annotation reveals that regions gaining 5hmC are associated with genes expressed either in neural tissues when P19 cells undergo neural differentiation or in adipose tissue when 3T3-L1 cells undergo adipocyte differentiation. Furthermore, distal regions gaining 5hmC together with H3K4me2 and H3K27ac in P19 cells behave as differentiation-dependent transcriptional enhancers. Identified regions are enriched in motifs for transcription factors regulating specific cell fates such as Meis1 in P19 cells and PPAR&gamma; in 3T3-L1 cells. Accordingly, a fraction of hydroxymethylated Meis1 sites were associated with a dynamic engagement of the 5-methylcytosine hydroxylase Tet1. In addition, kinetic studies of cytosine hydroxymethylation of selected enhancers indicated that DNA hydroxymethylation is an early event of enhancer activation. Hence, acquisition of 5hmC in cell-specific distal regulatory regions may represent a major event of enhancer progression toward an active state and participate in selective activation of tissue-specific genes.</p>',
	'date' => '2012-06-22',
	'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22730288',
	'doi' => '',
	'modified' => '2016-04-04 10:15:19',
	'created' => '2015-07-24 15:38:58',
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$externalLink = ' <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22730288" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-external-link"></i></a>'
include - APP/View/Products/view.ctp, line 755
View::_evaluate() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 971
View::_render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 933
View::render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 473
Controller::render() - CORE/Cake/Controller/Controller.php, line 963
ProductsController::slug() - APP/Controller/ProductsController.php, line 1052
ReflectionMethod::invokeArgs() - [internal], line ??
Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/Cake/Controller/Controller.php, line 491
Dispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 193
Dispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 167
[main] - APP/webroot/index.php, line 118

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