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<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410157-chip.jpg" alt="H2Bpan Antibody ChIP Grade" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 1 ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H2B</strong><br /> ChIP assays were performed using human HeLa cells, the Diagenode antibody against H2B (cat. No. C15410157) and optimized PCR primer sets for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the Auto Histone ChIP-seq kit (Cat. No. C01010022) on sheared chromatin from 1 million cells using the IP-Star automated system. A titration of the antibody consisting of 0.5, 1, 2 and 5 µg per ChIP experiment was analysed. IgG (2 µg/IP) was used as negative IP control. QPCR was performed with primers for the promoters of the active GAPDH and EIF4A2 genes, used as negative controls and for the inactive MYOD1 gene and the Sat2 satellite repeat, used as positive controls. Figure 1 shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis.</small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 2 Determination of the titer</strong><br /> To determine the titer of the antibody, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode antibody directed against H2B (C15410157) in antigen coated wells. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution (Figure 2), the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1:40,000. </small></p>
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<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410157-wb.jpg" alt="H2Bpan Antibody validated in Western Blot" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 3 Western blot analysis using the Diagenode antibody directed against H2B</strong><br /> Western blot was performed on whole cell extracts from HeLa cells (40 µg, lane 1) and on 1 µg of recombinant histone H2B (lane 2) using the Diagenode antibody against H2B (Cat. No. C15410157). The antibody was diluted 1:10,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
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<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410157-IF.jpg" alt="H2Bpan Antibody validated in Immunofluorescence" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 4 Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode antibody directed against H2B</strong><br />HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against H2B (Cat. No. C15410157) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 10’ and blocked with PBS/TX-100 containing 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labeled with the H2B antibody (middle) diluted 1:1,000 in blocking solution followed by an anti-rabbit antibody conjugated to Alexa488. The left panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of the two stainings is shown on the right.</small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 1 ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H2B</strong><br /> ChIP assays were performed using human HeLa cells, the Diagenode antibody against H2B (cat. No. C15410157) and optimized PCR primer sets for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the Auto Histone ChIP-seq kit (Cat. No. C01010022) on sheared chromatin from 1 million cells using the IP-Star automated system. A titration of the antibody consisting of 0.5, 1, 2 and 5 µg per ChIP experiment was analysed. IgG (2 µg/IP) was used as negative IP control. QPCR was performed with primers for the promoters of the active GAPDH and EIF4A2 genes, used as negative controls and for the inactive MYOD1 gene and the Sat2 satellite repeat, used as positive controls. Figure 1 shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis.</small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 2 Determination of the titer</strong><br /> To determine the titer of the antibody, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode antibody directed against H2B (C15410157) in antigen coated wells. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution (Figure 2), the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1:40,000. </small></p>
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<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410157-wb.jpg" alt="H2Bpan Antibody validated in Western Blot" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 3 Western blot analysis using the Diagenode antibody directed against H2B</strong><br /> Western blot was performed on whole cell extracts from HeLa cells (40 µg, lane 1) and on 1 µg of recombinant histone H2B (lane 2) using the Diagenode antibody against H2B (Cat. No. C15410157). The antibody was diluted 1:10,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 4 Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode antibody directed against H2B</strong><br />HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against H2B (Cat. No. C15410157) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 10’ and blocked with PBS/TX-100 containing 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labeled with the H2B antibody (middle) diluted 1:1,000 in blocking solution followed by an anti-rabbit antibody conjugated to Alexa488. The left panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of the two stainings is shown on the right.</small></p>
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<td>0.5 - 1 µg/IP</td>
<td>Fig 1</td>
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<tr>
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<td>1:1,000 - 1/5,000</td>
<td>Fig 2</td>
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<td>WB</td>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 1 ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H2B</strong><br /> ChIP assays were performed using human HeLa cells, the Diagenode antibody against H2B (cat. No. C15410157) and optimized PCR primer sets for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the Auto Histone ChIP-seq kit (Cat. No. C01010022) on sheared chromatin from 1 million cells using the IP-Star automated system. A titration of the antibody consisting of 0.5, 1, 2 and 5 µg per ChIP experiment was analysed. IgG (2 µg/IP) was used as negative IP control. QPCR was performed with primers for the promoters of the active GAPDH and EIF4A2 genes, used as negative controls and for the inactive MYOD1 gene and the Sat2 satellite repeat, used as positive controls. Figure 1 shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis.</small></p>
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<div class="small-5 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410157-elisa.jpg" alt="H2Bpan Antibody ELISA validation" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 2 Determination of the titer</strong><br /> To determine the titer of the antibody, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode antibody directed against H2B (C15410157) in antigen coated wells. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution (Figure 2), the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1:40,000. </small></p>
</div>
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<div class="row">
<div class="small-3 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410157-wb.jpg" alt="H2Bpan Antibody validated in Western Blot" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 3 Western blot analysis using the Diagenode antibody directed against H2B</strong><br /> Western blot was performed on whole cell extracts from HeLa cells (40 µg, lane 1) and on 1 µg of recombinant histone H2B (lane 2) using the Diagenode antibody against H2B (Cat. No. C15410157). The antibody was diluted 1:10,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
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<div class="small-12 columns">
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<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 4 Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode antibody directed against H2B</strong><br />HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against H2B (Cat. No. C15410157) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 10’ and blocked with PBS/TX-100 containing 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labeled with the H2B antibody (middle) diluted 1:1,000 in blocking solution followed by an anti-rabbit antibody conjugated to Alexa488. The left panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of the two stainings is shown on the right.</small></p>
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<p>Learn more about: <a href="https://www.diagenode.com/applications/western-blot">Loading control, MW marker visualization</a><em>. <br /></em></p>
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'description' => '<p>Histones are the main protein components of chromatin involved in the compaction of DNA into nucleosomes, the basic units of chromatin. A <strong>nucleosome</strong> consists of one pair of each of the core histones (<strong>H2A</strong>, <strong>H2B</strong>, <strong>H3</strong> and <strong>H4</strong>) forming an octameric structure wrapped by 146 base pairs of DNA. The different nucleosomes are linked by the linker histone<strong> H1, </strong>allowing for further condensation of chromatin.</p>
<p>The core histones have a globular structure with large unstructured N-terminal tails protruding from the nucleosome. They can undergo to multiple post-translational modifications (PTM), mainly at the N-terminal tails. These <strong>post-translational modifications </strong>include methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitinylation, citrullination, sumoylation, deamination and crotonylation. The most well characterized PTMs are <strong>methylation,</strong> <strong>acetylation and phosphorylation</strong>. Histone methylation occurs mainly on lysine (K) residues, which can be mono-, di- or tri-methylated, and on arginines (R), which can be mono-methylated and symmetrically or asymmetrically di-methylated. Histone acetylation occurs on lysines and histone phosphorylation mainly on serines (S), threonines (T) and tyrosines (Y).</p>
<p>The PTMs of the different residues are involved in numerous processes such as DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosome condensation. They influence the chromatin organization and can be positively or negatively associated with gene expression. Trimethylation of H3K4, H3K36 and H3K79, and lysine acetylation generally result in an open chromatin configuration (figure below) and are therefore associated with <strong>euchromatin</strong> and gene activation. Trimethylation of H3K9, K3K27 and H4K20, on the other hand, is enriched in <strong>heterochromatin </strong>and associated with gene silencing. The combination of different histone modifications is called the "<strong>histone code</strong>”, analogous to the genetic code.</p>
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/categories/antibodies/histone-marks-illustration.png" /></p>
<p>Diagenode is proud to offer a large range of antibodies against histones and histone modifications. Our antibodies are highly specific and have been validated in many applications, including <strong>ChIP</strong> and <strong>ChIP-seq</strong>.</p>
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<li><strong>Histone H2A, H2A variants and histone H2A</strong> <strong>modifications</strong> (serine phosphorylation, lysine acetylation, lysine ubiquitinylation)</li>
<li><strong>Histone H2B and H2B</strong> <strong>modifications </strong>(serine phosphorylation, lysine acetylation)</li>
<li><strong>Histone H3 and H3 modifications </strong>(lysine methylation (mono-, di- and tri-methylated), lysine acetylation, serine phosphorylation, threonine phosphorylation, arginine methylation (mono-methylated, symmetrically and asymmetrically di-methylated))</li>
<li><strong>Histone H4 and H4 modifications (</strong>lysine methylation (mono-, di- and tri-methylated), lysine acetylation, arginine methylation (mono-methylated and symmetrically di-methylated), serine phosphorylation )</li>
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<p><span style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>HDAC's HAT's, HMT's and other</strong> <strong>enzymes</strong> which modify histones can be found in the category <a href="../categories/chromatin-modifying-proteins-histone-transferase">Histone modifying enzymes</a><br /></span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Diagenode’s highly validated antibodies:</span></p>
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<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Highly sensitive and specific</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Cost-effective (requires less antibody per reaction)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Batch-specific data is available on the website</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Expert technical support</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Sample sizes available</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> 100% satisfaction guarantee</span></li>
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<p><br />Chromatin immunoprecipitation (<b>ChIP</b>) is a technique to study the associations of proteins with the specific genomic regions in intact cells. One of the most important steps of this protocol is the immunoprecipitation of targeted protein using the antibody specifically recognizing it. The quality of antibodies used in ChIP is essential for the success of the experiment. Diagenode offers extensively validated ChIP-grade antibodies, confirmed for their specificity, and high level of performance in ChIP. Each batch is validated, and batch-specific data are available on the website.</p>
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<p><strong>ChIP results</strong> obtained with the antibody directed against H3K4me3 (Cat. No. <a href="../p/h3k4me3-polyclonal-antibody-premium-50-ug-50-ul">C15410003</a>). </p>
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<p>Learn more about: <a href="https://www.diagenode.com/applications/western-blot">Loading control, MW marker visualization</a><em>. <br /></em></p>
<p><em></em>Check our selection of antibodies validated in Western blot.</p>',
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<p>Learn more about: <a href="../applications/western-blot">Loading control, MW marker visualization</a><em>. <br /></em></p>
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<p>Learn more about: <a href="../applications/western-blot">Loading control, MW marker visualization</a><em>. <br /></em></p>
<p><em></em>Check our selection of antibodies validated in Western blot.</p>'
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'name' => 'Antibodies you can trust',
'description' => '<p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Epigenetic research tools have evolved over time from endpoint PCR to qPCR to the analyses of large sets of genome-wide sequencing data. ChIP sequencing (ChIP-seq) has now become the gold standard method for chromatin studies, given the accuracy and coverage scale of the approach over other methods. Successful ChIP-seq, however, requires a higher level of experimental accuracy and consistency in all steps of ChIP than ever before. Particularly crucial is the quality of ChIP antibodies. </span></p>',
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'name' => 'HIRA supports hepatitis B virus minichromosome establishment andtranscriptional activity in infected hepatocytes.',
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'description' => '<p>BACKGROUND \& AIMS: Upon Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, partially double stranded viral DNA converts into a covalently-closed-circular chromatinized episomal structure (cccDNA). This form represents the long-lived genomic reservoir responsible for viral persistence in the infected liver. While the involvement of host cell DNA damage response in cccDNA formation has been established, this work aims at investigating the yet to be identified histone dynamics on cccDNA during early phases of infection in human hepatocytes. METHODS: Detailed studies of host chromatin-associated factors were performed in cell culture models of natural infection, i.e. HepG2 cells and primary human hepatocytes infected with HBV, by cccDNA-specific chromatin immunoprecipitation and loss of function experiments during early kinetics of viral minichromosome establishment and onset of viral transcription. RESULTS: Our results show that cccDNA formation requires the deposition of the histone variant H3.3 via the histone regulator A (HIRA)-dependent pathway. This occurs simultaneously with repair of the cccDNA precursor and independently from de novo viral protein expression. Moreover, H3.3 in its S31 phosphorylated form appears to be the preferential H3 variant found on transcriptionally active cccDNA in infected cultured cells and human livers. HIRA depletion after cccDNA pool establishment demonstrated that HIRA recruitment is required for viral transcription and RNA production. CONCLUSIONS: Altogether, we show a crucial role for HIRA in the interplay between HBV genome and host cellular machinery to ensure the formation and active transcription of the viral minichromosome in infected hepatocytes.</p>',
'date' => '2022-05-01',
'pmid' => 'https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jcmgh.2022.05.007',
'doi' => '10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.05.007',
'modified' => '2022-08-11 14:38:05',
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<p><small><strong>Figure 4 Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode antibody directed against H2B</strong><br />HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against H2B (Cat. No. C15410157) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 10’ and blocked with PBS/TX-100 containing 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labeled with the H2B antibody (middle) diluted 1:1,000 in blocking solution followed by an anti-rabbit antibody conjugated to Alexa488. The left panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of the two stainings is shown on the right.</small></p>
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<td>WB</td>
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<td>IF</td>
<td>1:1,000</td>
<td>Fig 3</td>
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<div class="small-5 columns">
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<p><small><strong>Figure 1 ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H2B</strong><br /> ChIP assays were performed using human HeLa cells, the Diagenode antibody against H2B (cat. No. C15410157) and optimized PCR primer sets for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the Auto Histone ChIP-seq kit (Cat. No. C01010022) on sheared chromatin from 1 million cells using the IP-Star automated system. A titration of the antibody consisting of 0.5, 1, 2 and 5 µg per ChIP experiment was analysed. IgG (2 µg/IP) was used as negative IP control. QPCR was performed with primers for the promoters of the active GAPDH and EIF4A2 genes, used as negative controls and for the inactive MYOD1 gene and the Sat2 satellite repeat, used as positive controls. Figure 1 shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis.</small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 2 Determination of the titer</strong><br /> To determine the titer of the antibody, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode antibody directed against H2B (C15410157) in antigen coated wells. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution (Figure 2), the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1:40,000. </small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 3 Western blot analysis using the Diagenode antibody directed against H2B</strong><br /> Western blot was performed on whole cell extracts from HeLa cells (40 µg, lane 1) and on 1 µg of recombinant histone H2B (lane 2) using the Diagenode antibody against H2B (Cat. No. C15410157). The antibody was diluted 1:10,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 4 Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode antibody directed against H2B</strong><br />HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against H2B (Cat. No. C15410157) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 10’ and blocked with PBS/TX-100 containing 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labeled with the H2B antibody (middle) diluted 1:1,000 in blocking solution followed by an anti-rabbit antibody conjugated to Alexa488. The left panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of the two stainings is shown on the right.</small></p>
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<td>WB</td>
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<p><small><br /><sup>*</sup> Please note that the optimal antibody amount per IP should be determined by the end-user. We recommend testing 1-5 µg per IP.</small></p>',
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'description' => '<p>Polyclonal antibody raised in rabbit against <strong>histone H2B</strong> using a KLH-conjugated synthetic peptide containing an unmodified sequence from the C-terminal part of the protein.</p>',
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<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410157-chip.jpg" alt="H2Bpan Antibody ChIP Grade" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 1 ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H2B</strong><br /> ChIP assays were performed using human HeLa cells, the Diagenode antibody against H2B (cat. No. C15410157) and optimized PCR primer sets for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the Auto Histone ChIP-seq kit (Cat. No. C01010022) on sheared chromatin from 1 million cells using the IP-Star automated system. A titration of the antibody consisting of 0.5, 1, 2 and 5 µg per ChIP experiment was analysed. IgG (2 µg/IP) was used as negative IP control. QPCR was performed with primers for the promoters of the active GAPDH and EIF4A2 genes, used as negative controls and for the inactive MYOD1 gene and the Sat2 satellite repeat, used as positive controls. Figure 1 shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis.</small></p>
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<div class="small-5 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410157-elisa.jpg" alt="H2Bpan Antibody ELISA validation" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
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<div class="small-7 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 2 Determination of the titer</strong><br /> To determine the titer of the antibody, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode antibody directed against H2B (C15410157) in antigen coated wells. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution (Figure 2), the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1:40,000. </small></p>
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<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410157-wb.jpg" alt="H2Bpan Antibody validated in Western Blot" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
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<div class="small-9 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 3 Western blot analysis using the Diagenode antibody directed against H2B</strong><br /> Western blot was performed on whole cell extracts from HeLa cells (40 µg, lane 1) and on 1 µg of recombinant histone H2B (lane 2) using the Diagenode antibody against H2B (Cat. No. C15410157). The antibody was diluted 1:10,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
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<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410157-IF.jpg" alt="H2Bpan Antibody validated in Immunofluorescence" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
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<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 4 Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode antibody directed against H2B</strong><br />HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against H2B (Cat. No. C15410157) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 10’ and blocked with PBS/TX-100 containing 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labeled with the H2B antibody (middle) diluted 1:1,000 in blocking solution followed by an anti-rabbit antibody conjugated to Alexa488. The left panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of the two stainings is shown on the right.</small></p>
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'description' => '<p><strong>Western blot</strong> : The quality of antibodies used in this technique is crucial for correct and specific protein identification. Diagenode offers huge selection of highly sensitive and specific western blot-validated antibodies.</p>
<p>Learn more about: <a href="https://www.diagenode.com/applications/western-blot">Loading control, MW marker visualization</a><em>. <br /></em></p>
<p><em></em>Check our selection of antibodies validated in Western blot.</p>',
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'description' => '<p>Histones are the main protein components of chromatin involved in the compaction of DNA into nucleosomes, the basic units of chromatin. A <strong>nucleosome</strong> consists of one pair of each of the core histones (<strong>H2A</strong>, <strong>H2B</strong>, <strong>H3</strong> and <strong>H4</strong>) forming an octameric structure wrapped by 146 base pairs of DNA. The different nucleosomes are linked by the linker histone<strong> H1, </strong>allowing for further condensation of chromatin.</p>
<p>The core histones have a globular structure with large unstructured N-terminal tails protruding from the nucleosome. They can undergo to multiple post-translational modifications (PTM), mainly at the N-terminal tails. These <strong>post-translational modifications </strong>include methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitinylation, citrullination, sumoylation, deamination and crotonylation. The most well characterized PTMs are <strong>methylation,</strong> <strong>acetylation and phosphorylation</strong>. Histone methylation occurs mainly on lysine (K) residues, which can be mono-, di- or tri-methylated, and on arginines (R), which can be mono-methylated and symmetrically or asymmetrically di-methylated. Histone acetylation occurs on lysines and histone phosphorylation mainly on serines (S), threonines (T) and tyrosines (Y).</p>
<p>The PTMs of the different residues are involved in numerous processes such as DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosome condensation. They influence the chromatin organization and can be positively or negatively associated with gene expression. Trimethylation of H3K4, H3K36 and H3K79, and lysine acetylation generally result in an open chromatin configuration (figure below) and are therefore associated with <strong>euchromatin</strong> and gene activation. Trimethylation of H3K9, K3K27 and H4K20, on the other hand, is enriched in <strong>heterochromatin </strong>and associated with gene silencing. The combination of different histone modifications is called the "<strong>histone code</strong>”, analogous to the genetic code.</p>
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/categories/antibodies/histone-marks-illustration.png" /></p>
<p>Diagenode is proud to offer a large range of antibodies against histones and histone modifications. Our antibodies are highly specific and have been validated in many applications, including <strong>ChIP</strong> and <strong>ChIP-seq</strong>.</p>
<p>Diagenode’s collection includes antibodies recognizing:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Histone H1 variants</strong></li>
<li><strong>Histone H2A, H2A variants and histone H2A</strong> <strong>modifications</strong> (serine phosphorylation, lysine acetylation, lysine ubiquitinylation)</li>
<li><strong>Histone H2B and H2B</strong> <strong>modifications </strong>(serine phosphorylation, lysine acetylation)</li>
<li><strong>Histone H3 and H3 modifications </strong>(lysine methylation (mono-, di- and tri-methylated), lysine acetylation, serine phosphorylation, threonine phosphorylation, arginine methylation (mono-methylated, symmetrically and asymmetrically di-methylated))</li>
<li><strong>Histone H4 and H4 modifications (</strong>lysine methylation (mono-, di- and tri-methylated), lysine acetylation, arginine methylation (mono-methylated and symmetrically di-methylated), serine phosphorylation )</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>HDAC's HAT's, HMT's and other</strong> <strong>enzymes</strong> which modify histones can be found in the category <a href="../categories/chromatin-modifying-proteins-histone-transferase">Histone modifying enzymes</a><br /></span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Diagenode’s highly validated antibodies:</span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Highly sensitive and specific</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Cost-effective (requires less antibody per reaction)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Batch-specific data is available on the website</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Expert technical support</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Sample sizes available</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> 100% satisfaction guarantee</span></li>
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<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Diagenode’s highly validated antibodies:</span></p>
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<li>Highly sensitive and specific</li>
<li>Cost-effective (requires less antibody per reaction)</li>
<li>Batch-specific data is available on the website</li>
<li>Expert technical support</li>
<li>Sample sizes available</li>
<li>100% satisfaction guarantee</li>
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<div class="small-12 columns"><center></center>
<p><br />Chromatin immunoprecipitation (<b>ChIP</b>) is a technique to study the associations of proteins with the specific genomic regions in intact cells. One of the most important steps of this protocol is the immunoprecipitation of targeted protein using the antibody specifically recognizing it. The quality of antibodies used in ChIP is essential for the success of the experiment. Diagenode offers extensively validated ChIP-grade antibodies, confirmed for their specificity, and high level of performance in ChIP. Each batch is validated, and batch-specific data are available on the website.</p>
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<p><strong>ChIP results</strong> obtained with the antibody directed against H3K4me3 (Cat. No. <a href="../p/h3k4me3-polyclonal-antibody-premium-50-ug-50-ul">C15410003</a>). </p>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 medium-6 large-6 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410003-fig1-ChIP.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="315" /> </div>
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<p></p>
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<p></p>
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<p>Our aim at Diagenode is to offer the largest collection of highly specific <strong>ChIP-grade antibodies</strong>. We add new antibodies monthly. Find your ChIP-grade antibody in the list below and check more information about tested applications, extensive validation data, and product information.</p>',
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'meta_description' => 'Diagenode Offers Extensively Validated ChIP-Grade Antibodies, Confirmed for their Specificity, and high level of Performance in Chromatin Immunoprecipitation ChIP',
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'description' => '<p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Epigenetic research tools have evolved over time from endpoint PCR to qPCR to the analyses of large sets of genome-wide sequencing data. ChIP sequencing (ChIP-seq) has now become the gold standard method for chromatin studies, given the accuracy and coverage scale of the approach over other methods. Successful ChIP-seq, however, requires a higher level of experimental accuracy and consistency in all steps of ChIP than ever before. Particularly crucial is the quality of ChIP antibodies. </span></p>',
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'name' => 'HIRA supports hepatitis B virus minichromosome establishment andtranscriptional activity in infected hepatocytes.',
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'description' => '<p>BACKGROUND \& AIMS: Upon Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, partially double stranded viral DNA converts into a covalently-closed-circular chromatinized episomal structure (cccDNA). This form represents the long-lived genomic reservoir responsible for viral persistence in the infected liver. While the involvement of host cell DNA damage response in cccDNA formation has been established, this work aims at investigating the yet to be identified histone dynamics on cccDNA during early phases of infection in human hepatocytes. METHODS: Detailed studies of host chromatin-associated factors were performed in cell culture models of natural infection, i.e. HepG2 cells and primary human hepatocytes infected with HBV, by cccDNA-specific chromatin immunoprecipitation and loss of function experiments during early kinetics of viral minichromosome establishment and onset of viral transcription. RESULTS: Our results show that cccDNA formation requires the deposition of the histone variant H3.3 via the histone regulator A (HIRA)-dependent pathway. This occurs simultaneously with repair of the cccDNA precursor and independently from de novo viral protein expression. Moreover, H3.3 in its S31 phosphorylated form appears to be the preferential H3 variant found on transcriptionally active cccDNA in infected cultured cells and human livers. HIRA depletion after cccDNA pool establishment demonstrated that HIRA recruitment is required for viral transcription and RNA production. CONCLUSIONS: Altogether, we show a crucial role for HIRA in the interplay between HBV genome and host cellular machinery to ensure the formation and active transcription of the viral minichromosome in infected hepatocytes.</p>',
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<p>Learn more about: <a href="https://www.diagenode.com/applications/western-blot">Loading control, MW marker visualization</a><em>. <br /></em></p>
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<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410157-chip.jpg" alt="H2Bpan Antibody ChIP Grade" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 1 ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H2B</strong><br /> ChIP assays were performed using human HeLa cells, the Diagenode antibody against H2B (cat. No. C15410157) and optimized PCR primer sets for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the Auto Histone ChIP-seq kit (Cat. No. C01010022) on sheared chromatin from 1 million cells using the IP-Star automated system. A titration of the antibody consisting of 0.5, 1, 2 and 5 µg per ChIP experiment was analysed. IgG (2 µg/IP) was used as negative IP control. QPCR was performed with primers for the promoters of the active GAPDH and EIF4A2 genes, used as negative controls and for the inactive MYOD1 gene and the Sat2 satellite repeat, used as positive controls. Figure 1 shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis.</small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 2 Determination of the titer</strong><br /> To determine the titer of the antibody, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode antibody directed against H2B (C15410157) in antigen coated wells. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution (Figure 2), the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1:40,000. </small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 3 Western blot analysis using the Diagenode antibody directed against H2B</strong><br /> Western blot was performed on whole cell extracts from HeLa cells (40 µg, lane 1) and on 1 µg of recombinant histone H2B (lane 2) using the Diagenode antibody against H2B (Cat. No. C15410157). The antibody was diluted 1:10,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
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<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410157-IF.jpg" alt="H2Bpan Antibody validated in Immunofluorescence" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 4 Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode antibody directed against H2B</strong><br />HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against H2B (Cat. No. C15410157) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 10’ and blocked with PBS/TX-100 containing 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labeled with the H2B antibody (middle) diluted 1:1,000 in blocking solution followed by an anti-rabbit antibody conjugated to Alexa488. The left panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of the two stainings is shown on the right.</small></p>
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<td>ChIP <sup>*</sup></td>
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<td>Fig 1</td>
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'description' => '<p>Polyclonal antibody raised in rabbit against histone H2B using a KLH-conjugated synthetic peptide containing an unmodified sequence from the C-terminal part of the protein.</p>',
'label1' => 'Validation Data',
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<div class="small-5 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410157-chip.jpg" alt="H2Bpan Antibody ChIP Grade" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 1 ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H2B</strong><br /> ChIP assays were performed using human HeLa cells, the Diagenode antibody against H2B (cat. No. C15410157) and optimized PCR primer sets for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the Auto Histone ChIP-seq kit (Cat. No. C01010022) on sheared chromatin from 1 million cells using the IP-Star automated system. A titration of the antibody consisting of 0.5, 1, 2 and 5 µg per ChIP experiment was analysed. IgG (2 µg/IP) was used as negative IP control. QPCR was performed with primers for the promoters of the active GAPDH and EIF4A2 genes, used as negative controls and for the inactive MYOD1 gene and the Sat2 satellite repeat, used as positive controls. Figure 1 shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis.</small></p>
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</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-5 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410157-elisa.jpg" alt="H2Bpan Antibody ELISA validation" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 2 Determination of the titer</strong><br /> To determine the titer of the antibody, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode antibody directed against H2B (C15410157) in antigen coated wells. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution (Figure 2), the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1:40,000. </small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-3 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410157-wb.jpg" alt="H2Bpan Antibody validated in Western Blot" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
</div>
<div class="small-9 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 3 Western blot analysis using the Diagenode antibody directed against H2B</strong><br /> Western blot was performed on whole cell extracts from HeLa cells (40 µg, lane 1) and on 1 µg of recombinant histone H2B (lane 2) using the Diagenode antibody against H2B (Cat. No. C15410157). The antibody was diluted 1:10,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410157-IF.jpg" alt="H2Bpan Antibody validated in Immunofluorescence" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 4 Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode antibody directed against H2B</strong><br />HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against H2B (Cat. No. C15410157) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 10’ and blocked with PBS/TX-100 containing 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labeled with the H2B antibody (middle) diluted 1:1,000 in blocking solution followed by an anti-rabbit antibody conjugated to Alexa488. The left panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of the two stainings is shown on the right.</small></p>
</div>
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'meta_description' => 'H2Bpan (Histone H2B) Polyclonal Antibody validated in ChIP-qPCR, ELISA and WB. Batch-specific data available on the website.',
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<thead>
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<th>Applications</th>
<th>Suggested dilution</th>
<th>References</th>
</tr>
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<tr>
<td>ChIP <sup>*</sup></td>
<td>0.5 - 1 µg/IP</td>
<td>Fig 1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ELISA</td>
<td>1:1,000 - 1/5,000</td>
<td>Fig 2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>WB</td>
<td>1:2,000 - 1/10,000</td>
<td>Fig 3</td>
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<tr>
<td>IF</td>
<td>1:1,000</td>
<td>Fig 3</td>
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<p><small><br /><sup>*</sup> Please note that the optimal antibody amount per IP should be determined by the end-user. We recommend testing 1-5 µg per IP.</small></p>',
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'description' => '<p>Polyclonal antibody raised in rabbit against <strong>histone H2B</strong> using a KLH-conjugated synthetic peptide containing an unmodified sequence from the C-terminal part of the protein.</p>',
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<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410157-chip.jpg" alt="H2Bpan Antibody ChIP Grade" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 1 ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H2B</strong><br /> ChIP assays were performed using human HeLa cells, the Diagenode antibody against H2B (cat. No. C15410157) and optimized PCR primer sets for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the Auto Histone ChIP-seq kit (Cat. No. C01010022) on sheared chromatin from 1 million cells using the IP-Star automated system. A titration of the antibody consisting of 0.5, 1, 2 and 5 µg per ChIP experiment was analysed. IgG (2 µg/IP) was used as negative IP control. QPCR was performed with primers for the promoters of the active GAPDH and EIF4A2 genes, used as negative controls and for the inactive MYOD1 gene and the Sat2 satellite repeat, used as positive controls. Figure 1 shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-5 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410157-elisa.jpg" alt="H2Bpan Antibody ELISA validation" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
</div>
<div class="small-7 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 2 Determination of the titer</strong><br /> To determine the titer of the antibody, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode antibody directed against H2B (C15410157) in antigen coated wells. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution (Figure 2), the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1:40,000. </small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-3 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410157-wb.jpg" alt="H2Bpan Antibody validated in Western Blot" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
</div>
<div class="small-9 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 3 Western blot analysis using the Diagenode antibody directed against H2B</strong><br /> Western blot was performed on whole cell extracts from HeLa cells (40 µg, lane 1) and on 1 µg of recombinant histone H2B (lane 2) using the Diagenode antibody against H2B (Cat. No. C15410157). The antibody was diluted 1:10,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410157-IF.jpg" alt="H2Bpan Antibody validated in Immunofluorescence" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 4 Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode antibody directed against H2B</strong><br />HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against H2B (Cat. No. C15410157) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 10’ and blocked with PBS/TX-100 containing 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labeled with the H2B antibody (middle) diluted 1:1,000 in blocking solution followed by an anti-rabbit antibody conjugated to Alexa488. The left panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of the two stainings is shown on the right.</small></p>
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'description' => '<p><strong>Western blot</strong> : The quality of antibodies used in this technique is crucial for correct and specific protein identification. Diagenode offers huge selection of highly sensitive and specific western blot-validated antibodies.</p>
<p>Learn more about: <a href="https://www.diagenode.com/applications/western-blot">Loading control, MW marker visualization</a><em>. <br /></em></p>
<p><em></em>Check our selection of antibodies validated in Western blot.</p>',
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'description' => '<p>Histones are the main protein components of chromatin involved in the compaction of DNA into nucleosomes, the basic units of chromatin. A <strong>nucleosome</strong> consists of one pair of each of the core histones (<strong>H2A</strong>, <strong>H2B</strong>, <strong>H3</strong> and <strong>H4</strong>) forming an octameric structure wrapped by 146 base pairs of DNA. The different nucleosomes are linked by the linker histone<strong> H1, </strong>allowing for further condensation of chromatin.</p>
<p>The core histones have a globular structure with large unstructured N-terminal tails protruding from the nucleosome. They can undergo to multiple post-translational modifications (PTM), mainly at the N-terminal tails. These <strong>post-translational modifications </strong>include methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitinylation, citrullination, sumoylation, deamination and crotonylation. The most well characterized PTMs are <strong>methylation,</strong> <strong>acetylation and phosphorylation</strong>. Histone methylation occurs mainly on lysine (K) residues, which can be mono-, di- or tri-methylated, and on arginines (R), which can be mono-methylated and symmetrically or asymmetrically di-methylated. Histone acetylation occurs on lysines and histone phosphorylation mainly on serines (S), threonines (T) and tyrosines (Y).</p>
<p>The PTMs of the different residues are involved in numerous processes such as DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosome condensation. They influence the chromatin organization and can be positively or negatively associated with gene expression. Trimethylation of H3K4, H3K36 and H3K79, and lysine acetylation generally result in an open chromatin configuration (figure below) and are therefore associated with <strong>euchromatin</strong> and gene activation. Trimethylation of H3K9, K3K27 and H4K20, on the other hand, is enriched in <strong>heterochromatin </strong>and associated with gene silencing. The combination of different histone modifications is called the "<strong>histone code</strong>”, analogous to the genetic code.</p>
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/categories/antibodies/histone-marks-illustration.png" /></p>
<p>Diagenode is proud to offer a large range of antibodies against histones and histone modifications. Our antibodies are highly specific and have been validated in many applications, including <strong>ChIP</strong> and <strong>ChIP-seq</strong>.</p>
<p>Diagenode’s collection includes antibodies recognizing:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Histone H1 variants</strong></li>
<li><strong>Histone H2A, H2A variants and histone H2A</strong> <strong>modifications</strong> (serine phosphorylation, lysine acetylation, lysine ubiquitinylation)</li>
<li><strong>Histone H2B and H2B</strong> <strong>modifications </strong>(serine phosphorylation, lysine acetylation)</li>
<li><strong>Histone H3 and H3 modifications </strong>(lysine methylation (mono-, di- and tri-methylated), lysine acetylation, serine phosphorylation, threonine phosphorylation, arginine methylation (mono-methylated, symmetrically and asymmetrically di-methylated))</li>
<li><strong>Histone H4 and H4 modifications (</strong>lysine methylation (mono-, di- and tri-methylated), lysine acetylation, arginine methylation (mono-methylated and symmetrically di-methylated), serine phosphorylation )</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>HDAC's HAT's, HMT's and other</strong> <strong>enzymes</strong> which modify histones can be found in the category <a href="../categories/chromatin-modifying-proteins-histone-transferase">Histone modifying enzymes</a><br /></span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Diagenode’s highly validated antibodies:</span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Highly sensitive and specific</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Cost-effective (requires less antibody per reaction)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Batch-specific data is available on the website</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Expert technical support</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Sample sizes available</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> 100% satisfaction guarantee</span></li>
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'meta_description' => 'Polyclonal and Monoclonal Antibodies against Histones and their modifications validated for many applications, including Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and ChIP-Sequencing (ChIP-seq)',
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<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Diagenode’s highly validated antibodies:</span></p>
<ul>
<li>Highly sensitive and specific</li>
<li>Cost-effective (requires less antibody per reaction)</li>
<li>Batch-specific data is available on the website</li>
<li>Expert technical support</li>
<li>Sample sizes available</li>
<li>100% satisfaction guarantee</li>
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<div class="small-12 columns"><center></center>
<p><br />Chromatin immunoprecipitation (<b>ChIP</b>) is a technique to study the associations of proteins with the specific genomic regions in intact cells. One of the most important steps of this protocol is the immunoprecipitation of targeted protein using the antibody specifically recognizing it. The quality of antibodies used in ChIP is essential for the success of the experiment. Diagenode offers extensively validated ChIP-grade antibodies, confirmed for their specificity, and high level of performance in ChIP. Each batch is validated, and batch-specific data are available on the website.</p>
<p></p>
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<p><strong>ChIP results</strong> obtained with the antibody directed against H3K4me3 (Cat. No. <a href="../p/h3k4me3-polyclonal-antibody-premium-50-ug-50-ul">C15410003</a>). </p>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 medium-6 large-6 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410003-fig1-ChIP.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="315" /> </div>
<div class="small-12 medium-6 large-6 columns">
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
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<p></p>
<p>Our aim at Diagenode is to offer the largest collection of highly specific <strong>ChIP-grade antibodies</strong>. We add new antibodies monthly. Find your ChIP-grade antibody in the list below and check more information about tested applications, extensive validation data, and product information.</p>',
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<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410157-chip.jpg" alt="H2Bpan Antibody ChIP Grade" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 1 ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H2B</strong><br /> ChIP assays were performed using human HeLa cells, the Diagenode antibody against H2B (cat. No. C15410157) and optimized PCR primer sets for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the Auto Histone ChIP-seq kit (Cat. No. C01010022) on sheared chromatin from 1 million cells using the IP-Star automated system. A titration of the antibody consisting of 0.5, 1, 2 and 5 µg per ChIP experiment was analysed. IgG (2 µg/IP) was used as negative IP control. QPCR was performed with primers for the promoters of the active GAPDH and EIF4A2 genes, used as negative controls and for the inactive MYOD1 gene and the Sat2 satellite repeat, used as positive controls. Figure 1 shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis.</small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 2 Determination of the titer</strong><br /> To determine the titer of the antibody, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode antibody directed against H2B (C15410157) in antigen coated wells. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution (Figure 2), the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1:40,000. </small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 3 Western blot analysis using the Diagenode antibody directed against H2B</strong><br /> Western blot was performed on whole cell extracts from HeLa cells (40 µg, lane 1) and on 1 µg of recombinant histone H2B (lane 2) using the Diagenode antibody against H2B (Cat. No. C15410157). The antibody was diluted 1:10,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 4 Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode antibody directed against H2B</strong><br />HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against H2B (Cat. No. C15410157) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 10’ and blocked with PBS/TX-100 containing 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labeled with the H2B antibody (middle) diluted 1:1,000 in blocking solution followed by an anti-rabbit antibody conjugated to Alexa488. The left panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of the two stainings is shown on the right.</small></p>
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<p>The core histones have a globular structure with large unstructured N-terminal tails protruding from the nucleosome. They can undergo to multiple post-translational modifications (PTM), mainly at the N-terminal tails. These <strong>post-translational modifications </strong>include methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitinylation, citrullination, sumoylation, deamination and crotonylation. The most well characterized PTMs are <strong>methylation,</strong> <strong>acetylation and phosphorylation</strong>. Histone methylation occurs mainly on lysine (K) residues, which can be mono-, di- or tri-methylated, and on arginines (R), which can be mono-methylated and symmetrically or asymmetrically di-methylated. Histone acetylation occurs on lysines and histone phosphorylation mainly on serines (S), threonines (T) and tyrosines (Y).</p>
<p>The PTMs of the different residues are involved in numerous processes such as DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosome condensation. They influence the chromatin organization and can be positively or negatively associated with gene expression. Trimethylation of H3K4, H3K36 and H3K79, and lysine acetylation generally result in an open chromatin configuration (figure below) and are therefore associated with <strong>euchromatin</strong> and gene activation. Trimethylation of H3K9, K3K27 and H4K20, on the other hand, is enriched in <strong>heterochromatin </strong>and associated with gene silencing. The combination of different histone modifications is called the "<strong>histone code</strong>”, analogous to the genetic code.</p>
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/categories/antibodies/histone-marks-illustration.png" /></p>
<p>Diagenode is proud to offer a large range of antibodies against histones and histone modifications. Our antibodies are highly specific and have been validated in many applications, including <strong>ChIP</strong> and <strong>ChIP-seq</strong>.</p>
<p>Diagenode’s collection includes antibodies recognizing:</p>
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<li><strong>Histone H1 variants</strong></li>
<li><strong>Histone H2A, H2A variants and histone H2A</strong> <strong>modifications</strong> (serine phosphorylation, lysine acetylation, lysine ubiquitinylation)</li>
<li><strong>Histone H2B and H2B</strong> <strong>modifications </strong>(serine phosphorylation, lysine acetylation)</li>
<li><strong>Histone H3 and H3 modifications </strong>(lysine methylation (mono-, di- and tri-methylated), lysine acetylation, serine phosphorylation, threonine phosphorylation, arginine methylation (mono-methylated, symmetrically and asymmetrically di-methylated))</li>
<li><strong>Histone H4 and H4 modifications (</strong>lysine methylation (mono-, di- and tri-methylated), lysine acetylation, arginine methylation (mono-methylated and symmetrically di-methylated), serine phosphorylation )</li>
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<p><span style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>HDAC's HAT's, HMT's and other</strong> <strong>enzymes</strong> which modify histones can be found in the category <a href="../categories/chromatin-modifying-proteins-histone-transferase">Histone modifying enzymes</a><br /></span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Diagenode’s highly validated antibodies:</span></p>
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<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Highly sensitive and specific</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Cost-effective (requires less antibody per reaction)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Batch-specific data is available on the website</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Expert technical support</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Sample sizes available</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> 100% satisfaction guarantee</span></li>
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<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Diagenode’s highly validated antibodies:</span></p>
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<p><br />Chromatin immunoprecipitation (<b>ChIP</b>) is a technique to study the associations of proteins with the specific genomic regions in intact cells. One of the most important steps of this protocol is the immunoprecipitation of targeted protein using the antibody specifically recognizing it. The quality of antibodies used in ChIP is essential for the success of the experiment. Diagenode offers extensively validated ChIP-grade antibodies, confirmed for their specificity, and high level of performance in ChIP. Each batch is validated, and batch-specific data are available on the website.</p>
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<p><strong>ChIP results</strong> obtained with the antibody directed against H3K4me3 (Cat. No. <a href="../p/h3k4me3-polyclonal-antibody-premium-50-ug-50-ul">C15410003</a>). </p>
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<p>Our aim at Diagenode is to offer the largest collection of highly specific <strong>ChIP-grade antibodies</strong>. We add new antibodies monthly. Find your ChIP-grade antibody in the list below and check more information about tested applications, extensive validation data, and product information.</p>',
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$description = '<p><strong>Western blot</strong> : The quality of antibodies used in this technique is crucial for correct and specific protein identification. Diagenode offers huge selection of highly sensitive and specific western blot-validated antibodies.</p>
<p>Learn more about: <a href="../applications/western-blot">Loading control, MW marker visualization</a><em>. <br /></em></p>
<p><em></em>Check our selection of antibodies validated in Western blot.</p>'
$name = 'WB'
$document = array(
'id' => '11',
'name' => 'Antibodies you can trust',
'description' => '<p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Epigenetic research tools have evolved over time from endpoint PCR to qPCR to the analyses of large sets of genome-wide sequencing data. ChIP sequencing (ChIP-seq) has now become the gold standard method for chromatin studies, given the accuracy and coverage scale of the approach over other methods. Successful ChIP-seq, however, requires a higher level of experimental accuracy and consistency in all steps of ChIP than ever before. Particularly crucial is the quality of ChIP antibodies. </span></p>',
'image_id' => null,
'type' => 'Poster',
'url' => 'files/posters/Antibodies_you_can_trust_Poster.pdf',
'slug' => 'antibodies-you-can-trust-poster',
'meta_keywords' => '',
'meta_description' => '',
'modified' => '2015-10-01 20:18:31',
'created' => '2015-07-03 16:05:15',
'ProductsDocument' => array(
'id' => '2863',
'product_id' => '2255',
'document_id' => '11'
)
)
$sds = array(
'id' => '3541',
'name' => 'SDS C15410157 H2Bpan Antibody ES es',
'language' => 'es',
'url' => 'files/SDS/H2Bpan/SDS-C15410157-H2Bpan_Antibody-ES-es-GHS_2_0b.pdf',
'countries' => 'ES',
'modified' => '2024-01-16 16:48:54',
'created' => '2024-01-16 16:48:54',
'ProductsSafetySheet' => array(
'id' => '5776',
'product_id' => '2255',
'safety_sheet_id' => '3541'
)
)
$publication = array(
'id' => '4400',
'name' => 'HIRA supports hepatitis B virus minichromosome establishment andtranscriptional activity in infected hepatocytes.',
'authors' => 'Locatelli M. et al.',
'description' => '<p>BACKGROUND \& AIMS: Upon Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, partially double stranded viral DNA converts into a covalently-closed-circular chromatinized episomal structure (cccDNA). This form represents the long-lived genomic reservoir responsible for viral persistence in the infected liver. While the involvement of host cell DNA damage response in cccDNA formation has been established, this work aims at investigating the yet to be identified histone dynamics on cccDNA during early phases of infection in human hepatocytes. METHODS: Detailed studies of host chromatin-associated factors were performed in cell culture models of natural infection, i.e. HepG2 cells and primary human hepatocytes infected with HBV, by cccDNA-specific chromatin immunoprecipitation and loss of function experiments during early kinetics of viral minichromosome establishment and onset of viral transcription. RESULTS: Our results show that cccDNA formation requires the deposition of the histone variant H3.3 via the histone regulator A (HIRA)-dependent pathway. This occurs simultaneously with repair of the cccDNA precursor and independently from de novo viral protein expression. Moreover, H3.3 in its S31 phosphorylated form appears to be the preferential H3 variant found on transcriptionally active cccDNA in infected cultured cells and human livers. HIRA depletion after cccDNA pool establishment demonstrated that HIRA recruitment is required for viral transcription and RNA production. CONCLUSIONS: Altogether, we show a crucial role for HIRA in the interplay between HBV genome and host cellular machinery to ensure the formation and active transcription of the viral minichromosome in infected hepatocytes.</p>',
'date' => '2022-05-01',
'pmid' => 'https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jcmgh.2022.05.007',
'doi' => '10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.05.007',
'modified' => '2022-08-11 14:38:05',
'created' => '2022-08-11 12:14:50',
'ProductsPublication' => array(
'id' => '6051',
'product_id' => '2255',
'publication_id' => '4400'
)
)
$externalLink = ' <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jcmgh.2022.05.007" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-external-link"></i></a>'include - APP/View/Products/view.ctp, line 755
View::_evaluate() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 971
View::_render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 933
View::render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 473
Controller::render() - CORE/Cake/Controller/Controller.php, line 963
ProductsController::slug() - APP/Controller/ProductsController.php, line 1052
ReflectionMethod::invokeArgs() - [internal], line ??
Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/Cake/Controller/Controller.php, line 491
Dispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 193
Dispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 167
[main] - APP/webroot/index.php, line 118
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