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<p><small><strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K4me3 </strong><br />ChIP assays were performed using human U2OS cells, the Diagenode antibody against H3K4me3 (Cat. No. C15310003) and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the “OneDay ChIP” kit (Cat. No. C01010080), using sheared chromatin from 2 million cells and stringent washing conditions. A titration consisting of 1, 5 and 10 μl of antibody per ChIP experiment was analyzed. IgG (1 μg/ IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers for the promoter of the constitutively expressed GAPDH gene and for myoglobin exon 2. Figure 1 shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis). These results are in accordance with the observation that trimethylation of K4 at histone H3 is associated with the promoters of active genes.</small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 2. Determination of the antibody titer </strong><br />To determine the titer, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode antibody directed against human H3K4me3 (Cat. No. C15310003) in antigen coated wells. The antigen used was a peptide containing the histone modification of interest. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution (Figure 2), the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1:19,000.</small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 3. Cross reactivity tests using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K4me3 </strong><br />A Dot Blot analysis was performed to test the cross reactivity of the Diagenode antibody against H3K4me3 (Cat. No. C15310003) with peptides containing other H3K4 methylations and the unmodified sequence. One hundred to 0.2 pmol of the respective peptides were spotted on a membrane. The antibody was used at a dilution of 1:20,000. Figure 3 shows a high specificity of the antibody for the modification of interest.</small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 4. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K4me3 </strong><br />Histone extracts of HeLa cells (15 μg) were analysed by Western blot using the Diagenode antibody against H3K4me3 (Cat. No. C15310003) diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K4me3 </strong><br />ChIP assays were performed using human U2OS cells, the Diagenode antibody against H3K4me3 (Cat. No. C15310003) and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the “OneDay ChIP” kit (Cat. No. C01010080), using sheared chromatin from 2 million cells and stringent washing conditions. A titration consisting of 1, 5 and 10 μl of antibody per ChIP experiment was analyzed. IgG (1 μg/ IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers for the promoter of the constitutively expressed GAPDH gene and for myoglobin exon 2. Figure 1 shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis). These results are in accordance with the observation that trimethylation of K4 at histone H3 is associated with the promoters of active genes.</small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 2. Determination of the antibody titer </strong><br />To determine the titer, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode antibody directed against human H3K4me3 (Cat. No. C15310003) in antigen coated wells. The antigen used was a peptide containing the histone modification of interest. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution (Figure 2), the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1:19,000.</small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 3. Cross reactivity tests using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K4me3 </strong><br />A Dot Blot analysis was performed to test the cross reactivity of the Diagenode antibody against H3K4me3 (Cat. No. C15310003) with peptides containing other H3K4 methylations and the unmodified sequence. One hundred to 0.2 pmol of the respective peptides were spotted on a membrane. The antibody was used at a dilution of 1:20,000. Figure 3 shows a high specificity of the antibody for the modification of interest.</small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 4. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K4me3 </strong><br />Histone extracts of HeLa cells (15 μg) were analysed by Western blot using the Diagenode antibody against H3K4me3 (Cat. No. C15310003) diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
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<p>Learn more about: <a href="https://www.diagenode.com/applications/western-blot">Loading control, MW marker visualization</a><em>. <br /></em></p>
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<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Diagenode’s highly validated antibodies:</span></p>
<ul>
<li>Highly sensitive and specific</li>
<li>Cost-effective (requires less antibody per reaction)</li>
<li>Batch-specific data is available on the website</li>
<li>Expert technical support</li>
<li>Sample sizes available</li>
<li>100% satisfaction guarantee</li>
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'meta_title' => 'Diagenode's selection of Antibodies is exclusively dedicated for Epigenetic Research | Diagenode',
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'description' => '<h1><strong>Validated epigenetics antibodies</strong> – care for a sample?<br /> </h1>
<p>Diagenode has partnered with leading epigenetics experts and numerous epigenetics consortiums to bring to you a validated and comprehensive collection of epigenetic antibodies. As an expert in epigenetics, we are committed to offering highly-specific antibodies validated for ChIP/ChIP-seq and many other applications. All batch-specific validation data is available on our website.<br /><a href="../categories/antibodies">Read about our expertise in antibody production</a>.</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Focused</strong> - Diagenode's selection of antibodies is exclusively dedicated for epigenetic research. <a title="See the full collection." href="../categories/all-antibodies">See the full collection.</a></li>
<li><strong>Strict quality standards</strong> with rigorous QC and validation</li>
<li><strong>Classified</strong> based on level of validation for flexibility of application</li>
</ul>
<p>Existing sample sizes are listed below. We will soon expand our collection. Are you looking for a sample size of another antibody? Just <a href="mailto:agnieszka.zelisko@diagenode.com?Subject=Sample%20Size%20Request" target="_top">Contact us</a>.</p>',
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'name' => 'Histone antibodies',
'description' => '<p>Histones are the main protein components of chromatin involved in the compaction of DNA into nucleosomes, the basic units of chromatin. A <strong>nucleosome</strong> consists of one pair of each of the core histones (<strong>H2A</strong>, <strong>H2B</strong>, <strong>H3</strong> and <strong>H4</strong>) forming an octameric structure wrapped by 146 base pairs of DNA. The different nucleosomes are linked by the linker histone<strong> H1, </strong>allowing for further condensation of chromatin.</p>
<p>The core histones have a globular structure with large unstructured N-terminal tails protruding from the nucleosome. They can undergo to multiple post-translational modifications (PTM), mainly at the N-terminal tails. These <strong>post-translational modifications </strong>include methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitinylation, citrullination, sumoylation, deamination and crotonylation. The most well characterized PTMs are <strong>methylation,</strong> <strong>acetylation and phosphorylation</strong>. Histone methylation occurs mainly on lysine (K) residues, which can be mono-, di- or tri-methylated, and on arginines (R), which can be mono-methylated and symmetrically or asymmetrically di-methylated. Histone acetylation occurs on lysines and histone phosphorylation mainly on serines (S), threonines (T) and tyrosines (Y).</p>
<p>The PTMs of the different residues are involved in numerous processes such as DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosome condensation. They influence the chromatin organization and can be positively or negatively associated with gene expression. Trimethylation of H3K4, H3K36 and H3K79, and lysine acetylation generally result in an open chromatin configuration (figure below) and are therefore associated with <strong>euchromatin</strong> and gene activation. Trimethylation of H3K9, K3K27 and H4K20, on the other hand, is enriched in <strong>heterochromatin </strong>and associated with gene silencing. The combination of different histone modifications is called the "<strong>histone code</strong>”, analogous to the genetic code.</p>
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/categories/antibodies/histone-marks-illustration.png" /></p>
<p>Diagenode is proud to offer a large range of antibodies against histones and histone modifications. Our antibodies are highly specific and have been validated in many applications, including <strong>ChIP</strong> and <strong>ChIP-seq</strong>.</p>
<p>Diagenode’s collection includes antibodies recognizing:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Histone H1 variants</strong></li>
<li><strong>Histone H2A, H2A variants and histone H2A</strong> <strong>modifications</strong> (serine phosphorylation, lysine acetylation, lysine ubiquitinylation)</li>
<li><strong>Histone H2B and H2B</strong> <strong>modifications </strong>(serine phosphorylation, lysine acetylation)</li>
<li><strong>Histone H3 and H3 modifications </strong>(lysine methylation (mono-, di- and tri-methylated), lysine acetylation, serine phosphorylation, threonine phosphorylation, arginine methylation (mono-methylated, symmetrically and asymmetrically di-methylated))</li>
<li><strong>Histone H4 and H4 modifications (</strong>lysine methylation (mono-, di- and tri-methylated), lysine acetylation, arginine methylation (mono-methylated and symmetrically di-methylated), serine phosphorylation )</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>HDAC's HAT's, HMT's and other</strong> <strong>enzymes</strong> which modify histones can be found in the category <a href="../categories/chromatin-modifying-proteins-histone-transferase">Histone modifying enzymes</a><br /></span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Diagenode’s highly validated antibodies:</span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Highly sensitive and specific</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Cost-effective (requires less antibody per reaction)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Batch-specific data is available on the website</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Expert technical support</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Sample sizes available</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> 100% satisfaction guarantee</span></li>
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'meta_description' => 'Polyclonal and Monoclonal Antibodies against Histones and their modifications validated for many applications, including Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and ChIP-Sequencing (ChIP-seq)',
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'description' => '<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns"><center></center>
<p><br />Chromatin immunoprecipitation (<b>ChIP</b>) is a technique to study the associations of proteins with the specific genomic regions in intact cells. One of the most important steps of this protocol is the immunoprecipitation of targeted protein using the antibody specifically recognizing it. The quality of antibodies used in ChIP is essential for the success of the experiment. Diagenode offers extensively validated ChIP-grade antibodies, confirmed for their specificity, and high level of performance in ChIP. Each batch is validated, and batch-specific data are available on the website.</p>
<p></p>
</div>
</div>
<p><strong>ChIP results</strong> obtained with the antibody directed against H3K4me3 (Cat. No. <a href="../p/h3k4me3-polyclonal-antibody-premium-50-ug-50-ul">C15410003</a>). </p>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 medium-6 large-6 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410003-fig1-ChIP.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="315" /> </div>
<div class="small-12 medium-6 large-6 columns">
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
</div>
</div>
<p></p>
<p>Our aim at Diagenode is to offer the largest collection of highly specific <strong>ChIP-grade antibodies</strong>. We add new antibodies monthly. Find your ChIP-grade antibody in the list below and check more information about tested applications, extensive validation data, and product information.</p>',
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'description' => '<p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Epigenetic research tools have evolved over time from endpoint PCR to qPCR to the analyses of large sets of genome-wide sequencing data. ChIP sequencing (ChIP-seq) has now become the gold standard method for chromatin studies, given the accuracy and coverage scale of the approach over other methods. Successful ChIP-seq, however, requires a higher level of experimental accuracy and consistency in all steps of ChIP than ever before. Particularly crucial is the quality of ChIP antibodies. </span></p>',
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'name' => 'Single amino-acid mutation in a Drosoph ila melanogaster ribosomalprotein: An insight in uL11 transcriptional activity.',
'authors' => 'Grunchec H. et al.',
'description' => '<p>The ribosomal protein uL11 is located at the basis of the ribosome P-stalk and plays a paramount role in translational efficiency. In addition, no mutant for uL11 is available suggesting that this gene is haplo-insufficient as many other Ribosomal Protein Genes (RPGs). We have previously shown that overexpression of Drosophila melanogaster uL11 enhances the transcription of many RPGs and Ribosomal Biogenesis genes (RiBis) suggesting that uL11 might globally regulate the level of translation through its transcriptional activity. Moreover, uL11 trimethylated on lysine 3 (uL11K3me3) interacts with the chromodomain of the Enhancer of Polycomb and Trithorax Corto, and both proteins co-localize with RNA Polymerase II at many sites on polytene chromosomes. These data have led to the hypothesis that the N-terminal end of uL11, and more particularly the trimethylation of lysine 3, supports the extra-ribosomal activity of uL11 in transcription. To address this question, we mutated the lysine 3 codon using a CRISPR/Cas9 strategy and obtained several lysine 3 mutants. We describe here the first mutants of D. melanogaster uL11. Unexpectedly, the uL11K3A mutant, in which the lysine 3 codon is replaced by an alanine, displays a genuine Minute phenotype known to be characteristic of RPG deletions (longer development, low fertility, high lethality, thin and short bristles) whereas the uL11K3Y mutant, in which the lysine 3 codon is replaced by a tyrosine, is unaffected. In agreement, the rate of translation decreases in uL11K3A but not in uL11K3Y. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments show that the interaction between uL11 and the Corto chromodomain is impaired by both mutations. However, Histone Association Assays indicate that the mutant proteins still bind chromatin. RNA-seq analyses from wing imaginal discs show that Corto represses RPG expression whereas very few genes are deregulated in uL11 mutants. We propose that Corto, by repressing RPG expression, ensures that all ribosomal proteins are present at the correct stoichiometry, and that uL11 fine-tunes its transcriptional regulation of RPGs.</p>',
'date' => '2022-01-01',
'pmid' => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35981051/',
'doi' => '10.1371/journal.pone.0273198',
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'name' => 'Epigenomic profiling of primate lymphoblastoid cell lines reveals theevolutionary patterns of epigenetic activities in gene regulatoryarchitectures',
'authors' => 'García-Pérez R. et al. ',
'description' => '<p>Changes in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression have a central role in evolution. Here, we extensively profiled a panel of human, chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan, and macaque lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs), using ChIP-seq for five histone marks, ATAC-seq and RNA-seq, further complemented with whole genome sequencing (WGS) and whole genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS). We annotated regulatory elements (RE) and integrated chromatin contact maps to define gene regulatory architectures, creating the largest catalog of RE in primates to date. We report that epigenetic conservation and its correlation with sequence conservation in primates depends on the activity state of the regulatory element. Our gene regulatory architectures reveal the coordination of different types of components and highlight the role of promoters and intragenic enhancers (gE) in the regulation of gene expression. We observe that most regulatory changes occur in weakly active gE. Remarkably, novel human-specific gE with weak activities are enriched in human-specific nucleotide changes. These elements appear in genes with signals of positive selection and human acceleration, tissue-specific expression, and particular functional enrichments, suggesting that the regulatory evolution of these genes may have contributed to human adaptation.</p>',
'date' => '2021-05-01',
'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34035253',
'doi' => '10.1038/s41467-021-23397-1',
'modified' => '2022-08-02 16:58:56',
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'name' => 'Physical and functional interaction between SET1/COMPASS complex component CFP-1 and a Sin3S HDAC complex in C. elegans.',
'authors' => 'Beurton F, Stempor P, Caron M, Appert A, Dong Y, Chen RA, Cluet D, Couté Y, Herbette M, Huang N, Polveche H, Spichty M, Bedet C, Ahringer J, Palladino F',
'description' => '<p>The CFP1 CXXC zinc finger protein targets the SET1/COMPASS complex to non-methylated CpG rich promoters to implement tri-methylation of histone H3 Lys4 (H3K4me3). Although H3K4me3 is widely associated with gene expression, the effects of CFP1 loss vary, suggesting additional chromatin factors contribute to context dependent effects. Using a proteomics approach, we identified CFP1 associated proteins and an unexpected direct link between Caenorhabditis elegans CFP-1 and an Rpd3/Sin3 small (SIN3S) histone deacetylase complex. Supporting a functional connection, we find that mutants of COMPASS and SIN3 complex components genetically interact and have similar phenotypic defects including misregulation of common genes. CFP-1 directly binds SIN-3 through a region including the conserved PAH1 domain and recruits SIN-3 and the HDA-1/HDAC subunit to H3K4me3 enriched promoters. Our results reveal a novel role for CFP-1 in mediating interaction between SET1/COMPASS and a Sin3S HDAC complex at promoters.</p>',
'date' => '2019-10-11',
'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/31602465',
'doi' => '10.1093/nar/gkz880',
'modified' => '2019-12-05 11:37:25',
'created' => '2019-12-02 15:25:44',
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'id' => '3668',
'name' => 'The FZD7-TWIST1 axis is responsible for anoikis resistance and tumorigenesis in ovarian carcinoma.',
'authors' => 'Tan M, Asad M, Heong V, Wong MK, Tan TZ, Ye J, Kuay KT, Thiery JP, Scott C, Huang RY',
'description' => '<p>Frizzled family receptor 7 (FZD7), a Wnt signaling receptor, is associated with the maintenance of stem cell properties and cancer progression. FZD7 has emerged as a potential therapeutic target because it is capable of transducing both canonical and noncanonical Wnt signals. In this study, we investigated the regulatory pathway downstream of FZD7 and its functional roles. We found that FZD7 expression was crucial to the maintenance of the mesenchymal phenotype, anoikis resistance, and spheroid and tumor formation in ovarian cancer (OC). We identified TWIST1 as the crucial downstream effector of the FZD7 pathway. TWIST1, a basic helix loop helix transcription factor, is known to associate with mesenchymal and cancer stem cell phenotypes. Manipulating TWIST1 expression mimicked the functional consequences observed in the FZD7 model, and overexpression of TWIST1 partially rescued the functional phenotypes abolished by FZD7 knockdown. We further proved that FZD7 regulated TWIST1 expression through epigenetic modifications of H3K4me3 and H3K27ac at the TWIST1 proximal promoter. We also identified that the FZD7-TWIST1 axis regulates the expression of BCL2, a gene that controls apoptosis. Identification of this FZD7-TWIST1-BCL2 pathway reaffirms the mechanism of anoikis resistance in OC. We subsequently showed that the FZD7-TWIST1 axis can be targeted by using a small molecule inhibitor of porcupine, an enzyme essential for secretion and functional activation of Wnts. In conclusion, our results identified that the FZD7-TWIST1 axis is important for tumorigenesis and anoikis resistance, and therapeutic inhibition results in cell death in OCs.</p>',
'date' => '2019-04-01',
'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/30548372',
'doi' => '10.1002/1878-0261.12425',
'modified' => '2019-07-01 11:34:19',
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'name' => 'Inhibiting Inflammation with Myeloid Cell-Specific Nanobiologics Promotes Organ Transplant Acceptance.',
'authors' => 'Braza MS, van Leent MMT, Lameijer M, Sanchez-Gaytan BL, Arts RJW, Pérez-Medina C, Conde P, Garcia MR, Gonzalez-Perez M, Brahmachary M, Fay F, Kluza E, Kossatz S, Dress RJ, Salem F, Rialdi A, Reiner T, Boros P, Strijkers GJ, Calcagno CC, Ginhoux F, Marazzi',
'description' => '<p>Inducing graft acceptance without chronic immunosuppression remains an elusive goal in organ transplantation. Using an experimental transplantation mouse model, we demonstrate that local macrophage activation through dectin-1 and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) drives trained immunity-associated cytokine production during allograft rejection. We conducted nanoimmunotherapeutic studies and found that a short-term mTOR-specific high-density lipoprotein (HDL) nanobiologic treatment (mTORi-HDL) averted macrophage aerobic glycolysis and the epigenetic modifications underlying inflammatory cytokine production. The resulting regulatory macrophages prevented alloreactive CD8 T cell-mediated immunity and promoted tolerogenic CD4 regulatory T (Treg) cell expansion. To enhance therapeutic efficacy, we complemented the mTORi-HDL treatment with a CD40-TRAF6-specific nanobiologic (TRAF6i-HDL) that inhibits co-stimulation. This synergistic nanoimmunotherapy resulted in indefinite allograft survival. Together, we show that HDL-based nanoimmunotherapy can be employed to control macrophage function in vivo. Our strategy, focused on preventing inflammatory innate immune responses, provides a framework for developing targeted therapies that promote immunological tolerance.</p>',
'date' => '2018-11-20',
'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/30413362',
'doi' => '10.1016/j.immuni.2018.09.008',
'modified' => '2019-02-27 15:36:33',
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'name' => 'c-Myc Antagonises the Transcriptional Activity of the Androgen Receptor in Prostate Cancer Affecting Key Gene Networks',
'authors' => 'Stefan J. Barfeld, Alfonso Urbanucci, Harri M. Itkonen, Ladan Fazli , Jessica L. Hicks , Bernd Thiede , Paul S. Rennie , Srinivasan Yegnasubramanian, Angelo M. DeMarzo , Ian G. Mills',
'description' => '<p><span>Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common non-cutaneous cancer in men. The androgen receptor (AR), a ligand-activated transcription factor, constitutes the main drug target for advanced cases of the disease. However, a variety of other transcription factors and signaling networks have been shown to be altered in patients and to influence AR activity. Amongst these, the oncogenic transcription factor c-Myc has been studied extensively in multiple malignancies and elevated protein levels of c-Myc are commonly observed in PCa. Its impact on AR activity, however, remains elusive. In this study, we assessed the impact of c-Myc overexpression on AR activity and transcriptional output in a PCa cell line model and validated the antagonistic effect of c-MYC on AR-targets in patient samples. We found that c-Myc overexpression partially reprogrammed AR chromatin occupancy and was associated with altered histone marks distribution, most notably H3K4me1 and H3K27me3. We found c-Myc and the AR co-occupy a substantial number of binding sites and these exhibited enhancer-like characteristics. Interestingly, c-Myc overexpression antagonised clinically relevant AR target genes. Therefore, as an example, we validated the antagonistic relationship between c-Myc and two AR target genes, KLK3 (alias PSA, prostate specific antigen), and Glycine N-Methyltransferase (GNMT), in patient samples. Our findings provide unbiased evidence that MYC overexpression deregulates the AR transcriptional program, which is thought to be a driving force in PCa.</span></p>',
'date' => '2017-04-05',
'pmid' => 'http://www.ebiomedicine.com/article/S2352-3964(17)30149-4/abstract',
'doi' => 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.04.006',
'modified' => '2017-04-25 08:25:05',
'created' => '2017-04-25 08:24:27',
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(int) 6 => array(
'id' => '2826',
'name' => 'GRHL2-miR-200-ZEB1 maintains the epithelial status of ovarian cancer through transcriptional regulation and histone modification',
'authors' => 'Chung VY, Tan TZ, Tan M, Wong MK, Kuay KT, Yang Z, Ye J, Muller J, Koh CM, Guccione E, Thiery JP, Huang RY',
'description' => '<p>Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a biological process by which polarized epithelial cells convert into a mesenchymal phenotype, has been implicated to contribute to the molecular heterogeneity of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Here we report that a transcription factor-Grainyhead-like 2 (GRHL2) maintains the epithelial phenotype. EOC tumours with lower GRHL2 levels are associated with the Mes/Mesenchymal molecular subtype and a poorer overall survival. shRNA-mediated knockdown of GRHL2 in EOC cells with an epithelial phenotype results in EMT changes, with increased cell migration, invasion and motility. By ChIP-sequencing and gene expression microarray, microRNA-200b/a is identified as the direct transcriptional target of GRHL2 and regulates the epithelial status of EOC through ZEB1 and E-cadherin. Our study demonstrates that loss of GRHL2 increases the levels of histone mark H3K27me3 on promoters and GRHL2-binding sites at miR-200b/a and E-cadherin genes. These findings support GRHL2 as a pivotal gatekeeper of EMT in EOC via miR-200-ZEB1.</p>',
'date' => '2016-02-18',
'pmid' => 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26887977',
'doi' => '10.1038/srep19943',
'modified' => '2016-02-23 11:20:20',
'created' => '2016-02-23 11:20:20',
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'id' => '2864',
'name' => 'The complex pattern of epigenomic variation between natural yeast strains at single-nucleosome resolution.',
'authors' => 'Filleton F, Chuffart F, Nagarajan M, Bottin-Duplus H, Yvert G',
'description' => '<div class="">
<h4>BACKGROUND:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="BACKGROUND" nlmcategory="BACKGROUND">Epigenomic studies on humans and model species have revealed substantial inter-individual variation in histone modification profiles. However, the pattern of this variation has not been precisely characterized, particularly regarding which genomic features are enriched for variability and whether distinct histone marks co-vary synergistically. Yeast allows us to investigate intra-species variation at high resolution while avoiding other sources of variation, such as cell type or subtype.</abstracttext></p>
<h4>RESULTS:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="RESULTS" nlmcategory="RESULTS">We profiled histone marks H3K4me3, H3K9ac, H3K14ac, H4K12ac and H3K4me1 in three unrelated wild strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae at single-nucleosome resolution and analyzed inter-strain differences statistically. All five marks varied significantly at specific loci, but to different extents. The number of nucleosomes varying for a given mark between two strains ranged from 20 to several thousands; +1 nucleosomes were significantly less subject to variation. Genes with highly evolvable or responsive expression showed higher variability; however, the variation pattern could not be explained by known transcriptional differences between the strains. Synergistic variation of distinct marks was not systematic, with surprising differences between functionally related H3K9ac and H3K14ac. Interestingly, H3K14ac differences that persisted through transient hyperacetylation were supported by H3K4me3 differences, suggesting stabilization via cross talk.</abstracttext></p>
<h4>CONCLUSIONS:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="CONCLUSIONS" nlmcategory="CONCLUSIONS">Quantitative variation of histone marks among S. cerevisiae strains is abundant and complex. Its relation to functional characteristics is modular and seems modest, with partial association with gene expression divergences, differences between functionally related marks and partial co-variation between marks that may confer stability. Thus, the specific context of studies, such as which precise marks, individuals and genomic loci are investigated, is primordial in population epigenomics studies. The complexity found in this pilot survey in yeast suggests that high complexity can be anticipated among higher eukaryotes, including humans.</abstracttext></p>
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<p>Learn more about: <a href="https://www.diagenode.com/applications/western-blot">Loading control, MW marker visualization</a><em>. <br /></em></p>
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'meta_description' => 'Diagenode offers a wide range of antibodies and technical support for ChIP-qPCR applications',
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'description' => '<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">All Diagenode’s antibodies are listed below. Please, use our Quick search field to find the antibody of interest by target name, application, purity.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Diagenode’s highly validated antibodies:</span></p>
<ul>
<li>Highly sensitive and specific</li>
<li>Cost-effective (requires less antibody per reaction)</li>
<li>Batch-specific data is available on the website</li>
<li>Expert technical support</li>
<li>Sample sizes available</li>
<li>100% satisfaction guarantee</li>
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'meta_description' => 'Diagenode Offers Strict quality standards with Rigorous QC and validated Antibodies. Classified based on level of validation for flexibility of Application. Comprehensive selection of histone and non-histone Antibodies',
'meta_title' => 'Diagenode's selection of Antibodies is exclusively dedicated for Epigenetic Research | Diagenode',
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'description' => '<h1><strong>Validated epigenetics antibodies</strong> – care for a sample?<br /> </h1>
<p>Diagenode has partnered with leading epigenetics experts and numerous epigenetics consortiums to bring to you a validated and comprehensive collection of epigenetic antibodies. As an expert in epigenetics, we are committed to offering highly-specific antibodies validated for ChIP/ChIP-seq and many other applications. All batch-specific validation data is available on our website.<br /><a href="../categories/antibodies">Read about our expertise in antibody production</a>.</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Focused</strong> - Diagenode's selection of antibodies is exclusively dedicated for epigenetic research. <a title="See the full collection." href="../categories/all-antibodies">See the full collection.</a></li>
<li><strong>Strict quality standards</strong> with rigorous QC and validation</li>
<li><strong>Classified</strong> based on level of validation for flexibility of application</li>
</ul>
<p>Existing sample sizes are listed below. We will soon expand our collection. Are you looking for a sample size of another antibody? Just <a href="mailto:agnieszka.zelisko@diagenode.com?Subject=Sample%20Size%20Request" target="_top">Contact us</a>.</p>',
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'meta_description' => 'Diagenode offers sample volume on selected antibodies for researchers to test, validate and provide confidence and flexibility in choosing from our wide range of antibodies ',
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'description' => '<p>Histones are the main protein components of chromatin involved in the compaction of DNA into nucleosomes, the basic units of chromatin. A <strong>nucleosome</strong> consists of one pair of each of the core histones (<strong>H2A</strong>, <strong>H2B</strong>, <strong>H3</strong> and <strong>H4</strong>) forming an octameric structure wrapped by 146 base pairs of DNA. The different nucleosomes are linked by the linker histone<strong> H1, </strong>allowing for further condensation of chromatin.</p>
<p>The core histones have a globular structure with large unstructured N-terminal tails protruding from the nucleosome. They can undergo to multiple post-translational modifications (PTM), mainly at the N-terminal tails. These <strong>post-translational modifications </strong>include methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitinylation, citrullination, sumoylation, deamination and crotonylation. The most well characterized PTMs are <strong>methylation,</strong> <strong>acetylation and phosphorylation</strong>. Histone methylation occurs mainly on lysine (K) residues, which can be mono-, di- or tri-methylated, and on arginines (R), which can be mono-methylated and symmetrically or asymmetrically di-methylated. Histone acetylation occurs on lysines and histone phosphorylation mainly on serines (S), threonines (T) and tyrosines (Y).</p>
<p>The PTMs of the different residues are involved in numerous processes such as DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosome condensation. They influence the chromatin organization and can be positively or negatively associated with gene expression. Trimethylation of H3K4, H3K36 and H3K79, and lysine acetylation generally result in an open chromatin configuration (figure below) and are therefore associated with <strong>euchromatin</strong> and gene activation. Trimethylation of H3K9, K3K27 and H4K20, on the other hand, is enriched in <strong>heterochromatin </strong>and associated with gene silencing. The combination of different histone modifications is called the "<strong>histone code</strong>”, analogous to the genetic code.</p>
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/categories/antibodies/histone-marks-illustration.png" /></p>
<p>Diagenode is proud to offer a large range of antibodies against histones and histone modifications. Our antibodies are highly specific and have been validated in many applications, including <strong>ChIP</strong> and <strong>ChIP-seq</strong>.</p>
<p>Diagenode’s collection includes antibodies recognizing:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Histone H1 variants</strong></li>
<li><strong>Histone H2A, H2A variants and histone H2A</strong> <strong>modifications</strong> (serine phosphorylation, lysine acetylation, lysine ubiquitinylation)</li>
<li><strong>Histone H2B and H2B</strong> <strong>modifications </strong>(serine phosphorylation, lysine acetylation)</li>
<li><strong>Histone H3 and H3 modifications </strong>(lysine methylation (mono-, di- and tri-methylated), lysine acetylation, serine phosphorylation, threonine phosphorylation, arginine methylation (mono-methylated, symmetrically and asymmetrically di-methylated))</li>
<li><strong>Histone H4 and H4 modifications (</strong>lysine methylation (mono-, di- and tri-methylated), lysine acetylation, arginine methylation (mono-methylated and symmetrically di-methylated), serine phosphorylation )</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>HDAC's HAT's, HMT's and other</strong> <strong>enzymes</strong> which modify histones can be found in the category <a href="../categories/chromatin-modifying-proteins-histone-transferase">Histone modifying enzymes</a><br /></span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Diagenode’s highly validated antibodies:</span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Highly sensitive and specific</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Cost-effective (requires less antibody per reaction)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Batch-specific data is available on the website</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Expert technical support</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Sample sizes available</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> 100% satisfaction guarantee</span></li>
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'description' => '<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns"><center></center>
<p><br />Chromatin immunoprecipitation (<b>ChIP</b>) is a technique to study the associations of proteins with the specific genomic regions in intact cells. One of the most important steps of this protocol is the immunoprecipitation of targeted protein using the antibody specifically recognizing it. The quality of antibodies used in ChIP is essential for the success of the experiment. Diagenode offers extensively validated ChIP-grade antibodies, confirmed for their specificity, and high level of performance in ChIP. Each batch is validated, and batch-specific data are available on the website.</p>
<p></p>
</div>
</div>
<p><strong>ChIP results</strong> obtained with the antibody directed against H3K4me3 (Cat. No. <a href="../p/h3k4me3-polyclonal-antibody-premium-50-ug-50-ul">C15410003</a>). </p>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 medium-6 large-6 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410003-fig1-ChIP.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="315" /> </div>
<div class="small-12 medium-6 large-6 columns">
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
</div>
</div>
<p></p>
<p>Our aim at Diagenode is to offer the largest collection of highly specific <strong>ChIP-grade antibodies</strong>. We add new antibodies monthly. Find your ChIP-grade antibody in the list below and check more information about tested applications, extensive validation data, and product information.</p>',
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'meta_description' => 'Diagenode Offers Extensively Validated ChIP-Grade Antibodies, Confirmed for their Specificity, and high level of Performance in Chromatin Immunoprecipitation ChIP',
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'description' => '<p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Epigenetic research tools have evolved over time from endpoint PCR to qPCR to the analyses of large sets of genome-wide sequencing data. ChIP sequencing (ChIP-seq) has now become the gold standard method for chromatin studies, given the accuracy and coverage scale of the approach over other methods. Successful ChIP-seq, however, requires a higher level of experimental accuracy and consistency in all steps of ChIP than ever before. Particularly crucial is the quality of ChIP antibodies. </span></p>',
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'name' => 'Single amino-acid mutation in a Drosoph ila melanogaster ribosomalprotein: An insight in uL11 transcriptional activity.',
'authors' => 'Grunchec H. et al.',
'description' => '<p>The ribosomal protein uL11 is located at the basis of the ribosome P-stalk and plays a paramount role in translational efficiency. In addition, no mutant for uL11 is available suggesting that this gene is haplo-insufficient as many other Ribosomal Protein Genes (RPGs). We have previously shown that overexpression of Drosophila melanogaster uL11 enhances the transcription of many RPGs and Ribosomal Biogenesis genes (RiBis) suggesting that uL11 might globally regulate the level of translation through its transcriptional activity. Moreover, uL11 trimethylated on lysine 3 (uL11K3me3) interacts with the chromodomain of the Enhancer of Polycomb and Trithorax Corto, and both proteins co-localize with RNA Polymerase II at many sites on polytene chromosomes. These data have led to the hypothesis that the N-terminal end of uL11, and more particularly the trimethylation of lysine 3, supports the extra-ribosomal activity of uL11 in transcription. To address this question, we mutated the lysine 3 codon using a CRISPR/Cas9 strategy and obtained several lysine 3 mutants. We describe here the first mutants of D. melanogaster uL11. Unexpectedly, the uL11K3A mutant, in which the lysine 3 codon is replaced by an alanine, displays a genuine Minute phenotype known to be characteristic of RPG deletions (longer development, low fertility, high lethality, thin and short bristles) whereas the uL11K3Y mutant, in which the lysine 3 codon is replaced by a tyrosine, is unaffected. In agreement, the rate of translation decreases in uL11K3A but not in uL11K3Y. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments show that the interaction between uL11 and the Corto chromodomain is impaired by both mutations. However, Histone Association Assays indicate that the mutant proteins still bind chromatin. RNA-seq analyses from wing imaginal discs show that Corto represses RPG expression whereas very few genes are deregulated in uL11 mutants. We propose that Corto, by repressing RPG expression, ensures that all ribosomal proteins are present at the correct stoichiometry, and that uL11 fine-tunes its transcriptional regulation of RPGs.</p>',
'date' => '2022-01-01',
'pmid' => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35981051/',
'doi' => '10.1371/journal.pone.0273198',
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'name' => 'Epigenomic profiling of primate lymphoblastoid cell lines reveals theevolutionary patterns of epigenetic activities in gene regulatoryarchitectures',
'authors' => 'García-Pérez R. et al. ',
'description' => '<p>Changes in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression have a central role in evolution. Here, we extensively profiled a panel of human, chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan, and macaque lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs), using ChIP-seq for five histone marks, ATAC-seq and RNA-seq, further complemented with whole genome sequencing (WGS) and whole genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS). We annotated regulatory elements (RE) and integrated chromatin contact maps to define gene regulatory architectures, creating the largest catalog of RE in primates to date. We report that epigenetic conservation and its correlation with sequence conservation in primates depends on the activity state of the regulatory element. Our gene regulatory architectures reveal the coordination of different types of components and highlight the role of promoters and intragenic enhancers (gE) in the regulation of gene expression. We observe that most regulatory changes occur in weakly active gE. Remarkably, novel human-specific gE with weak activities are enriched in human-specific nucleotide changes. These elements appear in genes with signals of positive selection and human acceleration, tissue-specific expression, and particular functional enrichments, suggesting that the regulatory evolution of these genes may have contributed to human adaptation.</p>',
'date' => '2021-05-01',
'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34035253',
'doi' => '10.1038/s41467-021-23397-1',
'modified' => '2022-08-02 16:58:56',
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'name' => 'Physical and functional interaction between SET1/COMPASS complex component CFP-1 and a Sin3S HDAC complex in C. elegans.',
'authors' => 'Beurton F, Stempor P, Caron M, Appert A, Dong Y, Chen RA, Cluet D, Couté Y, Herbette M, Huang N, Polveche H, Spichty M, Bedet C, Ahringer J, Palladino F',
'description' => '<p>The CFP1 CXXC zinc finger protein targets the SET1/COMPASS complex to non-methylated CpG rich promoters to implement tri-methylation of histone H3 Lys4 (H3K4me3). Although H3K4me3 is widely associated with gene expression, the effects of CFP1 loss vary, suggesting additional chromatin factors contribute to context dependent effects. Using a proteomics approach, we identified CFP1 associated proteins and an unexpected direct link between Caenorhabditis elegans CFP-1 and an Rpd3/Sin3 small (SIN3S) histone deacetylase complex. Supporting a functional connection, we find that mutants of COMPASS and SIN3 complex components genetically interact and have similar phenotypic defects including misregulation of common genes. CFP-1 directly binds SIN-3 through a region including the conserved PAH1 domain and recruits SIN-3 and the HDA-1/HDAC subunit to H3K4me3 enriched promoters. Our results reveal a novel role for CFP-1 in mediating interaction between SET1/COMPASS and a Sin3S HDAC complex at promoters.</p>',
'date' => '2019-10-11',
'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/31602465',
'doi' => '10.1093/nar/gkz880',
'modified' => '2019-12-05 11:37:25',
'created' => '2019-12-02 15:25:44',
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'name' => 'The FZD7-TWIST1 axis is responsible for anoikis resistance and tumorigenesis in ovarian carcinoma.',
'authors' => 'Tan M, Asad M, Heong V, Wong MK, Tan TZ, Ye J, Kuay KT, Thiery JP, Scott C, Huang RY',
'description' => '<p>Frizzled family receptor 7 (FZD7), a Wnt signaling receptor, is associated with the maintenance of stem cell properties and cancer progression. FZD7 has emerged as a potential therapeutic target because it is capable of transducing both canonical and noncanonical Wnt signals. In this study, we investigated the regulatory pathway downstream of FZD7 and its functional roles. We found that FZD7 expression was crucial to the maintenance of the mesenchymal phenotype, anoikis resistance, and spheroid and tumor formation in ovarian cancer (OC). We identified TWIST1 as the crucial downstream effector of the FZD7 pathway. TWIST1, a basic helix loop helix transcription factor, is known to associate with mesenchymal and cancer stem cell phenotypes. Manipulating TWIST1 expression mimicked the functional consequences observed in the FZD7 model, and overexpression of TWIST1 partially rescued the functional phenotypes abolished by FZD7 knockdown. We further proved that FZD7 regulated TWIST1 expression through epigenetic modifications of H3K4me3 and H3K27ac at the TWIST1 proximal promoter. We also identified that the FZD7-TWIST1 axis regulates the expression of BCL2, a gene that controls apoptosis. Identification of this FZD7-TWIST1-BCL2 pathway reaffirms the mechanism of anoikis resistance in OC. We subsequently showed that the FZD7-TWIST1 axis can be targeted by using a small molecule inhibitor of porcupine, an enzyme essential for secretion and functional activation of Wnts. In conclusion, our results identified that the FZD7-TWIST1 axis is important for tumorigenesis and anoikis resistance, and therapeutic inhibition results in cell death in OCs.</p>',
'date' => '2019-04-01',
'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/30548372',
'doi' => '10.1002/1878-0261.12425',
'modified' => '2019-07-01 11:34:19',
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'name' => 'Inhibiting Inflammation with Myeloid Cell-Specific Nanobiologics Promotes Organ Transplant Acceptance.',
'authors' => 'Braza MS, van Leent MMT, Lameijer M, Sanchez-Gaytan BL, Arts RJW, Pérez-Medina C, Conde P, Garcia MR, Gonzalez-Perez M, Brahmachary M, Fay F, Kluza E, Kossatz S, Dress RJ, Salem F, Rialdi A, Reiner T, Boros P, Strijkers GJ, Calcagno CC, Ginhoux F, Marazzi',
'description' => '<p>Inducing graft acceptance without chronic immunosuppression remains an elusive goal in organ transplantation. Using an experimental transplantation mouse model, we demonstrate that local macrophage activation through dectin-1 and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) drives trained immunity-associated cytokine production during allograft rejection. We conducted nanoimmunotherapeutic studies and found that a short-term mTOR-specific high-density lipoprotein (HDL) nanobiologic treatment (mTORi-HDL) averted macrophage aerobic glycolysis and the epigenetic modifications underlying inflammatory cytokine production. The resulting regulatory macrophages prevented alloreactive CD8 T cell-mediated immunity and promoted tolerogenic CD4 regulatory T (Treg) cell expansion. To enhance therapeutic efficacy, we complemented the mTORi-HDL treatment with a CD40-TRAF6-specific nanobiologic (TRAF6i-HDL) that inhibits co-stimulation. This synergistic nanoimmunotherapy resulted in indefinite allograft survival. Together, we show that HDL-based nanoimmunotherapy can be employed to control macrophage function in vivo. Our strategy, focused on preventing inflammatory innate immune responses, provides a framework for developing targeted therapies that promote immunological tolerance.</p>',
'date' => '2018-11-20',
'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/30413362',
'doi' => '10.1016/j.immuni.2018.09.008',
'modified' => '2019-02-27 15:36:33',
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'name' => 'c-Myc Antagonises the Transcriptional Activity of the Androgen Receptor in Prostate Cancer Affecting Key Gene Networks',
'authors' => 'Stefan J. Barfeld, Alfonso Urbanucci, Harri M. Itkonen, Ladan Fazli , Jessica L. Hicks , Bernd Thiede , Paul S. Rennie , Srinivasan Yegnasubramanian, Angelo M. DeMarzo , Ian G. Mills',
'description' => '<p><span>Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common non-cutaneous cancer in men. The androgen receptor (AR), a ligand-activated transcription factor, constitutes the main drug target for advanced cases of the disease. However, a variety of other transcription factors and signaling networks have been shown to be altered in patients and to influence AR activity. Amongst these, the oncogenic transcription factor c-Myc has been studied extensively in multiple malignancies and elevated protein levels of c-Myc are commonly observed in PCa. Its impact on AR activity, however, remains elusive. In this study, we assessed the impact of c-Myc overexpression on AR activity and transcriptional output in a PCa cell line model and validated the antagonistic effect of c-MYC on AR-targets in patient samples. We found that c-Myc overexpression partially reprogrammed AR chromatin occupancy and was associated with altered histone marks distribution, most notably H3K4me1 and H3K27me3. We found c-Myc and the AR co-occupy a substantial number of binding sites and these exhibited enhancer-like characteristics. Interestingly, c-Myc overexpression antagonised clinically relevant AR target genes. Therefore, as an example, we validated the antagonistic relationship between c-Myc and two AR target genes, KLK3 (alias PSA, prostate specific antigen), and Glycine N-Methyltransferase (GNMT), in patient samples. Our findings provide unbiased evidence that MYC overexpression deregulates the AR transcriptional program, which is thought to be a driving force in PCa.</span></p>',
'date' => '2017-04-05',
'pmid' => 'http://www.ebiomedicine.com/article/S2352-3964(17)30149-4/abstract',
'doi' => 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.04.006',
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'authors' => 'Chung VY, Tan TZ, Tan M, Wong MK, Kuay KT, Yang Z, Ye J, Muller J, Koh CM, Guccione E, Thiery JP, Huang RY',
'description' => '<p>Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a biological process by which polarized epithelial cells convert into a mesenchymal phenotype, has been implicated to contribute to the molecular heterogeneity of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Here we report that a transcription factor-Grainyhead-like 2 (GRHL2) maintains the epithelial phenotype. EOC tumours with lower GRHL2 levels are associated with the Mes/Mesenchymal molecular subtype and a poorer overall survival. shRNA-mediated knockdown of GRHL2 in EOC cells with an epithelial phenotype results in EMT changes, with increased cell migration, invasion and motility. By ChIP-sequencing and gene expression microarray, microRNA-200b/a is identified as the direct transcriptional target of GRHL2 and regulates the epithelial status of EOC through ZEB1 and E-cadherin. Our study demonstrates that loss of GRHL2 increases the levels of histone mark H3K27me3 on promoters and GRHL2-binding sites at miR-200b/a and E-cadherin genes. These findings support GRHL2 as a pivotal gatekeeper of EMT in EOC via miR-200-ZEB1.</p>',
'date' => '2016-02-18',
'pmid' => 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26887977',
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'authors' => 'Filleton F, Chuffart F, Nagarajan M, Bottin-Duplus H, Yvert G',
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<h4>BACKGROUND:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="BACKGROUND" nlmcategory="BACKGROUND">Epigenomic studies on humans and model species have revealed substantial inter-individual variation in histone modification profiles. However, the pattern of this variation has not been precisely characterized, particularly regarding which genomic features are enriched for variability and whether distinct histone marks co-vary synergistically. Yeast allows us to investigate intra-species variation at high resolution while avoiding other sources of variation, such as cell type or subtype.</abstracttext></p>
<h4>RESULTS:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="RESULTS" nlmcategory="RESULTS">We profiled histone marks H3K4me3, H3K9ac, H3K14ac, H4K12ac and H3K4me1 in three unrelated wild strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae at single-nucleosome resolution and analyzed inter-strain differences statistically. All five marks varied significantly at specific loci, but to different extents. The number of nucleosomes varying for a given mark between two strains ranged from 20 to several thousands; +1 nucleosomes were significantly less subject to variation. Genes with highly evolvable or responsive expression showed higher variability; however, the variation pattern could not be explained by known transcriptional differences between the strains. Synergistic variation of distinct marks was not systematic, with surprising differences between functionally related H3K9ac and H3K14ac. Interestingly, H3K14ac differences that persisted through transient hyperacetylation were supported by H3K4me3 differences, suggesting stabilization via cross talk.</abstracttext></p>
<h4>CONCLUSIONS:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="CONCLUSIONS" nlmcategory="CONCLUSIONS">Quantitative variation of histone marks among S. cerevisiae strains is abundant and complex. Its relation to functional characteristics is modular and seems modest, with partial association with gene expression divergences, differences between functionally related marks and partial co-variation between marks that may confer stability. Thus, the specific context of studies, such as which precise marks, individuals and genomic loci are investigated, is primordial in population epigenomics studies. The complexity found in this pilot survey in yeast suggests that high complexity can be anticipated among higher eukaryotes, including humans.</abstracttext></p>
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'description' => 'Methylation of histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me), a mark associated with gene activation, is mediated by SET1 and the related mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) histone methyltransferases (HMTs) across species. Mammals contain seven H3K4 HMTs, Set1A, Set1B, and MLL1-MLL5. The activity of SET1 and MLL proteins relies on protein-protein interactions within large multisubunit complexes that include three core components: RbBP5, Ash2L, and WDR5. It remains unclear how the composition and specificity of these complexes varies between cell types and during development. Caenorhabditis elegans contains one SET1 protein, SET-2, one MLL-like protein, SET-16, and single homologs of RbBP5, Ash2L, and WDR5. Here we show that SET-2 is responsible for the majority of bulk H3K4 methylation at all developmental stages. However, SET-2 and absent, small, or homeotic discs 2 (ASH-2) are differentially required for tri- and dimethylation of H3K4 (H3K4me3 and -me2) in embryos and adult germ cells. In embryos, whereas efficient H3K4me3 requires both SET-2 and ASH-2, H3K4me2 relies mostly on ASH-2. In adult germ cells by contrast, SET-2 serves a major role whereas ASH-2 is dispensable for H3K4me3 and most H3K4me2. Loss of SET-2 results in progressive sterility over several generations, suggesting an important function in the maintenance of a functional germ line. This study demonstrates that individual subunits of SET1-related complexes can show tissue specificity and developmental regulation and establishes C. elegans as a model to study SET1-related complexes in a multicellular organism.',
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<p><small><strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K4me3 </strong><br />ChIP assays were performed using human U2OS cells, the Diagenode antibody against H3K4me3 (Cat. No. C15310003) and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the “OneDay ChIP” kit (Cat. No. C01010080), using sheared chromatin from 2 million cells and stringent washing conditions. A titration consisting of 1, 5 and 10 μl of antibody per ChIP experiment was analyzed. IgG (1 μg/ IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers for the promoter of the constitutively expressed GAPDH gene and for myoglobin exon 2. Figure 1 shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis). These results are in accordance with the observation that trimethylation of K4 at histone H3 is associated with the promoters of active genes.</small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 2. Determination of the antibody titer </strong><br />To determine the titer, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode antibody directed against human H3K4me3 (Cat. No. C15310003) in antigen coated wells. The antigen used was a peptide containing the histone modification of interest. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution (Figure 2), the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1:19,000.</small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 3. Cross reactivity tests using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K4me3 </strong><br />A Dot Blot analysis was performed to test the cross reactivity of the Diagenode antibody against H3K4me3 (Cat. No. C15310003) with peptides containing other H3K4 methylations and the unmodified sequence. One hundred to 0.2 pmol of the respective peptides were spotted on a membrane. The antibody was used at a dilution of 1:20,000. Figure 3 shows a high specificity of the antibody for the modification of interest.</small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 4. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K4me3 </strong><br />Histone extracts of HeLa cells (15 μg) were analysed by Western blot using the Diagenode antibody against H3K4me3 (Cat. No. C15310003) diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K4me3 </strong><br />ChIP assays were performed using human U2OS cells, the Diagenode antibody against H3K4me3 (Cat. No. C15310003) and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the “OneDay ChIP” kit (Cat. No. C01010080), using sheared chromatin from 2 million cells and stringent washing conditions. A titration consisting of 1, 5 and 10 μl of antibody per ChIP experiment was analyzed. IgG (1 μg/ IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers for the promoter of the constitutively expressed GAPDH gene and for myoglobin exon 2. Figure 1 shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis). These results are in accordance with the observation that trimethylation of K4 at histone H3 is associated with the promoters of active genes.</small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 3. Cross reactivity tests using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K4me3 </strong><br />A Dot Blot analysis was performed to test the cross reactivity of the Diagenode antibody against H3K4me3 (Cat. No. C15310003) with peptides containing other H3K4 methylations and the unmodified sequence. One hundred to 0.2 pmol of the respective peptides were spotted on a membrane. The antibody was used at a dilution of 1:20,000. Figure 3 shows a high specificity of the antibody for the modification of interest.</small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 4. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K4me3 </strong><br />Histone extracts of HeLa cells (15 μg) were analysed by Western blot using the Diagenode antibody against H3K4me3 (Cat. No. C15310003) diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 4. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K4me3 </strong><br />Histone extracts of HeLa cells (15 μg) were analysed by Western blot using the Diagenode antibody against H3K4me3 (Cat. No. C15310003) diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 3. Cross reactivity tests using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K4me3 </strong><br />A Dot Blot analysis was performed to test the cross reactivity of the Diagenode antibody against H3K4me3 (Cat. No. C15310003) with peptides containing other H3K4 methylations and the unmodified sequence. One hundred to 0.2 pmol of the respective peptides were spotted on a membrane. The antibody was used at a dilution of 1:20,000. Figure 3 shows a high specificity of the antibody for the modification of interest.</small></p>
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<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15310003_wb.png" alt="H3K4me3 Antibody validated in Western Blot " /></p>
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<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 4. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K4me3 </strong><br />Histone extracts of HeLa cells (15 μg) were analysed by Western blot using the Diagenode antibody against H3K4me3 (Cat. No. C15310003) diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
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<p>Learn more about: <a href="https://www.diagenode.com/applications/western-blot">Loading control, MW marker visualization</a><em>. <br /></em></p>
<p><em></em>Check our selection of antibodies validated in Western blot.</p>',
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'description' => '<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">All Diagenode’s antibodies are listed below. Please, use our Quick search field to find the antibody of interest by target name, application, purity.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Diagenode’s highly validated antibodies:</span></p>
<ul>
<li>Highly sensitive and specific</li>
<li>Cost-effective (requires less antibody per reaction)</li>
<li>Batch-specific data is available on the website</li>
<li>Expert technical support</li>
<li>Sample sizes available</li>
<li>100% satisfaction guarantee</li>
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'description' => '<h1><strong>Validated epigenetics antibodies</strong> – care for a sample?<br /> </h1>
<p>Diagenode has partnered with leading epigenetics experts and numerous epigenetics consortiums to bring to you a validated and comprehensive collection of epigenetic antibodies. As an expert in epigenetics, we are committed to offering highly-specific antibodies validated for ChIP/ChIP-seq and many other applications. All batch-specific validation data is available on our website.<br /><a href="../categories/antibodies">Read about our expertise in antibody production</a>.</p>
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<li><strong>Focused</strong> - Diagenode's selection of antibodies is exclusively dedicated for epigenetic research. <a title="See the full collection." href="../categories/all-antibodies">See the full collection.</a></li>
<li><strong>Strict quality standards</strong> with rigorous QC and validation</li>
<li><strong>Classified</strong> based on level of validation for flexibility of application</li>
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<p>Existing sample sizes are listed below. We will soon expand our collection. Are you looking for a sample size of another antibody? Just <a href="mailto:agnieszka.zelisko@diagenode.com?Subject=Sample%20Size%20Request" target="_top">Contact us</a>.</p>',
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'description' => '<p>Histones are the main protein components of chromatin involved in the compaction of DNA into nucleosomes, the basic units of chromatin. A <strong>nucleosome</strong> consists of one pair of each of the core histones (<strong>H2A</strong>, <strong>H2B</strong>, <strong>H3</strong> and <strong>H4</strong>) forming an octameric structure wrapped by 146 base pairs of DNA. The different nucleosomes are linked by the linker histone<strong> H1, </strong>allowing for further condensation of chromatin.</p>
<p>The core histones have a globular structure with large unstructured N-terminal tails protruding from the nucleosome. They can undergo to multiple post-translational modifications (PTM), mainly at the N-terminal tails. These <strong>post-translational modifications </strong>include methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitinylation, citrullination, sumoylation, deamination and crotonylation. The most well characterized PTMs are <strong>methylation,</strong> <strong>acetylation and phosphorylation</strong>. Histone methylation occurs mainly on lysine (K) residues, which can be mono-, di- or tri-methylated, and on arginines (R), which can be mono-methylated and symmetrically or asymmetrically di-methylated. Histone acetylation occurs on lysines and histone phosphorylation mainly on serines (S), threonines (T) and tyrosines (Y).</p>
<p>The PTMs of the different residues are involved in numerous processes such as DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosome condensation. They influence the chromatin organization and can be positively or negatively associated with gene expression. Trimethylation of H3K4, H3K36 and H3K79, and lysine acetylation generally result in an open chromatin configuration (figure below) and are therefore associated with <strong>euchromatin</strong> and gene activation. Trimethylation of H3K9, K3K27 and H4K20, on the other hand, is enriched in <strong>heterochromatin </strong>and associated with gene silencing. The combination of different histone modifications is called the "<strong>histone code</strong>”, analogous to the genetic code.</p>
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/categories/antibodies/histone-marks-illustration.png" /></p>
<p>Diagenode is proud to offer a large range of antibodies against histones and histone modifications. Our antibodies are highly specific and have been validated in many applications, including <strong>ChIP</strong> and <strong>ChIP-seq</strong>.</p>
<p>Diagenode’s collection includes antibodies recognizing:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Histone H1 variants</strong></li>
<li><strong>Histone H2A, H2A variants and histone H2A</strong> <strong>modifications</strong> (serine phosphorylation, lysine acetylation, lysine ubiquitinylation)</li>
<li><strong>Histone H2B and H2B</strong> <strong>modifications </strong>(serine phosphorylation, lysine acetylation)</li>
<li><strong>Histone H3 and H3 modifications </strong>(lysine methylation (mono-, di- and tri-methylated), lysine acetylation, serine phosphorylation, threonine phosphorylation, arginine methylation (mono-methylated, symmetrically and asymmetrically di-methylated))</li>
<li><strong>Histone H4 and H4 modifications (</strong>lysine methylation (mono-, di- and tri-methylated), lysine acetylation, arginine methylation (mono-methylated and symmetrically di-methylated), serine phosphorylation )</li>
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<p><span style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>HDAC's HAT's, HMT's and other</strong> <strong>enzymes</strong> which modify histones can be found in the category <a href="../categories/chromatin-modifying-proteins-histone-transferase">Histone modifying enzymes</a><br /></span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Diagenode’s highly validated antibodies:</span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Highly sensitive and specific</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Cost-effective (requires less antibody per reaction)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Batch-specific data is available on the website</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Expert technical support</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Sample sizes available</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> 100% satisfaction guarantee</span></li>
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<div class="small-12 columns"><center></center>
<p><br />Chromatin immunoprecipitation (<b>ChIP</b>) is a technique to study the associations of proteins with the specific genomic regions in intact cells. One of the most important steps of this protocol is the immunoprecipitation of targeted protein using the antibody specifically recognizing it. The quality of antibodies used in ChIP is essential for the success of the experiment. Diagenode offers extensively validated ChIP-grade antibodies, confirmed for their specificity, and high level of performance in ChIP. Each batch is validated, and batch-specific data are available on the website.</p>
<p></p>
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<p><strong>ChIP results</strong> obtained with the antibody directed against H3K4me3 (Cat. No. <a href="../p/h3k4me3-polyclonal-antibody-premium-50-ug-50-ul">C15410003</a>). </p>
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<div class="small-12 medium-6 large-6 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410003-fig1-ChIP.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="315" /> </div>
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<p>Our aim at Diagenode is to offer the largest collection of highly specific <strong>ChIP-grade antibodies</strong>. We add new antibodies monthly. Find your ChIP-grade antibody in the list below and check more information about tested applications, extensive validation data, and product information.</p>',
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'description' => '<p>The ribosomal protein uL11 is located at the basis of the ribosome P-stalk and plays a paramount role in translational efficiency. In addition, no mutant for uL11 is available suggesting that this gene is haplo-insufficient as many other Ribosomal Protein Genes (RPGs). We have previously shown that overexpression of Drosophila melanogaster uL11 enhances the transcription of many RPGs and Ribosomal Biogenesis genes (RiBis) suggesting that uL11 might globally regulate the level of translation through its transcriptional activity. Moreover, uL11 trimethylated on lysine 3 (uL11K3me3) interacts with the chromodomain of the Enhancer of Polycomb and Trithorax Corto, and both proteins co-localize with RNA Polymerase II at many sites on polytene chromosomes. These data have led to the hypothesis that the N-terminal end of uL11, and more particularly the trimethylation of lysine 3, supports the extra-ribosomal activity of uL11 in transcription. To address this question, we mutated the lysine 3 codon using a CRISPR/Cas9 strategy and obtained several lysine 3 mutants. We describe here the first mutants of D. melanogaster uL11. Unexpectedly, the uL11K3A mutant, in which the lysine 3 codon is replaced by an alanine, displays a genuine Minute phenotype known to be characteristic of RPG deletions (longer development, low fertility, high lethality, thin and short bristles) whereas the uL11K3Y mutant, in which the lysine 3 codon is replaced by a tyrosine, is unaffected. In agreement, the rate of translation decreases in uL11K3A but not in uL11K3Y. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments show that the interaction between uL11 and the Corto chromodomain is impaired by both mutations. However, Histone Association Assays indicate that the mutant proteins still bind chromatin. RNA-seq analyses from wing imaginal discs show that Corto represses RPG expression whereas very few genes are deregulated in uL11 mutants. We propose that Corto, by repressing RPG expression, ensures that all ribosomal proteins are present at the correct stoichiometry, and that uL11 fine-tunes its transcriptional regulation of RPGs.</p>',
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'description' => '<p>Changes in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression have a central role in evolution. Here, we extensively profiled a panel of human, chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan, and macaque lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs), using ChIP-seq for five histone marks, ATAC-seq and RNA-seq, further complemented with whole genome sequencing (WGS) and whole genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS). We annotated regulatory elements (RE) and integrated chromatin contact maps to define gene regulatory architectures, creating the largest catalog of RE in primates to date. We report that epigenetic conservation and its correlation with sequence conservation in primates depends on the activity state of the regulatory element. Our gene regulatory architectures reveal the coordination of different types of components and highlight the role of promoters and intragenic enhancers (gE) in the regulation of gene expression. We observe that most regulatory changes occur in weakly active gE. Remarkably, novel human-specific gE with weak activities are enriched in human-specific nucleotide changes. These elements appear in genes with signals of positive selection and human acceleration, tissue-specific expression, and particular functional enrichments, suggesting that the regulatory evolution of these genes may have contributed to human adaptation.</p>',
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'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34035253',
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'description' => '<p>The CFP1 CXXC zinc finger protein targets the SET1/COMPASS complex to non-methylated CpG rich promoters to implement tri-methylation of histone H3 Lys4 (H3K4me3). Although H3K4me3 is widely associated with gene expression, the effects of CFP1 loss vary, suggesting additional chromatin factors contribute to context dependent effects. Using a proteomics approach, we identified CFP1 associated proteins and an unexpected direct link between Caenorhabditis elegans CFP-1 and an Rpd3/Sin3 small (SIN3S) histone deacetylase complex. Supporting a functional connection, we find that mutants of COMPASS and SIN3 complex components genetically interact and have similar phenotypic defects including misregulation of common genes. CFP-1 directly binds SIN-3 through a region including the conserved PAH1 domain and recruits SIN-3 and the HDA-1/HDAC subunit to H3K4me3 enriched promoters. Our results reveal a novel role for CFP-1 in mediating interaction between SET1/COMPASS and a Sin3S HDAC complex at promoters.</p>',
'date' => '2019-10-11',
'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/31602465',
'doi' => '10.1093/nar/gkz880',
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'name' => 'The FZD7-TWIST1 axis is responsible for anoikis resistance and tumorigenesis in ovarian carcinoma.',
'authors' => 'Tan M, Asad M, Heong V, Wong MK, Tan TZ, Ye J, Kuay KT, Thiery JP, Scott C, Huang RY',
'description' => '<p>Frizzled family receptor 7 (FZD7), a Wnt signaling receptor, is associated with the maintenance of stem cell properties and cancer progression. FZD7 has emerged as a potential therapeutic target because it is capable of transducing both canonical and noncanonical Wnt signals. In this study, we investigated the regulatory pathway downstream of FZD7 and its functional roles. We found that FZD7 expression was crucial to the maintenance of the mesenchymal phenotype, anoikis resistance, and spheroid and tumor formation in ovarian cancer (OC). We identified TWIST1 as the crucial downstream effector of the FZD7 pathway. TWIST1, a basic helix loop helix transcription factor, is known to associate with mesenchymal and cancer stem cell phenotypes. Manipulating TWIST1 expression mimicked the functional consequences observed in the FZD7 model, and overexpression of TWIST1 partially rescued the functional phenotypes abolished by FZD7 knockdown. We further proved that FZD7 regulated TWIST1 expression through epigenetic modifications of H3K4me3 and H3K27ac at the TWIST1 proximal promoter. We also identified that the FZD7-TWIST1 axis regulates the expression of BCL2, a gene that controls apoptosis. Identification of this FZD7-TWIST1-BCL2 pathway reaffirms the mechanism of anoikis resistance in OC. We subsequently showed that the FZD7-TWIST1 axis can be targeted by using a small molecule inhibitor of porcupine, an enzyme essential for secretion and functional activation of Wnts. In conclusion, our results identified that the FZD7-TWIST1 axis is important for tumorigenesis and anoikis resistance, and therapeutic inhibition results in cell death in OCs.</p>',
'date' => '2019-04-01',
'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/30548372',
'doi' => '10.1002/1878-0261.12425',
'modified' => '2019-07-01 11:34:19',
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'id' => '3549',
'name' => 'Inhibiting Inflammation with Myeloid Cell-Specific Nanobiologics Promotes Organ Transplant Acceptance.',
'authors' => 'Braza MS, van Leent MMT, Lameijer M, Sanchez-Gaytan BL, Arts RJW, Pérez-Medina C, Conde P, Garcia MR, Gonzalez-Perez M, Brahmachary M, Fay F, Kluza E, Kossatz S, Dress RJ, Salem F, Rialdi A, Reiner T, Boros P, Strijkers GJ, Calcagno CC, Ginhoux F, Marazzi',
'description' => '<p>Inducing graft acceptance without chronic immunosuppression remains an elusive goal in organ transplantation. Using an experimental transplantation mouse model, we demonstrate that local macrophage activation through dectin-1 and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) drives trained immunity-associated cytokine production during allograft rejection. We conducted nanoimmunotherapeutic studies and found that a short-term mTOR-specific high-density lipoprotein (HDL) nanobiologic treatment (mTORi-HDL) averted macrophage aerobic glycolysis and the epigenetic modifications underlying inflammatory cytokine production. The resulting regulatory macrophages prevented alloreactive CD8 T cell-mediated immunity and promoted tolerogenic CD4 regulatory T (Treg) cell expansion. To enhance therapeutic efficacy, we complemented the mTORi-HDL treatment with a CD40-TRAF6-specific nanobiologic (TRAF6i-HDL) that inhibits co-stimulation. This synergistic nanoimmunotherapy resulted in indefinite allograft survival. Together, we show that HDL-based nanoimmunotherapy can be employed to control macrophage function in vivo. Our strategy, focused on preventing inflammatory innate immune responses, provides a framework for developing targeted therapies that promote immunological tolerance.</p>',
'date' => '2018-11-20',
'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/30413362',
'doi' => '10.1016/j.immuni.2018.09.008',
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'name' => 'c-Myc Antagonises the Transcriptional Activity of the Androgen Receptor in Prostate Cancer Affecting Key Gene Networks',
'authors' => 'Stefan J. Barfeld, Alfonso Urbanucci, Harri M. Itkonen, Ladan Fazli , Jessica L. Hicks , Bernd Thiede , Paul S. Rennie , Srinivasan Yegnasubramanian, Angelo M. DeMarzo , Ian G. Mills',
'description' => '<p><span>Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common non-cutaneous cancer in men. The androgen receptor (AR), a ligand-activated transcription factor, constitutes the main drug target for advanced cases of the disease. However, a variety of other transcription factors and signaling networks have been shown to be altered in patients and to influence AR activity. Amongst these, the oncogenic transcription factor c-Myc has been studied extensively in multiple malignancies and elevated protein levels of c-Myc are commonly observed in PCa. Its impact on AR activity, however, remains elusive. In this study, we assessed the impact of c-Myc overexpression on AR activity and transcriptional output in a PCa cell line model and validated the antagonistic effect of c-MYC on AR-targets in patient samples. We found that c-Myc overexpression partially reprogrammed AR chromatin occupancy and was associated with altered histone marks distribution, most notably H3K4me1 and H3K27me3. We found c-Myc and the AR co-occupy a substantial number of binding sites and these exhibited enhancer-like characteristics. Interestingly, c-Myc overexpression antagonised clinically relevant AR target genes. Therefore, as an example, we validated the antagonistic relationship between c-Myc and two AR target genes, KLK3 (alias PSA, prostate specific antigen), and Glycine N-Methyltransferase (GNMT), in patient samples. Our findings provide unbiased evidence that MYC overexpression deregulates the AR transcriptional program, which is thought to be a driving force in PCa.</span></p>',
'date' => '2017-04-05',
'pmid' => 'http://www.ebiomedicine.com/article/S2352-3964(17)30149-4/abstract',
'doi' => 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.04.006',
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'name' => 'GRHL2-miR-200-ZEB1 maintains the epithelial status of ovarian cancer through transcriptional regulation and histone modification',
'authors' => 'Chung VY, Tan TZ, Tan M, Wong MK, Kuay KT, Yang Z, Ye J, Muller J, Koh CM, Guccione E, Thiery JP, Huang RY',
'description' => '<p>Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a biological process by which polarized epithelial cells convert into a mesenchymal phenotype, has been implicated to contribute to the molecular heterogeneity of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Here we report that a transcription factor-Grainyhead-like 2 (GRHL2) maintains the epithelial phenotype. EOC tumours with lower GRHL2 levels are associated with the Mes/Mesenchymal molecular subtype and a poorer overall survival. shRNA-mediated knockdown of GRHL2 in EOC cells with an epithelial phenotype results in EMT changes, with increased cell migration, invasion and motility. By ChIP-sequencing and gene expression microarray, microRNA-200b/a is identified as the direct transcriptional target of GRHL2 and regulates the epithelial status of EOC through ZEB1 and E-cadherin. Our study demonstrates that loss of GRHL2 increases the levels of histone mark H3K27me3 on promoters and GRHL2-binding sites at miR-200b/a and E-cadherin genes. These findings support GRHL2 as a pivotal gatekeeper of EMT in EOC via miR-200-ZEB1.</p>',
'date' => '2016-02-18',
'pmid' => 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26887977',
'doi' => '10.1038/srep19943',
'modified' => '2016-02-23 11:20:20',
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'name' => 'The complex pattern of epigenomic variation between natural yeast strains at single-nucleosome resolution.',
'authors' => 'Filleton F, Chuffart F, Nagarajan M, Bottin-Duplus H, Yvert G',
'description' => '<div class="">
<h4>BACKGROUND:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="BACKGROUND" nlmcategory="BACKGROUND">Epigenomic studies on humans and model species have revealed substantial inter-individual variation in histone modification profiles. However, the pattern of this variation has not been precisely characterized, particularly regarding which genomic features are enriched for variability and whether distinct histone marks co-vary synergistically. Yeast allows us to investigate intra-species variation at high resolution while avoiding other sources of variation, such as cell type or subtype.</abstracttext></p>
<h4>RESULTS:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="RESULTS" nlmcategory="RESULTS">We profiled histone marks H3K4me3, H3K9ac, H3K14ac, H4K12ac and H3K4me1 in three unrelated wild strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae at single-nucleosome resolution and analyzed inter-strain differences statistically. All five marks varied significantly at specific loci, but to different extents. The number of nucleosomes varying for a given mark between two strains ranged from 20 to several thousands; +1 nucleosomes were significantly less subject to variation. Genes with highly evolvable or responsive expression showed higher variability; however, the variation pattern could not be explained by known transcriptional differences between the strains. Synergistic variation of distinct marks was not systematic, with surprising differences between functionally related H3K9ac and H3K14ac. Interestingly, H3K14ac differences that persisted through transient hyperacetylation were supported by H3K4me3 differences, suggesting stabilization via cross talk.</abstracttext></p>
<h4>CONCLUSIONS:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="CONCLUSIONS" nlmcategory="CONCLUSIONS">Quantitative variation of histone marks among S. cerevisiae strains is abundant and complex. Its relation to functional characteristics is modular and seems modest, with partial association with gene expression divergences, differences between functionally related marks and partial co-variation between marks that may confer stability. Thus, the specific context of studies, such as which precise marks, individuals and genomic loci are investigated, is primordial in population epigenomics studies. The complexity found in this pilot survey in yeast suggests that high complexity can be anticipated among higher eukaryotes, including humans.</abstracttext></p>
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'description' => 'Methylation of histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me), a mark associated with gene activation, is mediated by SET1 and the related mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) histone methyltransferases (HMTs) across species. Mammals contain seven H3K4 HMTs, Set1A, Set1B, and MLL1-MLL5. The activity of SET1 and MLL proteins relies on protein-protein interactions within large multisubunit complexes that include three core components: RbBP5, Ash2L, and WDR5. It remains unclear how the composition and specificity of these complexes varies between cell types and during development. Caenorhabditis elegans contains one SET1 protein, SET-2, one MLL-like protein, SET-16, and single homologs of RbBP5, Ash2L, and WDR5. Here we show that SET-2 is responsible for the majority of bulk H3K4 methylation at all developmental stages. However, SET-2 and absent, small, or homeotic discs 2 (ASH-2) are differentially required for tri- and dimethylation of H3K4 (H3K4me3 and -me2) in embryos and adult germ cells. In embryos, whereas efficient H3K4me3 requires both SET-2 and ASH-2, H3K4me2 relies mostly on ASH-2. In adult germ cells by contrast, SET-2 serves a major role whereas ASH-2 is dispensable for H3K4me3 and most H3K4me2. Loss of SET-2 results in progressive sterility over several generations, suggesting an important function in the maintenance of a functional germ line. This study demonstrates that individual subunits of SET1-related complexes can show tissue specificity and developmental regulation and establishes C. elegans as a model to study SET1-related complexes in a multicellular organism.',
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'description' => '<p><span>Polyclonal antibody raised in rabbit against the region of <strong>histone H3</strong> containing the <strong>trimethylated lysine 4</strong> (<strong>H3K4me3</strong>), using a KLH-conjugated synthetic peptide.</span></p>',
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<p><small><strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K4me3 </strong><br />ChIP assays were performed using human U2OS cells, the Diagenode antibody against H3K4me3 (Cat. No. C15310003) and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the “OneDay ChIP” kit (Cat. No. C01010080), using sheared chromatin from 2 million cells and stringent washing conditions. A titration consisting of 1, 5 and 10 μl of antibody per ChIP experiment was analyzed. IgG (1 μg/ IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers for the promoter of the constitutively expressed GAPDH gene and for myoglobin exon 2. Figure 1 shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis). These results are in accordance with the observation that trimethylation of K4 at histone H3 is associated with the promoters of active genes.</small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 2. Determination of the antibody titer </strong><br />To determine the titer, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode antibody directed against human H3K4me3 (Cat. No. C15310003) in antigen coated wells. The antigen used was a peptide containing the histone modification of interest. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution (Figure 2), the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1:19,000.</small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 3. Cross reactivity tests using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K4me3 </strong><br />A Dot Blot analysis was performed to test the cross reactivity of the Diagenode antibody against H3K4me3 (Cat. No. C15310003) with peptides containing other H3K4 methylations and the unmodified sequence. One hundred to 0.2 pmol of the respective peptides were spotted on a membrane. The antibody was used at a dilution of 1:20,000. Figure 3 shows a high specificity of the antibody for the modification of interest.</small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 4. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K4me3 </strong><br />Histone extracts of HeLa cells (15 μg) were analysed by Western blot using the Diagenode antibody against H3K4me3 (Cat. No. C15310003) diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K4me3 </strong><br />ChIP assays were performed using human U2OS cells, the Diagenode antibody against H3K4me3 (Cat. No. C15310003) and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the “OneDay ChIP” kit (Cat. No. C01010080), using sheared chromatin from 2 million cells and stringent washing conditions. A titration consisting of 1, 5 and 10 μl of antibody per ChIP experiment was analyzed. IgG (1 μg/ IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers for the promoter of the constitutively expressed GAPDH gene and for myoglobin exon 2. Figure 1 shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis). These results are in accordance with the observation that trimethylation of K4 at histone H3 is associated with the promoters of active genes.</small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 2. Determination of the antibody titer </strong><br />To determine the titer, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode antibody directed against human H3K4me3 (Cat. No. C15310003) in antigen coated wells. The antigen used was a peptide containing the histone modification of interest. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution (Figure 2), the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1:19,000.</small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 4. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K4me3 </strong><br />Histone extracts of HeLa cells (15 μg) were analysed by Western blot using the Diagenode antibody against H3K4me3 (Cat. No. C15310003) diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
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'name' => 'Caenorhabditis elegans chromatin-associated proteins SET-2 and ASH-2 are differentially required for histone H3 Lys 4 methylation in embryos and adult germ cells.',
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'description' => 'Methylation of histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me), a mark associated with gene activation, is mediated by SET1 and the related mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) histone methyltransferases (HMTs) across species. Mammals contain seven H3K4 HMTs, Set1A, Set1B, and MLL1-MLL5. The activity of SET1 and MLL proteins relies on protein-protein interactions within large multisubunit complexes that include three core components: RbBP5, Ash2L, and WDR5. It remains unclear how the composition and specificity of these complexes varies between cell types and during development. Caenorhabditis elegans contains one SET1 protein, SET-2, one MLL-like protein, SET-16, and single homologs of RbBP5, Ash2L, and WDR5. Here we show that SET-2 is responsible for the majority of bulk H3K4 methylation at all developmental stages. However, SET-2 and absent, small, or homeotic discs 2 (ASH-2) are differentially required for tri- and dimethylation of H3K4 (H3K4me3 and -me2) in embryos and adult germ cells. In embryos, whereas efficient H3K4me3 requires both SET-2 and ASH-2, H3K4me2 relies mostly on ASH-2. In adult germ cells by contrast, SET-2 serves a major role whereas ASH-2 is dispensable for H3K4me3 and most H3K4me2. Loss of SET-2 results in progressive sterility over several generations, suggesting an important function in the maintenance of a functional germ line. This study demonstrates that individual subunits of SET1-related complexes can show tissue specificity and developmental regulation and establishes C. elegans as a model to study SET1-related complexes in a multicellular organism.',
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<p><small><strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K4me3 </strong><br />ChIP assays were performed using human U2OS cells, the Diagenode antibody against H3K4me3 (Cat. No. C15310003) and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the “OneDay ChIP” kit (Cat. No. C01010080), using sheared chromatin from 2 million cells and stringent washing conditions. A titration consisting of 1, 5 and 10 μl of antibody per ChIP experiment was analyzed. IgG (1 μg/ IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers for the promoter of the constitutively expressed GAPDH gene and for myoglobin exon 2. Figure 1 shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis). These results are in accordance with the observation that trimethylation of K4 at histone H3 is associated with the promoters of active genes.</small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 2. Determination of the antibody titer </strong><br />To determine the titer, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode antibody directed against human H3K4me3 (Cat. No. C15310003) in antigen coated wells. The antigen used was a peptide containing the histone modification of interest. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution (Figure 2), the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1:19,000.</small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 4. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K4me3 </strong><br />Histone extracts of HeLa cells (15 μg) were analysed by Western blot using the Diagenode antibody against H3K4me3 (Cat. No. C15310003) diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
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'description' => '<p><span>Polyclonal antibody raised in rabbit against the region of <strong>histone H3</strong> containing the <strong>trimethylated lysine 4</strong> (<strong>H3K4me3</strong>), using a KLH-conjugated synthetic peptide.</span></p>',
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<p><small><strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K4me3 </strong><br />ChIP assays were performed using human U2OS cells, the Diagenode antibody against H3K4me3 (Cat. No. C15310003) and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the “OneDay ChIP” kit (Cat. No. C01010080), using sheared chromatin from 2 million cells and stringent washing conditions. A titration consisting of 1, 5 and 10 μl of antibody per ChIP experiment was analyzed. IgG (1 μg/ IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers for the promoter of the constitutively expressed GAPDH gene and for myoglobin exon 2. Figure 1 shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis). These results are in accordance with the observation that trimethylation of K4 at histone H3 is associated with the promoters of active genes.</small></p>
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<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15310003_elisa.png" alt="H3K4me3 Antibody ELISA Validation" /></p>
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<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 2. Determination of the antibody titer </strong><br />To determine the titer, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode antibody directed against human H3K4me3 (Cat. No. C15310003) in antigen coated wells. The antigen used was a peptide containing the histone modification of interest. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution (Figure 2), the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1:19,000.</small></p>
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<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15310003_dotblot.png" alt="H3K4me3 Antibody validated in Dot Blot " /></p>
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<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 3. Cross reactivity tests using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K4me3 </strong><br />A Dot Blot analysis was performed to test the cross reactivity of the Diagenode antibody against H3K4me3 (Cat. No. C15310003) with peptides containing other H3K4 methylations and the unmodified sequence. One hundred to 0.2 pmol of the respective peptides were spotted on a membrane. The antibody was used at a dilution of 1:20,000. Figure 3 shows a high specificity of the antibody for the modification of interest.</small></p>
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<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15310003_wb.png" alt="H3K4me3 Antibody validated in Western Blot " /></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 4. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K4me3 </strong><br />Histone extracts of HeLa cells (15 μg) were analysed by Western blot using the Diagenode antibody against H3K4me3 (Cat. No. C15310003) diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
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<p>Learn more about: <a href="https://www.diagenode.com/applications/western-blot">Loading control, MW marker visualization</a><em>. <br /></em></p>
<p><em></em>Check our selection of antibodies validated in Western blot.</p>',
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'description' => '<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">All Diagenode’s antibodies are listed below. Please, use our Quick search field to find the antibody of interest by target name, application, purity.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Diagenode’s highly validated antibodies:</span></p>
<ul>
<li>Highly sensitive and specific</li>
<li>Cost-effective (requires less antibody per reaction)</li>
<li>Batch-specific data is available on the website</li>
<li>Expert technical support</li>
<li>Sample sizes available</li>
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'description' => '<h1><strong>Validated epigenetics antibodies</strong> – care for a sample?<br /> </h1>
<p>Diagenode has partnered with leading epigenetics experts and numerous epigenetics consortiums to bring to you a validated and comprehensive collection of epigenetic antibodies. As an expert in epigenetics, we are committed to offering highly-specific antibodies validated for ChIP/ChIP-seq and many other applications. All batch-specific validation data is available on our website.<br /><a href="../categories/antibodies">Read about our expertise in antibody production</a>.</p>
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<li><strong>Focused</strong> - Diagenode's selection of antibodies is exclusively dedicated for epigenetic research. <a title="See the full collection." href="../categories/all-antibodies">See the full collection.</a></li>
<li><strong>Strict quality standards</strong> with rigorous QC and validation</li>
<li><strong>Classified</strong> based on level of validation for flexibility of application</li>
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<p>Existing sample sizes are listed below. We will soon expand our collection. Are you looking for a sample size of another antibody? Just <a href="mailto:agnieszka.zelisko@diagenode.com?Subject=Sample%20Size%20Request" target="_top">Contact us</a>.</p>',
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'description' => '<p>Histones are the main protein components of chromatin involved in the compaction of DNA into nucleosomes, the basic units of chromatin. A <strong>nucleosome</strong> consists of one pair of each of the core histones (<strong>H2A</strong>, <strong>H2B</strong>, <strong>H3</strong> and <strong>H4</strong>) forming an octameric structure wrapped by 146 base pairs of DNA. The different nucleosomes are linked by the linker histone<strong> H1, </strong>allowing for further condensation of chromatin.</p>
<p>The core histones have a globular structure with large unstructured N-terminal tails protruding from the nucleosome. They can undergo to multiple post-translational modifications (PTM), mainly at the N-terminal tails. These <strong>post-translational modifications </strong>include methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitinylation, citrullination, sumoylation, deamination and crotonylation. The most well characterized PTMs are <strong>methylation,</strong> <strong>acetylation and phosphorylation</strong>. Histone methylation occurs mainly on lysine (K) residues, which can be mono-, di- or tri-methylated, and on arginines (R), which can be mono-methylated and symmetrically or asymmetrically di-methylated. Histone acetylation occurs on lysines and histone phosphorylation mainly on serines (S), threonines (T) and tyrosines (Y).</p>
<p>The PTMs of the different residues are involved in numerous processes such as DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosome condensation. They influence the chromatin organization and can be positively or negatively associated with gene expression. Trimethylation of H3K4, H3K36 and H3K79, and lysine acetylation generally result in an open chromatin configuration (figure below) and are therefore associated with <strong>euchromatin</strong> and gene activation. Trimethylation of H3K9, K3K27 and H4K20, on the other hand, is enriched in <strong>heterochromatin </strong>and associated with gene silencing. The combination of different histone modifications is called the "<strong>histone code</strong>”, analogous to the genetic code.</p>
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/categories/antibodies/histone-marks-illustration.png" /></p>
<p>Diagenode is proud to offer a large range of antibodies against histones and histone modifications. Our antibodies are highly specific and have been validated in many applications, including <strong>ChIP</strong> and <strong>ChIP-seq</strong>.</p>
<p>Diagenode’s collection includes antibodies recognizing:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Histone H1 variants</strong></li>
<li><strong>Histone H2A, H2A variants and histone H2A</strong> <strong>modifications</strong> (serine phosphorylation, lysine acetylation, lysine ubiquitinylation)</li>
<li><strong>Histone H2B and H2B</strong> <strong>modifications </strong>(serine phosphorylation, lysine acetylation)</li>
<li><strong>Histone H3 and H3 modifications </strong>(lysine methylation (mono-, di- and tri-methylated), lysine acetylation, serine phosphorylation, threonine phosphorylation, arginine methylation (mono-methylated, symmetrically and asymmetrically di-methylated))</li>
<li><strong>Histone H4 and H4 modifications (</strong>lysine methylation (mono-, di- and tri-methylated), lysine acetylation, arginine methylation (mono-methylated and symmetrically di-methylated), serine phosphorylation )</li>
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<p><span style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>HDAC's HAT's, HMT's and other</strong> <strong>enzymes</strong> which modify histones can be found in the category <a href="../categories/chromatin-modifying-proteins-histone-transferase">Histone modifying enzymes</a><br /></span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Diagenode’s highly validated antibodies:</span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Highly sensitive and specific</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Cost-effective (requires less antibody per reaction)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Batch-specific data is available on the website</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Expert technical support</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Sample sizes available</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> 100% satisfaction guarantee</span></li>
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<div class="small-12 columns"><center></center>
<p><br />Chromatin immunoprecipitation (<b>ChIP</b>) is a technique to study the associations of proteins with the specific genomic regions in intact cells. One of the most important steps of this protocol is the immunoprecipitation of targeted protein using the antibody specifically recognizing it. The quality of antibodies used in ChIP is essential for the success of the experiment. Diagenode offers extensively validated ChIP-grade antibodies, confirmed for their specificity, and high level of performance in ChIP. Each batch is validated, and batch-specific data are available on the website.</p>
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<p><strong>ChIP results</strong> obtained with the antibody directed against H3K4me3 (Cat. No. <a href="../p/h3k4me3-polyclonal-antibody-premium-50-ug-50-ul">C15410003</a>). </p>
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<p>Our aim at Diagenode is to offer the largest collection of highly specific <strong>ChIP-grade antibodies</strong>. We add new antibodies monthly. Find your ChIP-grade antibody in the list below and check more information about tested applications, extensive validation data, and product information.</p>',
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'description' => '<p>The ribosomal protein uL11 is located at the basis of the ribosome P-stalk and plays a paramount role in translational efficiency. In addition, no mutant for uL11 is available suggesting that this gene is haplo-insufficient as many other Ribosomal Protein Genes (RPGs). We have previously shown that overexpression of Drosophila melanogaster uL11 enhances the transcription of many RPGs and Ribosomal Biogenesis genes (RiBis) suggesting that uL11 might globally regulate the level of translation through its transcriptional activity. Moreover, uL11 trimethylated on lysine 3 (uL11K3me3) interacts with the chromodomain of the Enhancer of Polycomb and Trithorax Corto, and both proteins co-localize with RNA Polymerase II at many sites on polytene chromosomes. These data have led to the hypothesis that the N-terminal end of uL11, and more particularly the trimethylation of lysine 3, supports the extra-ribosomal activity of uL11 in transcription. To address this question, we mutated the lysine 3 codon using a CRISPR/Cas9 strategy and obtained several lysine 3 mutants. We describe here the first mutants of D. melanogaster uL11. Unexpectedly, the uL11K3A mutant, in which the lysine 3 codon is replaced by an alanine, displays a genuine Minute phenotype known to be characteristic of RPG deletions (longer development, low fertility, high lethality, thin and short bristles) whereas the uL11K3Y mutant, in which the lysine 3 codon is replaced by a tyrosine, is unaffected. In agreement, the rate of translation decreases in uL11K3A but not in uL11K3Y. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments show that the interaction between uL11 and the Corto chromodomain is impaired by both mutations. However, Histone Association Assays indicate that the mutant proteins still bind chromatin. RNA-seq analyses from wing imaginal discs show that Corto represses RPG expression whereas very few genes are deregulated in uL11 mutants. We propose that Corto, by repressing RPG expression, ensures that all ribosomal proteins are present at the correct stoichiometry, and that uL11 fine-tunes its transcriptional regulation of RPGs.</p>',
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'name' => 'Epigenomic profiling of primate lymphoblastoid cell lines reveals theevolutionary patterns of epigenetic activities in gene regulatoryarchitectures',
'authors' => 'García-Pérez R. et al. ',
'description' => '<p>Changes in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression have a central role in evolution. Here, we extensively profiled a panel of human, chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan, and macaque lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs), using ChIP-seq for five histone marks, ATAC-seq and RNA-seq, further complemented with whole genome sequencing (WGS) and whole genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS). We annotated regulatory elements (RE) and integrated chromatin contact maps to define gene regulatory architectures, creating the largest catalog of RE in primates to date. We report that epigenetic conservation and its correlation with sequence conservation in primates depends on the activity state of the regulatory element. Our gene regulatory architectures reveal the coordination of different types of components and highlight the role of promoters and intragenic enhancers (gE) in the regulation of gene expression. We observe that most regulatory changes occur in weakly active gE. Remarkably, novel human-specific gE with weak activities are enriched in human-specific nucleotide changes. These elements appear in genes with signals of positive selection and human acceleration, tissue-specific expression, and particular functional enrichments, suggesting that the regulatory evolution of these genes may have contributed to human adaptation.</p>',
'date' => '2021-05-01',
'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34035253',
'doi' => '10.1038/s41467-021-23397-1',
'modified' => '2022-08-02 16:58:56',
'created' => '2022-05-19 10:41:50',
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(int) 2 => array(
'id' => '3795',
'name' => 'Physical and functional interaction between SET1/COMPASS complex component CFP-1 and a Sin3S HDAC complex in C. elegans.',
'authors' => 'Beurton F, Stempor P, Caron M, Appert A, Dong Y, Chen RA, Cluet D, Couté Y, Herbette M, Huang N, Polveche H, Spichty M, Bedet C, Ahringer J, Palladino F',
'description' => '<p>The CFP1 CXXC zinc finger protein targets the SET1/COMPASS complex to non-methylated CpG rich promoters to implement tri-methylation of histone H3 Lys4 (H3K4me3). Although H3K4me3 is widely associated with gene expression, the effects of CFP1 loss vary, suggesting additional chromatin factors contribute to context dependent effects. Using a proteomics approach, we identified CFP1 associated proteins and an unexpected direct link between Caenorhabditis elegans CFP-1 and an Rpd3/Sin3 small (SIN3S) histone deacetylase complex. Supporting a functional connection, we find that mutants of COMPASS and SIN3 complex components genetically interact and have similar phenotypic defects including misregulation of common genes. CFP-1 directly binds SIN-3 through a region including the conserved PAH1 domain and recruits SIN-3 and the HDA-1/HDAC subunit to H3K4me3 enriched promoters. Our results reveal a novel role for CFP-1 in mediating interaction between SET1/COMPASS and a Sin3S HDAC complex at promoters.</p>',
'date' => '2019-10-11',
'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/31602465',
'doi' => '10.1093/nar/gkz880',
'modified' => '2019-12-05 11:37:25',
'created' => '2019-12-02 15:25:44',
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(int) 3 => array(
'id' => '3668',
'name' => 'The FZD7-TWIST1 axis is responsible for anoikis resistance and tumorigenesis in ovarian carcinoma.',
'authors' => 'Tan M, Asad M, Heong V, Wong MK, Tan TZ, Ye J, Kuay KT, Thiery JP, Scott C, Huang RY',
'description' => '<p>Frizzled family receptor 7 (FZD7), a Wnt signaling receptor, is associated with the maintenance of stem cell properties and cancer progression. FZD7 has emerged as a potential therapeutic target because it is capable of transducing both canonical and noncanonical Wnt signals. In this study, we investigated the regulatory pathway downstream of FZD7 and its functional roles. We found that FZD7 expression was crucial to the maintenance of the mesenchymal phenotype, anoikis resistance, and spheroid and tumor formation in ovarian cancer (OC). We identified TWIST1 as the crucial downstream effector of the FZD7 pathway. TWIST1, a basic helix loop helix transcription factor, is known to associate with mesenchymal and cancer stem cell phenotypes. Manipulating TWIST1 expression mimicked the functional consequences observed in the FZD7 model, and overexpression of TWIST1 partially rescued the functional phenotypes abolished by FZD7 knockdown. We further proved that FZD7 regulated TWIST1 expression through epigenetic modifications of H3K4me3 and H3K27ac at the TWIST1 proximal promoter. We also identified that the FZD7-TWIST1 axis regulates the expression of BCL2, a gene that controls apoptosis. Identification of this FZD7-TWIST1-BCL2 pathway reaffirms the mechanism of anoikis resistance in OC. We subsequently showed that the FZD7-TWIST1 axis can be targeted by using a small molecule inhibitor of porcupine, an enzyme essential for secretion and functional activation of Wnts. In conclusion, our results identified that the FZD7-TWIST1 axis is important for tumorigenesis and anoikis resistance, and therapeutic inhibition results in cell death in OCs.</p>',
'date' => '2019-04-01',
'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/30548372',
'doi' => '10.1002/1878-0261.12425',
'modified' => '2019-07-01 11:34:19',
'created' => '2019-06-21 14:55:31',
'ProductsPublication' => array(
[maximum depth reached]
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(int) 4 => array(
'id' => '3549',
'name' => 'Inhibiting Inflammation with Myeloid Cell-Specific Nanobiologics Promotes Organ Transplant Acceptance.',
'authors' => 'Braza MS, van Leent MMT, Lameijer M, Sanchez-Gaytan BL, Arts RJW, Pérez-Medina C, Conde P, Garcia MR, Gonzalez-Perez M, Brahmachary M, Fay F, Kluza E, Kossatz S, Dress RJ, Salem F, Rialdi A, Reiner T, Boros P, Strijkers GJ, Calcagno CC, Ginhoux F, Marazzi',
'description' => '<p>Inducing graft acceptance without chronic immunosuppression remains an elusive goal in organ transplantation. Using an experimental transplantation mouse model, we demonstrate that local macrophage activation through dectin-1 and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) drives trained immunity-associated cytokine production during allograft rejection. We conducted nanoimmunotherapeutic studies and found that a short-term mTOR-specific high-density lipoprotein (HDL) nanobiologic treatment (mTORi-HDL) averted macrophage aerobic glycolysis and the epigenetic modifications underlying inflammatory cytokine production. The resulting regulatory macrophages prevented alloreactive CD8 T cell-mediated immunity and promoted tolerogenic CD4 regulatory T (Treg) cell expansion. To enhance therapeutic efficacy, we complemented the mTORi-HDL treatment with a CD40-TRAF6-specific nanobiologic (TRAF6i-HDL) that inhibits co-stimulation. This synergistic nanoimmunotherapy resulted in indefinite allograft survival. Together, we show that HDL-based nanoimmunotherapy can be employed to control macrophage function in vivo. Our strategy, focused on preventing inflammatory innate immune responses, provides a framework for developing targeted therapies that promote immunological tolerance.</p>',
'date' => '2018-11-20',
'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/30413362',
'doi' => '10.1016/j.immuni.2018.09.008',
'modified' => '2019-02-27 15:36:33',
'created' => '2019-02-27 12:54:44',
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(int) 5 => array(
'id' => '3160',
'name' => 'c-Myc Antagonises the Transcriptional Activity of the Androgen Receptor in Prostate Cancer Affecting Key Gene Networks',
'authors' => 'Stefan J. Barfeld, Alfonso Urbanucci, Harri M. Itkonen, Ladan Fazli , Jessica L. Hicks , Bernd Thiede , Paul S. Rennie , Srinivasan Yegnasubramanian, Angelo M. DeMarzo , Ian G. Mills',
'description' => '<p><span>Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common non-cutaneous cancer in men. The androgen receptor (AR), a ligand-activated transcription factor, constitutes the main drug target for advanced cases of the disease. However, a variety of other transcription factors and signaling networks have been shown to be altered in patients and to influence AR activity. Amongst these, the oncogenic transcription factor c-Myc has been studied extensively in multiple malignancies and elevated protein levels of c-Myc are commonly observed in PCa. Its impact on AR activity, however, remains elusive. In this study, we assessed the impact of c-Myc overexpression on AR activity and transcriptional output in a PCa cell line model and validated the antagonistic effect of c-MYC on AR-targets in patient samples. We found that c-Myc overexpression partially reprogrammed AR chromatin occupancy and was associated with altered histone marks distribution, most notably H3K4me1 and H3K27me3. We found c-Myc and the AR co-occupy a substantial number of binding sites and these exhibited enhancer-like characteristics. Interestingly, c-Myc overexpression antagonised clinically relevant AR target genes. Therefore, as an example, we validated the antagonistic relationship between c-Myc and two AR target genes, KLK3 (alias PSA, prostate specific antigen), and Glycine N-Methyltransferase (GNMT), in patient samples. Our findings provide unbiased evidence that MYC overexpression deregulates the AR transcriptional program, which is thought to be a driving force in PCa.</span></p>',
'date' => '2017-04-05',
'pmid' => 'http://www.ebiomedicine.com/article/S2352-3964(17)30149-4/abstract',
'doi' => 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.04.006',
'modified' => '2017-04-25 08:25:05',
'created' => '2017-04-25 08:24:27',
'ProductsPublication' => array(
[maximum depth reached]
)
),
(int) 6 => array(
'id' => '2826',
'name' => 'GRHL2-miR-200-ZEB1 maintains the epithelial status of ovarian cancer through transcriptional regulation and histone modification',
'authors' => 'Chung VY, Tan TZ, Tan M, Wong MK, Kuay KT, Yang Z, Ye J, Muller J, Koh CM, Guccione E, Thiery JP, Huang RY',
'description' => '<p>Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a biological process by which polarized epithelial cells convert into a mesenchymal phenotype, has been implicated to contribute to the molecular heterogeneity of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Here we report that a transcription factor-Grainyhead-like 2 (GRHL2) maintains the epithelial phenotype. EOC tumours with lower GRHL2 levels are associated with the Mes/Mesenchymal molecular subtype and a poorer overall survival. shRNA-mediated knockdown of GRHL2 in EOC cells with an epithelial phenotype results in EMT changes, with increased cell migration, invasion and motility. By ChIP-sequencing and gene expression microarray, microRNA-200b/a is identified as the direct transcriptional target of GRHL2 and regulates the epithelial status of EOC through ZEB1 and E-cadherin. Our study demonstrates that loss of GRHL2 increases the levels of histone mark H3K27me3 on promoters and GRHL2-binding sites at miR-200b/a and E-cadherin genes. These findings support GRHL2 as a pivotal gatekeeper of EMT in EOC via miR-200-ZEB1.</p>',
'date' => '2016-02-18',
'pmid' => 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26887977',
'doi' => '10.1038/srep19943',
'modified' => '2016-02-23 11:20:20',
'created' => '2016-02-23 11:20:20',
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[maximum depth reached]
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(int) 7 => array(
'id' => '2864',
'name' => 'The complex pattern of epigenomic variation between natural yeast strains at single-nucleosome resolution.',
'authors' => 'Filleton F, Chuffart F, Nagarajan M, Bottin-Duplus H, Yvert G',
'description' => '<div class="">
<h4>BACKGROUND:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="BACKGROUND" nlmcategory="BACKGROUND">Epigenomic studies on humans and model species have revealed substantial inter-individual variation in histone modification profiles. However, the pattern of this variation has not been precisely characterized, particularly regarding which genomic features are enriched for variability and whether distinct histone marks co-vary synergistically. Yeast allows us to investigate intra-species variation at high resolution while avoiding other sources of variation, such as cell type or subtype.</abstracttext></p>
<h4>RESULTS:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="RESULTS" nlmcategory="RESULTS">We profiled histone marks H3K4me3, H3K9ac, H3K14ac, H4K12ac and H3K4me1 in three unrelated wild strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae at single-nucleosome resolution and analyzed inter-strain differences statistically. All five marks varied significantly at specific loci, but to different extents. The number of nucleosomes varying for a given mark between two strains ranged from 20 to several thousands; +1 nucleosomes were significantly less subject to variation. Genes with highly evolvable or responsive expression showed higher variability; however, the variation pattern could not be explained by known transcriptional differences between the strains. Synergistic variation of distinct marks was not systematic, with surprising differences between functionally related H3K9ac and H3K14ac. Interestingly, H3K14ac differences that persisted through transient hyperacetylation were supported by H3K4me3 differences, suggesting stabilization via cross talk.</abstracttext></p>
<h4>CONCLUSIONS:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="CONCLUSIONS" nlmcategory="CONCLUSIONS">Quantitative variation of histone marks among S. cerevisiae strains is abundant and complex. Its relation to functional characteristics is modular and seems modest, with partial association with gene expression divergences, differences between functionally related marks and partial co-variation between marks that may confer stability. Thus, the specific context of studies, such as which precise marks, individuals and genomic loci are investigated, is primordial in population epigenomics studies. The complexity found in this pilot survey in yeast suggests that high complexity can be anticipated among higher eukaryotes, including humans.</abstracttext></p>
</div>',
'date' => '2015-07-07',
'pmid' => 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26229551',
'doi' => ' 10.1186/s13072-015-0019-3',
'modified' => '2016-03-21 11:51:25',
'created' => '2016-03-21 11:51:25',
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'id' => '251',
'name' => 'Caenorhabditis elegans chromatin-associated proteins SET-2 and ASH-2 are differentially required for histone H3 Lys 4 methylation in embryos and adult germ cells.',
'authors' => 'Xiao Y, Bedet C, Robert VJ, Simonet T, Dunkelbarger S, Rakotomalala C, Soete G, Korswagen HC, Strome S, Palladino F',
'description' => 'Methylation of histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me), a mark associated with gene activation, is mediated by SET1 and the related mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) histone methyltransferases (HMTs) across species. Mammals contain seven H3K4 HMTs, Set1A, Set1B, and MLL1-MLL5. The activity of SET1 and MLL proteins relies on protein-protein interactions within large multisubunit complexes that include three core components: RbBP5, Ash2L, and WDR5. It remains unclear how the composition and specificity of these complexes varies between cell types and during development. Caenorhabditis elegans contains one SET1 protein, SET-2, one MLL-like protein, SET-16, and single homologs of RbBP5, Ash2L, and WDR5. Here we show that SET-2 is responsible for the majority of bulk H3K4 methylation at all developmental stages. However, SET-2 and absent, small, or homeotic discs 2 (ASH-2) are differentially required for tri- and dimethylation of H3K4 (H3K4me3 and -me2) in embryos and adult germ cells. In embryos, whereas efficient H3K4me3 requires both SET-2 and ASH-2, H3K4me2 relies mostly on ASH-2. In adult germ cells by contrast, SET-2 serves a major role whereas ASH-2 is dispensable for H3K4me3 and most H3K4me2. Loss of SET-2 results in progressive sterility over several generations, suggesting an important function in the maintenance of a functional germ line. This study demonstrates that individual subunits of SET1-related complexes can show tissue specificity and developmental regulation and establishes C. elegans as a model to study SET1-related complexes in a multicellular organism.',
'date' => '2011-05-17',
'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21527717',
'doi' => '',
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'description' => '<p><span>Polyclonal antibody raised in rabbit against the region of <strong>histone H3</strong> containing the <strong>trimethylated lysine 4</strong> (<strong>H3K4me3</strong>), using a KLH-conjugated synthetic peptide.</span></p>',
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<div class="small-4 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15310003_chip.png" alt="H3K4me3 Antibody ChIP Grade" /></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K4me3 </strong><br />ChIP assays were performed using human U2OS cells, the Diagenode antibody against H3K4me3 (Cat. No. C15310003) and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the “OneDay ChIP” kit (Cat. No. C01010080), using sheared chromatin from 2 million cells and stringent washing conditions. A titration consisting of 1, 5 and 10 μl of antibody per ChIP experiment was analyzed. IgG (1 μg/ IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers for the promoter of the constitutively expressed GAPDH gene and for myoglobin exon 2. Figure 1 shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis). These results are in accordance with the observation that trimethylation of K4 at histone H3 is associated with the promoters of active genes.</small></p>
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<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15310003_elisa.png" alt="H3K4me3 Antibody ELISA Validation" /></p>
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<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 2. Determination of the antibody titer </strong><br />To determine the titer, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode antibody directed against human H3K4me3 (Cat. No. C15310003) in antigen coated wells. The antigen used was a peptide containing the histone modification of interest. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution (Figure 2), the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1:19,000.</small></p>
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<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15310003_dotblot.png" alt="H3K4me3 Antibody validated in Dot Blot " /></p>
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<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 3. Cross reactivity tests using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K4me3 </strong><br />A Dot Blot analysis was performed to test the cross reactivity of the Diagenode antibody against H3K4me3 (Cat. No. C15310003) with peptides containing other H3K4 methylations and the unmodified sequence. One hundred to 0.2 pmol of the respective peptides were spotted on a membrane. The antibody was used at a dilution of 1:20,000. Figure 3 shows a high specificity of the antibody for the modification of interest.</small></p>
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<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15310003_wb.png" alt="H3K4me3 Antibody validated in Western Blot " /></p>
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<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 4. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K4me3 </strong><br />Histone extracts of HeLa cells (15 μg) were analysed by Western blot using the Diagenode antibody against H3K4me3 (Cat. No. C15310003) diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
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'name' => 'H3K4me3 Antibody',
'description' => '<p><span>Polyclonal antibody raised in rabbit against the region of <strong>histone H3</strong> containing the <strong>trimethylated lysine 4</strong> (<strong>H3K4me3</strong>), using a KLH-conjugated synthetic peptide.</span></p>',
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<div class="small-4 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15310003_chip.png" alt="H3K4me3 Antibody ChIP Grade" /></p>
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<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K4me3 </strong><br />ChIP assays were performed using human U2OS cells, the Diagenode antibody against H3K4me3 (Cat. No. C15310003) and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the “OneDay ChIP” kit (Cat. No. C01010080), using sheared chromatin from 2 million cells and stringent washing conditions. A titration consisting of 1, 5 and 10 μl of antibody per ChIP experiment was analyzed. IgG (1 μg/ IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers for the promoter of the constitutively expressed GAPDH gene and for myoglobin exon 2. Figure 1 shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis). These results are in accordance with the observation that trimethylation of K4 at histone H3 is associated with the promoters of active genes.</small></p>
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</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-4 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15310003_elisa.png" alt="H3K4me3 Antibody ELISA Validation" /></p>
</div>
<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 2. Determination of the antibody titer </strong><br />To determine the titer, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode antibody directed against human H3K4me3 (Cat. No. C15310003) in antigen coated wells. The antigen used was a peptide containing the histone modification of interest. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution (Figure 2), the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1:19,000.</small></p>
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<div class="row">
<div class="small-4 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15310003_dotblot.png" alt="H3K4me3 Antibody validated in Dot Blot " /></p>
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<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 3. Cross reactivity tests using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K4me3 </strong><br />A Dot Blot analysis was performed to test the cross reactivity of the Diagenode antibody against H3K4me3 (Cat. No. C15310003) with peptides containing other H3K4 methylations and the unmodified sequence. One hundred to 0.2 pmol of the respective peptides were spotted on a membrane. The antibody was used at a dilution of 1:20,000. Figure 3 shows a high specificity of the antibody for the modification of interest.</small></p>
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<div class="row">
<div class="small-4 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15310003_wb.png" alt="H3K4me3 Antibody validated in Western Blot " /></p>
</div>
<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 4. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K4me3 </strong><br />Histone extracts of HeLa cells (15 μg) were analysed by Western blot using the Diagenode antibody against H3K4me3 (Cat. No. C15310003) diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
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'info2' => '<p>Histones are the main constituents of the protein part of chromosomes of eukaryotic cells. They are rich in the amino acids arginine and lysine and have been greatly conserved during evolution. Histones pack the DNA into tight masses of chromatin. Two core histones of each class H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assemble and are wrapped by 146 base pairs of DNA to form one octameric nucleosome. Histone tails undergo numerous post-translational modifications, which either directly or indirectly alter chromatin structure to facilitate transcriptional activation or repression or other nuclear processes. In addition to the genetic code, combinations of the different histone modifications reveal the so-called “histone code”. Histone methylation and demethylation is dynamically regulated by respectively histone methyl transferases and histone demethylases. Methylation of histone H3K4 is associated with activation of gene transcription.</p>',
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'meta_description' => 'H3K4me3 (Histone H3 trimethylated at lysine 4) Polyclonal Antibody validated in ChIP-qPCR, ELISA, WB and DB. Batch-specific data available on the website. Sample size available.',
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'slug' => 'chip-qpcr-antibodies',
'meta_keywords' => 'Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing,ChIP-Seq,ChIP-seq grade antibodies,DNA purification,qPCR,Shearing of chromatin',
'meta_description' => 'Diagenode offers a wide range of antibodies and technical support for ChIP-qPCR applications',
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'name' => 'Datasheet H3K4me3 C15310003',
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'name' => 'Caenorhabditis elegans chromatin-associated proteins SET-2 and ASH-2 are differentially required for histone H3 Lys 4 methylation in embryos and adult germ cells.',
'authors' => 'Xiao Y, Bedet C, Robert VJ, Simonet T, Dunkelbarger S, Rakotomalala C, Soete G, Korswagen HC, Strome S, Palladino F',
'description' => 'Methylation of histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me), a mark associated with gene activation, is mediated by SET1 and the related mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) histone methyltransferases (HMTs) across species. Mammals contain seven H3K4 HMTs, Set1A, Set1B, and MLL1-MLL5. The activity of SET1 and MLL proteins relies on protein-protein interactions within large multisubunit complexes that include three core components: RbBP5, Ash2L, and WDR5. It remains unclear how the composition and specificity of these complexes varies between cell types and during development. Caenorhabditis elegans contains one SET1 protein, SET-2, one MLL-like protein, SET-16, and single homologs of RbBP5, Ash2L, and WDR5. Here we show that SET-2 is responsible for the majority of bulk H3K4 methylation at all developmental stages. However, SET-2 and absent, small, or homeotic discs 2 (ASH-2) are differentially required for tri- and dimethylation of H3K4 (H3K4me3 and -me2) in embryos and adult germ cells. In embryos, whereas efficient H3K4me3 requires both SET-2 and ASH-2, H3K4me2 relies mostly on ASH-2. In adult germ cells by contrast, SET-2 serves a major role whereas ASH-2 is dispensable for H3K4me3 and most H3K4me2. Loss of SET-2 results in progressive sterility over several generations, suggesting an important function in the maintenance of a functional germ line. This study demonstrates that individual subunits of SET1-related complexes can show tissue specificity and developmental regulation and establishes C. elegans as a model to study SET1-related complexes in a multicellular organism.',
'date' => '2011-05-17',
'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21527717',
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