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<td>ChIP/ChIP-seq <sup>*</sup></td>
<td>1-2 µg/ChIP</td>
<td>Fig 1, 2</td>
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<td>1:3,000</td>
<td>Fig 3</td>
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<td>Fig 4, 5</td>
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<td>Fig 6</td>
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<p><small><sup>*</sup> Please note that the optimal antibody amount per IP should be determined by the end-user. We recommend testing 1-5 µg per IP.</small></p>',
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'name' => 'Pol II S2p Antibody - ChIP-seq Grade (sample size)',
'description' => '<p><span>Alternative names: <strong>POLR2A</strong>, <strong>RPB1</strong>, <strong>POLR2</strong>, <strong>RPOL2</strong></span></p>
<p><span>Monoclonal antibody raised in mouse against the YSPTSPS repeat in the B1 subunit of RNA polymerase II, phosphorylated at Ser2 of the repeat sequence.</span></p>',
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<div class="small-4 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIP.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody ChIP Grade" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />ChIP assays were performed using human HeLa cells, the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the “iDeal ChIP-seq” kit (Cat. No. C01010051), using sheared chromatin from 1 million cells. A titration consisting of 1, 2, 5 and 10 µg of antibody per ChIP experiment was analyzed. IgG (2 µg/IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers specific for the coding region of the constitutively expressed GAPDH and ACTB genes, used as positive controls, and for exon 2 of the inactive myoglobin (MB) gene and the Sat2 satellite repeat, used as negative controls. Figure 1 shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis).</small></p>
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<div class="small-12 columns">A. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIPSeq-A.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody ChIP-seq Grade" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /><br />B. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIPSeq-B.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody for ChIP-seq" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /><br /> C.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIPSeq-C.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody for ChIP-seq assay" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /><br /> D. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIPSeq-D.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody validated in ChIP-seq" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
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<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 2. ChIP-seq results obtained with the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />ChIP was performed on sheared chromatin from 1 million HeLaS3 cells using 1 µg of the Diagenode antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) as described above. The IP’d DNA was subsequently analysed on an Illumina Genome Analyzer. Library preparation, cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The 36 bp tags were aligned to the human genome using the ELAND algorithm. Figure 2 shows the peak distribution along the complete sequence and a 150 kb region of the X-chromosome (figure 2A and B, respectively), and in a two genomic regions surrounding the GAPDH and ACTB positive control genes (figure 2C and D).</small></p>
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<div class="spacer"></div>
<div class="spacer"></div>
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<div class="small-4 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C1520005_ELISA.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody ELISA validation" style="display: block; border: 1px solid gray; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 3. Cross reactivity of the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol IIS2p </strong><br />To test the specificity an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against Pol IIS2p (cat. No. C15200005). The wells were coated with peptides containing the unmodified C-terminal repeat sequence as well as different phosphorylated peptides. Figure 3 shows the specificity of the antibody for the S2 phosphorylation.</small></p>
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<div class="small-3 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_WB.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody validated in Western Blot" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
<div class="small-9 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 4. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />Nuclear extracts (25 µg) from HeLa cells were analysed by Western blot using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
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<div class="small-3 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_WB_2.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody validated in Western Blot" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
<div class="small-9 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 5. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />Whole cell extracts (40 µg) from HeLa cells transfected with Pol II siRNA (lane 2) and from an untransfected control (lane 1) were analysed by Western blot using the Diagenode antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) diluted 1:1,000 in TBSTween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
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<div class="small-4 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_IF.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody validated in Immunofluorescence" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 6. Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with methanol and blocked with PBS/TX-100 containing 5% normal goat serum and 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labelled with the Pol II S2p antibody (left) diluted 1:500 in blocking solution followed by an anti-mouse antibody conjugated to Alexa594. The middle panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of the two stainings is shown on the right.</small></p>
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<tr>
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<th>Suggested dilution</th>
<th>References</th>
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<td>ChIP/ChIP-seq <sup>*</sup></td>
<td>1-2 µg/ChIP</td>
<td>Fig 1, 2</td>
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<tr>
<td>ELISA</td>
<td>1:3,000</td>
<td>Fig 3</td>
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<tr>
<td>Western Blotting</td>
<td>1:1,000</td>
<td>Fig 4, 5</td>
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<td>Immunofluorescence</td>
<td>1:500</td>
<td>Fig 6</td>
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<p><small><sup>*</sup> Please note that the optimal antibody amount per IP should be determined by the end-user. We recommend testing 1-5 µg per IP.</small></p>',
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'name' => 'Pol II S2p Antibody',
'description' => '<p><span>Alternative names: <strong>POLR2A</strong>, <strong>RPB1</strong>, <strong>POLR2</strong>, <strong>RPOL2</strong></span></p>
<p><span>Monoclonal antibody raised in mouse against the YSPTSPS repeat in the B1 subunit of RNA polymerase II, phosphorylated at Ser2 of the repeat sequence.</span></p>',
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<div class="small-4 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIP.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody ChIP Grade" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />ChIP assays were performed using human HeLa cells, the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the “iDeal ChIP-seq” kit (Cat. No. C01010051), using sheared chromatin from 1 million cells. A titration consisting of 1, 2, 5 and 10 µg of antibody per ChIP experiment was analyzed. IgG (2 µg/IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers specific for the coding region of the constitutively expressed GAPDH and ACTB genes, used as positive controls, and for exon 2 of the inactive myoglobin (MB) gene and the Sat2 satellite repeat, used as negative controls. Figure 1 shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis).</small></p>
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<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">A. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIPSeq-A.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody ChIP-seq Grade" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /><br />B. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIPSeq-B.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody for ChIP-seq" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /><br /> C.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIPSeq-C.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody for ChIP-seq assay" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /><br /> D. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIPSeq-D.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody validated in ChIP-seq" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 2. ChIP-seq results obtained with the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />ChIP was performed on sheared chromatin from 1 million HeLaS3 cells using 1 µg of the Diagenode antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) as described above. The IP’d DNA was subsequently analysed on an Illumina Genome Analyzer. Library preparation, cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The 36 bp tags were aligned to the human genome using the ELAND algorithm. Figure 2 shows the peak distribution along the complete sequence and a 150 kb region of the X-chromosome (figure 2A and B, respectively), and in a two genomic regions surrounding the GAPDH and ACTB positive control genes (figure 2C and D).</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<p></p>
<div class="spacer"></div>
<div class="spacer"></div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-4 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C1520005_ELISA.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody ELISA validation" style="display: block; border: 1px solid gray; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 3. Cross reactivity of the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol IIS2p </strong><br />To test the specificity an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against Pol IIS2p (cat. No. C15200005). The wells were coated with peptides containing the unmodified C-terminal repeat sequence as well as different phosphorylated peptides. Figure 3 shows the specificity of the antibody for the S2 phosphorylation.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<p></p>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-3 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_WB.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody validated in Western Blot" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
<div class="small-9 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 4. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />Nuclear extracts (25 µg) from HeLa cells were analysed by Western blot using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-3 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_WB_2.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody validated in Western Blot" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
<div class="small-9 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 5. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />Whole cell extracts (40 µg) from HeLa cells transfected with Pol II siRNA (lane 2) and from an untransfected control (lane 1) were analysed by Western blot using the Diagenode antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) diluted 1:1,000 in TBSTween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
</div>
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<p></p>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-4 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_IF.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody validated in Immunofluorescence" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 6. Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with methanol and blocked with PBS/TX-100 containing 5% normal goat serum and 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labelled with the Pol II S2p antibody (left) diluted 1:500 in blocking solution followed by an anti-mouse antibody conjugated to Alexa594. The middle panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of the two stainings is shown on the right.</small></p>
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<p>Learn more about: <a href="https://www.diagenode.com/applications/western-blot">Loading control, MW marker visualization</a><em>. <br /></em></p>
<p><em></em>Check our selection of antibodies validated in Western blot.</p>',
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<p>Diagenode offers huge selection of highly sensitive antibodies validated in IF.</p>
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200229-IF.jpg" alt="" height="245" width="256" /></p>
<p><sup><strong>Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against CRISPR/Cas9</strong></sup></p>
<p><sup>HeLa cells transfected with a Cas9 expression vector (left) or untransfected cells (right) were fixed in methanol at -20°C, permeabilized with acetone at -20°C and blocked with PBS containing 2% BSA. The cells were stained with the Cas9 C-terminal antibody (Cat. No. C15200229) diluted 1:400, followed by incubation with an anti-mouse secondary antibody coupled to AF488. The bottom images show counter-staining of the nuclei with Hoechst 33342.</sup></p>
<h5><sup>Check our selection of antibodies validated in IF.</sup></h5>',
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<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Diagenode provides leading solutions for epigenetic research. Because ChIP-seq is a widely-used technique, we validate our antibodies in ChIP and ChIP-seq experiments (in addition to conventional methods like Western blot, Dot blot, ELISA, and immunofluorescence) to provide the highest quality antibody. We standardize our validation and production to guarantee high product quality without technical bias. Diagenode guarantees ChIP-seq grade antibody performance under our suggested conditions.</span></p>
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<p><strong>ChIP-seq profile</strong> of active (H3K4me3 and H3K36me3) and inactive (H3K27me3) marks using Diagenode antibodies.</p>
<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/categories/antibodies/chip-seq-grade-antibodies.png" /></div>
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<p><small> ChIP was performed on sheared chromatin from 100,000 K562 cells using iDeal ChIP-seq kit for Histones (cat. No. C01010051) with 1 µg of the Diagenode antibodies against H3K27me3 (cat. No. C15410195) and H3K4me3 (cat. No. C15410003), and 0.5 µg of the antibody against H3K36me3 (cat. No. C15410192). The IP'd DNA was subsequently analysed on an Illumina Genome Analyzer. Library preparation, cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. The 36 bp tags were aligned to the human genome using the ELAND algorithm. The figure shows the signal distribution along the complete sequence of human chromosome 3, a zoomin to a 10 Mb region and a further zoomin to a 1.5 Mb region. </small></p>
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<p>Diagenode’s highly validated antibodies:</p>
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<li>Highly sensitive and specific</li>
<li>Cost-effective (requires less antibody per reaction)</li>
<li>Batch-specific data is available on the website</li>
<li>Expert technical support</li>
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<p>Diagenode has partnered with leading epigenetics experts and numerous epigenetics consortiums to bring to you a validated and comprehensive collection of epigenetic antibodies. As an expert in epigenetics, we are committed to offering highly-specific antibodies validated for ChIP/ChIP-seq and many other applications. All batch-specific validation data is available on our website.<br /><a href="../categories/antibodies">Read about our expertise in antibody production</a>.</p>
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<li><strong>Focused</strong> - Diagenode's selection of antibodies is exclusively dedicated for epigenetic research. <a title="See the full collection." href="../categories/all-antibodies">See the full collection.</a></li>
<li><strong>Strict quality standards</strong> with rigorous QC and validation</li>
<li><strong>Classified</strong> based on level of validation for flexibility of application</li>
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<p>Existing sample sizes are listed below. We will soon expand our collection. Are you looking for a sample size of another antibody? Just <a href="mailto:agnieszka.zelisko@diagenode.com?Subject=Sample%20Size%20Request" target="_top">Contact us</a>.</p>',
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<p><br />Chromatin immunoprecipitation (<b>ChIP</b>) is a technique to study the associations of proteins with the specific genomic regions in intact cells. One of the most important steps of this protocol is the immunoprecipitation of targeted protein using the antibody specifically recognizing it. The quality of antibodies used in ChIP is essential for the success of the experiment. Diagenode offers extensively validated ChIP-grade antibodies, confirmed for their specificity, and high level of performance in ChIP. Each batch is validated, and batch-specific data are available on the website.</p>
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<p><strong>ChIP results</strong> obtained with the antibody directed against H3K4me3 (Cat. No. <a href="../p/h3k4me3-polyclonal-antibody-premium-50-ug-50-ul">C15410003</a>). </p>
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<div class="small-12 medium-6 large-6 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410003-fig1-ChIP.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="315" /> </div>
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<p>Our aim at Diagenode is to offer the largest collection of highly specific <strong>ChIP-grade antibodies</strong>. We add new antibodies monthly. Find your ChIP-grade antibody in the list below and check more information about tested applications, extensive validation data, and product information.</p>',
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'description' => '<p>During meiosis, gene expression is silenced in aberrantly unsynapsed chromatin and in heterogametic sex chromosomes. Initiation of sex chromosome silencing is disrupted in meiocytes with sex chromosome-autosome translocations. To determine whether this is due to aberrant synapsis or loss of continuity of sex chromosomes, we engineered Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes with non-translocated, bisected X chromosomes. In early meiocytes of mutant males and hermaphrodites, X segments are enriched with euchromatin assembly markers and active RNA polymerase II staining, indicating active transcription. Analysis of RNA-seq data showed that genes from the X chromosome are upregulated in gonads of mutant worms. Contrary to previous models, which predicted that any unsynapsed chromatin is silenced during meiosis, our data indicate that unsynapsed X segments are transcribed. Therefore, our results suggest that sex chromosome chromatin has a unique character that facilitates its meiotic expression when its continuity is lost, regardless of whether or not it is synapsed.</p>',
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'description' => '<p>CDK7, a transcriptional cyclin-dependent kinase, is emerging as a novel cancer target. Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) but not estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancers have been reported to be uniquely sensitive to the CDK7 inhibitor THZ1 due to the inhibition of a cluster of TNBC-specific genes. However, bioinformatic analysis indicates that CDK7 RNA expression is associated with negative prognosis in all the major subtypes of breast cancer. To further elucidate the effects of CDK7 inhibition in breast cancer, we profiled a panel of cell lines representing different breast cancer subtypes. THZ1 inhibited cell growth in all subtypes (TNBC, HER2+, ER+, and HER2+/ER+) with no apparent subtype selectivity. THZ1 inhibited CDK7 activity and induced G1 arrest and apoptosis in all the tested cell lines, but THZ1 sensitivity did not correlate with CDK7 inhibition or CDK7 expression levels. THZ1 sensitivity across the cell line panel did not correlate with TNBC-specific gene expression but it was found to correlate with the differential inhibition of three genes: CDKN1B, MYC and transcriptional coregulator CITED2. Response to THZ1 also correlated with basal CITED2 protein expression, a potential marker of CDK7 inhibitor sensitivity. Furthermore, all of the THZ1-inhibited genes examined were inducible by EGF but THZ1 prevented this induction. THZ1 had synergistic or additive effects when combined with the EGFR inhibitor erlotinib, with no outward selectivity for a particular subtype of breast cancer. These results suggest a potential broad utility for CDK7 inhibitors in breast cancer therapy and the potential for combining CDK7 and EGFR inhibitors.</p>',
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'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/32155786',
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'description' => '<p>Most metazoan embryos commence development with rapid, transcriptionally silent cell divisions, with genome activation delayed until the mid-blastula transition (MBT). However, a set of genes escapes global repression and gets activated before MBT. Here we describe the formation and the spatio-temporal dynamics of a pair of distinct transcription compartments, which encompasses the earliest gene expression in zebrafish. 4D imaging of pri-miR430 and zinc-finger-gene activities by a novel, native transcription imaging approach reveals transcriptional sharing of nuclear compartments, which are regulated by homologous chromosome organisation. These compartments carry the majority of nascent-RNAs and active Polymerase II, are chromatin-depleted and represent the main sites of detectable transcription before MBT. Transcription occurs during the S-phase of increasingly permissive cleavage cycles. It is proposed, that the transcription compartment is part of the regulatory architecture of embryonic nuclei and offers a transcriptionally competent environment to facilitate early escape from repression before global genome activation.</p>',
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'name' => 'Transcription Elongation Can Affect Genome 3D Structure.',
'authors' => 'Heinz S, Texari L, Hayes MGB, Urbanowski M, Chang MW, Givarkes N, Rialdi A, White KM, Albrecht RA, Pache L, Marazzi I, García-Sastre A, Shaw ML, Benner C',
'description' => '<p>How transcription affects genome 3D organization is not well understood. We found that during influenza A (IAV) infection, rampant transcription rapidly reorganizes host cell chromatin interactions. These changes occur at the ends of highly transcribed genes, where global inhibition of transcription termination by IAV NS1 protein causes readthrough transcription for hundreds of kilobases. In these readthrough regions, elongating RNA polymerase II disrupts chromatin interactions by inducing cohesin displacement from CTCF sites, leading to locus decompaction. Readthrough transcription into heterochromatin regions switches them from the inert (B) to the permissive (A) chromatin compartment and enables transcription factor binding. Data from non-viral transcription stimuli show that transcription similarly affects cohesin-mediated chromatin contacts within gene bodies. Conversely, inhibition of transcription elongation allows cohesin to accumulate at previously transcribed intragenic CTCF sites and to mediate chromatin looping and compaction. Our data indicate that transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II remodels genome 3D architecture.</p>',
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'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/30146161',
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'description' => '<p>The nuclear factor-κB (NFκB) family of <span class="highlight">transcription</span> factors has been implicated in inflammatory disorders, viral infections, and cancer. Most of the drugs that inhibit NFκB show significant side effects, possibly due to sustained NFκB suppression. Drugs affecting induced, but not basal, NFκB activity may have the potential to provide therapeutic benefit without associated toxicity. NFκB activation by stress-inducible cell cycle inhibitor p21 was shown to be mediated by a p21-stimulated <span class="highlight">transcription</span>-regulating kinase <span class="highlight">CDK8</span>. <span class="highlight">CDK8</span> and its paralog CDK19, associated with the transcriptional <span class="highlight">Mediator</span> complex, act as coregulators of several <span class="highlight">transcription</span> factors implicated in cancer; <span class="highlight">CDK8</span>/<span class="highlight">19</span> inhibitors are entering clinical development. Here we show that <span class="highlight">CDK8</span>/<span class="highlight">19</span> inhibition by different small-molecule kinase inhibitors or shRNAs suppresses the elongation of NFκB-induced <span class="highlight">transcription</span> when such <span class="highlight">transcription</span> is activated by p21-independent canonical inducers, such as TNFα. On NFκB activation, <span class="highlight">CDK8</span>/<span class="highlight">19</span> are corecruited with NFκB to the promoters of the responsive genes. Inhibition of <span class="highlight">CDK8</span>/<span class="highlight">19</span> kinase activity suppresses the RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain phosphorylation required for transcriptional elongation, in a gene-specific manner. Genes coregulated by <span class="highlight">CDK8</span>/<span class="highlight">19</span> and NFκB include <i>IL8</i>, <i>CXCL1</i>, and <i>CXCL2</i>, which encode tumor-promoting proinflammatory cytokines. Although it suppressed newly induced NFκB-driven <span class="highlight">transcription</span>, <span class="highlight">CDK8</span>/<span class="highlight">19</span> inhibition in most cases had no effect on the basal expression of NFκB-regulated genes or promoters; the same selective regulation of newly induced <span class="highlight">transcription</span> was observed with other <span class="highlight">transcription</span> signals potentiated by <span class="highlight">CDK8</span>/<span class="highlight">19</span>. This selective role of <span class="highlight">CDK8</span>/<span class="highlight">19</span> identifies these <span class="highlight">kinases</span> as mediators of transcriptional reprogramming, a key aspect of development and differentiation as well as pathological processes.</p>',
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'authors' => 'Henderson HH et al.',
'description' => '<p>Regulation of gene transcription in varicella-zoster virus (VZV), a ubiquitous human neurotropic alphaherpesvirus, requires coordinated binding of multiple host and virus proteins onto specific regions of the virus genome. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is widely used to determine the location of specific proteins along a genomic region. Since the size range of sheared virus DNA fragments governs the limit of accurate protein localization, particularly for compact herpesvirus genomes, we used a quantitative PCR (qPCR)-based assay to determine the efficiency of VZV DNA shearing before ChIP, after which the assay was used to determine the relationship between transcript abundance and the occupancy of phosphorylated RNA polymerase II (RNAP) on the gene promoter, body, and terminus of VZV genes 9, 51, and 66. The abundance of VZV gene 9, 51, and 66 transcripts in VZV-infected human fetal lung fibroblasts was determined by reverse transcription-linked quantitative PCR. Our results showed that the C-terminal domain of RNAP is hyperphosphorylated at serine 5 (S5(P)) on VZV genes 9, 51, and 66 independently of transcript abundance and the location within the virus gene at both 1 and 3 days postinfection (dpi). In contrast, phosphorylated serine 2 (S2(P))-modified RNAP was not detected at any virus gene location at 3 dpi and was detected at levels only slightly above background levels at 1 dpi.</p>',
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'description' => '<p><span>Alternative names: <strong>POLR2A</strong>, <strong>RPB1</strong>, <strong>POLR2</strong>, <strong>RPOL2</strong></span></p>
<p><span>Monoclonal antibody raised in mouse against the YSPTSPS repeat in the B1 subunit of RNA polymerase II, phosphorylated at Ser2 of the repeat sequence.</span></p>',
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<div class="small-4 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIP.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody ChIP Grade" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />ChIP assays were performed using human HeLa cells, the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the “iDeal ChIP-seq” kit (Cat. No. C01010051), using sheared chromatin from 1 million cells. A titration consisting of 1, 2, 5 and 10 µg of antibody per ChIP experiment was analyzed. IgG (2 µg/IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers specific for the coding region of the constitutively expressed GAPDH and ACTB genes, used as positive controls, and for exon 2 of the inactive myoglobin (MB) gene and the Sat2 satellite repeat, used as negative controls. Figure 1 shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis).</small></p>
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<div class="small-12 columns">A. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIPSeq-A.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody ChIP-seq Grade" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /><br />B. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIPSeq-B.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody for ChIP-seq" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /><br /> C.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIPSeq-C.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody for ChIP-seq assay" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /><br /> D. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIPSeq-D.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody validated in ChIP-seq" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 2. ChIP-seq results obtained with the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />ChIP was performed on sheared chromatin from 1 million HeLaS3 cells using 1 µg of the Diagenode antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) as described above. The IP’d DNA was subsequently analysed on an Illumina Genome Analyzer. Library preparation, cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The 36 bp tags were aligned to the human genome using the ELAND algorithm. Figure 2 shows the peak distribution along the complete sequence and a 150 kb region of the X-chromosome (figure 2A and B, respectively), and in a two genomic regions surrounding the GAPDH and ACTB positive control genes (figure 2C and D).</small></p>
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<div class="small-4 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C1520005_ELISA.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody ELISA validation" style="display: block; border: 1px solid gray; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 3. Cross reactivity of the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol IIS2p </strong><br />To test the specificity an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against Pol IIS2p (cat. No. C15200005). The wells were coated with peptides containing the unmodified C-terminal repeat sequence as well as different phosphorylated peptides. Figure 3 shows the specificity of the antibody for the S2 phosphorylation.</small></p>
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<div class="small-3 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_WB.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody validated in Western Blot" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 4. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />Nuclear extracts (25 µg) from HeLa cells were analysed by Western blot using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
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<div class="small-3 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_WB_2.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody validated in Western Blot" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 5. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />Whole cell extracts (40 µg) from HeLa cells transfected with Pol II siRNA (lane 2) and from an untransfected control (lane 1) were analysed by Western blot using the Diagenode antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) diluted 1:1,000 in TBSTween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
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<div class="small-4 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_IF.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody validated in Immunofluorescence" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 6. Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with methanol and blocked with PBS/TX-100 containing 5% normal goat serum and 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labelled with the Pol II S2p antibody (left) diluted 1:500 in blocking solution followed by an anti-mouse antibody conjugated to Alexa594. The middle panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of the two stainings is shown on the right.</small></p>
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<p><span>Monoclonal antibody raised in mouse against the YSPTSPS repeat in the B1 subunit of RNA polymerase II, phosphorylated at Ser2 of the repeat sequence.</span></p>',
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<div class="small-4 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIP.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody ChIP Grade" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />ChIP assays were performed using human HeLa cells, the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the “iDeal ChIP-seq” kit (Cat. No. C01010051), using sheared chromatin from 1 million cells. A titration consisting of 1, 2, 5 and 10 µg of antibody per ChIP experiment was analyzed. IgG (2 µg/IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers specific for the coding region of the constitutively expressed GAPDH and ACTB genes, used as positive controls, and for exon 2 of the inactive myoglobin (MB) gene and the Sat2 satellite repeat, used as negative controls. Figure 1 shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis).</small></p>
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<div class="small-12 columns">A. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIPSeq-A.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody ChIP-seq Grade" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /><br />B. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIPSeq-B.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody for ChIP-seq" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /><br /> C.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIPSeq-C.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody for ChIP-seq assay" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /><br /> D. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIPSeq-D.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody validated in ChIP-seq" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
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<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 2. ChIP-seq results obtained with the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />ChIP was performed on sheared chromatin from 1 million HeLaS3 cells using 1 µg of the Diagenode antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) as described above. The IP’d DNA was subsequently analysed on an Illumina Genome Analyzer. Library preparation, cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The 36 bp tags were aligned to the human genome using the ELAND algorithm. Figure 2 shows the peak distribution along the complete sequence and a 150 kb region of the X-chromosome (figure 2A and B, respectively), and in a two genomic regions surrounding the GAPDH and ACTB positive control genes (figure 2C and D).</small></p>
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<div class="small-4 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C1520005_ELISA.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody ELISA validation" style="display: block; border: 1px solid gray; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 3. Cross reactivity of the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol IIS2p </strong><br />To test the specificity an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against Pol IIS2p (cat. No. C15200005). The wells were coated with peptides containing the unmodified C-terminal repeat sequence as well as different phosphorylated peptides. Figure 3 shows the specificity of the antibody for the S2 phosphorylation.</small></p>
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<div class="small-3 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_WB.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody validated in Western Blot" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 4. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />Nuclear extracts (25 µg) from HeLa cells were analysed by Western blot using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 5. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />Whole cell extracts (40 µg) from HeLa cells transfected with Pol II siRNA (lane 2) and from an untransfected control (lane 1) were analysed by Western blot using the Diagenode antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) diluted 1:1,000 in TBSTween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 6. Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with methanol and blocked with PBS/TX-100 containing 5% normal goat serum and 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labelled with the Pol II S2p antibody (left) diluted 1:500 in blocking solution followed by an anti-mouse antibody conjugated to Alexa594. The middle panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of the two stainings is shown on the right.</small></p>
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'description' => 'RNA polymerase II (pol II) is a key enzyme in the regulation and control of gene transcription. It is able to unwind the DNA double helix, synthesize RNA, and proofread the result. Pol II is a complex enzyme, consisting of 12 subunits, of which the B1 subunit (UniProt/Swiss-Prot entry P24928) is the largest. Together with the second largest subunit, B1 forms the catalytic core of the RNA polymerase II transcription machinery.',
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<td>ChIP/ChIP-seq <sup>*</sup></td>
<td>1-2 µg/ChIP</td>
<td>Fig 1, 2</td>
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<td>ELISA</td>
<td>1:3,000</td>
<td>Fig 3</td>
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<p><small><sup>*</sup> Please note that the optimal antibody amount per IP should be determined by the end-user. We recommend testing 1-5 µg per IP.</small></p>',
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<p><span>Monoclonal antibody raised in mouse against the YSPTSPS repeat in the B1 subunit of RNA polymerase II, phosphorylated at Ser2 of the repeat sequence.</span></p>',
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<div class="small-4 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIP.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody ChIP Grade" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />ChIP assays were performed using human HeLa cells, the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the “iDeal ChIP-seq” kit (Cat. No. C01010051), using sheared chromatin from 1 million cells. A titration consisting of 1, 2, 5 and 10 µg of antibody per ChIP experiment was analyzed. IgG (2 µg/IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers specific for the coding region of the constitutively expressed GAPDH and ACTB genes, used as positive controls, and for exon 2 of the inactive myoglobin (MB) gene and the Sat2 satellite repeat, used as negative controls. Figure 1 shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis).</small></p>
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<div class="small-12 columns">A. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIPSeq-A.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody ChIP-seq Grade" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /><br />B. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIPSeq-B.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody for ChIP-seq" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /><br /> C.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIPSeq-C.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody for ChIP-seq assay" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /><br /> D. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIPSeq-D.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody validated in ChIP-seq" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
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<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 2. ChIP-seq results obtained with the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />ChIP was performed on sheared chromatin from 1 million HeLaS3 cells using 1 µg of the Diagenode antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) as described above. The IP’d DNA was subsequently analysed on an Illumina Genome Analyzer. Library preparation, cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The 36 bp tags were aligned to the human genome using the ELAND algorithm. Figure 2 shows the peak distribution along the complete sequence and a 150 kb region of the X-chromosome (figure 2A and B, respectively), and in a two genomic regions surrounding the GAPDH and ACTB positive control genes (figure 2C and D).</small></p>
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<div class="small-4 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C1520005_ELISA.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody ELISA validation" style="display: block; border: 1px solid gray; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 3. Cross reactivity of the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol IIS2p </strong><br />To test the specificity an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against Pol IIS2p (cat. No. C15200005). The wells were coated with peptides containing the unmodified C-terminal repeat sequence as well as different phosphorylated peptides. Figure 3 shows the specificity of the antibody for the S2 phosphorylation.</small></p>
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<div class="small-3 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_WB.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody validated in Western Blot" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
<div class="small-9 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 4. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />Nuclear extracts (25 µg) from HeLa cells were analysed by Western blot using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
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<div class="small-3 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_WB_2.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody validated in Western Blot" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
<div class="small-9 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 5. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />Whole cell extracts (40 µg) from HeLa cells transfected with Pol II siRNA (lane 2) and from an untransfected control (lane 1) were analysed by Western blot using the Diagenode antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) diluted 1:1,000 in TBSTween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
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<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 6. Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with methanol and blocked with PBS/TX-100 containing 5% normal goat serum and 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labelled with the Pol II S2p antibody (left) diluted 1:500 in blocking solution followed by an anti-mouse antibody conjugated to Alexa594. The middle panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of the two stainings is shown on the right.</small></p>
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'meta_title' => 'Pol II S2p Antibody - ChIP-seq Grade (C15200005) | Diagenode',
'meta_keywords' => 'Pol II S2p monoclonal antibody,monoclonal antibody,Immunofluorescence,Western Blotting',
'meta_description' => 'Pol II S2p Monoclonal Antibody validated in ChIP-seq, ChIP-qPCR, ELISA, WB and IF. Specificity confirmed by siRNA assay. Batch-specific data available on the website. Alternative names: POLR2A, RPB1, POLR2, RPOL2. Sample size available.',
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'description' => 'RNA polymerase II (pol II) is a key enzyme in the regulation and control of gene transcription. It is able to unwind the DNA double helix, synthesize RNA, and proofread the result. Pol II is a complex enzyme, consisting of 12 subunits, of which the B1 subunit (UniProt/Swiss-Prot entry P24928) is the largest. Together with the second largest subunit, B1 forms the catalytic core of the RNA polymerase II transcription machinery.',
'clonality' => '',
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'lot' => '001-14',
'concentration' => '1.0 µg/µl',
'reactivity' => 'Human, zebrafish, C. elegans: positive. Other species: not tested.',
'type' => 'Monoclonal <strong>ChIP grade, ChIP-seq grade</strong>',
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'classification' => 'Classic',
'application_table' => '<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Applications</th>
<th>Suggested dilution</th>
<th>References</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>ChIP/ChIP-seq <sup>*</sup></td>
<td>1-2 µg/ChIP</td>
<td>Fig 1, 2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ELISA</td>
<td>1:3,000</td>
<td>Fig 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Western Blotting</td>
<td>1:1,000</td>
<td>Fig 4, 5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Immunofluorescence</td>
<td>1:500</td>
<td>Fig 6</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
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<p></p>
<p><small><sup>*</sup> Please note that the optimal antibody amount per IP should be determined by the end-user. We recommend testing 1-5 µg per IP.</small></p>',
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'name' => 'Pol II S2p Antibody',
'description' => '<p><span>Alternative names: <strong>POLR2A</strong>, <strong>RPB1</strong>, <strong>POLR2</strong>, <strong>RPOL2</strong></span></p>
<p><span>Monoclonal antibody raised in mouse against the YSPTSPS repeat in the B1 subunit of RNA polymerase II, phosphorylated at Ser2 of the repeat sequence.</span></p>',
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<div class="small-4 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIP.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody ChIP Grade" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />ChIP assays were performed using human HeLa cells, the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the “iDeal ChIP-seq” kit (Cat. No. C01010051), using sheared chromatin from 1 million cells. A titration consisting of 1, 2, 5 and 10 µg of antibody per ChIP experiment was analyzed. IgG (2 µg/IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers specific for the coding region of the constitutively expressed GAPDH and ACTB genes, used as positive controls, and for exon 2 of the inactive myoglobin (MB) gene and the Sat2 satellite repeat, used as negative controls. Figure 1 shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis).</small></p>
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<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">A. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIPSeq-A.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody ChIP-seq Grade" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /><br />B. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIPSeq-B.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody for ChIP-seq" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /><br /> C.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIPSeq-C.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody for ChIP-seq assay" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /><br /> D. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIPSeq-D.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody validated in ChIP-seq" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 2. ChIP-seq results obtained with the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />ChIP was performed on sheared chromatin from 1 million HeLaS3 cells using 1 µg of the Diagenode antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) as described above. The IP’d DNA was subsequently analysed on an Illumina Genome Analyzer. Library preparation, cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The 36 bp tags were aligned to the human genome using the ELAND algorithm. Figure 2 shows the peak distribution along the complete sequence and a 150 kb region of the X-chromosome (figure 2A and B, respectively), and in a two genomic regions surrounding the GAPDH and ACTB positive control genes (figure 2C and D).</small></p>
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<p></p>
<div class="spacer"></div>
<div class="spacer"></div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-4 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C1520005_ELISA.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody ELISA validation" style="display: block; border: 1px solid gray; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 3. Cross reactivity of the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol IIS2p </strong><br />To test the specificity an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against Pol IIS2p (cat. No. C15200005). The wells were coated with peptides containing the unmodified C-terminal repeat sequence as well as different phosphorylated peptides. Figure 3 shows the specificity of the antibody for the S2 phosphorylation.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<p></p>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-3 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_WB.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody validated in Western Blot" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
<div class="small-9 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 4. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />Nuclear extracts (25 µg) from HeLa cells were analysed by Western blot using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-3 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_WB_2.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody validated in Western Blot" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
<div class="small-9 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 5. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />Whole cell extracts (40 µg) from HeLa cells transfected with Pol II siRNA (lane 2) and from an untransfected control (lane 1) were analysed by Western blot using the Diagenode antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) diluted 1:1,000 in TBSTween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
</div>
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<p></p>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-4 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_IF.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody validated in Immunofluorescence" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 6. Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with methanol and blocked with PBS/TX-100 containing 5% normal goat serum and 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labelled with the Pol II S2p antibody (left) diluted 1:500 in blocking solution followed by an anti-mouse antibody conjugated to Alexa594. The middle panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of the two stainings is shown on the right.</small></p>
</div>
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<p>Learn more about: <a href="https://www.diagenode.com/applications/western-blot">Loading control, MW marker visualization</a><em>. <br /></em></p>
<p><em></em>Check our selection of antibodies validated in Western blot.</p>',
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<p>Diagenode offers huge selection of highly sensitive antibodies validated in IF.</p>
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200229-IF.jpg" alt="" height="245" width="256" /></p>
<p><sup><strong>Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against CRISPR/Cas9</strong></sup></p>
<p><sup>HeLa cells transfected with a Cas9 expression vector (left) or untransfected cells (right) were fixed in methanol at -20°C, permeabilized with acetone at -20°C and blocked with PBS containing 2% BSA. The cells were stained with the Cas9 C-terminal antibody (Cat. No. C15200229) diluted 1:400, followed by incubation with an anti-mouse secondary antibody coupled to AF488. The bottom images show counter-staining of the nuclei with Hoechst 33342.</sup></p>
<h5><sup>Check our selection of antibodies validated in IF.</sup></h5>',
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<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Diagenode provides leading solutions for epigenetic research. Because ChIP-seq is a widely-used technique, we validate our antibodies in ChIP and ChIP-seq experiments (in addition to conventional methods like Western blot, Dot blot, ELISA, and immunofluorescence) to provide the highest quality antibody. We standardize our validation and production to guarantee high product quality without technical bias. Diagenode guarantees ChIP-seq grade antibody performance under our suggested conditions.</span></p>
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<p><strong>ChIP-seq profile</strong> of active (H3K4me3 and H3K36me3) and inactive (H3K27me3) marks using Diagenode antibodies.</p>
<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/categories/antibodies/chip-seq-grade-antibodies.png" /></div>
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<p><small> ChIP was performed on sheared chromatin from 100,000 K562 cells using iDeal ChIP-seq kit for Histones (cat. No. C01010051) with 1 µg of the Diagenode antibodies against H3K27me3 (cat. No. C15410195) and H3K4me3 (cat. No. C15410003), and 0.5 µg of the antibody against H3K36me3 (cat. No. C15410192). The IP'd DNA was subsequently analysed on an Illumina Genome Analyzer. Library preparation, cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. The 36 bp tags were aligned to the human genome using the ELAND algorithm. The figure shows the signal distribution along the complete sequence of human chromosome 3, a zoomin to a 10 Mb region and a further zoomin to a 1.5 Mb region. </small></p>
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<p>Diagenode’s highly validated antibodies:</p>
<ul>
<li>Highly sensitive and specific</li>
<li>Cost-effective (requires less antibody per reaction)</li>
<li>Batch-specific data is available on the website</li>
<li>Expert technical support</li>
<li>Sample sizes available</li>
<li>100% satisfaction guarantee</li>
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<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Highly sensitive and specific</span></li>
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<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Diagenode’s highly validated antibodies:</span></p>
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<p>Diagenode has partnered with leading epigenetics experts and numerous epigenetics consortiums to bring to you a validated and comprehensive collection of epigenetic antibodies. As an expert in epigenetics, we are committed to offering highly-specific antibodies validated for ChIP/ChIP-seq and many other applications. All batch-specific validation data is available on our website.<br /><a href="../categories/antibodies">Read about our expertise in antibody production</a>.</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Focused</strong> - Diagenode's selection of antibodies is exclusively dedicated for epigenetic research. <a title="See the full collection." href="../categories/all-antibodies">See the full collection.</a></li>
<li><strong>Strict quality standards</strong> with rigorous QC and validation</li>
<li><strong>Classified</strong> based on level of validation for flexibility of application</li>
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<p>Existing sample sizes are listed below. We will soon expand our collection. Are you looking for a sample size of another antibody? Just <a href="mailto:agnieszka.zelisko@diagenode.com?Subject=Sample%20Size%20Request" target="_top">Contact us</a>.</p>',
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<p><br />Chromatin immunoprecipitation (<b>ChIP</b>) is a technique to study the associations of proteins with the specific genomic regions in intact cells. One of the most important steps of this protocol is the immunoprecipitation of targeted protein using the antibody specifically recognizing it. The quality of antibodies used in ChIP is essential for the success of the experiment. Diagenode offers extensively validated ChIP-grade antibodies, confirmed for their specificity, and high level of performance in ChIP. Each batch is validated, and batch-specific data are available on the website.</p>
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<p><strong>ChIP results</strong> obtained with the antibody directed against H3K4me3 (Cat. No. <a href="../p/h3k4me3-polyclonal-antibody-premium-50-ug-50-ul">C15410003</a>). </p>
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<p>Our aim at Diagenode is to offer the largest collection of highly specific <strong>ChIP-grade antibodies</strong>. We add new antibodies monthly. Find your ChIP-grade antibody in the list below and check more information about tested applications, extensive validation data, and product information.</p>',
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'description' => '<p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Epigenetic research tools have evolved over time from endpoint PCR to qPCR to the analyses of large sets of genome-wide sequencing data. ChIP sequencing (ChIP-seq) has now become the gold standard method for chromatin studies, given the accuracy and coverage scale of the approach over other methods. Successful ChIP-seq, however, requires a higher level of experimental accuracy and consistency in all steps of ChIP than ever before. Particularly crucial is the quality of ChIP antibodies. </span></p>',
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'description' => '<p>More than in any other immuoprecipitation assays, quality antibodies are critical tools in many epigenetics experiments. Since 10 years, Diagenode has developed the most stringent quality production available on the market for antibodies exclusively focused on epigenetic uses. All our antibodies have been qualified to work in epigenetic applications.</p>',
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'name' => 'Bisection of the X chromosome disrupts the initiation of chromosome silencing during meiosis in C. elegans',
'authors' => 'Rappaport Yisrael et al.',
'description' => '<p>During meiosis, gene expression is silenced in aberrantly unsynapsed chromatin and in heterogametic sex chromosomes. Initiation of sex chromosome silencing is disrupted in meiocytes with sex chromosome-autosome translocations. To determine whether this is due to aberrant synapsis or loss of continuity of sex chromosomes, we engineered Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes with non-translocated, bisected X chromosomes. In early meiocytes of mutant males and hermaphrodites, X segments are enriched with euchromatin assembly markers and active RNA polymerase II staining, indicating active transcription. Analysis of RNA-seq data showed that genes from the X chromosome are upregulated in gonads of mutant worms. Contrary to previous models, which predicted that any unsynapsed chromatin is silenced during meiosis, our data indicate that unsynapsed X segments are transcribed. Therefore, our results suggest that sex chromosome chromatin has a unique character that facilitates its meiotic expression when its continuity is lost, regardless of whether or not it is synapsed.</p>',
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'name' => 'CDK7 Inhibition is Effective in all the Subtypes of Breast Cancer: Determinants of Response and Synergy with EGFR Inhibition.',
'authors' => 'McDermott MSJ, Sharko AC, Munie J, Kassler S, Melendez T, Lim CU, Broude EV',
'description' => '<p>CDK7, a transcriptional cyclin-dependent kinase, is emerging as a novel cancer target. Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) but not estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancers have been reported to be uniquely sensitive to the CDK7 inhibitor THZ1 due to the inhibition of a cluster of TNBC-specific genes. However, bioinformatic analysis indicates that CDK7 RNA expression is associated with negative prognosis in all the major subtypes of breast cancer. To further elucidate the effects of CDK7 inhibition in breast cancer, we profiled a panel of cell lines representing different breast cancer subtypes. THZ1 inhibited cell growth in all subtypes (TNBC, HER2+, ER+, and HER2+/ER+) with no apparent subtype selectivity. THZ1 inhibited CDK7 activity and induced G1 arrest and apoptosis in all the tested cell lines, but THZ1 sensitivity did not correlate with CDK7 inhibition or CDK7 expression levels. THZ1 sensitivity across the cell line panel did not correlate with TNBC-specific gene expression but it was found to correlate with the differential inhibition of three genes: CDKN1B, MYC and transcriptional coregulator CITED2. Response to THZ1 also correlated with basal CITED2 protein expression, a potential marker of CDK7 inhibitor sensitivity. Furthermore, all of the THZ1-inhibited genes examined were inducible by EGF but THZ1 prevented this induction. THZ1 had synergistic or additive effects when combined with the EGFR inhibitor erlotinib, with no outward selectivity for a particular subtype of breast cancer. These results suggest a potential broad utility for CDK7 inhibitors in breast cancer therapy and the potential for combining CDK7 and EGFR inhibitors.</p>',
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'description' => '<p>Most metazoan embryos commence development with rapid, transcriptionally silent cell divisions, with genome activation delayed until the mid-blastula transition (MBT). However, a set of genes escapes global repression and gets activated before MBT. Here we describe the formation and the spatio-temporal dynamics of a pair of distinct transcription compartments, which encompasses the earliest gene expression in zebrafish. 4D imaging of pri-miR430 and zinc-finger-gene activities by a novel, native transcription imaging approach reveals transcriptional sharing of nuclear compartments, which are regulated by homologous chromosome organisation. These compartments carry the majority of nascent-RNAs and active Polymerase II, are chromatin-depleted and represent the main sites of detectable transcription before MBT. Transcription occurs during the S-phase of increasingly permissive cleavage cycles. It is proposed, that the transcription compartment is part of the regulatory architecture of embryonic nuclei and offers a transcriptionally competent environment to facilitate early escape from repression before global genome activation.</p>',
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'description' => '<p>How transcription affects genome 3D organization is not well understood. We found that during influenza A (IAV) infection, rampant transcription rapidly reorganizes host cell chromatin interactions. These changes occur at the ends of highly transcribed genes, where global inhibition of transcription termination by IAV NS1 protein causes readthrough transcription for hundreds of kilobases. In these readthrough regions, elongating RNA polymerase II disrupts chromatin interactions by inducing cohesin displacement from CTCF sites, leading to locus decompaction. Readthrough transcription into heterochromatin regions switches them from the inert (B) to the permissive (A) chromatin compartment and enables transcription factor binding. Data from non-viral transcription stimuli show that transcription similarly affects cohesin-mediated chromatin contacts within gene bodies. Conversely, inhibition of transcription elongation allows cohesin to accumulate at previously transcribed intragenic CTCF sites and to mediate chromatin looping and compaction. Our data indicate that transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II remodels genome 3D architecture.</p>',
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'description' => '<p>Regulation of gene transcription in varicella-zoster virus (VZV), a ubiquitous human neurotropic alphaherpesvirus, requires coordinated binding of multiple host and virus proteins onto specific regions of the virus genome. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is widely used to determine the location of specific proteins along a genomic region. Since the size range of sheared virus DNA fragments governs the limit of accurate protein localization, particularly for compact herpesvirus genomes, we used a quantitative PCR (qPCR)-based assay to determine the efficiency of VZV DNA shearing before ChIP, after which the assay was used to determine the relationship between transcript abundance and the occupancy of phosphorylated RNA polymerase II (RNAP) on the gene promoter, body, and terminus of VZV genes 9, 51, and 66. The abundance of VZV gene 9, 51, and 66 transcripts in VZV-infected human fetal lung fibroblasts was determined by reverse transcription-linked quantitative PCR. Our results showed that the C-terminal domain of RNAP is hyperphosphorylated at serine 5 (S5(P)) on VZV genes 9, 51, and 66 independently of transcript abundance and the location within the virus gene at both 1 and 3 days postinfection (dpi). In contrast, phosphorylated serine 2 (S2(P))-modified RNAP was not detected at any virus gene location at 3 dpi and was detected at levels only slightly above background levels at 1 dpi.</p>',
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'name' => 'Pol II S2p Antibody',
'description' => '<p><span>Alternative names: <strong>POLR2A</strong>, <strong>RPB1</strong>, <strong>POLR2</strong>, <strong>RPOL2</strong></span></p>
<p><span>Monoclonal antibody raised in mouse against the YSPTSPS repeat in the B1 subunit of RNA polymerase II, phosphorylated at Ser2 of the repeat sequence.</span></p>',
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<div class="small-4 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIP.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody ChIP Grade" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />ChIP assays were performed using human HeLa cells, the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the “iDeal ChIP-seq” kit (Cat. No. C01010051), using sheared chromatin from 1 million cells. A titration consisting of 1, 2, 5 and 10 µg of antibody per ChIP experiment was analyzed. IgG (2 µg/IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers specific for the coding region of the constitutively expressed GAPDH and ACTB genes, used as positive controls, and for exon 2 of the inactive myoglobin (MB) gene and the Sat2 satellite repeat, used as negative controls. Figure 1 shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis).</small></p>
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<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">A. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIPSeq-A.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody ChIP-seq Grade" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /><br />B. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIPSeq-B.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody for ChIP-seq" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /><br /> C.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIPSeq-C.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody for ChIP-seq assay" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /><br /> D. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIPSeq-D.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody validated in ChIP-seq" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 2. ChIP-seq results obtained with the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />ChIP was performed on sheared chromatin from 1 million HeLaS3 cells using 1 µg of the Diagenode antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) as described above. The IP’d DNA was subsequently analysed on an Illumina Genome Analyzer. Library preparation, cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The 36 bp tags were aligned to the human genome using the ELAND algorithm. Figure 2 shows the peak distribution along the complete sequence and a 150 kb region of the X-chromosome (figure 2A and B, respectively), and in a two genomic regions surrounding the GAPDH and ACTB positive control genes (figure 2C and D).</small></p>
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<div class="spacer"></div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-4 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C1520005_ELISA.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody ELISA validation" style="display: block; border: 1px solid gray; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 3. Cross reactivity of the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol IIS2p </strong><br />To test the specificity an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against Pol IIS2p (cat. No. C15200005). The wells were coated with peptides containing the unmodified C-terminal repeat sequence as well as different phosphorylated peptides. Figure 3 shows the specificity of the antibody for the S2 phosphorylation.</small></p>
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</div>
<p></p>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-3 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_WB.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody validated in Western Blot" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
<div class="small-9 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 4. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />Nuclear extracts (25 µg) from HeLa cells were analysed by Western blot using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
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</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-3 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_WB_2.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody validated in Western Blot" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
<div class="small-9 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 5. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />Whole cell extracts (40 µg) from HeLa cells transfected with Pol II siRNA (lane 2) and from an untransfected control (lane 1) were analysed by Western blot using the Diagenode antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) diluted 1:1,000 in TBSTween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
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<div class="small-4 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_IF.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody validated in Immunofluorescence" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 6. Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with methanol and blocked with PBS/TX-100 containing 5% normal goat serum and 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labelled with the Pol II S2p antibody (left) diluted 1:500 in blocking solution followed by an anti-mouse antibody conjugated to Alexa594. The middle panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of the two stainings is shown on the right.</small></p>
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'description' => '<p><span>Alternative names: <strong>POLR2A</strong>, <strong>RPB1</strong>, <strong>POLR2</strong>, <strong>RPOL2</strong></span></p>
<p><span>Monoclonal antibody raised in mouse against the YSPTSPS repeat in the B1 subunit of RNA polymerase II, phosphorylated at Ser2 of the repeat sequence.</span></p>',
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<div class="small-4 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIP.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody ChIP Grade" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />ChIP assays were performed using human HeLa cells, the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the “iDeal ChIP-seq” kit (Cat. No. C01010051), using sheared chromatin from 1 million cells. A titration consisting of 1, 2, 5 and 10 µg of antibody per ChIP experiment was analyzed. IgG (2 µg/IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers specific for the coding region of the constitutively expressed GAPDH and ACTB genes, used as positive controls, and for exon 2 of the inactive myoglobin (MB) gene and the Sat2 satellite repeat, used as negative controls. Figure 1 shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis).</small></p>
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<div class="small-12 columns">A. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIPSeq-A.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody ChIP-seq Grade" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /><br />B. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIPSeq-B.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody for ChIP-seq" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /><br /> C.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIPSeq-C.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody for ChIP-seq assay" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /><br /> D. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIPSeq-D.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody validated in ChIP-seq" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
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<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 2. ChIP-seq results obtained with the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />ChIP was performed on sheared chromatin from 1 million HeLaS3 cells using 1 µg of the Diagenode antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) as described above. The IP’d DNA was subsequently analysed on an Illumina Genome Analyzer. Library preparation, cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The 36 bp tags were aligned to the human genome using the ELAND algorithm. Figure 2 shows the peak distribution along the complete sequence and a 150 kb region of the X-chromosome (figure 2A and B, respectively), and in a two genomic regions surrounding the GAPDH and ACTB positive control genes (figure 2C and D).</small></p>
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<div class="spacer"></div>
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<div class="small-4 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C1520005_ELISA.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody ELISA validation" style="display: block; border: 1px solid gray; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 3. Cross reactivity of the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol IIS2p </strong><br />To test the specificity an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against Pol IIS2p (cat. No. C15200005). The wells were coated with peptides containing the unmodified C-terminal repeat sequence as well as different phosphorylated peptides. Figure 3 shows the specificity of the antibody for the S2 phosphorylation.</small></p>
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<div class="small-3 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_WB.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody validated in Western Blot" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
<div class="small-9 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 4. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />Nuclear extracts (25 µg) from HeLa cells were analysed by Western blot using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
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<div class="small-3 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_WB_2.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody validated in Western Blot" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
<div class="small-9 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 5. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />Whole cell extracts (40 µg) from HeLa cells transfected with Pol II siRNA (lane 2) and from an untransfected control (lane 1) were analysed by Western blot using the Diagenode antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) diluted 1:1,000 in TBSTween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 6. Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with methanol and blocked with PBS/TX-100 containing 5% normal goat serum and 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labelled with the Pol II S2p antibody (left) diluted 1:500 in blocking solution followed by an anti-mouse antibody conjugated to Alexa594. The middle panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of the two stainings is shown on the right.</small></p>
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<td>1-2 µg/ChIP</td>
<td>Fig 1, 2</td>
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<p><small><sup>*</sup> Please note that the optimal antibody amount per IP should be determined by the end-user. We recommend testing 1-5 µg per IP.</small></p>',
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'description' => '<p><span>Alternative names: <strong>POLR2A</strong>, <strong>RPB1</strong>, <strong>POLR2</strong>, <strong>RPOL2</strong></span></p>
<p><span>Monoclonal antibody raised in mouse against the YSPTSPS repeat in the B1 subunit of RNA polymerase II, phosphorylated at Ser2 of the repeat sequence.</span></p>',
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<div class="small-4 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIP.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody ChIP Grade" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />ChIP assays were performed using human HeLa cells, the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the “iDeal ChIP-seq” kit (Cat. No. C01010051), using sheared chromatin from 1 million cells. A titration consisting of 1, 2, 5 and 10 µg of antibody per ChIP experiment was analyzed. IgG (2 µg/IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers specific for the coding region of the constitutively expressed GAPDH and ACTB genes, used as positive controls, and for exon 2 of the inactive myoglobin (MB) gene and the Sat2 satellite repeat, used as negative controls. Figure 1 shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis).</small></p>
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<div class="small-12 columns">A. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIPSeq-A.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody ChIP-seq Grade" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /><br />B. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIPSeq-B.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody for ChIP-seq" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /><br /> C.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIPSeq-C.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody for ChIP-seq assay" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /><br /> D. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIPSeq-D.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody validated in ChIP-seq" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 2. ChIP-seq results obtained with the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />ChIP was performed on sheared chromatin from 1 million HeLaS3 cells using 1 µg of the Diagenode antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) as described above. The IP’d DNA was subsequently analysed on an Illumina Genome Analyzer. Library preparation, cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The 36 bp tags were aligned to the human genome using the ELAND algorithm. Figure 2 shows the peak distribution along the complete sequence and a 150 kb region of the X-chromosome (figure 2A and B, respectively), and in a two genomic regions surrounding the GAPDH and ACTB positive control genes (figure 2C and D).</small></p>
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<div class="small-4 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C1520005_ELISA.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody ELISA validation" style="display: block; border: 1px solid gray; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 3. Cross reactivity of the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol IIS2p </strong><br />To test the specificity an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against Pol IIS2p (cat. No. C15200005). The wells were coated with peptides containing the unmodified C-terminal repeat sequence as well as different phosphorylated peptides. Figure 3 shows the specificity of the antibody for the S2 phosphorylation.</small></p>
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<div class="small-3 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_WB.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody validated in Western Blot" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 4. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />Nuclear extracts (25 µg) from HeLa cells were analysed by Western blot using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 5. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />Whole cell extracts (40 µg) from HeLa cells transfected with Pol II siRNA (lane 2) and from an untransfected control (lane 1) were analysed by Western blot using the Diagenode antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) diluted 1:1,000 in TBSTween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
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<div class="small-4 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_IF.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody validated in Immunofluorescence" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 6. Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with methanol and blocked with PBS/TX-100 containing 5% normal goat serum and 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labelled with the Pol II S2p antibody (left) diluted 1:500 in blocking solution followed by an anti-mouse antibody conjugated to Alexa594. The middle panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of the two stainings is shown on the right.</small></p>
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<th>References</th>
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<td>ChIP/ChIP-seq <sup>*</sup></td>
<td>1-2 µg/ChIP</td>
<td>Fig 1, 2</td>
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<tr>
<td>ELISA</td>
<td>1:3,000</td>
<td>Fig 3</td>
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<tr>
<td>Western Blotting</td>
<td>1:1,000</td>
<td>Fig 4, 5</td>
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<tr>
<td>Immunofluorescence</td>
<td>1:500</td>
<td>Fig 6</td>
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<p></p>
<p><small><sup>*</sup> Please note that the optimal antibody amount per IP should be determined by the end-user. We recommend testing 1-5 µg per IP.</small></p>',
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'description' => '<p><span>Alternative names: <strong>POLR2A</strong>, <strong>RPB1</strong>, <strong>POLR2</strong>, <strong>RPOL2</strong></span></p>
<p><span>Monoclonal antibody raised in mouse against the YSPTSPS repeat in the B1 subunit of RNA polymerase II, phosphorylated at Ser2 of the repeat sequence.</span></p>',
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<div class="small-4 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIP.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody ChIP Grade" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />ChIP assays were performed using human HeLa cells, the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the “iDeal ChIP-seq” kit (Cat. No. C01010051), using sheared chromatin from 1 million cells. A titration consisting of 1, 2, 5 and 10 µg of antibody per ChIP experiment was analyzed. IgG (2 µg/IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers specific for the coding region of the constitutively expressed GAPDH and ACTB genes, used as positive controls, and for exon 2 of the inactive myoglobin (MB) gene and the Sat2 satellite repeat, used as negative controls. Figure 1 shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis).</small></p>
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<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">A. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIPSeq-A.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody ChIP-seq Grade" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /><br />B. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIPSeq-B.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody for ChIP-seq" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /><br /> C.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIPSeq-C.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody for ChIP-seq assay" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /><br /> D. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIPSeq-D.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody validated in ChIP-seq" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 2. ChIP-seq results obtained with the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />ChIP was performed on sheared chromatin from 1 million HeLaS3 cells using 1 µg of the Diagenode antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) as described above. The IP’d DNA was subsequently analysed on an Illumina Genome Analyzer. Library preparation, cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The 36 bp tags were aligned to the human genome using the ELAND algorithm. Figure 2 shows the peak distribution along the complete sequence and a 150 kb region of the X-chromosome (figure 2A and B, respectively), and in a two genomic regions surrounding the GAPDH and ACTB positive control genes (figure 2C and D).</small></p>
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<p></p>
<div class="spacer"></div>
<div class="spacer"></div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-4 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C1520005_ELISA.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody ELISA validation" style="display: block; border: 1px solid gray; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 3. Cross reactivity of the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol IIS2p </strong><br />To test the specificity an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against Pol IIS2p (cat. No. C15200005). The wells were coated with peptides containing the unmodified C-terminal repeat sequence as well as different phosphorylated peptides. Figure 3 shows the specificity of the antibody for the S2 phosphorylation.</small></p>
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<p></p>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-3 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_WB.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody validated in Western Blot" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
<div class="small-9 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 4. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />Nuclear extracts (25 µg) from HeLa cells were analysed by Western blot using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
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<div class="row">
<div class="small-3 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_WB_2.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody validated in Western Blot" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
<div class="small-9 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 5. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />Whole cell extracts (40 µg) from HeLa cells transfected with Pol II siRNA (lane 2) and from an untransfected control (lane 1) were analysed by Western blot using the Diagenode antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) diluted 1:1,000 in TBSTween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
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<div class="small-4 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_IF.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody validated in Immunofluorescence" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 6. Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with methanol and blocked with PBS/TX-100 containing 5% normal goat serum and 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labelled with the Pol II S2p antibody (left) diluted 1:500 in blocking solution followed by an anti-mouse antibody conjugated to Alexa594. The middle panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of the two stainings is shown on the right.</small></p>
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<p>Learn more about: <a href="https://www.diagenode.com/applications/western-blot">Loading control, MW marker visualization</a><em>. <br /></em></p>
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<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200229-IF.jpg" alt="" height="245" width="256" /></p>
<p><sup><strong>Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against CRISPR/Cas9</strong></sup></p>
<p><sup>HeLa cells transfected with a Cas9 expression vector (left) or untransfected cells (right) were fixed in methanol at -20°C, permeabilized with acetone at -20°C and blocked with PBS containing 2% BSA. The cells were stained with the Cas9 C-terminal antibody (Cat. No. C15200229) diluted 1:400, followed by incubation with an anti-mouse secondary antibody coupled to AF488. The bottom images show counter-staining of the nuclei with Hoechst 33342.</sup></p>
<h5><sup>Check our selection of antibodies validated in IF.</sup></h5>',
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<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Diagenode provides leading solutions for epigenetic research. Because ChIP-seq is a widely-used technique, we validate our antibodies in ChIP and ChIP-seq experiments (in addition to conventional methods like Western blot, Dot blot, ELISA, and immunofluorescence) to provide the highest quality antibody. We standardize our validation and production to guarantee high product quality without technical bias. Diagenode guarantees ChIP-seq grade antibody performance under our suggested conditions.</span></p>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 medium-9 large-9 columns">
<p><strong>ChIP-seq profile</strong> of active (H3K4me3 and H3K36me3) and inactive (H3K27me3) marks using Diagenode antibodies.</p>
<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/categories/antibodies/chip-seq-grade-antibodies.png" /></div>
<div class="small-12 medium-3 large-3 columns">
<p><small> ChIP was performed on sheared chromatin from 100,000 K562 cells using iDeal ChIP-seq kit for Histones (cat. No. C01010051) with 1 µg of the Diagenode antibodies against H3K27me3 (cat. No. C15410195) and H3K4me3 (cat. No. C15410003), and 0.5 µg of the antibody against H3K36me3 (cat. No. C15410192). The IP'd DNA was subsequently analysed on an Illumina Genome Analyzer. Library preparation, cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. The 36 bp tags were aligned to the human genome using the ELAND algorithm. The figure shows the signal distribution along the complete sequence of human chromosome 3, a zoomin to a 10 Mb region and a further zoomin to a 1.5 Mb region. </small></p>
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<p>Diagenode’s highly validated antibodies:</p>
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<li>Highly sensitive and specific</li>
<li>Cost-effective (requires less antibody per reaction)</li>
<li>Batch-specific data is available on the website</li>
<li>Expert technical support</li>
<li>Sample sizes available</li>
<li>100% satisfaction guarantee</li>
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<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Diagenode’s highly validated antibodies:</span></p>
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<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Highly sensitive and specific</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Cost-effective (requires less antibody per reaction)</span></li>
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<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Expert technical support</span></li>
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<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> 100% satisfaction guarantee</span></li>
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'description' => '<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">All Diagenode’s antibodies are listed below. Please, use our Quick search field to find the antibody of interest by target name, application, purity.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Diagenode’s highly validated antibodies:</span></p>
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<li>Highly sensitive and specific</li>
<li>Cost-effective (requires less antibody per reaction)</li>
<li>Batch-specific data is available on the website</li>
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'description' => '<h1><strong>Validated epigenetics antibodies</strong> – care for a sample?<br /> </h1>
<p>Diagenode has partnered with leading epigenetics experts and numerous epigenetics consortiums to bring to you a validated and comprehensive collection of epigenetic antibodies. As an expert in epigenetics, we are committed to offering highly-specific antibodies validated for ChIP/ChIP-seq and many other applications. All batch-specific validation data is available on our website.<br /><a href="../categories/antibodies">Read about our expertise in antibody production</a>.</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Focused</strong> - Diagenode's selection of antibodies is exclusively dedicated for epigenetic research. <a title="See the full collection." href="../categories/all-antibodies">See the full collection.</a></li>
<li><strong>Strict quality standards</strong> with rigorous QC and validation</li>
<li><strong>Classified</strong> based on level of validation for flexibility of application</li>
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<p>Existing sample sizes are listed below. We will soon expand our collection. Are you looking for a sample size of another antibody? Just <a href="mailto:agnieszka.zelisko@diagenode.com?Subject=Sample%20Size%20Request" target="_top">Contact us</a>.</p>',
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<div class="small-12 columns"><center></center>
<p><br />Chromatin immunoprecipitation (<b>ChIP</b>) is a technique to study the associations of proteins with the specific genomic regions in intact cells. One of the most important steps of this protocol is the immunoprecipitation of targeted protein using the antibody specifically recognizing it. The quality of antibodies used in ChIP is essential for the success of the experiment. Diagenode offers extensively validated ChIP-grade antibodies, confirmed for their specificity, and high level of performance in ChIP. Each batch is validated, and batch-specific data are available on the website.</p>
<p></p>
</div>
</div>
<p><strong>ChIP results</strong> obtained with the antibody directed against H3K4me3 (Cat. No. <a href="../p/h3k4me3-polyclonal-antibody-premium-50-ug-50-ul">C15410003</a>). </p>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 medium-6 large-6 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410003-fig1-ChIP.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="315" /> </div>
<div class="small-12 medium-6 large-6 columns">
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
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<p></p>
<p>Our aim at Diagenode is to offer the largest collection of highly specific <strong>ChIP-grade antibodies</strong>. We add new antibodies monthly. Find your ChIP-grade antibody in the list below and check more information about tested applications, extensive validation data, and product information.</p>',
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'description' => '<p>During meiosis, gene expression is silenced in aberrantly unsynapsed chromatin and in heterogametic sex chromosomes. Initiation of sex chromosome silencing is disrupted in meiocytes with sex chromosome-autosome translocations. To determine whether this is due to aberrant synapsis or loss of continuity of sex chromosomes, we engineered Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes with non-translocated, bisected X chromosomes. In early meiocytes of mutant males and hermaphrodites, X segments are enriched with euchromatin assembly markers and active RNA polymerase II staining, indicating active transcription. Analysis of RNA-seq data showed that genes from the X chromosome are upregulated in gonads of mutant worms. Contrary to previous models, which predicted that any unsynapsed chromatin is silenced during meiosis, our data indicate that unsynapsed X segments are transcribed. Therefore, our results suggest that sex chromosome chromatin has a unique character that facilitates its meiotic expression when its continuity is lost, regardless of whether or not it is synapsed.</p>',
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'name' => 'CDK7 Inhibition is Effective in all the Subtypes of Breast Cancer: Determinants of Response and Synergy with EGFR Inhibition.',
'authors' => 'McDermott MSJ, Sharko AC, Munie J, Kassler S, Melendez T, Lim CU, Broude EV',
'description' => '<p>CDK7, a transcriptional cyclin-dependent kinase, is emerging as a novel cancer target. Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) but not estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancers have been reported to be uniquely sensitive to the CDK7 inhibitor THZ1 due to the inhibition of a cluster of TNBC-specific genes. However, bioinformatic analysis indicates that CDK7 RNA expression is associated with negative prognosis in all the major subtypes of breast cancer. To further elucidate the effects of CDK7 inhibition in breast cancer, we profiled a panel of cell lines representing different breast cancer subtypes. THZ1 inhibited cell growth in all subtypes (TNBC, HER2+, ER+, and HER2+/ER+) with no apparent subtype selectivity. THZ1 inhibited CDK7 activity and induced G1 arrest and apoptosis in all the tested cell lines, but THZ1 sensitivity did not correlate with CDK7 inhibition or CDK7 expression levels. THZ1 sensitivity across the cell line panel did not correlate with TNBC-specific gene expression but it was found to correlate with the differential inhibition of three genes: CDKN1B, MYC and transcriptional coregulator CITED2. Response to THZ1 also correlated with basal CITED2 protein expression, a potential marker of CDK7 inhibitor sensitivity. Furthermore, all of the THZ1-inhibited genes examined were inducible by EGF but THZ1 prevented this induction. THZ1 had synergistic or additive effects when combined with the EGFR inhibitor erlotinib, with no outward selectivity for a particular subtype of breast cancer. These results suggest a potential broad utility for CDK7 inhibitors in breast cancer therapy and the potential for combining CDK7 and EGFR inhibitors.</p>',
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'description' => '<p>Most metazoan embryos commence development with rapid, transcriptionally silent cell divisions, with genome activation delayed until the mid-blastula transition (MBT). However, a set of genes escapes global repression and gets activated before MBT. Here we describe the formation and the spatio-temporal dynamics of a pair of distinct transcription compartments, which encompasses the earliest gene expression in zebrafish. 4D imaging of pri-miR430 and zinc-finger-gene activities by a novel, native transcription imaging approach reveals transcriptional sharing of nuclear compartments, which are regulated by homologous chromosome organisation. These compartments carry the majority of nascent-RNAs and active Polymerase II, are chromatin-depleted and represent the main sites of detectable transcription before MBT. Transcription occurs during the S-phase of increasingly permissive cleavage cycles. It is proposed, that the transcription compartment is part of the regulatory architecture of embryonic nuclei and offers a transcriptionally competent environment to facilitate early escape from repression before global genome activation.</p>',
'date' => '2019-02-11',
'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/30741925',
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'name' => 'Transcription Elongation Can Affect Genome 3D Structure.',
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'description' => '<p>How transcription affects genome 3D organization is not well understood. We found that during influenza A (IAV) infection, rampant transcription rapidly reorganizes host cell chromatin interactions. These changes occur at the ends of highly transcribed genes, where global inhibition of transcription termination by IAV NS1 protein causes readthrough transcription for hundreds of kilobases. In these readthrough regions, elongating RNA polymerase II disrupts chromatin interactions by inducing cohesin displacement from CTCF sites, leading to locus decompaction. Readthrough transcription into heterochromatin regions switches them from the inert (B) to the permissive (A) chromatin compartment and enables transcription factor binding. Data from non-viral transcription stimuli show that transcription similarly affects cohesin-mediated chromatin contacts within gene bodies. Conversely, inhibition of transcription elongation allows cohesin to accumulate at previously transcribed intragenic CTCF sites and to mediate chromatin looping and compaction. Our data indicate that transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II remodels genome 3D architecture.</p>',
'date' => '2018-09-06',
'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/30146161',
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'description' => '<p>The nuclear factor-κB (NFκB) family of <span class="highlight">transcription</span> factors has been implicated in inflammatory disorders, viral infections, and cancer. Most of the drugs that inhibit NFκB show significant side effects, possibly due to sustained NFκB suppression. Drugs affecting induced, but not basal, NFκB activity may have the potential to provide therapeutic benefit without associated toxicity. NFκB activation by stress-inducible cell cycle inhibitor p21 was shown to be mediated by a p21-stimulated <span class="highlight">transcription</span>-regulating kinase <span class="highlight">CDK8</span>. <span class="highlight">CDK8</span> and its paralog CDK19, associated with the transcriptional <span class="highlight">Mediator</span> complex, act as coregulators of several <span class="highlight">transcription</span> factors implicated in cancer; <span class="highlight">CDK8</span>/<span class="highlight">19</span> inhibitors are entering clinical development. Here we show that <span class="highlight">CDK8</span>/<span class="highlight">19</span> inhibition by different small-molecule kinase inhibitors or shRNAs suppresses the elongation of NFκB-induced <span class="highlight">transcription</span> when such <span class="highlight">transcription</span> is activated by p21-independent canonical inducers, such as TNFα. On NFκB activation, <span class="highlight">CDK8</span>/<span class="highlight">19</span> are corecruited with NFκB to the promoters of the responsive genes. Inhibition of <span class="highlight">CDK8</span>/<span class="highlight">19</span> kinase activity suppresses the RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain phosphorylation required for transcriptional elongation, in a gene-specific manner. Genes coregulated by <span class="highlight">CDK8</span>/<span class="highlight">19</span> and NFκB include <i>IL8</i>, <i>CXCL1</i>, and <i>CXCL2</i>, which encode tumor-promoting proinflammatory cytokines. Although it suppressed newly induced NFκB-driven <span class="highlight">transcription</span>, <span class="highlight">CDK8</span>/<span class="highlight">19</span> inhibition in most cases had no effect on the basal expression of NFκB-regulated genes or promoters; the same selective regulation of newly induced <span class="highlight">transcription</span> was observed with other <span class="highlight">transcription</span> signals potentiated by <span class="highlight">CDK8</span>/<span class="highlight">19</span>. This selective role of <span class="highlight">CDK8</span>/<span class="highlight">19</span> identifies these <span class="highlight">kinases</span> as mediators of transcriptional reprogramming, a key aspect of development and differentiation as well as pathological processes.</p>',
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'description' => '<p>Regulation of gene transcription in varicella-zoster virus (VZV), a ubiquitous human neurotropic alphaherpesvirus, requires coordinated binding of multiple host and virus proteins onto specific regions of the virus genome. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is widely used to determine the location of specific proteins along a genomic region. Since the size range of sheared virus DNA fragments governs the limit of accurate protein localization, particularly for compact herpesvirus genomes, we used a quantitative PCR (qPCR)-based assay to determine the efficiency of VZV DNA shearing before ChIP, after which the assay was used to determine the relationship between transcript abundance and the occupancy of phosphorylated RNA polymerase II (RNAP) on the gene promoter, body, and terminus of VZV genes 9, 51, and 66. The abundance of VZV gene 9, 51, and 66 transcripts in VZV-infected human fetal lung fibroblasts was determined by reverse transcription-linked quantitative PCR. Our results showed that the C-terminal domain of RNAP is hyperphosphorylated at serine 5 (S5(P)) on VZV genes 9, 51, and 66 independently of transcript abundance and the location within the virus gene at both 1 and 3 days postinfection (dpi). In contrast, phosphorylated serine 2 (S2(P))-modified RNAP was not detected at any virus gene location at 3 dpi and was detected at levels only slightly above background levels at 1 dpi.</p>',
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<p><span>Monoclonal antibody raised in mouse against the YSPTSPS repeat in the B1 subunit of RNA polymerase II, phosphorylated at Ser2 of the repeat sequence.</span></p>',
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<p><small><strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />ChIP assays were performed using human HeLa cells, the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the “iDeal ChIP-seq” kit (Cat. No. C01010051), using sheared chromatin from 1 million cells. A titration consisting of 1, 2, 5 and 10 µg of antibody per ChIP experiment was analyzed. IgG (2 µg/IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers specific for the coding region of the constitutively expressed GAPDH and ACTB genes, used as positive controls, and for exon 2 of the inactive myoglobin (MB) gene and the Sat2 satellite repeat, used as negative controls. Figure 1 shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis).</small></p>
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<div class="small-12 columns">A. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIPSeq-A.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody ChIP-seq Grade" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /><br />B. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIPSeq-B.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody for ChIP-seq" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /><br /> C.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIPSeq-C.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody for ChIP-seq assay" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /><br /> D. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIPSeq-D.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody validated in ChIP-seq" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 3. Cross reactivity of the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol IIS2p </strong><br />To test the specificity an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against Pol IIS2p (cat. No. C15200005). The wells were coated with peptides containing the unmodified C-terminal repeat sequence as well as different phosphorylated peptides. Figure 3 shows the specificity of the antibody for the S2 phosphorylation.</small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 4. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />Nuclear extracts (25 µg) from HeLa cells were analysed by Western blot using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 5. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />Whole cell extracts (40 µg) from HeLa cells transfected with Pol II siRNA (lane 2) and from an untransfected control (lane 1) were analysed by Western blot using the Diagenode antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) diluted 1:1,000 in TBSTween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 6. Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with methanol and blocked with PBS/TX-100 containing 5% normal goat serum and 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labelled with the Pol II S2p antibody (left) diluted 1:500 in blocking solution followed by an anti-mouse antibody conjugated to Alexa594. The middle panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of the two stainings is shown on the right.</small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />ChIP assays were performed using human HeLa cells, the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the “iDeal ChIP-seq” kit (Cat. No. C01010051), using sheared chromatin from 1 million cells. A titration consisting of 1, 2, 5 and 10 µg of antibody per ChIP experiment was analyzed. IgG (2 µg/IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers specific for the coding region of the constitutively expressed GAPDH and ACTB genes, used as positive controls, and for exon 2 of the inactive myoglobin (MB) gene and the Sat2 satellite repeat, used as negative controls. Figure 1 shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis).</small></p>
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<div class="small-12 columns">A. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIPSeq-A.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody ChIP-seq Grade" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /><br />B. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIPSeq-B.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody for ChIP-seq" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /><br /> C.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIPSeq-C.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody for ChIP-seq assay" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /><br /> D. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIPSeq-D.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody validated in ChIP-seq" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 2. ChIP-seq results obtained with the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />ChIP was performed on sheared chromatin from 1 million HeLaS3 cells using 1 µg of the Diagenode antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) as described above. The IP’d DNA was subsequently analysed on an Illumina Genome Analyzer. Library preparation, cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The 36 bp tags were aligned to the human genome using the ELAND algorithm. Figure 2 shows the peak distribution along the complete sequence and a 150 kb region of the X-chromosome (figure 2A and B, respectively), and in a two genomic regions surrounding the GAPDH and ACTB positive control genes (figure 2C and D).</small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 3. Cross reactivity of the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol IIS2p </strong><br />To test the specificity an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against Pol IIS2p (cat. No. C15200005). The wells were coated with peptides containing the unmodified C-terminal repeat sequence as well as different phosphorylated peptides. Figure 3 shows the specificity of the antibody for the S2 phosphorylation.</small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 4. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />Nuclear extracts (25 µg) from HeLa cells were analysed by Western blot using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 5. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />Whole cell extracts (40 µg) from HeLa cells transfected with Pol II siRNA (lane 2) and from an untransfected control (lane 1) were analysed by Western blot using the Diagenode antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) diluted 1:1,000 in TBSTween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
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<div class="small-4 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIP.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody ChIP Grade" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />ChIP assays were performed using human HeLa cells, the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the “iDeal ChIP-seq” kit (Cat. No. C01010051), using sheared chromatin from 1 million cells. A titration consisting of 1, 2, 5 and 10 µg of antibody per ChIP experiment was analyzed. IgG (2 µg/IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers specific for the coding region of the constitutively expressed GAPDH and ACTB genes, used as positive controls, and for exon 2 of the inactive myoglobin (MB) gene and the Sat2 satellite repeat, used as negative controls. Figure 1 shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis).</small></p>
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<div class="small-12 columns">A. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIPSeq-A.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody ChIP-seq Grade" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /><br />B. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIPSeq-B.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody for ChIP-seq" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /><br /> C.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIPSeq-C.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody for ChIP-seq assay" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /><br /> D. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIPSeq-D.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody validated in ChIP-seq" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 2. ChIP-seq results obtained with the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />ChIP was performed on sheared chromatin from 1 million HeLaS3 cells using 1 µg of the Diagenode antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) as described above. The IP’d DNA was subsequently analysed on an Illumina Genome Analyzer. Library preparation, cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The 36 bp tags were aligned to the human genome using the ELAND algorithm. Figure 2 shows the peak distribution along the complete sequence and a 150 kb region of the X-chromosome (figure 2A and B, respectively), and in a two genomic regions surrounding the GAPDH and ACTB positive control genes (figure 2C and D).</small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 3. Cross reactivity of the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol IIS2p </strong><br />To test the specificity an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against Pol IIS2p (cat. No. C15200005). The wells were coated with peptides containing the unmodified C-terminal repeat sequence as well as different phosphorylated peptides. Figure 3 shows the specificity of the antibody for the S2 phosphorylation.</small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 4. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />Nuclear extracts (25 µg) from HeLa cells were analysed by Western blot using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 5. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />Whole cell extracts (40 µg) from HeLa cells transfected with Pol II siRNA (lane 2) and from an untransfected control (lane 1) were analysed by Western blot using the Diagenode antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) diluted 1:1,000 in TBSTween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 6. Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with methanol and blocked with PBS/TX-100 containing 5% normal goat serum and 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labelled with the Pol II S2p antibody (left) diluted 1:500 in blocking solution followed by an anti-mouse antibody conjugated to Alexa594. The middle panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of the two stainings is shown on the right.</small></p>
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<div class="small-12 columns">A. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIPSeq-A.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody ChIP-seq Grade" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /><br />B. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIPSeq-B.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody for ChIP-seq" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /><br /> C.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIPSeq-C.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody for ChIP-seq assay" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /><br /> D. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIPSeq-D.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody validated in ChIP-seq" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 2. ChIP-seq results obtained with the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />ChIP was performed on sheared chromatin from 1 million HeLaS3 cells using 1 µg of the Diagenode antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) as described above. The IP’d DNA was subsequently analysed on an Illumina Genome Analyzer. Library preparation, cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The 36 bp tags were aligned to the human genome using the ELAND algorithm. Figure 2 shows the peak distribution along the complete sequence and a 150 kb region of the X-chromosome (figure 2A and B, respectively), and in a two genomic regions surrounding the GAPDH and ACTB positive control genes (figure 2C and D).</small></p>
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<div class="small-4 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C1520005_ELISA.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody ELISA validation" style="display: block; border: 1px solid gray; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 3. Cross reactivity of the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol IIS2p </strong><br />To test the specificity an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against Pol IIS2p (cat. No. C15200005). The wells were coated with peptides containing the unmodified C-terminal repeat sequence as well as different phosphorylated peptides. Figure 3 shows the specificity of the antibody for the S2 phosphorylation.</small></p>
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<div class="small-3 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_WB.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody validated in Western Blot" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
<div class="small-9 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 4. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />Nuclear extracts (25 µg) from HeLa cells were analysed by Western blot using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
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<div class="small-3 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_WB_2.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody validated in Western Blot" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
<div class="small-9 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 5. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />Whole cell extracts (40 µg) from HeLa cells transfected with Pol II siRNA (lane 2) and from an untransfected control (lane 1) were analysed by Western blot using the Diagenode antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) diluted 1:1,000 in TBSTween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
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<div class="small-4 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_IF.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody validated in Immunofluorescence" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 6. Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with methanol and blocked with PBS/TX-100 containing 5% normal goat serum and 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labelled with the Pol II S2p antibody (left) diluted 1:500 in blocking solution followed by an anti-mouse antibody conjugated to Alexa594. The middle panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of the two stainings is shown on the right.</small></p>
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<p>Learn more about: <a href="https://www.diagenode.com/applications/western-blot">Loading control, MW marker visualization</a><em>. <br /></em></p>
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<p>Diagenode offers huge selection of highly sensitive antibodies validated in IF.</p>
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200229-IF.jpg" alt="" height="245" width="256" /></p>
<p><sup><strong>Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against CRISPR/Cas9</strong></sup></p>
<p><sup>HeLa cells transfected with a Cas9 expression vector (left) or untransfected cells (right) were fixed in methanol at -20°C, permeabilized with acetone at -20°C and blocked with PBS containing 2% BSA. The cells were stained with the Cas9 C-terminal antibody (Cat. No. C15200229) diluted 1:400, followed by incubation with an anti-mouse secondary antibody coupled to AF488. The bottom images show counter-staining of the nuclei with Hoechst 33342.</sup></p>
<h5><sup>Check our selection of antibodies validated in IF.</sup></h5>',
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<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Diagenode provides leading solutions for epigenetic research. Because ChIP-seq is a widely-used technique, we validate our antibodies in ChIP and ChIP-seq experiments (in addition to conventional methods like Western blot, Dot blot, ELISA, and immunofluorescence) to provide the highest quality antibody. We standardize our validation and production to guarantee high product quality without technical bias. Diagenode guarantees ChIP-seq grade antibody performance under our suggested conditions.</span></p>
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<p><strong>ChIP-seq profile</strong> of active (H3K4me3 and H3K36me3) and inactive (H3K27me3) marks using Diagenode antibodies.</p>
<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/categories/antibodies/chip-seq-grade-antibodies.png" /></div>
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<p><small> ChIP was performed on sheared chromatin from 100,000 K562 cells using iDeal ChIP-seq kit for Histones (cat. No. C01010051) with 1 µg of the Diagenode antibodies against H3K27me3 (cat. No. C15410195) and H3K4me3 (cat. No. C15410003), and 0.5 µg of the antibody against H3K36me3 (cat. No. C15410192). The IP'd DNA was subsequently analysed on an Illumina Genome Analyzer. Library preparation, cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. The 36 bp tags were aligned to the human genome using the ELAND algorithm. The figure shows the signal distribution along the complete sequence of human chromosome 3, a zoomin to a 10 Mb region and a further zoomin to a 1.5 Mb region. </small></p>
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<p>Diagenode’s highly validated antibodies:</p>
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<li>Highly sensitive and specific</li>
<li>Cost-effective (requires less antibody per reaction)</li>
<li>Batch-specific data is available on the website</li>
<li>Expert technical support</li>
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<p>Diagenode has partnered with leading epigenetics experts and numerous epigenetics consortiums to bring to you a validated and comprehensive collection of epigenetic antibodies. As an expert in epigenetics, we are committed to offering highly-specific antibodies validated for ChIP/ChIP-seq and many other applications. All batch-specific validation data is available on our website.<br /><a href="../categories/antibodies">Read about our expertise in antibody production</a>.</p>
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<p>Existing sample sizes are listed below. We will soon expand our collection. Are you looking for a sample size of another antibody? Just <a href="mailto:agnieszka.zelisko@diagenode.com?Subject=Sample%20Size%20Request" target="_top">Contact us</a>.</p>',
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<p><br />Chromatin immunoprecipitation (<b>ChIP</b>) is a technique to study the associations of proteins with the specific genomic regions in intact cells. One of the most important steps of this protocol is the immunoprecipitation of targeted protein using the antibody specifically recognizing it. The quality of antibodies used in ChIP is essential for the success of the experiment. Diagenode offers extensively validated ChIP-grade antibodies, confirmed for their specificity, and high level of performance in ChIP. Each batch is validated, and batch-specific data are available on the website.</p>
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<p><strong>ChIP results</strong> obtained with the antibody directed against H3K4me3 (Cat. No. <a href="../p/h3k4me3-polyclonal-antibody-premium-50-ug-50-ul">C15410003</a>). </p>
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<p>Our aim at Diagenode is to offer the largest collection of highly specific <strong>ChIP-grade antibodies</strong>. We add new antibodies monthly. Find your ChIP-grade antibody in the list below and check more information about tested applications, extensive validation data, and product information.</p>',
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'description' => '<p>CDK7, a transcriptional cyclin-dependent kinase, is emerging as a novel cancer target. Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) but not estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancers have been reported to be uniquely sensitive to the CDK7 inhibitor THZ1 due to the inhibition of a cluster of TNBC-specific genes. However, bioinformatic analysis indicates that CDK7 RNA expression is associated with negative prognosis in all the major subtypes of breast cancer. To further elucidate the effects of CDK7 inhibition in breast cancer, we profiled a panel of cell lines representing different breast cancer subtypes. THZ1 inhibited cell growth in all subtypes (TNBC, HER2+, ER+, and HER2+/ER+) with no apparent subtype selectivity. THZ1 inhibited CDK7 activity and induced G1 arrest and apoptosis in all the tested cell lines, but THZ1 sensitivity did not correlate with CDK7 inhibition or CDK7 expression levels. THZ1 sensitivity across the cell line panel did not correlate with TNBC-specific gene expression but it was found to correlate with the differential inhibition of three genes: CDKN1B, MYC and transcriptional coregulator CITED2. Response to THZ1 also correlated with basal CITED2 protein expression, a potential marker of CDK7 inhibitor sensitivity. Furthermore, all of the THZ1-inhibited genes examined were inducible by EGF but THZ1 prevented this induction. THZ1 had synergistic or additive effects when combined with the EGFR inhibitor erlotinib, with no outward selectivity for a particular subtype of breast cancer. These results suggest a potential broad utility for CDK7 inhibitors in breast cancer therapy and the potential for combining CDK7 and EGFR inhibitors.</p>',
'date' => '2020-03-06',
'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/32155786',
'doi' => '10.3390/cells9030638',
'modified' => '2020-08-17 11:01:06',
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'id' => '3680',
'name' => 'A cell cycle-coordinated Polymerase II transcription compartment encompasses gene expression before global genome activation.',
'authors' => 'Hadzhiev Y, Qureshi HK, Wheatley L, Cooper L, Jasiulewicz A, Van Nguyen H, Wragg JW, Poovathumkadavil D, Conic S, Bajan S, Sik A, Hutvàgner G, Tora L, Gambus A, Fossey JS, Müller F',
'description' => '<p>Most metazoan embryos commence development with rapid, transcriptionally silent cell divisions, with genome activation delayed until the mid-blastula transition (MBT). However, a set of genes escapes global repression and gets activated before MBT. Here we describe the formation and the spatio-temporal dynamics of a pair of distinct transcription compartments, which encompasses the earliest gene expression in zebrafish. 4D imaging of pri-miR430 and zinc-finger-gene activities by a novel, native transcription imaging approach reveals transcriptional sharing of nuclear compartments, which are regulated by homologous chromosome organisation. These compartments carry the majority of nascent-RNAs and active Polymerase II, are chromatin-depleted and represent the main sites of detectable transcription before MBT. Transcription occurs during the S-phase of increasingly permissive cleavage cycles. It is proposed, that the transcription compartment is part of the regulatory architecture of embryonic nuclei and offers a transcriptionally competent environment to facilitate early escape from repression before global genome activation.</p>',
'date' => '2019-02-11',
'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/30741925',
'doi' => '10.1038/s41467-019-08487-5',
'modified' => '2019-07-01 11:18:23',
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'id' => '3573',
'name' => 'Transcription Elongation Can Affect Genome 3D Structure.',
'authors' => 'Heinz S, Texari L, Hayes MGB, Urbanowski M, Chang MW, Givarkes N, Rialdi A, White KM, Albrecht RA, Pache L, Marazzi I, García-Sastre A, Shaw ML, Benner C',
'description' => '<p>How transcription affects genome 3D organization is not well understood. We found that during influenza A (IAV) infection, rampant transcription rapidly reorganizes host cell chromatin interactions. These changes occur at the ends of highly transcribed genes, where global inhibition of transcription termination by IAV NS1 protein causes readthrough transcription for hundreds of kilobases. In these readthrough regions, elongating RNA polymerase II disrupts chromatin interactions by inducing cohesin displacement from CTCF sites, leading to locus decompaction. Readthrough transcription into heterochromatin regions switches them from the inert (B) to the permissive (A) chromatin compartment and enables transcription factor binding. Data from non-viral transcription stimuli show that transcription similarly affects cohesin-mediated chromatin contacts within gene bodies. Conversely, inhibition of transcription elongation allows cohesin to accumulate at previously transcribed intragenic CTCF sites and to mediate chromatin looping and compaction. Our data indicate that transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II remodels genome 3D architecture.</p>',
'date' => '2018-09-06',
'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/30146161',
'doi' => '10.1016/j.cell.2018.07.047',
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'name' => 'CDK8/19 Mediator kinases potentiate induction of transcription by NFκB',
'authors' => 'Chen M. et al.',
'description' => '<p>The nuclear factor-κB (NFκB) family of <span class="highlight">transcription</span> factors has been implicated in inflammatory disorders, viral infections, and cancer. Most of the drugs that inhibit NFκB show significant side effects, possibly due to sustained NFκB suppression. Drugs affecting induced, but not basal, NFκB activity may have the potential to provide therapeutic benefit without associated toxicity. NFκB activation by stress-inducible cell cycle inhibitor p21 was shown to be mediated by a p21-stimulated <span class="highlight">transcription</span>-regulating kinase <span class="highlight">CDK8</span>. <span class="highlight">CDK8</span> and its paralog CDK19, associated with the transcriptional <span class="highlight">Mediator</span> complex, act as coregulators of several <span class="highlight">transcription</span> factors implicated in cancer; <span class="highlight">CDK8</span>/<span class="highlight">19</span> inhibitors are entering clinical development. Here we show that <span class="highlight">CDK8</span>/<span class="highlight">19</span> inhibition by different small-molecule kinase inhibitors or shRNAs suppresses the elongation of NFκB-induced <span class="highlight">transcription</span> when such <span class="highlight">transcription</span> is activated by p21-independent canonical inducers, such as TNFα. On NFκB activation, <span class="highlight">CDK8</span>/<span class="highlight">19</span> are corecruited with NFκB to the promoters of the responsive genes. Inhibition of <span class="highlight">CDK8</span>/<span class="highlight">19</span> kinase activity suppresses the RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain phosphorylation required for transcriptional elongation, in a gene-specific manner. Genes coregulated by <span class="highlight">CDK8</span>/<span class="highlight">19</span> and NFκB include <i>IL8</i>, <i>CXCL1</i>, and <i>CXCL2</i>, which encode tumor-promoting proinflammatory cytokines. Although it suppressed newly induced NFκB-driven <span class="highlight">transcription</span>, <span class="highlight">CDK8</span>/<span class="highlight">19</span> inhibition in most cases had no effect on the basal expression of NFκB-regulated genes or promoters; the same selective regulation of newly induced <span class="highlight">transcription</span> was observed with other <span class="highlight">transcription</span> signals potentiated by <span class="highlight">CDK8</span>/<span class="highlight">19</span>. This selective role of <span class="highlight">CDK8</span>/<span class="highlight">19</span> identifies these <span class="highlight">kinases</span> as mediators of transcriptional reprogramming, a key aspect of development and differentiation as well as pathological processes.</p>',
'date' => '2017-09-19',
'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5617299/',
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'name' => 'Occupancy of RNA Polymerase II Phosphorylated on Serine 5 (RNAP S5P) and RNAP S2P on Varicella-Zoster Virus Genes 9, 51, and 66 Is Independent of Transcript Abundance and Polymerase Location within the Gene',
'authors' => 'Henderson HH et al.',
'description' => '<p>Regulation of gene transcription in varicella-zoster virus (VZV), a ubiquitous human neurotropic alphaherpesvirus, requires coordinated binding of multiple host and virus proteins onto specific regions of the virus genome. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is widely used to determine the location of specific proteins along a genomic region. Since the size range of sheared virus DNA fragments governs the limit of accurate protein localization, particularly for compact herpesvirus genomes, we used a quantitative PCR (qPCR)-based assay to determine the efficiency of VZV DNA shearing before ChIP, after which the assay was used to determine the relationship between transcript abundance and the occupancy of phosphorylated RNA polymerase II (RNAP) on the gene promoter, body, and terminus of VZV genes 9, 51, and 66. The abundance of VZV gene 9, 51, and 66 transcripts in VZV-infected human fetal lung fibroblasts was determined by reverse transcription-linked quantitative PCR. Our results showed that the C-terminal domain of RNAP is hyperphosphorylated at serine 5 (S5(P)) on VZV genes 9, 51, and 66 independently of transcript abundance and the location within the virus gene at both 1 and 3 days postinfection (dpi). In contrast, phosphorylated serine 2 (S2(P))-modified RNAP was not detected at any virus gene location at 3 dpi and was detected at levels only slightly above background levels at 1 dpi.</p>',
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'name' => 'Pol II S2p Antibody',
'description' => '<p><span>Alternative names: <strong>POLR2A</strong>, <strong>RPB1</strong>, <strong>POLR2</strong>, <strong>RPOL2</strong></span></p>
<p><span>Monoclonal antibody raised in mouse against the YSPTSPS repeat in the B1 subunit of RNA polymerase II, phosphorylated at Ser2 of the repeat sequence.</span></p>',
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<div class="small-4 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIP.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody ChIP Grade" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />ChIP assays were performed using human HeLa cells, the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the “iDeal ChIP-seq” kit (Cat. No. C01010051), using sheared chromatin from 1 million cells. A titration consisting of 1, 2, 5 and 10 µg of antibody per ChIP experiment was analyzed. IgG (2 µg/IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers specific for the coding region of the constitutively expressed GAPDH and ACTB genes, used as positive controls, and for exon 2 of the inactive myoglobin (MB) gene and the Sat2 satellite repeat, used as negative controls. Figure 1 shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis).</small></p>
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<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">A. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIPSeq-A.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody ChIP-seq Grade" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /><br />B. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIPSeq-B.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody for ChIP-seq" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /><br /> C.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIPSeq-C.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody for ChIP-seq assay" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /><br /> D. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIPSeq-D.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody validated in ChIP-seq" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
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<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 2. ChIP-seq results obtained with the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />ChIP was performed on sheared chromatin from 1 million HeLaS3 cells using 1 µg of the Diagenode antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) as described above. The IP’d DNA was subsequently analysed on an Illumina Genome Analyzer. Library preparation, cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The 36 bp tags were aligned to the human genome using the ELAND algorithm. Figure 2 shows the peak distribution along the complete sequence and a 150 kb region of the X-chromosome (figure 2A and B, respectively), and in a two genomic regions surrounding the GAPDH and ACTB positive control genes (figure 2C and D).</small></p>
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<div class="spacer"></div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-4 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C1520005_ELISA.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody ELISA validation" style="display: block; border: 1px solid gray; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 3. Cross reactivity of the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol IIS2p </strong><br />To test the specificity an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against Pol IIS2p (cat. No. C15200005). The wells were coated with peptides containing the unmodified C-terminal repeat sequence as well as different phosphorylated peptides. Figure 3 shows the specificity of the antibody for the S2 phosphorylation.</small></p>
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<p></p>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-3 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_WB.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody validated in Western Blot" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
<div class="small-9 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 4. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />Nuclear extracts (25 µg) from HeLa cells were analysed by Western blot using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
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<div class="row">
<div class="small-3 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_WB_2.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody validated in Western Blot" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
<div class="small-9 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 5. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />Whole cell extracts (40 µg) from HeLa cells transfected with Pol II siRNA (lane 2) and from an untransfected control (lane 1) were analysed by Western blot using the Diagenode antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) diluted 1:1,000 in TBSTween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
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<div class="small-4 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_IF.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody validated in Immunofluorescence" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 6. Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with methanol and blocked with PBS/TX-100 containing 5% normal goat serum and 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labelled with the Pol II S2p antibody (left) diluted 1:500 in blocking solution followed by an anti-mouse antibody conjugated to Alexa594. The middle panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of the two stainings is shown on the right.</small></p>
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<p><span>Monoclonal antibody raised in mouse against the YSPTSPS repeat in the B1 subunit of RNA polymerase II, phosphorylated at Ser2 of the repeat sequence.</span></p>',
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<div class="small-4 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIP.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody ChIP Grade" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />ChIP assays were performed using human HeLa cells, the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the “iDeal ChIP-seq” kit (Cat. No. C01010051), using sheared chromatin from 1 million cells. A titration consisting of 1, 2, 5 and 10 µg of antibody per ChIP experiment was analyzed. IgG (2 µg/IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers specific for the coding region of the constitutively expressed GAPDH and ACTB genes, used as positive controls, and for exon 2 of the inactive myoglobin (MB) gene and the Sat2 satellite repeat, used as negative controls. Figure 1 shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis).</small></p>
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<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">A. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIPSeq-A.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody ChIP-seq Grade" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /><br />B. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIPSeq-B.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody for ChIP-seq" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /><br /> C.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIPSeq-C.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody for ChIP-seq assay" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /><br /> D. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_ChIPSeq-D.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody validated in ChIP-seq" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 2. ChIP-seq results obtained with the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />ChIP was performed on sheared chromatin from 1 million HeLaS3 cells using 1 µg of the Diagenode antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) as described above. The IP’d DNA was subsequently analysed on an Illumina Genome Analyzer. Library preparation, cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The 36 bp tags were aligned to the human genome using the ELAND algorithm. Figure 2 shows the peak distribution along the complete sequence and a 150 kb region of the X-chromosome (figure 2A and B, respectively), and in a two genomic regions surrounding the GAPDH and ACTB positive control genes (figure 2C and D).</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<p></p>
<div class="spacer"></div>
<div class="spacer"></div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-4 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C1520005_ELISA.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody ELISA validation" style="display: block; border: 1px solid gray; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 3. Cross reactivity of the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol IIS2p </strong><br />To test the specificity an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against Pol IIS2p (cat. No. C15200005). The wells were coated with peptides containing the unmodified C-terminal repeat sequence as well as different phosphorylated peptides. Figure 3 shows the specificity of the antibody for the S2 phosphorylation.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<p></p>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-3 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_WB.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody validated in Western Blot" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
<div class="small-9 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 4. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />Nuclear extracts (25 µg) from HeLa cells were analysed by Western blot using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-3 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_WB_2.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody validated in Western Blot" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
<div class="small-9 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 5. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />Whole cell extracts (40 µg) from HeLa cells transfected with Pol II siRNA (lane 2) and from an untransfected control (lane 1) were analysed by Western blot using the Diagenode antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) diluted 1:1,000 in TBSTween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<p></p>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-4 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200005_IF.png" alt="Pol II S2p Antibody validated in Immunofluorescence" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></div>
<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 6. Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against Pol II S2p </strong><br />HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against Pol II S2p (Cat. No. C15200005) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with methanol and blocked with PBS/TX-100 containing 5% normal goat serum and 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labelled with the Pol II S2p antibody (left) diluted 1:500 in blocking solution followed by an anti-mouse antibody conjugated to Alexa594. The middle panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of the two stainings is shown on the right.</small></p>
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'name' => 'Occupancy of RNA Polymerase II Phosphorylated on Serine 5 (RNAP S5P) and RNAP S2P on Varicella-Zoster Virus Genes 9, 51, and 66 Is Independent of Transcript Abundance and Polymerase Location within the Gene',
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