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<p><small><strong> Figure 2. Determination of the 5-hmC mouse monoclonal antibody titer </strong><br />To determine the titer, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode mouse monoclonal antibody directed against 5-hmC (Cat No. MAb-31HMC-050, MAb-31HMC-100) in antigen coated wells. The antigen used was KHL coupled to 5-hmC base. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution, the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1:40,000. </small></p>
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<p><small><strong> Figure 3. Dotblot analysis of the Diagenode 5-hmC mouse monoclonal antibody with the C, mC and hmC PCR controls </strong><br />200 to 2 ng (equivalent of 10 to 0.1 pmol of C-bases) of the hmC (1), mC (2) and C (3) PCR controls from the Diagenode “5-hmC, 5-mC & cytosine DNA Standard Pack” (Cat No. AF-101-0020) were spotted on a membrane (Amersham Hybond-N+). The membrane was incubated with 2 μg/ml of the mouse 5-hydroxymethylcytosine monoclonal antibody (dilution 1:500). The membranes were exposed for 30 seconds. </small></p>
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<p><small><strong> Figure 2. Determination of the 5-hmC mouse monoclonal antibody titer </strong><br />To determine the titer, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode mouse monoclonal antibody directed against 5-hmC (Cat No. MAb-31HMC-050, MAb-31HMC-100) in antigen coated wells. The antigen used was KHL coupled to 5-hmC base. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution, the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1:40,000. </small></p>
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<p>Preliminary results indicate that 5-hmC may have important roles distinct from 5-mC. Although its precise role has still to be shown, early evidence suggests a few putative mechanisms that could have big implications in epigenetics : 5-hydroxymethylcytosine may well represent a new pathway to demethylate DNA involving a repair mechanism converting 5-hmC to cytosine and, as such open up entirely new perspectives in epigenetic studies.</p>
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<p><small><strong> Figure 2. Determination of the 5-hmC mouse monoclonal antibody titer </strong><br />To determine the titer, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode mouse monoclonal antibody directed against 5-hmC (Cat No. MAb-31HMC-050, MAb-31HMC-100) in antigen coated wells. The antigen used was KHL coupled to 5-hmC base. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution, the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1:40,000. </small></p>
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<p><small><strong> Figure 3. Dotblot analysis of the Diagenode 5-hmC mouse monoclonal antibody with the C, mC and hmC PCR controls </strong><br />200 to 2 ng (equivalent of 10 to 0.1 pmol of C-bases) of the hmC (1), mC (2) and C (3) PCR controls from the Diagenode “5-hmC, 5-mC & cytosine DNA Standard Pack” (Cat No. AF-101-0020) were spotted on a membrane (Amersham Hybond-N+). The membrane was incubated with 2 μg/ml of the mouse 5-hydroxymethylcytosine monoclonal antibody (dilution 1:500). The membranes were exposed for 30 seconds. </small></p>
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<p><span>The hMeDIP kit is designed for enrichment of hydroxymethylated DNA from fragmented genomic DNA<span><span> </span>samples for use in genome-wide methylation analysis. It features</span></span><span> a highly specific monoclonal antibody against </span>5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) for the immunoprecipitation of hydroxymethylated DNA<span>. It includes control DNA and primers to assess the effiency of the assay. </span>Performing hydroxymethylation profiling with the hMeDIP kit is fast, reliable and highly specific.</p>
<p><em>Looking for hMeDIP-seq protocol? <a href="https://go.diagenode.com/l/928883/2022-01-07/2m1ht" target="_blank" title="Contact us">Contact us</a></em></p>
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<p style="text-align: center;"><strong>Make your Bisulfite conversion now in only 60 minutes !</strong></p>
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'description' => '<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">T</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">he pattern of <strong>DNA modifications</strong> is critical for genome stability and the control of gene expression in the cell. Methylation of 5-cytosine (5-mC), one of the best-studied epigenetic marks, is carried out by the <strong>DNA methyltransferases</strong> DNMT3A and B and DNMT1. DNMT3A and DNMT3B are responsible for </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">de novo</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> DNA methylation, whereas DNMT1 maintains existing methylation. 5-mC undergoes active demethylation which is performed by the <strong>Ten-Eleven Translocation</strong> (TET) familly of DNA hydroxylases. The latter consists of 3 members TET1, 2 and 3. All 3 members catalyze the conversion of <strong>5-methylcytosine</strong> (5-mC) into <strong>5-hydroxymethylcytosine</strong> (5-hmC), and further into <strong>5-formylcytosine</strong> (5-fC) and <strong>5-carboxycytosine</strong> (5-caC). 5-fC and 5-caC can be converted to unmodified cytosine by <strong>Thymine DNA Glycosylase</strong> (TDG). It is not yet clear if 5-hmC, 5-fC and 5-caC have specific functions or are simply intermediates in the demethylation of 5-mC.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">DNA methylation is generally considered as a repressive mark and is usually associated with gene silencing. It is essential that the balance between DNA methylation and demethylation is precisely maintained. Dysregulation of DNA methylation may lead to many different human diseases and is often observed in cancer cells.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Diagenode offers highly validated antibodies against different proteins involved in DNA modifications as well as against the modified bases allowing the study of all steps and intermediates in the DNA methylation/demethylation pathway:</span></p>
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/categories/antibodies/dna-methylation.jpg" height="599" width="816" /></p>
<p><strong>Diagenode exclusively sources the original 5-methylcytosine monoclonal antibody (clone 33D3).</strong></p>
<p>Check out the list below to see all proposed antibodies for DNA modifications.</p>
<p>Diagenode’s highly validated antibodies:</p>
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<li>Highly sensitive and specific</li>
<li>Cost-effective (requires less antibody per reaction)</li>
<li>Batch-specific data is available on the website</li>
<li>Expert technical support</li>
<li>Sample sizes available</li>
<li>100% satisfaction guarantee</li>
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<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Diagenode’s highly validated antibodies:</span></p>
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<p>The study of 5-hmC has long been limited due to the lack of high quality, validated tools and technologies that discriminate hydroxymethylation from methylation in regulating gene expression. The use of highly specific antibodies against 5-hmC for the immunoprecipitation of hydroxymethylated DNA offers a reliable solution for hydroxymethylation profiling.</p>
<p></p>',
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'name' => '5-Hydroxymethylcytosine in circulating cell-free DNA as a potential diagnostic biomarker for SLE ',
'authors' => 'Xinya Tong et al.',
'description' => '<div id="sec-1" class="subsection">
<p id="p-2"><strong>Background</strong><span> </span>SLE is a complex autoimmune disease with heterogeneous manifestations and unpredictable outcomes. Early diagnosis is challenging due to non-specific symptoms, and current treatments only manage symptoms. Epigenetic alternations, including 5-Hydroxymethylome (5hmC) modifications, are important contributors to SLE pathogenesis. However, the 5hmC modification status in circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) of patients with SLE remains largely unexplored. We investigated the distribution of 5hmC in cfDNA of patients with SLE and healthy controls (HCs), and explored its potential as an SLE diagnosis marker.</p>
</div>
<div id="sec-2" class="subsection">
<p id="p-3"><strong>Methods</strong><span> </span>We used 5hmC-Seal to generate genome-wide 5hmC profiles of plasma cfDNA and bioinformatics analysis to screen differentially hydroxymethylated regions (DhMRs). In vitro mechanistic exploration was conducted to investigate the regulatory effect of CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) in 5hmC candidate biomarkers.</p>
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<div id="sec-3" class="subsection">
<p id="p-4"><strong>Results</strong><span> </span>We found distinct differences in genomic regions and 5hmC modification motif patterns between patients with SLE and HCs, varying with disease progression. Increased 5hmC modification enrichment was detected in SLE. Additionally, we screened 151 genes with hyper-5hmC, which are significantly involved in SLE-related processes, and 5hmC-modified<span> </span><em>BCL2</em>,<span> </span><em>CD83</em>,<span> </span><em>ETS1</em><span> </span>and<span> </span><em>GZMB</em><span> </span>as SLE biomarkers. Our findings suggest that CTCF regulates 5hmC modification of these genes by recruiting TET (ten-eleven translocation) protein, and CTCF knockdown affected the protein expression of these genes in vitro.</p>
</div>
<div id="sec-4" class="subsection">
<p id="p-5"><strong>Conclusions</strong><span> </span>Our findings demonstrate the increased 5hmC distribution in plasma cfDNA in different disease activity in patients with SLE compared with HCs and relating DhMRs involved in SLE-associated pathways. Furthermore, we identified a panel of SLE relevant biomarkers, and these viewpoints could provide insight into the pathogenesis of SLE.</p>
</div>',
'date' => '2024-10-04',
'pmid' => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39366755/',
'doi' => '10.1136/lupus-2024-001286',
'modified' => '2024-10-10 14:35:36',
'created' => '2024-10-10 14:35:36',
'ProductsPublication' => array(
[maximum depth reached]
)
),
(int) 1 => array(
'id' => '4979',
'name' => 'RNA m5C oxidation by TET2 regulates chromatin state and leukaemogenesis',
'authors' => 'Zhongyu Zou et al. ',
'description' => '<p><span>Mutation of tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 2 (encoded by </span><i>TET2</i><span>) drives myeloid malignancy initiation and progression</span><sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Tefferi, A., Lim, K. H. & Levine, R. Mutation in TET2 in myeloid cancers. N. Engl. J. Med. 361, 1117 (2009)." href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07969-x#ref-CR1" id="ref-link-section-d100968202e609">1</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Jankowska, A. M. et al. Loss of heterozygosity 4q24 and TET2 mutations associated with myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms. Blood 113, 6403–6410 (2009)." href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07969-x#ref-CR2" id="ref-link-section-d100968202e609_1">2</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 3" title="Langemeijer, S. M. et al. Acquired mutations in TET2 are common in myelodysplastic syndromes. Nat. Genet. 41, 838–842 (2009)." href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07969-x#ref-CR3" id="ref-link-section-d100968202e612">3</a></sup><span>. TET2 deficiency is known to cause a globally opened chromatin state and activation of genes contributing to aberrant haematopoietic stem cell self-renewal</span><sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 4" title="Moran-Crusio, K. et al. Tet2 loss leads to increased hematopoietic stem cell self-renewal and myeloid transformation. Cancer Cell 20, 11–24 (2011)." href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07969-x#ref-CR4" id="ref-link-section-d100968202e616">4</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 5" title="Lopez-Moyado, I. F. et al. Paradoxical association of TET loss of function with genome-wide DNA hypomethylation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 116, 16933–16942 (2019)." href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07969-x#ref-CR5" id="ref-link-section-d100968202e619">5</a></sup><span>. However, the open chromatin observed in TET2-deficient mouse embryonic stem cells, leukaemic cells and haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells</span><sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 5" title="Lopez-Moyado, I. F. et al. Paradoxical association of TET loss of function with genome-wide DNA hypomethylation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 116, 16933–16942 (2019)." href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07969-x#ref-CR5" id="ref-link-section-d100968202e623">5</a></sup><span><span> </span>is inconsistent with the designated role of DNA 5-methylcytosine oxidation of TET2. Here we show that chromatin-associated retrotransposon RNA 5-methylcytosine (m</span><sup>5</sup><span>C) can be recognized by the methyl-CpG-binding-domain protein MBD6, which guides deubiquitination of nearby monoubiquitinated Lys119 of histone H2A (H2AK119ub) to promote an open chromatin state. TET2 oxidizes m</span><sup>5</sup><span>C and antagonizes this MBD6-dependent H2AK119ub deubiquitination. TET2 depletion thereby leads to globally decreased H2AK119ub, more open chromatin and increased transcription in stem cells.<span> </span></span><i>TET2-</i><span>mutant human leukaemia becomes dependent on this gene activation pathway, with<span> </span></span><i>MBD6</i><span><span> </span>depletion selectively blocking proliferation of<span> </span></span><i>TET2</i><span>-mutant leukaemic cells and largely reversing the haematopoiesis defects caused by<span> </span></span><i>Tet2</i><span><span> </span>loss in mouse models. Together, our findings reveal a chromatin regulation pathway by TET2 through retrotransposon RNA m</span><sup>5</sup><span>C oxidation and identify the downstream MBD6 protein as a feasible target for developing therapies specific against<span> </span></span><i>TET2</i><span><span> </span>mutant malignancies.</span></p>',
'date' => '2024-10-02',
'pmid' => 'https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07969-x',
'doi' => 'https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07969-x',
'modified' => '2024-10-10 14:31:29',
'created' => '2024-10-10 14:31:29',
'ProductsPublication' => array(
[maximum depth reached]
)
),
(int) 2 => array(
'id' => '4850',
'name' => 'Bioengineering novel AAV9-mGULO-GT for multi-disease gene therapy:Targeting mutated GULO expression to cure scurvy and brain diseases.',
'authors' => 'Liu J. et al.',
'description' => '<p>Current clinical breakthroughs in gene therapy have brought adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors to the forefront of gene delivery systems. Vitamin C deficiency due to GULO mutations is a genetic disorder affecting guinea pigs and humans. In our study, we used AAV9-mGULO GT to deliver the mouse GULO gene to guinea pigs and restore Vc synthesis in affected tissues, including the liver and brain. AAV9-mGULO-GT treatment significantly improved survival rates and bone health compared to non-treated and Vc-treated groups. Dot blot analysis confirmed restored Vc content in various parts of the brain. Additionally, micro-CT imaging showcased significant enhancements in bone mineral density, content, width, and cortical thickness. Further, RNA sequencing and immunological studies of organs validated the successful restoration of Vc synthesis. These findings highlight the potential of AAV9- mGULO-GT as a therapeutic option for GULO-related scurvy and other genetic disorders. The success of our study underscores the importance of advanced targeting and gene rescue systems in developing effective therapies for genetic disorders in clinical applications.</p>',
'date' => '2023-06-01',
'pmid' => 'https://doi.org/10.21203%2Frs.3.rs-3028525%2Fv1',
'doi' => '10.21203/rs.3.rs-3028525/v1',
'modified' => '2023-08-01 14:23:57',
'created' => '2023-08-01 15:59:38',
'ProductsPublication' => array(
[maximum depth reached]
)
),
(int) 3 => array(
'id' => '4777',
'name' => 'Epigenetic modifier alpha-ketoglutarate modulates aberrant gene bodymethylation and hydroxymethylation marks in diabetic heart.',
'authors' => 'Dhat R. et al.',
'description' => '<p>BACKGROUND: Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a leading cause of death in diabetic patients. Hyperglycemic myocardial microenvironment significantly alters chromatin architecture and the transcriptome, resulting in aberrant activation of signaling pathways in a diabetic heart. Epigenetic marks play vital roles in transcriptional reprogramming during the development of DCM. The current study is aimed to profile genome-wide DNA (hydroxy)methylation patterns in the hearts of control and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats and decipher the effect of modulation of DNA methylation by alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG), a TET enzyme cofactor, on the progression of DCM. METHODS: Diabetes was induced in male adult Wistar rats with an intraperitoneal injection of STZ. Diabetic and vehicle control animals were randomly divided into groups with/without AKG treatment. Cardiac function was monitored by performing cardiac catheterization. Global methylation (5mC) and hydroxymethylation (5hmC) patterns were mapped in the Left ventricular tissue of control and diabetic rats with the help of an enrichment-based (h)MEDIP-sequencing technique by using antibodies specific for 5mC and 5hmC. Sequencing data were validated by performing (h)MEDIP-qPCR analysis at the gene-specific level, and gene expression was analyzed by qPCR. The mRNA and protein expression of enzymes involved in the DNA methylation and demethylation cycle were analyzed by qPCR and western blotting. Global 5mC and 5hmC levels were also assessed in high glucose-treated DNMT3B knockdown H9c2 cells. RESULTS: We found the increased expression of DNMT3B, MBD2, and MeCP2 with a concomitant accumulation of 5mC and 5hmC, specifically in gene body regions of diabetic rat hearts compared to the control. Calcium signaling was the most significantly affected pathway by cytosine modifications in the diabetic heart. Additionally, hypermethylated gene body regions were associated with Rap1, apelin, and phosphatidyl inositol signaling, while metabolic pathways were most affected by hyperhydroxymethylation. AKG supplementation in diabetic rats reversed aberrant methylation patterns and restored cardiac function. Hyperglycemia also increased 5mC and 5hmC levels in H9c2 cells, which was normalized by DNMT3B knockdown or AKG supplementation. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that reverting hyperglycemic damage to cardiac tissue might be possible by erasing adverse epigenetic signatures by supplementing epigenetic modulators such as AKG along with an existing antidiabetic treatment regimen.</p>',
'date' => '2023-04-01',
'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37101286',
'doi' => '10.1186/s13072-023-00489-4',
'modified' => '2023-06-12 09:20:54',
'created' => '2023-05-05 12:34:24',
'ProductsPublication' => array(
[maximum depth reached]
)
),
(int) 4 => array(
'id' => '4823',
'name' => 'Gene body DNA hydroxymethylation restricts the magnitude oftranscriptional changes during aging.',
'authors' => 'Occean J. R. et al.',
'description' => '<p>DNA hydroxymethylation (5hmC) is the most abundant oxidative derivative of DNA methylation (5mC) and is typically enriched at enhancers and gene bodies of transcriptionally active and tissue-specific genes. Although aberrant genomic 5hmC has been implicated in many age-related diseases, the functional role of the modification in aging remains largely unknown. Here, we report that 5hmC is stably enriched in multiple aged organs. Using the liver and cerebellum as model organs, we show that 5hmC accumulates in gene bodies associated with tissue-specific function and thereby restricts the magnitude of gene expression changes during aging. Mechanistically, we found that 5hmC decreases binding affinity of splicing factors compared to unmodified cytosine and 5mC, and is correlated with age-related alternative splicing events, suggesting RNA splicing as a potential mediator of 5hmC’s transcriptionally restrictive function. Furthermore, we show that various age-related contexts, such as prolonged quiescence and senescence, are partially responsible for driving the accumulation of 5hmC with age. We provide evidence that this age-related function is conserved in mouse and human tissues, and further show that the modification is altered by regimens known to modulate lifespan. Our findings reveal that 5hmC is a regulator of tissue-specific function and may play a role in regulating longevity.</p>',
'date' => '2023-02-01',
'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36824863',
'doi' => '10.1101/2023.02.15.528714',
'modified' => '2023-06-14 08:39:26',
'created' => '2023-06-13 22:16:30',
'ProductsPublication' => array(
[maximum depth reached]
)
),
(int) 5 => array(
'id' => '3790',
'name' => 'Relationship between osteoporosis and osteoarthritis based on DNA methylation',
'authors' => 'Ying Li, Bing Xie, Zhiqiang Jiang, Binbin Yuan',
'description' => '<p>: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between osteoporosis and osteoarthritis by analyzing the DNA methylation in osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. The cancellous bone specimens were collected from a total of 12 hospitalized patients and divided into the osteoporosis group (OA), the osteoarthritis group (OP), the osteoporosis combined with osteoarthritis group (OA & OP), and the normal control group (N). The cancellous bone specimens of each group were detected and the differences in gene expression profiles by the MeDIP-chip technique were compared. Compared with Group OA & OP, the methylation levels in Group OA and Group OP were statistically higher, P < 0.05. In the microarray analysis, a total of 1,222 sites occurred hypermethylation. The analysis targeting the differentially expressed genes between Group OA & OP and Group N revealed that group OA and group OP had 4 common genes: PPIL3, NIF3L1, SMTN, and CALHM2. The level of genomic methylation is lower in the patients with osteoporosis and/or osteoarthritis. The common difference between osteoarthritis and osteoporosis is reflected in some specific promoters, which may participate in the processes of diseases through different pathways.</p>',
'date' => '2019-09-15',
'pmid' => 'http://www.ijcep.com/files/ijcep0098041.pdf',
'doi' => '/',
'modified' => '2019-12-05 11:53:16',
'created' => '2019-12-02 15:25:44',
'ProductsPublication' => array(
[maximum depth reached]
)
),
(int) 6 => array(
'id' => '3706',
'name' => 'TET3 prevents terminal differentiation of adult NSCs by a non-catalytic action at Snrpn.',
'authors' => 'Montalbán-Loro R, Lozano-Ureña A, Ito M, Krueger C, Reik W, Ferguson-Smith AC, Ferrón SR',
'description' => '<p>Ten-eleven-translocation (TET) proteins catalyze DNA hydroxylation, playing an important role in demethylation of DNA in mammals. Remarkably, although hydroxymethylation levels are high in the mouse brain, the potential role of TET proteins in adult neurogenesis is unknown. We show here that a non-catalytic action of TET3 is essentially required for the maintenance of the neural stem cell (NSC) pool in the adult subventricular zone (SVZ) niche by preventing premature differentiation of NSCs into non-neurogenic astrocytes. This occurs through direct binding of TET3 to the paternal transcribed allele of the imprinted gene Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein-associated polypeptide N (Snrpn), contributing to transcriptional repression of the gene. The study also identifies BMP2 as an effector of the astrocytic terminal differentiation mediated by SNRPN. Our work describes a novel mechanism of control of an imprinted gene in the regulation of adult neurogenesis through an unconventional role of TET3.</p>',
'date' => '2019-04-12',
'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/30979904',
'doi' => '10.1038/s41467-019-09665-1',
'modified' => '2019-07-05 14:37:26',
'created' => '2019-07-04 10:42:34',
'ProductsPublication' => array(
[maximum depth reached]
)
),
(int) 7 => array(
'id' => '3171',
'name' => 'miR-30a as Potential Therapeutics by Targeting TET1 through Regulation of Drp-1 Promoter Hydroxymethylation in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis',
'authors' => 'Zhang S. et al.',
'description' => '<p>Several recent studies have indicated that miR-30a plays critical roles in various biological processes and diseases. However, the mechanism of miR-30a participation in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) regulation is ambiguous. Our previous study demonstrated that miR-30a may function as a novel therapeutic target for lung fibrosis by blocking mitochondrial fission, which is dependent on dynamin-related protein1 (Drp-1). However, the regulatory mechanism between miR-30a and Drp-1 is yet to be investigated. Additionally, whether miR-30a can act as a potential therapeutic has not been verified in vivo. In this study, the miR-30a expression in IPF patients was evaluated. Computational analysis and a dual-luciferase reporter assay system were used to identify the target gene of miR-30a, and cell transfection was utilized to confirm this relationship. Ten-eleven translocation 1 (TET1) was validated as a direct target of miR-30a, and miR-30a mimic and inhibitor transfection significantly reduced and increased the TET1 protein expression, respectively. Further experimentation verified that the TET1 siRNA interference could inhibit Drp-1 promoter hydroxymethylation. Finally, miR-30a agomir was designed and applied to identify and validate the therapeutic effect of miR-30a in vivo. Our study demonstrated that miR-30a could inhibit TET1 expression through base pairing with complementary sites in the 3'untranslated region to regulate Drp-1 promoter hydroxymethylation. Furthermore, miR-30a could act as a potential therapeutic target for IPF.</p>',
'date' => '2017-03-15',
'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28294974',
'doi' => '',
'modified' => '2017-05-10 16:15:16',
'created' => '2017-05-10 16:15:16',
'ProductsPublication' => array(
[maximum depth reached]
)
),
(int) 8 => array(
'id' => '2863',
'name' => 'Dynamic interplay between locus-specific DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation regulates distinct biological pathways in prostate carcinogenesis',
'authors' => 'Kamdar SN, Ho LT, Kron KJ, Isserlin R, van der Kwast T, Zlotta AR, Fleshner NE, Bader G, Bapat B',
'description' => '<div id="__sec1" class="sec sec-first">
<h3>Background</h3>
<p id="__p1" class="p p-first-last">Despite the significant global loss of DNA hydroxymethylation marks in prostate cancer tissues, the locus-specific role of hydroxymethylation in prostate tumorigenesis is unknown. We characterized hydroxymethylation and methylation marks by performing whole-genome next-generation sequencing in representative normal and prostate cancer-derived cell lines in order to determine functional pathways and key genes regulated by these epigenomic modifications in cancer.</p>
</div>
<div id="__sec2" class="sec">
<h3>Results</h3>
<p id="__p2" class="p p-first-last">Our cell line model shows disruption of hydroxymethylation distribution in cancer, with global loss and highly specific gain in promoter and CpG island regions. Significantly, we observed locus-specific retention of hydroxymethylation marks in specific intronic and intergenic regions which may play a novel role in the regulation of gene expression in critical functional pathways, such as BARD1 signaling and steroid hormone receptor signaling in cancer. We confirm a modest correlation of hydroxymethylation with expression in intragenic regions in prostate cancer, while identifying an original role for intergenic hydroxymethylation in differentially expressed regulatory pathways in cancer. We also demonstrate a successful strategy for the identification and validation of key candidate genes from differentially regulated biological pathways in prostate cancer.</p>
</div>
<div id="__sec3" class="sec">
<h3>Conclusions</h3>
<p id="__p3" class="p p-first-last">Our results indicate a distinct function for aberrant hydroxymethylation within each genomic feature in cancer, suggesting a specific and complex role for the deregulation of hydroxymethylation in tumorigenesis, similar to methylation. Subsequently, our characterization of key cellular pathways exhibiting dynamic enrichment patterns for methylation and hydroxymethylation marks may allow us to identify differentially epigenetically modified target genes implicated in prostate cancer tumorigenesis.</p>
</div>',
'date' => '2016-03-15',
'pmid' => 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4791926/',
'doi' => '10.1186/s13148-016-0195-4',
'modified' => '2016-03-31 14:49:24',
'created' => '2016-03-21 10:18:12',
'ProductsPublication' => array(
[maximum depth reached]
)
),
(int) 9 => array(
'id' => '2837',
'name' => 'Hydroxymethylation of microRNA-365-3p Regulates Nociceptive Behaviors via Kcnh2',
'authors' => 'Pan Z, Zhang M, Ma T, Xue Z-Y, Li G-F, Hao L-Y, Zhu L-J, Li Y-Q, Ding H-L, Cao J-L',
'description' => '<p id="p-3">DNA 5-hydroxylmethylcytosine (5hmC) catalyzed by ten-eleven translocation methylcytosine dioxygenase (TET) occurs abundantly in neurons of mammals. However, the <em>in vivo</em> causal link between TET dysregulation and nociceptive modulation has not been established. Here, we found that spinal TET1 and TET3 were significantly increased in the model of formalin-induced acute inflammatory pain, which was accompanied with the augment of genome-wide 5hmC content in spinal cord. Knockdown of spinal TET1 or TET3 alleviated the formalin-induced nociceptive behavior and overexpression of spinal TET1 or TET3 in naive mice produced pain-like behavior as evidenced by decreased thermal pain threshold. Furthermore, we found that TET1 or TET3 regulated the nociceptive behavior by targeting microRNA-365-3p (miR-365-3p). Formalin increased 5hmC in the miR-365-3p promoter, which was inhibited by knockdown of TET1 or TET3 and mimicked by overexpression of TET1 or TET3 in naive mice. Nociceptive behavior induced by formalin or overexpression of spinal TET1 or TET3 could be prevented by downregulation of miR-365-3p, and mimicked by overexpression of spinal miR-365-3p. Finally, we demonstrated that a potassium channel, voltage-gated eag-related subfamily H member 2 (<em>Kcnh2</em>), validated as a target of miR-365-3p, played a critical role in nociceptive modulation by spinal TET or miR-365-3p. Together, we concluded that TET-mediated hydroxymethylation of miR-365-3p regulates nociceptive behavior via <em>Kcnh2</em>.</p>
<p id="p-4"><strong>SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT</strong> Mounting evidence indicates that epigenetic modifications in the nociceptive pathway contribute to pain processes and analgesia response. Here, we found that the increase of 5hmC content mediated by TET1 or TET3 in miR-365-3p promoter in the spinal cord is involved in nociceptive modulation through targeting a potassium channel, <em>Kcnh2</em>. Our study reveals a new epigenetic mechanism underlying nociceptive information processing, which may be a novel target for development of antinociceptive drugs.</p>',
'date' => '2016-03-02',
'pmid' => 'http://www.jneurosci.org/content/36/9/2769.short',
'doi' => '10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3474-15.2016',
'modified' => '2016-03-08 10:40:48',
'created' => '2016-03-08 10:40:48',
'ProductsPublication' => array(
[maximum depth reached]
)
),
(int) 10 => array(
'id' => '2815',
'name' => 'The dual specificity phosphatase 2 gene is hypermethylated in human cancer and regulated by epigenetic mechanisms',
'authors' => 'Tanja Haag, Antje M. Richter, Martin B. Schneider, Adriana P. Jiménez and Reinhard H. Dammann',
'description' => '<p><span>Dual specificity phosphatases are a class of tumor-associated proteins involved in the negative regulation of the MAP kinase pathway. Downregulation of the </span><em xmlns="" class="EmphasisTypeItalic">dual specificity phosphatase 2</em><span> (</span><em xmlns="" class="EmphasisTypeItalic">DUSP2</em><span>) has been reported in cancer. Epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor genes by abnormal promoter methylation is a frequent mechanism in oncogenesis. It has been shown that the epigenetic factor CTCF is involved in the regulation of tumor suppressor genes.</span></p>
<p><span>We analyzed the promoter hypermethylation of <em xmlns="" class="EmphasisTypeItalic">DUSP2</em><span> in human cancer, including primary Merkel cell carcinoma by bisulfite restriction analysis and pyrosequencing. Moreover we analyzed the impact of a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor (5-Aza-dC) and CTCF on the epigenetic regulation of </span><em xmlns="" class="EmphasisTypeItalic">DUSP2</em><span> by qRT-PCR, promoter assay, chromatin immuno-precipitation and methylation analysis.</span></span></p>
<p><span><span>Here we report a significant tumor-specific hypermethylation of <em xmlns="" class="EmphasisTypeItalic">DUSP2</em><span> in primary Merkel cell carcinoma (</span><em xmlns="" class="EmphasisTypeItalic">p</em><span> = 0.05). An increase in methylation of </span><em xmlns="" class="EmphasisTypeItalic">DUSP2</em><span> was also found in 17 out of 24 (71 %) cancer cell lines, including skin and lung cancer. Treatment of cancer cells with 5-Aza-dC induced </span><em xmlns="" class="EmphasisTypeItalic">DUSP2</em><span> expression by its promoter demethylation, Additionally we observed that CTCF induces </span><em xmlns="" class="EmphasisTypeItalic">DUSP2</em><span> expression in cell lines that exhibit silencing of </span><em xmlns="" class="EmphasisTypeItalic">DUSP2</em><span>. This reactivation was accompanied by increased CTCF binding and demethylation of the </span><em xmlns="" class="EmphasisTypeItalic">DUSP2</em><span> promoter.</span></span></span></p>
<p><span><span><span>Our data show that aberrant epigenetic inactivation of <em xmlns="" class="EmphasisTypeItalic">DUSP2</em><span> occurs in carcinogenesis and that CTCF is involved in the epigenetic regulation of </span><em xmlns="" class="EmphasisTypeItalic">DUSP2</em><span> expression.</span></span></span></span></p>',
'date' => '2016-02-01',
'pmid' => 'http://pubmed.gov/26833217',
'doi' => '10.1186/s12885-016-2087-6',
'modified' => '2016-03-09 16:34:51',
'created' => '2016-02-09 14:47:36',
'ProductsPublication' => array(
[maximum depth reached]
)
),
(int) 11 => array(
'id' => '2604',
'name' => 'Single-Base Resolution Analysis of 5-Formyl and 5-Carboxyl Cytosine Reveals Promoter DNA Methylation Dynamics.',
'authors' => 'Neri F, Incarnato D, Krepelova A, Rapelli S, Anselmi F, Parlato C, Medana C, Dal Bello F, Oliviero S',
'description' => '<p>Ten eleven translocation (Tet) proteins oxidize 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5fC), and 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC). 5fC and 5caC can be further excised by thymine-DNA glycosylase (Tdg). Here, we present a genome-wide approach, named methylation-assisted bisulfite sequencing (MAB-seq), that enables single-base resolution mapping of 5fC and 5caC and measures their abundance. Application of this method to mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) shows the occurrence of 5fC and 5caC residues on the hypomethylated promoters of highly expressed genes, which is increased upon Tdg silencing, revealing active DNA demethylation on these promoters. Genome-wide mapping of Tdg reveals extensive colocalization with Tet1 on active promoters. These regions were found to be methylated by Dnmt1 and Dnmt3a and demethylated by a Tet-dependent mechanism. Our work demonstrates the DNA methylation dynamics that occurs on the promoters of the expressed genes and provides a genomic reference map of 5fC and 5caC in ESCs.</p>',
'date' => '2015-02-04',
'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25660018',
'doi' => '',
'modified' => '2016-04-04 10:37:14',
'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:05',
'ProductsPublication' => array(
[maximum depth reached]
)
),
(int) 12 => array(
'id' => '1715',
'name' => 'Dynamic reprogramming of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine during early porcine embryogenesis.',
'authors' => 'Cao Z, Zhou N, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Wu R, Li Y, Zhang Y, Li N',
'description' => 'DNA active demethylation is an important epigenetic phenomenon observed in porcine zygotes, yet its molecular origins are unknown. Our results show that 5-methylcytosine (5mC) converts into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) during the first cell cycle in porcine in vivo fertilization (IVV), IVF, and SCNT embryos, but not in parthenogenetically activated embryos. Expression of Ten-Eleven Translocation 1 (TET1) correlates with this conversion. Expression of 5mC gradually decreases until the morula stage; it is only expressed in the inner cell mass, but not trophectoderm regions of IVV and IVF blastocysts. Expression of 5mC in SCNT embryos is ectopically distinct from that observed in IVV and IVF embryos. In addition, 5hmC expression was similar to that of 5mC in IVV cleavage-stage embryos. Expression of 5hmC remained constant in IVF and SCNT embryos, and was evenly distributed among the inner cell mass and trophectoderm regions derived from IVV, IVF, and SCNT blastocysts. Ten-Eleven Translocation 3 was highly expressed in two-cell embryos, whereas TET1 and TET2 were highly expressed in blastocysts. These data suggest that TET1-catalyzed 5hmC may be involved in active DNA demethylation in porcine early embryos. In addition, 5mC, but not 5hmC, participates in the initial cell lineage specification in porcine IVV and IVF blastocysts. Last, SCNT embryos show aberrant 5mC and 5hmC expression during early porcine embryonic development.',
'date' => '2013-11-11',
'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24315686',
'doi' => '',
'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:01',
'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:01',
'ProductsPublication' => array(
[maximum depth reached]
)
),
(int) 13 => array(
'id' => '1485',
'name' => 'Vitamin C induces Tet-dependent DNA demethylation and a blastocyst-like state in ES cells.',
'authors' => 'Blaschke K, Ebata KT, Karimi MM, Zepeda-Martínez JA, Goyal P, Mahapatra S, Tam A, Laird DJ, Hirst M, Rao A, Lorincz MC, Ramalho-Santos M',
'description' => 'DNA methylation is a heritable epigenetic modification involved in gene silencing, imprinting, and the suppression of retrotransposons. Global DNA demethylation occurs in the early embryo and the germ line, and may be mediated by Tet (ten eleven translocation) enzymes, which convert 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC). Tet enzymes have been studied extensively in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells, which are generally cultured in the absence of vitamin C, a potential cofactor for Fe(II) 2-oxoglutarate dioxygenase enzymes such as Tet enzymes. Here we report that addition of vitamin C to mouse ES cells promotes Tet activity, leading to a rapid and global increase in 5hmC. This is followed by DNA demethylation of many gene promoters and upregulation of demethylated germline genes. Tet1 binding is enriched near the transcription start site of genes affected by vitamin C treatment. Importantly, vitamin C, but not other antioxidants, enhances the activity of recombinant Tet1 in a biochemical assay, and the vitamin-C-induced changes in 5hmC and 5mC are entirely suppressed in Tet1 and Tet2 double knockout ES cells. Vitamin C has a stronger effect on regions that gain methylation in cultured ES cells compared to blastocysts, and in vivo are methylated only after implantation. In contrast, imprinted regions and intracisternal A particle retroelements, which are resistant to demethylation in the early embryo, are resistant to vitamin-C-induced DNA demethylation. Collectively, the results of this study establish vitamin C as a direct regulator of Tet activity and DNA methylation fidelity in ES cells.',
'date' => '2013-08-08',
'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23812591',
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'id' => '546',
'name' => '5-Hydroxymethylcytosine is associated with enhancers and gene bodies in human embryonic stem cells.',
'authors' => 'Stroud H, Feng S, Morey Kinney S, Pradhan S, Jacobsen SE',
'description' => 'BACKGROUND: 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) was recently found to be abundantly present in certain cell types, including embryonic stem cells. There is growing evidence that TET proteins, which convert 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5hmC, play important biological roles. To further understand the function of 5hmC, an analysis of the genome-wide localization of this mark is required. RESULTS: Here, we have generated a genome-wide map of 5hmC in human embryonic stem cells by hmeDIP-seq, in which hydroxymethyl-DNA immunoprecipitation is followed by massively parallel sequencing. We found that 5hmC is enriched in enhancers as well as in gene bodies, suggesting a potential role for 5hmC in gene regulation. Consistent with localization of 5hmC at enhancers, 5hmC was significantly enriched in histone modifications associated with enhancers, such as H3K4me1 and H3K27ac. 5hmC was also enriched in other protein-DNA interaction sites, such as OCT4 and NANOG binding sites. Furthermore, we found that 5hmC regions tend to have an excess of G over C on one strand of DNA. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that 5hmC may be targeted to certain genomic regions based both on gene expression and sequence composition.',
'date' => '2011-06-20',
'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21689397',
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'id' => '488',
'name' => '5-Hydroxymethylcytosine in the mammalian zygote is linked with epigenetic reprogramming.',
'authors' => 'Wossidlo M, Nakamura T, Lepikhov K, Marques CJ, Zakhartchenko V, Boiani M, Arand J, Nakano T, Reik W, Walter J',
'description' => 'The epigenomes of early mammalian embryos are extensively reprogrammed to acquire a totipotent developmental potential. A major initial event in this reprogramming is the active loss/demethylation of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) in the zygote. Here, we report on findings that link this active demethylation to molecular mechanisms. We detect 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) as a novel modification in mouse, bovine and rabbit zygotes. On zygotic development 5hmC accumulates in the paternal pronucleus along with a reduction of 5mC. A knockdown of the 5hmC generating dioxygenase Tet3 simultaneously affects the patterns of 5hmC and 5mC in the paternal pronucleus. This finding links the loss of 5mC to its conversion into 5hmC. The maternal pronucleus seems to be largely protected against this mechanism by PGC7/Dppa3/Stella, as in PGC7 knockout zygotes 5mC also becomes accessible to oxidation into 5hmC. In summary, our data suggest an important role of 5hmC and Tet3 for DNA methylation reprogramming processes in the mammalian zygote.',
'date' => '2011-03-15',
'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21407207',
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'name' => '5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) Antibody (mouse) ',
'description' => '<p>One of the <strong>only two monoclonal antibodies raised against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC).</strong> 5-hmC is a recently discovered DNA modification which results from the enzymatic conversion of 5-methylcytosine into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine by the TET family of oxygenases. Preliminary results indicate that 5-hmC may have important roles distinct from 5-methylcytosine (5-mC). Although its precise role has still to be shown, early evidence suggests a few putative mechanisms that could have big implications in epigenetics.</p>
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<p><small><strong> Figure 1. An hydroxymethylated DNA IP (hMeDIP) was performed using the Diagenode mouse monoclonal antibody directed against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (Cat. No. MAb-31HMC-020, MAb-31HMC-050, MAb-31HMC-100).</strong> <br />The IgG isotype antibodies from mouse (Cat. No. kch-819-015) was used as negative control. The DNA was prepared with the GenDNA module of the hMeDIP kit and sonicated with our Bioruptor® (UCD-200/300 series) to have DNA fragments of 300-500 bp. 1 μg of human Hela cells DNA were spiked with non-methylated, methylated, and hydroxymethylated PCR fragments. The IP’d material has been analysed by qPCR using the primer pair specific for the 3 different control sequences. The obtained results show that the mouse monoclonal for 5-hmC is highly specific for this base modification (no IP with non-methylated or methylated C bases containing fragments). </small></p>
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<p><small><strong> Figure 2. Determination of the 5-hmC mouse monoclonal antibody titer </strong><br />To determine the titer, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode mouse monoclonal antibody directed against 5-hmC (Cat No. MAb-31HMC-050, MAb-31HMC-100) in antigen coated wells. The antigen used was KHL coupled to 5-hmC base. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution, the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1:40,000. </small></p>
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<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200200-fig3.png" alt="Dot Blot" width="100" caption="false" height="137" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
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<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><small><strong> Figure 3. Dotblot analysis of the Diagenode 5-hmC mouse monoclonal antibody with the C, mC and hmC PCR controls </strong><br />200 to 2 ng (equivalent of 10 to 0.1 pmol of C-bases) of the hmC (1), mC (2) and C (3) PCR controls from the Diagenode “5-hmC, 5-mC & cytosine DNA Standard Pack” (Cat No. AF-101-0020) were spotted on a membrane (Amersham Hybond-N+). The membrane was incubated with 2 μg/ml of the mouse 5-hydroxymethylcytosine monoclonal antibody (dilution 1:500). The membranes were exposed for 30 seconds. </small></p>
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'info2' => '<p>5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) has been recently discovered in mammalian DNA. This results from the enzymatic conversion of 5-methylcytosine into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine by the TET family of oxygenases. So far, the 5-hmC bases have been identified in Purkinje neurons, in granule cells and embryonic stem cells where they are present at high levels (up to 0,6% of total nucleotides in Purkinje cells).</p>
<p>Preliminary results indicate that 5-hmC may have important roles distinct from 5-mC. Although its precise role has still to be shown, early evidence suggests a few putative mechanisms that could have big implications in epigenetics : 5-hydroxymethylcytosine may well represent a new pathway to demethylate DNA involving a repair mechanism converting 5-hmC to cytosine and, as such open up entirely new perspectives in epigenetic studies.</p>
<p>Due to the structural similarity between 5-mC and 5-hmC, these bases are experimentally almost indistinguishable. Recent articles demonstrated that the most common approaches (e.g. enzymatic approaches, bisulfite sequencing) do not account for 5-hmC. The development of the affinity-based technologies appears to be the most powerful way to differentially and specifically enrich 5-mC and 5-hmC sequences. The results shown here illustrate the use of this unique monoclonal antibody against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine that has been fully validated in various technologies.</p>',
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'description' => '<p><span>One of the </span><strong>only two monoclonal antibodies raised against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC).</strong><span> 5-hmC is a recently discovered DNA modification which results from the enzymatic conversion of 5-methylcytosine into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine by the TET family of oxygenases. Preliminary results indicate that 5-hmC may have important roles distinct from 5-methylcytosine (5-mC). Although its precise role has still to be shown, early evidence suggests a few putative mechanisms that could have big implications in epigenetics.</span></p>
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<p><small><strong> Figure 1. An hydroxymethylated DNA IP (hMeDIP) was performed using the Diagenode mouse monoclonal antibody directed against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (Cat. No. MAb-31HMC-020, MAb-31HMC-050, MAb-31HMC-100).</strong> <br />The IgG isotype antibodies from mouse (Cat. No. kch-819-015) was used as negative control. The DNA was prepared with the GenDNA module of the hMeDIP kit and sonicated with our Bioruptor® (UCD-200/300 series) to have DNA fragments of 300-500 bp. 1 μg of human Hela cells DNA were spiked with non-methylated, methylated, and hydroxymethylated PCR fragments. The IP’d material has been analysed by qPCR using the primer pair specific for the 3 different control sequences. The obtained results show that the mouse monoclonal for 5-hmC is highly specific for this base modification (no IP with non-methylated or methylated C bases containing fragments). </small></p>
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<div class="row">
<div class="small-4 columns">
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<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><small><strong> Figure 2. Determination of the 5-hmC mouse monoclonal antibody titer </strong><br />To determine the titer, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode mouse monoclonal antibody directed against 5-hmC (Cat No. MAb-31HMC-050, MAb-31HMC-100) in antigen coated wells. The antigen used was KHL coupled to 5-hmC base. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution, the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1:40,000. </small></p>
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</div>
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<div class="small-4 columns">
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<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><small><strong> Figure 3. Dotblot analysis of the Diagenode 5-hmC mouse monoclonal antibody with the C, mC and hmC PCR controls </strong><br />200 to 2 ng (equivalent of 10 to 0.1 pmol of C-bases) of the hmC (1), mC (2) and C (3) PCR controls from the Diagenode “5-hmC, 5-mC & cytosine DNA Standard Pack” (Cat No. AF-101-0020) were spotted on a membrane (Amersham Hybond-N+). The membrane was incubated with 2 μg/ml of the mouse 5-hydroxymethylcytosine monoclonal antibody (dilution 1:500). The membranes were exposed for 30 seconds. </small></p>
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'description' => '<p>One of the <strong>only two monoclonal antibodies raised against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC).</strong> 5-hmC is a recently discovered DNA modification which results from the enzymatic conversion of 5-methylcytosine into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine by the TET family of oxygenases. Preliminary results indicate that 5-hmC may have important roles distinct from 5-methylcytosine (5-mC). Although its precise role has still to be shown, early evidence suggests a few putative mechanisms that could have big implications in epigenetics.</p>
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<p><small><strong> Figure 1. An hydroxymethylated DNA IP (hMeDIP) was performed using the Diagenode mouse monoclonal antibody directed against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (Cat. No. MAb-31HMC-020, MAb-31HMC-050, MAb-31HMC-100).</strong> <br />The IgG isotype antibodies from mouse (Cat. No. kch-819-015) was used as negative control. The DNA was prepared with the GenDNA module of the hMeDIP kit and sonicated with our Bioruptor® (UCD-200/300 series) to have DNA fragments of 300-500 bp. 1 μg of human Hela cells DNA were spiked with non-methylated, methylated, and hydroxymethylated PCR fragments. The IP’d material has been analysed by qPCR using the primer pair specific for the 3 different control sequences. The obtained results show that the mouse monoclonal for 5-hmC is highly specific for this base modification (no IP with non-methylated or methylated C bases containing fragments). </small></p>
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<div class="row">
<div class="small-4 columns">
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<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><small><strong> Figure 2. Determination of the 5-hmC mouse monoclonal antibody titer </strong><br />To determine the titer, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode mouse monoclonal antibody directed against 5-hmC (Cat No. MAb-31HMC-050, MAb-31HMC-100) in antigen coated wells. The antigen used was KHL coupled to 5-hmC base. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution, the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1:40,000. </small></p>
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</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-4 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200200-fig3.png" alt="Dot Blot" width="100" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
</div>
<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><small><strong> Figure 3. Dotblot analysis of the Diagenode 5-hmC mouse monoclonal antibody with the C, mC and hmC PCR controls </strong><br />200 to 2 ng (equivalent of 10 to 0.1 pmol of C-bases) of the hmC (1), mC (2) and C (3) PCR controls from the Diagenode “5-hmC, 5-mC & cytosine DNA Standard Pack” (Cat No. AF-101-0020) were spotted on a membrane (Amersham Hybond-N+). The membrane was incubated with 2 μg/ml of the mouse 5-hydroxymethylcytosine monoclonal antibody (dilution 1:500). The membranes were exposed for 30 seconds. </small></p>
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<p><small><strong> Figure 2. Determination of the 5-hmC mouse monoclonal antibody titer </strong><br />To determine the titer, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode mouse monoclonal antibody directed against 5-hmC (Cat No. MAb-31HMC-050, MAb-31HMC-100) in antigen coated wells. The antigen used was KHL coupled to 5-hmC base. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution, the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1:40,000. </small></p>
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<p><small><strong> Figure 3. Dotblot analysis of the Diagenode 5-hmC mouse monoclonal antibody with the C, mC and hmC PCR controls </strong><br />200 to 2 ng (equivalent of 10 to 0.1 pmol of C-bases) of the hmC (1), mC (2) and C (3) PCR controls from the Diagenode “5-hmC, 5-mC & cytosine DNA Standard Pack” (Cat No. AF-101-0020) were spotted on a membrane (Amersham Hybond-N+). The membrane was incubated with 2 μg/ml of the mouse 5-hydroxymethylcytosine monoclonal antibody (dilution 1:500). The membranes were exposed for 30 seconds. </small></p>
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<p>The study of 5-hmC has long been limited due to the lack of high quality, validated tools and technologies that discriminate hydroxymethylation from methylation in regulating gene expression. The use of highly specific antibodies against 5-hmC for the immunoprecipitation of hydroxymethylated DNA offers a reliable solution for hydroxymethylation profiling.</p>
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'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21407207',
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<p><small><strong> Figure 3. Dotblot analysis of the Diagenode 5-hmC mouse monoclonal antibody with the C, mC and hmC PCR controls </strong><br />200 to 2 ng (equivalent of 10 to 0.1 pmol of C-bases) of the hmC (1), mC (2) and C (3) PCR controls from the Diagenode “5-hmC, 5-mC & cytosine DNA Standard Pack” (Cat No. AF-101-0020) were spotted on a membrane (Amersham Hybond-N+). The membrane was incubated with 2 μg/ml of the mouse 5-hydroxymethylcytosine monoclonal antibody (dilution 1:500). The membranes were exposed for 30 seconds. </small></p>
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'info2' => '<p>5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) has been recently discovered in mammalian DNA. This results from the enzymatic conversion of 5-methylcytosine into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine by the TET family of oxygenases. So far, the 5-hmC bases have been identified in Purkinje neurons, in granule cells and embryonic stem cells where they are present at high levels (up to 0,6% of total nucleotides in Purkinje cells).</p>
<p>Preliminary results indicate that 5-hmC may have important roles distinct from 5-mC. Although its precise role has still to be shown, early evidence suggests a few putative mechanisms that could have big implications in epigenetics : 5-hydroxymethylcytosine may well represent a new pathway to demethylate DNA involving a repair mechanism converting 5-hmC to cytosine and, as such open up entirely new perspectives in epigenetic studies.</p>
<p>Due to the structural similarity between 5-mC and 5-hmC, these bases are experimentally almost indistinguishable. Recent articles demonstrated that the most common approaches (e.g. enzymatic approaches, bisulfite sequencing) do not account for 5-hmC. The development of the affinity-based technologies appears to be the most powerful way to differentially and specifically enrich 5-mC and 5-hmC sequences. The results shown here illustrate the use of this unique monoclonal antibody against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine that has been fully validated in various technologies.</p>',
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<p><span>The hMeDIP kit is designed for enrichment of hydroxymethylated DNA from fragmented genomic DNA<span><span> </span>samples for use in genome-wide methylation analysis. It features</span></span><span> a highly specific monoclonal antibody against </span>5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) for the immunoprecipitation of hydroxymethylated DNA<span>. It includes control DNA and primers to assess the effiency of the assay. </span>Performing hydroxymethylation profiling with the hMeDIP kit is fast, reliable and highly specific.</p>
<p><em>Looking for hMeDIP-seq protocol? <a href="https://go.diagenode.com/l/928883/2022-01-07/2m1ht" target="_blank" title="Contact us">Contact us</a></em></p>
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<p style="text-align: center;"><strong>Make your Bisulfite conversion now in only 60 minutes !</strong></p>
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'description' => '<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">T</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">he pattern of <strong>DNA modifications</strong> is critical for genome stability and the control of gene expression in the cell. Methylation of 5-cytosine (5-mC), one of the best-studied epigenetic marks, is carried out by the <strong>DNA methyltransferases</strong> DNMT3A and B and DNMT1. DNMT3A and DNMT3B are responsible for </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">de novo</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> DNA methylation, whereas DNMT1 maintains existing methylation. 5-mC undergoes active demethylation which is performed by the <strong>Ten-Eleven Translocation</strong> (TET) familly of DNA hydroxylases. The latter consists of 3 members TET1, 2 and 3. All 3 members catalyze the conversion of <strong>5-methylcytosine</strong> (5-mC) into <strong>5-hydroxymethylcytosine</strong> (5-hmC), and further into <strong>5-formylcytosine</strong> (5-fC) and <strong>5-carboxycytosine</strong> (5-caC). 5-fC and 5-caC can be converted to unmodified cytosine by <strong>Thymine DNA Glycosylase</strong> (TDG). It is not yet clear if 5-hmC, 5-fC and 5-caC have specific functions or are simply intermediates in the demethylation of 5-mC.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">DNA methylation is generally considered as a repressive mark and is usually associated with gene silencing. It is essential that the balance between DNA methylation and demethylation is precisely maintained. Dysregulation of DNA methylation may lead to many different human diseases and is often observed in cancer cells.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Diagenode offers highly validated antibodies against different proteins involved in DNA modifications as well as against the modified bases allowing the study of all steps and intermediates in the DNA methylation/demethylation pathway:</span></p>
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/categories/antibodies/dna-methylation.jpg" height="599" width="816" /></p>
<p><strong>Diagenode exclusively sources the original 5-methylcytosine monoclonal antibody (clone 33D3).</strong></p>
<p>Check out the list below to see all proposed antibodies for DNA modifications.</p>
<p>Diagenode’s highly validated antibodies:</p>
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<li>Highly sensitive and specific</li>
<li>Cost-effective (requires less antibody per reaction)</li>
<li>Batch-specific data is available on the website</li>
<li>Expert technical support</li>
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<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Diagenode’s highly validated antibodies:</span></p>
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'description' => '<p>Cytosine hydroxymethylation was recently discovered as an important epigenetic mechanism. This cytosine base modification results from the enzymatic conversion of 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) by the TET family of oxygenases. Though the precise role of 5-hmC is the subject of intense research and debate, early studies strongly indicate that it is also involved in gene regulation and in numerous important biological processes including embryonic development, cellular differentiation, stem cell reprogramming and carcinogenesis.</p>
<p>The study of 5-hmC has long been limited due to the lack of high quality, validated tools and technologies that discriminate hydroxymethylation from methylation in regulating gene expression. The use of highly specific antibodies against 5-hmC for the immunoprecipitation of hydroxymethylated DNA offers a reliable solution for hydroxymethylation profiling.</p>
<p></p>',
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'modified' => '2020-11-27 07:00:09',
'created' => '2015-07-17 10:12:18',
'ProductsImage' => array(
[maximum depth reached]
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'Protocol' => array(),
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(int) 0 => array(
'id' => '4980',
'name' => '5-Hydroxymethylcytosine in circulating cell-free DNA as a potential diagnostic biomarker for SLE ',
'authors' => 'Xinya Tong et al.',
'description' => '<div id="sec-1" class="subsection">
<p id="p-2"><strong>Background</strong><span> </span>SLE is a complex autoimmune disease with heterogeneous manifestations and unpredictable outcomes. Early diagnosis is challenging due to non-specific symptoms, and current treatments only manage symptoms. Epigenetic alternations, including 5-Hydroxymethylome (5hmC) modifications, are important contributors to SLE pathogenesis. However, the 5hmC modification status in circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) of patients with SLE remains largely unexplored. We investigated the distribution of 5hmC in cfDNA of patients with SLE and healthy controls (HCs), and explored its potential as an SLE diagnosis marker.</p>
</div>
<div id="sec-2" class="subsection">
<p id="p-3"><strong>Methods</strong><span> </span>We used 5hmC-Seal to generate genome-wide 5hmC profiles of plasma cfDNA and bioinformatics analysis to screen differentially hydroxymethylated regions (DhMRs). In vitro mechanistic exploration was conducted to investigate the regulatory effect of CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) in 5hmC candidate biomarkers.</p>
</div>
<div id="sec-3" class="subsection">
<p id="p-4"><strong>Results</strong><span> </span>We found distinct differences in genomic regions and 5hmC modification motif patterns between patients with SLE and HCs, varying with disease progression. Increased 5hmC modification enrichment was detected in SLE. Additionally, we screened 151 genes with hyper-5hmC, which are significantly involved in SLE-related processes, and 5hmC-modified<span> </span><em>BCL2</em>,<span> </span><em>CD83</em>,<span> </span><em>ETS1</em><span> </span>and<span> </span><em>GZMB</em><span> </span>as SLE biomarkers. Our findings suggest that CTCF regulates 5hmC modification of these genes by recruiting TET (ten-eleven translocation) protein, and CTCF knockdown affected the protein expression of these genes in vitro.</p>
</div>
<div id="sec-4" class="subsection">
<p id="p-5"><strong>Conclusions</strong><span> </span>Our findings demonstrate the increased 5hmC distribution in plasma cfDNA in different disease activity in patients with SLE compared with HCs and relating DhMRs involved in SLE-associated pathways. Furthermore, we identified a panel of SLE relevant biomarkers, and these viewpoints could provide insight into the pathogenesis of SLE.</p>
</div>',
'date' => '2024-10-04',
'pmid' => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39366755/',
'doi' => '10.1136/lupus-2024-001286',
'modified' => '2024-10-10 14:35:36',
'created' => '2024-10-10 14:35:36',
'ProductsPublication' => array(
[maximum depth reached]
)
),
(int) 1 => array(
'id' => '4979',
'name' => 'RNA m5C oxidation by TET2 regulates chromatin state and leukaemogenesis',
'authors' => 'Zhongyu Zou et al. ',
'description' => '<p><span>Mutation of tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 2 (encoded by </span><i>TET2</i><span>) drives myeloid malignancy initiation and progression</span><sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Tefferi, A., Lim, K. H. & Levine, R. Mutation in TET2 in myeloid cancers. N. Engl. J. Med. 361, 1117 (2009)." href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07969-x#ref-CR1" id="ref-link-section-d100968202e609">1</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Jankowska, A. M. et al. Loss of heterozygosity 4q24 and TET2 mutations associated with myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms. Blood 113, 6403–6410 (2009)." href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07969-x#ref-CR2" id="ref-link-section-d100968202e609_1">2</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 3" title="Langemeijer, S. M. et al. Acquired mutations in TET2 are common in myelodysplastic syndromes. Nat. Genet. 41, 838–842 (2009)." href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07969-x#ref-CR3" id="ref-link-section-d100968202e612">3</a></sup><span>. TET2 deficiency is known to cause a globally opened chromatin state and activation of genes contributing to aberrant haematopoietic stem cell self-renewal</span><sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 4" title="Moran-Crusio, K. et al. Tet2 loss leads to increased hematopoietic stem cell self-renewal and myeloid transformation. Cancer Cell 20, 11–24 (2011)." href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07969-x#ref-CR4" id="ref-link-section-d100968202e616">4</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 5" title="Lopez-Moyado, I. F. et al. Paradoxical association of TET loss of function with genome-wide DNA hypomethylation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 116, 16933–16942 (2019)." href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07969-x#ref-CR5" id="ref-link-section-d100968202e619">5</a></sup><span>. However, the open chromatin observed in TET2-deficient mouse embryonic stem cells, leukaemic cells and haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells</span><sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 5" title="Lopez-Moyado, I. F. et al. Paradoxical association of TET loss of function with genome-wide DNA hypomethylation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 116, 16933–16942 (2019)." href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07969-x#ref-CR5" id="ref-link-section-d100968202e623">5</a></sup><span><span> </span>is inconsistent with the designated role of DNA 5-methylcytosine oxidation of TET2. Here we show that chromatin-associated retrotransposon RNA 5-methylcytosine (m</span><sup>5</sup><span>C) can be recognized by the methyl-CpG-binding-domain protein MBD6, which guides deubiquitination of nearby monoubiquitinated Lys119 of histone H2A (H2AK119ub) to promote an open chromatin state. TET2 oxidizes m</span><sup>5</sup><span>C and antagonizes this MBD6-dependent H2AK119ub deubiquitination. TET2 depletion thereby leads to globally decreased H2AK119ub, more open chromatin and increased transcription in stem cells.<span> </span></span><i>TET2-</i><span>mutant human leukaemia becomes dependent on this gene activation pathway, with<span> </span></span><i>MBD6</i><span><span> </span>depletion selectively blocking proliferation of<span> </span></span><i>TET2</i><span>-mutant leukaemic cells and largely reversing the haematopoiesis defects caused by<span> </span></span><i>Tet2</i><span><span> </span>loss in mouse models. Together, our findings reveal a chromatin regulation pathway by TET2 through retrotransposon RNA m</span><sup>5</sup><span>C oxidation and identify the downstream MBD6 protein as a feasible target for developing therapies specific against<span> </span></span><i>TET2</i><span><span> </span>mutant malignancies.</span></p>',
'date' => '2024-10-02',
'pmid' => 'https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07969-x',
'doi' => 'https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07969-x',
'modified' => '2024-10-10 14:31:29',
'created' => '2024-10-10 14:31:29',
'ProductsPublication' => array(
[maximum depth reached]
)
),
(int) 2 => array(
'id' => '4850',
'name' => 'Bioengineering novel AAV9-mGULO-GT for multi-disease gene therapy:Targeting mutated GULO expression to cure scurvy and brain diseases.',
'authors' => 'Liu J. et al.',
'description' => '<p>Current clinical breakthroughs in gene therapy have brought adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors to the forefront of gene delivery systems. Vitamin C deficiency due to GULO mutations is a genetic disorder affecting guinea pigs and humans. In our study, we used AAV9-mGULO GT to deliver the mouse GULO gene to guinea pigs and restore Vc synthesis in affected tissues, including the liver and brain. AAV9-mGULO-GT treatment significantly improved survival rates and bone health compared to non-treated and Vc-treated groups. Dot blot analysis confirmed restored Vc content in various parts of the brain. Additionally, micro-CT imaging showcased significant enhancements in bone mineral density, content, width, and cortical thickness. Further, RNA sequencing and immunological studies of organs validated the successful restoration of Vc synthesis. These findings highlight the potential of AAV9- mGULO-GT as a therapeutic option for GULO-related scurvy and other genetic disorders. The success of our study underscores the importance of advanced targeting and gene rescue systems in developing effective therapies for genetic disorders in clinical applications.</p>',
'date' => '2023-06-01',
'pmid' => 'https://doi.org/10.21203%2Frs.3.rs-3028525%2Fv1',
'doi' => '10.21203/rs.3.rs-3028525/v1',
'modified' => '2023-08-01 14:23:57',
'created' => '2023-08-01 15:59:38',
'ProductsPublication' => array(
[maximum depth reached]
)
),
(int) 3 => array(
'id' => '4777',
'name' => 'Epigenetic modifier alpha-ketoglutarate modulates aberrant gene bodymethylation and hydroxymethylation marks in diabetic heart.',
'authors' => 'Dhat R. et al.',
'description' => '<p>BACKGROUND: Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a leading cause of death in diabetic patients. Hyperglycemic myocardial microenvironment significantly alters chromatin architecture and the transcriptome, resulting in aberrant activation of signaling pathways in a diabetic heart. Epigenetic marks play vital roles in transcriptional reprogramming during the development of DCM. The current study is aimed to profile genome-wide DNA (hydroxy)methylation patterns in the hearts of control and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats and decipher the effect of modulation of DNA methylation by alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG), a TET enzyme cofactor, on the progression of DCM. METHODS: Diabetes was induced in male adult Wistar rats with an intraperitoneal injection of STZ. Diabetic and vehicle control animals were randomly divided into groups with/without AKG treatment. Cardiac function was monitored by performing cardiac catheterization. Global methylation (5mC) and hydroxymethylation (5hmC) patterns were mapped in the Left ventricular tissue of control and diabetic rats with the help of an enrichment-based (h)MEDIP-sequencing technique by using antibodies specific for 5mC and 5hmC. Sequencing data were validated by performing (h)MEDIP-qPCR analysis at the gene-specific level, and gene expression was analyzed by qPCR. The mRNA and protein expression of enzymes involved in the DNA methylation and demethylation cycle were analyzed by qPCR and western blotting. Global 5mC and 5hmC levels were also assessed in high glucose-treated DNMT3B knockdown H9c2 cells. RESULTS: We found the increased expression of DNMT3B, MBD2, and MeCP2 with a concomitant accumulation of 5mC and 5hmC, specifically in gene body regions of diabetic rat hearts compared to the control. Calcium signaling was the most significantly affected pathway by cytosine modifications in the diabetic heart. Additionally, hypermethylated gene body regions were associated with Rap1, apelin, and phosphatidyl inositol signaling, while metabolic pathways were most affected by hyperhydroxymethylation. AKG supplementation in diabetic rats reversed aberrant methylation patterns and restored cardiac function. Hyperglycemia also increased 5mC and 5hmC levels in H9c2 cells, which was normalized by DNMT3B knockdown or AKG supplementation. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that reverting hyperglycemic damage to cardiac tissue might be possible by erasing adverse epigenetic signatures by supplementing epigenetic modulators such as AKG along with an existing antidiabetic treatment regimen.</p>',
'date' => '2023-04-01',
'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37101286',
'doi' => '10.1186/s13072-023-00489-4',
'modified' => '2023-06-12 09:20:54',
'created' => '2023-05-05 12:34:24',
'ProductsPublication' => array(
[maximum depth reached]
)
),
(int) 4 => array(
'id' => '4823',
'name' => 'Gene body DNA hydroxymethylation restricts the magnitude oftranscriptional changes during aging.',
'authors' => 'Occean J. R. et al.',
'description' => '<p>DNA hydroxymethylation (5hmC) is the most abundant oxidative derivative of DNA methylation (5mC) and is typically enriched at enhancers and gene bodies of transcriptionally active and tissue-specific genes. Although aberrant genomic 5hmC has been implicated in many age-related diseases, the functional role of the modification in aging remains largely unknown. Here, we report that 5hmC is stably enriched in multiple aged organs. Using the liver and cerebellum as model organs, we show that 5hmC accumulates in gene bodies associated with tissue-specific function and thereby restricts the magnitude of gene expression changes during aging. Mechanistically, we found that 5hmC decreases binding affinity of splicing factors compared to unmodified cytosine and 5mC, and is correlated with age-related alternative splicing events, suggesting RNA splicing as a potential mediator of 5hmC’s transcriptionally restrictive function. Furthermore, we show that various age-related contexts, such as prolonged quiescence and senescence, are partially responsible for driving the accumulation of 5hmC with age. We provide evidence that this age-related function is conserved in mouse and human tissues, and further show that the modification is altered by regimens known to modulate lifespan. Our findings reveal that 5hmC is a regulator of tissue-specific function and may play a role in regulating longevity.</p>',
'date' => '2023-02-01',
'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36824863',
'doi' => '10.1101/2023.02.15.528714',
'modified' => '2023-06-14 08:39:26',
'created' => '2023-06-13 22:16:30',
'ProductsPublication' => array(
[maximum depth reached]
)
),
(int) 5 => array(
'id' => '3790',
'name' => 'Relationship between osteoporosis and osteoarthritis based on DNA methylation',
'authors' => 'Ying Li, Bing Xie, Zhiqiang Jiang, Binbin Yuan',
'description' => '<p>: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between osteoporosis and osteoarthritis by analyzing the DNA methylation in osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. The cancellous bone specimens were collected from a total of 12 hospitalized patients and divided into the osteoporosis group (OA), the osteoarthritis group (OP), the osteoporosis combined with osteoarthritis group (OA & OP), and the normal control group (N). The cancellous bone specimens of each group were detected and the differences in gene expression profiles by the MeDIP-chip technique were compared. Compared with Group OA & OP, the methylation levels in Group OA and Group OP were statistically higher, P < 0.05. In the microarray analysis, a total of 1,222 sites occurred hypermethylation. The analysis targeting the differentially expressed genes between Group OA & OP and Group N revealed that group OA and group OP had 4 common genes: PPIL3, NIF3L1, SMTN, and CALHM2. The level of genomic methylation is lower in the patients with osteoporosis and/or osteoarthritis. The common difference between osteoarthritis and osteoporosis is reflected in some specific promoters, which may participate in the processes of diseases through different pathways.</p>',
'date' => '2019-09-15',
'pmid' => 'http://www.ijcep.com/files/ijcep0098041.pdf',
'doi' => '/',
'modified' => '2019-12-05 11:53:16',
'created' => '2019-12-02 15:25:44',
'ProductsPublication' => array(
[maximum depth reached]
)
),
(int) 6 => array(
'id' => '3706',
'name' => 'TET3 prevents terminal differentiation of adult NSCs by a non-catalytic action at Snrpn.',
'authors' => 'Montalbán-Loro R, Lozano-Ureña A, Ito M, Krueger C, Reik W, Ferguson-Smith AC, Ferrón SR',
'description' => '<p>Ten-eleven-translocation (TET) proteins catalyze DNA hydroxylation, playing an important role in demethylation of DNA in mammals. Remarkably, although hydroxymethylation levels are high in the mouse brain, the potential role of TET proteins in adult neurogenesis is unknown. We show here that a non-catalytic action of TET3 is essentially required for the maintenance of the neural stem cell (NSC) pool in the adult subventricular zone (SVZ) niche by preventing premature differentiation of NSCs into non-neurogenic astrocytes. This occurs through direct binding of TET3 to the paternal transcribed allele of the imprinted gene Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein-associated polypeptide N (Snrpn), contributing to transcriptional repression of the gene. The study also identifies BMP2 as an effector of the astrocytic terminal differentiation mediated by SNRPN. Our work describes a novel mechanism of control of an imprinted gene in the regulation of adult neurogenesis through an unconventional role of TET3.</p>',
'date' => '2019-04-12',
'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/30979904',
'doi' => '10.1038/s41467-019-09665-1',
'modified' => '2019-07-05 14:37:26',
'created' => '2019-07-04 10:42:34',
'ProductsPublication' => array(
[maximum depth reached]
)
),
(int) 7 => array(
'id' => '3171',
'name' => 'miR-30a as Potential Therapeutics by Targeting TET1 through Regulation of Drp-1 Promoter Hydroxymethylation in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis',
'authors' => 'Zhang S. et al.',
'description' => '<p>Several recent studies have indicated that miR-30a plays critical roles in various biological processes and diseases. However, the mechanism of miR-30a participation in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) regulation is ambiguous. Our previous study demonstrated that miR-30a may function as a novel therapeutic target for lung fibrosis by blocking mitochondrial fission, which is dependent on dynamin-related protein1 (Drp-1). However, the regulatory mechanism between miR-30a and Drp-1 is yet to be investigated. Additionally, whether miR-30a can act as a potential therapeutic has not been verified in vivo. In this study, the miR-30a expression in IPF patients was evaluated. Computational analysis and a dual-luciferase reporter assay system were used to identify the target gene of miR-30a, and cell transfection was utilized to confirm this relationship. Ten-eleven translocation 1 (TET1) was validated as a direct target of miR-30a, and miR-30a mimic and inhibitor transfection significantly reduced and increased the TET1 protein expression, respectively. Further experimentation verified that the TET1 siRNA interference could inhibit Drp-1 promoter hydroxymethylation. Finally, miR-30a agomir was designed and applied to identify and validate the therapeutic effect of miR-30a in vivo. Our study demonstrated that miR-30a could inhibit TET1 expression through base pairing with complementary sites in the 3'untranslated region to regulate Drp-1 promoter hydroxymethylation. Furthermore, miR-30a could act as a potential therapeutic target for IPF.</p>',
'date' => '2017-03-15',
'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28294974',
'doi' => '',
'modified' => '2017-05-10 16:15:16',
'created' => '2017-05-10 16:15:16',
'ProductsPublication' => array(
[maximum depth reached]
)
),
(int) 8 => array(
'id' => '2863',
'name' => 'Dynamic interplay between locus-specific DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation regulates distinct biological pathways in prostate carcinogenesis',
'authors' => 'Kamdar SN, Ho LT, Kron KJ, Isserlin R, van der Kwast T, Zlotta AR, Fleshner NE, Bader G, Bapat B',
'description' => '<div id="__sec1" class="sec sec-first">
<h3>Background</h3>
<p id="__p1" class="p p-first-last">Despite the significant global loss of DNA hydroxymethylation marks in prostate cancer tissues, the locus-specific role of hydroxymethylation in prostate tumorigenesis is unknown. We characterized hydroxymethylation and methylation marks by performing whole-genome next-generation sequencing in representative normal and prostate cancer-derived cell lines in order to determine functional pathways and key genes regulated by these epigenomic modifications in cancer.</p>
</div>
<div id="__sec2" class="sec">
<h3>Results</h3>
<p id="__p2" class="p p-first-last">Our cell line model shows disruption of hydroxymethylation distribution in cancer, with global loss and highly specific gain in promoter and CpG island regions. Significantly, we observed locus-specific retention of hydroxymethylation marks in specific intronic and intergenic regions which may play a novel role in the regulation of gene expression in critical functional pathways, such as BARD1 signaling and steroid hormone receptor signaling in cancer. We confirm a modest correlation of hydroxymethylation with expression in intragenic regions in prostate cancer, while identifying an original role for intergenic hydroxymethylation in differentially expressed regulatory pathways in cancer. We also demonstrate a successful strategy for the identification and validation of key candidate genes from differentially regulated biological pathways in prostate cancer.</p>
</div>
<div id="__sec3" class="sec">
<h3>Conclusions</h3>
<p id="__p3" class="p p-first-last">Our results indicate a distinct function for aberrant hydroxymethylation within each genomic feature in cancer, suggesting a specific and complex role for the deregulation of hydroxymethylation in tumorigenesis, similar to methylation. Subsequently, our characterization of key cellular pathways exhibiting dynamic enrichment patterns for methylation and hydroxymethylation marks may allow us to identify differentially epigenetically modified target genes implicated in prostate cancer tumorigenesis.</p>
</div>',
'date' => '2016-03-15',
'pmid' => 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4791926/',
'doi' => '10.1186/s13148-016-0195-4',
'modified' => '2016-03-31 14:49:24',
'created' => '2016-03-21 10:18:12',
'ProductsPublication' => array(
[maximum depth reached]
)
),
(int) 9 => array(
'id' => '2837',
'name' => 'Hydroxymethylation of microRNA-365-3p Regulates Nociceptive Behaviors via Kcnh2',
'authors' => 'Pan Z, Zhang M, Ma T, Xue Z-Y, Li G-F, Hao L-Y, Zhu L-J, Li Y-Q, Ding H-L, Cao J-L',
'description' => '<p id="p-3">DNA 5-hydroxylmethylcytosine (5hmC) catalyzed by ten-eleven translocation methylcytosine dioxygenase (TET) occurs abundantly in neurons of mammals. However, the <em>in vivo</em> causal link between TET dysregulation and nociceptive modulation has not been established. Here, we found that spinal TET1 and TET3 were significantly increased in the model of formalin-induced acute inflammatory pain, which was accompanied with the augment of genome-wide 5hmC content in spinal cord. Knockdown of spinal TET1 or TET3 alleviated the formalin-induced nociceptive behavior and overexpression of spinal TET1 or TET3 in naive mice produced pain-like behavior as evidenced by decreased thermal pain threshold. Furthermore, we found that TET1 or TET3 regulated the nociceptive behavior by targeting microRNA-365-3p (miR-365-3p). Formalin increased 5hmC in the miR-365-3p promoter, which was inhibited by knockdown of TET1 or TET3 and mimicked by overexpression of TET1 or TET3 in naive mice. Nociceptive behavior induced by formalin or overexpression of spinal TET1 or TET3 could be prevented by downregulation of miR-365-3p, and mimicked by overexpression of spinal miR-365-3p. Finally, we demonstrated that a potassium channel, voltage-gated eag-related subfamily H member 2 (<em>Kcnh2</em>), validated as a target of miR-365-3p, played a critical role in nociceptive modulation by spinal TET or miR-365-3p. Together, we concluded that TET-mediated hydroxymethylation of miR-365-3p regulates nociceptive behavior via <em>Kcnh2</em>.</p>
<p id="p-4"><strong>SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT</strong> Mounting evidence indicates that epigenetic modifications in the nociceptive pathway contribute to pain processes and analgesia response. Here, we found that the increase of 5hmC content mediated by TET1 or TET3 in miR-365-3p promoter in the spinal cord is involved in nociceptive modulation through targeting a potassium channel, <em>Kcnh2</em>. Our study reveals a new epigenetic mechanism underlying nociceptive information processing, which may be a novel target for development of antinociceptive drugs.</p>',
'date' => '2016-03-02',
'pmid' => 'http://www.jneurosci.org/content/36/9/2769.short',
'doi' => '10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3474-15.2016',
'modified' => '2016-03-08 10:40:48',
'created' => '2016-03-08 10:40:48',
'ProductsPublication' => array(
[maximum depth reached]
)
),
(int) 10 => array(
'id' => '2815',
'name' => 'The dual specificity phosphatase 2 gene is hypermethylated in human cancer and regulated by epigenetic mechanisms',
'authors' => 'Tanja Haag, Antje M. Richter, Martin B. Schneider, Adriana P. Jiménez and Reinhard H. Dammann',
'description' => '<p><span>Dual specificity phosphatases are a class of tumor-associated proteins involved in the negative regulation of the MAP kinase pathway. Downregulation of the </span><em xmlns="" class="EmphasisTypeItalic">dual specificity phosphatase 2</em><span> (</span><em xmlns="" class="EmphasisTypeItalic">DUSP2</em><span>) has been reported in cancer. Epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor genes by abnormal promoter methylation is a frequent mechanism in oncogenesis. It has been shown that the epigenetic factor CTCF is involved in the regulation of tumor suppressor genes.</span></p>
<p><span>We analyzed the promoter hypermethylation of <em xmlns="" class="EmphasisTypeItalic">DUSP2</em><span> in human cancer, including primary Merkel cell carcinoma by bisulfite restriction analysis and pyrosequencing. Moreover we analyzed the impact of a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor (5-Aza-dC) and CTCF on the epigenetic regulation of </span><em xmlns="" class="EmphasisTypeItalic">DUSP2</em><span> by qRT-PCR, promoter assay, chromatin immuno-precipitation and methylation analysis.</span></span></p>
<p><span><span>Here we report a significant tumor-specific hypermethylation of <em xmlns="" class="EmphasisTypeItalic">DUSP2</em><span> in primary Merkel cell carcinoma (</span><em xmlns="" class="EmphasisTypeItalic">p</em><span> = 0.05). An increase in methylation of </span><em xmlns="" class="EmphasisTypeItalic">DUSP2</em><span> was also found in 17 out of 24 (71 %) cancer cell lines, including skin and lung cancer. Treatment of cancer cells with 5-Aza-dC induced </span><em xmlns="" class="EmphasisTypeItalic">DUSP2</em><span> expression by its promoter demethylation, Additionally we observed that CTCF induces </span><em xmlns="" class="EmphasisTypeItalic">DUSP2</em><span> expression in cell lines that exhibit silencing of </span><em xmlns="" class="EmphasisTypeItalic">DUSP2</em><span>. This reactivation was accompanied by increased CTCF binding and demethylation of the </span><em xmlns="" class="EmphasisTypeItalic">DUSP2</em><span> promoter.</span></span></span></p>
<p><span><span><span>Our data show that aberrant epigenetic inactivation of <em xmlns="" class="EmphasisTypeItalic">DUSP2</em><span> occurs in carcinogenesis and that CTCF is involved in the epigenetic regulation of </span><em xmlns="" class="EmphasisTypeItalic">DUSP2</em><span> expression.</span></span></span></span></p>',
'date' => '2016-02-01',
'pmid' => 'http://pubmed.gov/26833217',
'doi' => '10.1186/s12885-016-2087-6',
'modified' => '2016-03-09 16:34:51',
'created' => '2016-02-09 14:47:36',
'ProductsPublication' => array(
[maximum depth reached]
)
),
(int) 11 => array(
'id' => '2604',
'name' => 'Single-Base Resolution Analysis of 5-Formyl and 5-Carboxyl Cytosine Reveals Promoter DNA Methylation Dynamics.',
'authors' => 'Neri F, Incarnato D, Krepelova A, Rapelli S, Anselmi F, Parlato C, Medana C, Dal Bello F, Oliviero S',
'description' => '<p>Ten eleven translocation (Tet) proteins oxidize 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5fC), and 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC). 5fC and 5caC can be further excised by thymine-DNA glycosylase (Tdg). Here, we present a genome-wide approach, named methylation-assisted bisulfite sequencing (MAB-seq), that enables single-base resolution mapping of 5fC and 5caC and measures their abundance. Application of this method to mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) shows the occurrence of 5fC and 5caC residues on the hypomethylated promoters of highly expressed genes, which is increased upon Tdg silencing, revealing active DNA demethylation on these promoters. Genome-wide mapping of Tdg reveals extensive colocalization with Tet1 on active promoters. These regions were found to be methylated by Dnmt1 and Dnmt3a and demethylated by a Tet-dependent mechanism. Our work demonstrates the DNA methylation dynamics that occurs on the promoters of the expressed genes and provides a genomic reference map of 5fC and 5caC in ESCs.</p>',
'date' => '2015-02-04',
'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25660018',
'doi' => '',
'modified' => '2016-04-04 10:37:14',
'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:05',
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'id' => '1715',
'name' => 'Dynamic reprogramming of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine during early porcine embryogenesis.',
'authors' => 'Cao Z, Zhou N, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Wu R, Li Y, Zhang Y, Li N',
'description' => 'DNA active demethylation is an important epigenetic phenomenon observed in porcine zygotes, yet its molecular origins are unknown. Our results show that 5-methylcytosine (5mC) converts into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) during the first cell cycle in porcine in vivo fertilization (IVV), IVF, and SCNT embryos, but not in parthenogenetically activated embryos. Expression of Ten-Eleven Translocation 1 (TET1) correlates with this conversion. Expression of 5mC gradually decreases until the morula stage; it is only expressed in the inner cell mass, but not trophectoderm regions of IVV and IVF blastocysts. Expression of 5mC in SCNT embryos is ectopically distinct from that observed in IVV and IVF embryos. In addition, 5hmC expression was similar to that of 5mC in IVV cleavage-stage embryos. Expression of 5hmC remained constant in IVF and SCNT embryos, and was evenly distributed among the inner cell mass and trophectoderm regions derived from IVV, IVF, and SCNT blastocysts. Ten-Eleven Translocation 3 was highly expressed in two-cell embryos, whereas TET1 and TET2 were highly expressed in blastocysts. These data suggest that TET1-catalyzed 5hmC may be involved in active DNA demethylation in porcine early embryos. In addition, 5mC, but not 5hmC, participates in the initial cell lineage specification in porcine IVV and IVF blastocysts. Last, SCNT embryos show aberrant 5mC and 5hmC expression during early porcine embryonic development.',
'date' => '2013-11-11',
'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24315686',
'doi' => '',
'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:01',
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(int) 13 => array(
'id' => '1485',
'name' => 'Vitamin C induces Tet-dependent DNA demethylation and a blastocyst-like state in ES cells.',
'authors' => 'Blaschke K, Ebata KT, Karimi MM, Zepeda-Martínez JA, Goyal P, Mahapatra S, Tam A, Laird DJ, Hirst M, Rao A, Lorincz MC, Ramalho-Santos M',
'description' => 'DNA methylation is a heritable epigenetic modification involved in gene silencing, imprinting, and the suppression of retrotransposons. Global DNA demethylation occurs in the early embryo and the germ line, and may be mediated by Tet (ten eleven translocation) enzymes, which convert 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC). Tet enzymes have been studied extensively in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells, which are generally cultured in the absence of vitamin C, a potential cofactor for Fe(II) 2-oxoglutarate dioxygenase enzymes such as Tet enzymes. Here we report that addition of vitamin C to mouse ES cells promotes Tet activity, leading to a rapid and global increase in 5hmC. This is followed by DNA demethylation of many gene promoters and upregulation of demethylated germline genes. Tet1 binding is enriched near the transcription start site of genes affected by vitamin C treatment. Importantly, vitamin C, but not other antioxidants, enhances the activity of recombinant Tet1 in a biochemical assay, and the vitamin-C-induced changes in 5hmC and 5mC are entirely suppressed in Tet1 and Tet2 double knockout ES cells. Vitamin C has a stronger effect on regions that gain methylation in cultured ES cells compared to blastocysts, and in vivo are methylated only after implantation. In contrast, imprinted regions and intracisternal A particle retroelements, which are resistant to demethylation in the early embryo, are resistant to vitamin-C-induced DNA demethylation. Collectively, the results of this study establish vitamin C as a direct regulator of Tet activity and DNA methylation fidelity in ES cells.',
'date' => '2013-08-08',
'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23812591',
'doi' => '',
'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:00',
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(int) 14 => array(
'id' => '546',
'name' => '5-Hydroxymethylcytosine is associated with enhancers and gene bodies in human embryonic stem cells.',
'authors' => 'Stroud H, Feng S, Morey Kinney S, Pradhan S, Jacobsen SE',
'description' => 'BACKGROUND: 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) was recently found to be abundantly present in certain cell types, including embryonic stem cells. There is growing evidence that TET proteins, which convert 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5hmC, play important biological roles. To further understand the function of 5hmC, an analysis of the genome-wide localization of this mark is required. RESULTS: Here, we have generated a genome-wide map of 5hmC in human embryonic stem cells by hmeDIP-seq, in which hydroxymethyl-DNA immunoprecipitation is followed by massively parallel sequencing. We found that 5hmC is enriched in enhancers as well as in gene bodies, suggesting a potential role for 5hmC in gene regulation. Consistent with localization of 5hmC at enhancers, 5hmC was significantly enriched in histone modifications associated with enhancers, such as H3K4me1 and H3K27ac. 5hmC was also enriched in other protein-DNA interaction sites, such as OCT4 and NANOG binding sites. Furthermore, we found that 5hmC regions tend to have an excess of G over C on one strand of DNA. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that 5hmC may be targeted to certain genomic regions based both on gene expression and sequence composition.',
'date' => '2011-06-20',
'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21689397',
'doi' => '',
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'id' => '488',
'name' => '5-Hydroxymethylcytosine in the mammalian zygote is linked with epigenetic reprogramming.',
'authors' => 'Wossidlo M, Nakamura T, Lepikhov K, Marques CJ, Zakhartchenko V, Boiani M, Arand J, Nakano T, Reik W, Walter J',
'description' => 'The epigenomes of early mammalian embryos are extensively reprogrammed to acquire a totipotent developmental potential. A major initial event in this reprogramming is the active loss/demethylation of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) in the zygote. Here, we report on findings that link this active demethylation to molecular mechanisms. We detect 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) as a novel modification in mouse, bovine and rabbit zygotes. On zygotic development 5hmC accumulates in the paternal pronucleus along with a reduction of 5mC. A knockdown of the 5hmC generating dioxygenase Tet3 simultaneously affects the patterns of 5hmC and 5mC in the paternal pronucleus. This finding links the loss of 5mC to its conversion into 5hmC. The maternal pronucleus seems to be largely protected against this mechanism by PGC7/Dppa3/Stella, as in PGC7 knockout zygotes 5mC also becomes accessible to oxidation into 5hmC. In summary, our data suggest an important role of 5hmC and Tet3 for DNA methylation reprogramming processes in the mammalian zygote.',
'date' => '2011-03-15',
'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21407207',
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'antibody_id' => '47',
'name' => '5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) Antibody (mouse) ',
'description' => '<p>One of the <strong>only two monoclonal antibodies raised against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC).</strong> 5-hmC is a recently discovered DNA modification which results from the enzymatic conversion of 5-methylcytosine into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine by the TET family of oxygenases. Preliminary results indicate that 5-hmC may have important roles distinct from 5-methylcytosine (5-mC). Although its precise role has still to be shown, early evidence suggests a few putative mechanisms that could have big implications in epigenetics.</p>
<p><strong></strong></p>',
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<p><small><strong> Figure 1. An hydroxymethylated DNA IP (hMeDIP) was performed using the Diagenode mouse monoclonal antibody directed against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (Cat. No. MAb-31HMC-020, MAb-31HMC-050, MAb-31HMC-100).</strong> <br />The IgG isotype antibodies from mouse (Cat. No. kch-819-015) was used as negative control. The DNA was prepared with the GenDNA module of the hMeDIP kit and sonicated with our Bioruptor® (UCD-200/300 series) to have DNA fragments of 300-500 bp. 1 μg of human Hela cells DNA were spiked with non-methylated, methylated, and hydroxymethylated PCR fragments. The IP’d material has been analysed by qPCR using the primer pair specific for the 3 different control sequences. The obtained results show that the mouse monoclonal for 5-hmC is highly specific for this base modification (no IP with non-methylated or methylated C bases containing fragments). </small></p>
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<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><small><strong> Figure 2. Determination of the 5-hmC mouse monoclonal antibody titer </strong><br />To determine the titer, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode mouse monoclonal antibody directed against 5-hmC (Cat No. MAb-31HMC-050, MAb-31HMC-100) in antigen coated wells. The antigen used was KHL coupled to 5-hmC base. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution, the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1:40,000. </small></p>
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<div class="small-4 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200200-fig3.png" alt="Dot Blot" width="100" caption="false" height="137" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
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<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><small><strong> Figure 3. Dotblot analysis of the Diagenode 5-hmC mouse monoclonal antibody with the C, mC and hmC PCR controls </strong><br />200 to 2 ng (equivalent of 10 to 0.1 pmol of C-bases) of the hmC (1), mC (2) and C (3) PCR controls from the Diagenode “5-hmC, 5-mC & cytosine DNA Standard Pack” (Cat No. AF-101-0020) were spotted on a membrane (Amersham Hybond-N+). The membrane was incubated with 2 μg/ml of the mouse 5-hydroxymethylcytosine monoclonal antibody (dilution 1:500). The membranes were exposed for 30 seconds. </small></p>
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'info2' => '<p>5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) has been recently discovered in mammalian DNA. This results from the enzymatic conversion of 5-methylcytosine into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine by the TET family of oxygenases. So far, the 5-hmC bases have been identified in Purkinje neurons, in granule cells and embryonic stem cells where they are present at high levels (up to 0,6% of total nucleotides in Purkinje cells).</p>
<p>Preliminary results indicate that 5-hmC may have important roles distinct from 5-mC. Although its precise role has still to be shown, early evidence suggests a few putative mechanisms that could have big implications in epigenetics : 5-hydroxymethylcytosine may well represent a new pathway to demethylate DNA involving a repair mechanism converting 5-hmC to cytosine and, as such open up entirely new perspectives in epigenetic studies.</p>
<p>Due to the structural similarity between 5-mC and 5-hmC, these bases are experimentally almost indistinguishable. Recent articles demonstrated that the most common approaches (e.g. enzymatic approaches, bisulfite sequencing) do not account for 5-hmC. The development of the affinity-based technologies appears to be the most powerful way to differentially and specifically enrich 5-mC and 5-hmC sequences. The results shown here illustrate the use of this unique monoclonal antibody against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine that has been fully validated in various technologies.</p>',
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'description' => '<p><span>One of the </span><strong>only two monoclonal antibodies raised against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC).</strong><span> 5-hmC is a recently discovered DNA modification which results from the enzymatic conversion of 5-methylcytosine into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine by the TET family of oxygenases. Preliminary results indicate that 5-hmC may have important roles distinct from 5-methylcytosine (5-mC). Although its precise role has still to be shown, early evidence suggests a few putative mechanisms that could have big implications in epigenetics.</span></p>
<p><strong></strong></p>',
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<div class="small-4 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200200-fig1.png" alt="ChIP" caption="false" width="180" height="315" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
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<p><small><strong> Figure 1. An hydroxymethylated DNA IP (hMeDIP) was performed using the Diagenode mouse monoclonal antibody directed against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (Cat. No. MAb-31HMC-020, MAb-31HMC-050, MAb-31HMC-100).</strong> <br />The IgG isotype antibodies from mouse (Cat. No. kch-819-015) was used as negative control. The DNA was prepared with the GenDNA module of the hMeDIP kit and sonicated with our Bioruptor® (UCD-200/300 series) to have DNA fragments of 300-500 bp. 1 μg of human Hela cells DNA were spiked with non-methylated, methylated, and hydroxymethylated PCR fragments. The IP’d material has been analysed by qPCR using the primer pair specific for the 3 different control sequences. The obtained results show that the mouse monoclonal for 5-hmC is highly specific for this base modification (no IP with non-methylated or methylated C bases containing fragments). </small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-4 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200200-fig2.png" alt="ELISA" width="200" height="181" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
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<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><small><strong> Figure 2. Determination of the 5-hmC mouse monoclonal antibody titer </strong><br />To determine the titer, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode mouse monoclonal antibody directed against 5-hmC (Cat No. MAb-31HMC-050, MAb-31HMC-100) in antigen coated wells. The antigen used was KHL coupled to 5-hmC base. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution, the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1:40,000. </small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-4 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200200-fig3.png" alt="Dot Blot" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="110" height="150" /></p>
</div>
<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><small><strong> Figure 3. Dotblot analysis of the Diagenode 5-hmC mouse monoclonal antibody with the C, mC and hmC PCR controls </strong><br />200 to 2 ng (equivalent of 10 to 0.1 pmol of C-bases) of the hmC (1), mC (2) and C (3) PCR controls from the Diagenode “5-hmC, 5-mC & cytosine DNA Standard Pack” (Cat No. AF-101-0020) were spotted on a membrane (Amersham Hybond-N+). The membrane was incubated with 2 μg/ml of the mouse 5-hydroxymethylcytosine monoclonal antibody (dilution 1:500). The membranes were exposed for 30 seconds. </small></p>
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'name' => '5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) Antibody (mouse) ',
'description' => '<p>One of the <strong>only two monoclonal antibodies raised against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC).</strong> 5-hmC is a recently discovered DNA modification which results from the enzymatic conversion of 5-methylcytosine into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine by the TET family of oxygenases. Preliminary results indicate that 5-hmC may have important roles distinct from 5-methylcytosine (5-mC). Although its precise role has still to be shown, early evidence suggests a few putative mechanisms that could have big implications in epigenetics.</p>
<p><strong></strong></p>',
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<div class="small-4 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200200-fig1.png" alt="ChIP" width="180" height="315" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
</div>
<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><small><strong> Figure 1. An hydroxymethylated DNA IP (hMeDIP) was performed using the Diagenode mouse monoclonal antibody directed against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (Cat. No. MAb-31HMC-020, MAb-31HMC-050, MAb-31HMC-100).</strong> <br />The IgG isotype antibodies from mouse (Cat. No. kch-819-015) was used as negative control. The DNA was prepared with the GenDNA module of the hMeDIP kit and sonicated with our Bioruptor® (UCD-200/300 series) to have DNA fragments of 300-500 bp. 1 μg of human Hela cells DNA were spiked with non-methylated, methylated, and hydroxymethylated PCR fragments. The IP’d material has been analysed by qPCR using the primer pair specific for the 3 different control sequences. The obtained results show that the mouse monoclonal for 5-hmC is highly specific for this base modification (no IP with non-methylated or methylated C bases containing fragments). </small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-4 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200200-fig2.png" alt="ELISA" width="190" height="173" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
</div>
<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><small><strong> Figure 2. Determination of the 5-hmC mouse monoclonal antibody titer </strong><br />To determine the titer, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode mouse monoclonal antibody directed against 5-hmC (Cat No. MAb-31HMC-050, MAb-31HMC-100) in antigen coated wells. The antigen used was KHL coupled to 5-hmC base. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution, the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1:40,000. </small></p>
</div>
</div>
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<p><small><strong> Figure 3. Dotblot analysis of the Diagenode 5-hmC mouse monoclonal antibody with the C, mC and hmC PCR controls </strong><br />200 to 2 ng (equivalent of 10 to 0.1 pmol of C-bases) of the hmC (1), mC (2) and C (3) PCR controls from the Diagenode “5-hmC, 5-mC & cytosine DNA Standard Pack” (Cat No. AF-101-0020) were spotted on a membrane (Amersham Hybond-N+). The membrane was incubated with 2 μg/ml of the mouse 5-hydroxymethylcytosine monoclonal antibody (dilution 1:500). The membranes were exposed for 30 seconds. </small></p>
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<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200200-fig1.png" alt="ChIP" width="160" caption="false" height="280" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
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<p><small><strong> Figure 1. An hydroxymethylated DNA IP (hMeDIP) was performed using the Diagenode mouse monoclonal antibody directed against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (Cat. No. MAb-31HMC-020, MAb-31HMC-050, MAb-31HMC-100).</strong> <br />The IgG isotype antibodies from mouse (Cat. No. kch-819-015) was used as negative control. The DNA was prepared with the GenDNA module of the hMeDIP kit and sonicated with our Bioruptor® (UCD-200/300 series) to have DNA fragments of 300-500 bp. 1 μg of human Hela cells DNA were spiked with non-methylated, methylated, and hydroxymethylated PCR fragments. The IP’d material has been analysed by qPCR using the primer pair specific for the 3 different control sequences. The obtained results show that the mouse monoclonal for 5-hmC is highly specific for this base modification (no IP with non-methylated or methylated C bases containing fragments). </small></p>
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<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200200-fig2.png" alt="ELISA" width="190" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
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<p><small><strong> Figure 2. Determination of the 5-hmC mouse monoclonal antibody titer </strong><br />To determine the titer, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode mouse monoclonal antibody directed against 5-hmC (Cat No. MAb-31HMC-050, MAb-31HMC-100) in antigen coated wells. The antigen used was KHL coupled to 5-hmC base. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution, the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1:40,000. </small></p>
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<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200200-fig3.png" alt="Dot Blot" width="100" caption="false" height="137" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
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<p><small><strong> Figure 3. Dotblot analysis of the Diagenode 5-hmC mouse monoclonal antibody with the C, mC and hmC PCR controls </strong><br />200 to 2 ng (equivalent of 10 to 0.1 pmol of C-bases) of the hmC (1), mC (2) and C (3) PCR controls from the Diagenode “5-hmC, 5-mC & cytosine DNA Standard Pack” (Cat No. AF-101-0020) were spotted on a membrane (Amersham Hybond-N+). The membrane was incubated with 2 μg/ml of the mouse 5-hydroxymethylcytosine monoclonal antibody (dilution 1:500). The membranes were exposed for 30 seconds. </small></p>
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'info2' => '<p>5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) has been recently discovered in mammalian DNA. This results from the enzymatic conversion of 5-methylcytosine into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine by the TET family of oxygenases. So far, the 5-hmC bases have been identified in Purkinje neurons, in granule cells and embryonic stem cells where they are present at high levels (up to 0,6% of total nucleotides in Purkinje cells).</p>
<p>Preliminary results indicate that 5-hmC may have important roles distinct from 5-mC. Although its precise role has still to be shown, early evidence suggests a few putative mechanisms that could have big implications in epigenetics : 5-hydroxymethylcytosine may well represent a new pathway to demethylate DNA involving a repair mechanism converting 5-hmC to cytosine and, as such open up entirely new perspectives in epigenetic studies.</p>
<p>Due to the structural similarity between 5-mC and 5-hmC, these bases are experimentally almost indistinguishable. Recent articles demonstrated that the most common approaches (e.g. enzymatic approaches, bisulfite sequencing) do not account for 5-hmC. The development of the affinity-based technologies appears to be the most powerful way to differentially and specifically enrich 5-mC and 5-hmC sequences. The results shown here illustrate the use of this unique monoclonal antibody against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine that has been fully validated in various technologies.</p>',
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<p><span>The hMeDIP kit is designed for enrichment of hydroxymethylated DNA from fragmented genomic DNA<span><span> </span>samples for use in genome-wide methylation analysis. It features</span></span><span> a highly specific monoclonal antibody against </span>5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) for the immunoprecipitation of hydroxymethylated DNA<span>. It includes control DNA and primers to assess the effiency of the assay. </span>Performing hydroxymethylation profiling with the hMeDIP kit is fast, reliable and highly specific.</p>
<p><em>Looking for hMeDIP-seq protocol? <a href="https://go.diagenode.com/l/928883/2022-01-07/2m1ht" target="_blank" title="Contact us">Contact us</a></em></p>
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<p><strong></strong><strong>F</strong><strong>igure 1.</strong> Using the MBD approach, two methylated regions were detected in different elution fractions according to their methylated CpG density (A). Low, Medium and High refer to the sequenced DNA from different elution fractions with increasing salt concentration. Methylated patterns of these two different methylated regions were validated by bisulfite conversion assay (B).</p>',
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<p style="text-align: center;"><strong>Make your Bisulfite conversion now in only 60 minutes !</strong></p>
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'description' => '<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">T</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">he pattern of <strong>DNA modifications</strong> is critical for genome stability and the control of gene expression in the cell. Methylation of 5-cytosine (5-mC), one of the best-studied epigenetic marks, is carried out by the <strong>DNA methyltransferases</strong> DNMT3A and B and DNMT1. DNMT3A and DNMT3B are responsible for </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">de novo</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> DNA methylation, whereas DNMT1 maintains existing methylation. 5-mC undergoes active demethylation which is performed by the <strong>Ten-Eleven Translocation</strong> (TET) familly of DNA hydroxylases. The latter consists of 3 members TET1, 2 and 3. All 3 members catalyze the conversion of <strong>5-methylcytosine</strong> (5-mC) into <strong>5-hydroxymethylcytosine</strong> (5-hmC), and further into <strong>5-formylcytosine</strong> (5-fC) and <strong>5-carboxycytosine</strong> (5-caC). 5-fC and 5-caC can be converted to unmodified cytosine by <strong>Thymine DNA Glycosylase</strong> (TDG). It is not yet clear if 5-hmC, 5-fC and 5-caC have specific functions or are simply intermediates in the demethylation of 5-mC.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">DNA methylation is generally considered as a repressive mark and is usually associated with gene silencing. It is essential that the balance between DNA methylation and demethylation is precisely maintained. Dysregulation of DNA methylation may lead to many different human diseases and is often observed in cancer cells.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Diagenode offers highly validated antibodies against different proteins involved in DNA modifications as well as against the modified bases allowing the study of all steps and intermediates in the DNA methylation/demethylation pathway:</span></p>
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/categories/antibodies/dna-methylation.jpg" height="599" width="816" /></p>
<p><strong>Diagenode exclusively sources the original 5-methylcytosine monoclonal antibody (clone 33D3).</strong></p>
<p>Check out the list below to see all proposed antibodies for DNA modifications.</p>
<p>Diagenode’s highly validated antibodies:</p>
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<li>Highly sensitive and specific</li>
<li>Cost-effective (requires less antibody per reaction)</li>
<li>Batch-specific data is available on the website</li>
<li>Expert technical support</li>
<li>Sample sizes available</li>
<li>100% satisfaction guarantee</li>
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<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Diagenode’s highly validated antibodies:</span></p>
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<li>Highly sensitive and specific</li>
<li>Cost-effective (requires less antibody per reaction)</li>
<li>Batch-specific data is available on the website</li>
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'name' => 'Datasheet 5hmC MAb-31HMC-050',
'description' => '<p>Monoclonal antibody raised in mouse against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine conjugated to BSA.</p>',
'image_id' => null,
'type' => 'Datasheet',
'url' => 'files/products/antibodies/Datasheet_5hmC_MAb-31HMC-050.pdf',
'slug' => 'datasheet-5hmc-mab-31hmc-050',
'meta_keywords' => '',
'meta_description' => '',
'modified' => '2016-07-08 15:52:40',
'created' => '2015-07-07 11:47:44',
'ProductsDocument' => array(
[maximum depth reached]
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(int) 1 => array(
'id' => '5',
'name' => 'Exclusive Highly Specific Kits Antibodies for DNA HydroxyMethylation Studies',
'description' => '<p>Cytosine hydroxymethylation was recently discovered as an important epigenetic mechanism. This cytosine base modification results from the enzymatic conversion of 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) by the TET family of oxygenases. Though the precise role of 5-hmC is the subject of intense research and debate, early studies strongly indicate that it is also involved in gene regulation and in numerous important biological processes including embryonic development, cellular differentiation, stem cell reprogramming and carcinogenesis.</p>
<p>The study of 5-hmC has long been limited due to the lack of high quality, validated tools and technologies that discriminate hydroxymethylation from methylation in regulating gene expression. The use of highly specific antibodies against 5-hmC for the immunoprecipitation of hydroxymethylated DNA offers a reliable solution for hydroxymethylation profiling.</p>
<p></p>',
'image_id' => null,
'type' => 'Poster',
'url' => 'files/posters/Exclusive_Highly_Specific_Kits_Antibodies_for_DNA_HydroxyMethylation_Studies_Poster.pdf',
'slug' => 'exclusive-highly-specific-kits-antibodies-for-dna-hydroxymethylation-studies-poster',
'meta_keywords' => '',
'meta_description' => '',
'modified' => '2020-11-23 17:39:14',
'created' => '2015-07-03 16:05:15',
'ProductsDocument' => array(
[maximum depth reached]
)
)
),
'Feature' => array(),
'Image' => array(
(int) 0 => array(
'id' => '250',
'name' => 'product/antibodies/antibody.png',
'alt' => 'Mouse IgG',
'modified' => '2020-11-27 07:00:09',
'created' => '2015-07-17 10:12:18',
'ProductsImage' => array(
[maximum depth reached]
)
)
),
'Promotion' => array(),
'Protocol' => array(),
'Publication' => array(
(int) 0 => array(
'id' => '4980',
'name' => '5-Hydroxymethylcytosine in circulating cell-free DNA as a potential diagnostic biomarker for SLE ',
'authors' => 'Xinya Tong et al.',
'description' => '<div id="sec-1" class="subsection">
<p id="p-2"><strong>Background</strong><span> </span>SLE is a complex autoimmune disease with heterogeneous manifestations and unpredictable outcomes. Early diagnosis is challenging due to non-specific symptoms, and current treatments only manage symptoms. Epigenetic alternations, including 5-Hydroxymethylome (5hmC) modifications, are important contributors to SLE pathogenesis. However, the 5hmC modification status in circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) of patients with SLE remains largely unexplored. We investigated the distribution of 5hmC in cfDNA of patients with SLE and healthy controls (HCs), and explored its potential as an SLE diagnosis marker.</p>
</div>
<div id="sec-2" class="subsection">
<p id="p-3"><strong>Methods</strong><span> </span>We used 5hmC-Seal to generate genome-wide 5hmC profiles of plasma cfDNA and bioinformatics analysis to screen differentially hydroxymethylated regions (DhMRs). In vitro mechanistic exploration was conducted to investigate the regulatory effect of CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) in 5hmC candidate biomarkers.</p>
</div>
<div id="sec-3" class="subsection">
<p id="p-4"><strong>Results</strong><span> </span>We found distinct differences in genomic regions and 5hmC modification motif patterns between patients with SLE and HCs, varying with disease progression. Increased 5hmC modification enrichment was detected in SLE. Additionally, we screened 151 genes with hyper-5hmC, which are significantly involved in SLE-related processes, and 5hmC-modified<span> </span><em>BCL2</em>,<span> </span><em>CD83</em>,<span> </span><em>ETS1</em><span> </span>and<span> </span><em>GZMB</em><span> </span>as SLE biomarkers. Our findings suggest that CTCF regulates 5hmC modification of these genes by recruiting TET (ten-eleven translocation) protein, and CTCF knockdown affected the protein expression of these genes in vitro.</p>
</div>
<div id="sec-4" class="subsection">
<p id="p-5"><strong>Conclusions</strong><span> </span>Our findings demonstrate the increased 5hmC distribution in plasma cfDNA in different disease activity in patients with SLE compared with HCs and relating DhMRs involved in SLE-associated pathways. Furthermore, we identified a panel of SLE relevant biomarkers, and these viewpoints could provide insight into the pathogenesis of SLE.</p>
</div>',
'date' => '2024-10-04',
'pmid' => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39366755/',
'doi' => '10.1136/lupus-2024-001286',
'modified' => '2024-10-10 14:35:36',
'created' => '2024-10-10 14:35:36',
'ProductsPublication' => array(
[maximum depth reached]
)
),
(int) 1 => array(
'id' => '4979',
'name' => 'RNA m5C oxidation by TET2 regulates chromatin state and leukaemogenesis',
'authors' => 'Zhongyu Zou et al. ',
'description' => '<p><span>Mutation of tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 2 (encoded by </span><i>TET2</i><span>) drives myeloid malignancy initiation and progression</span><sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Tefferi, A., Lim, K. H. & Levine, R. Mutation in TET2 in myeloid cancers. N. Engl. J. Med. 361, 1117 (2009)." href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07969-x#ref-CR1" id="ref-link-section-d100968202e609">1</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Jankowska, A. M. et al. Loss of heterozygosity 4q24 and TET2 mutations associated with myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms. Blood 113, 6403–6410 (2009)." href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07969-x#ref-CR2" id="ref-link-section-d100968202e609_1">2</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 3" title="Langemeijer, S. M. et al. Acquired mutations in TET2 are common in myelodysplastic syndromes. Nat. Genet. 41, 838–842 (2009)." href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07969-x#ref-CR3" id="ref-link-section-d100968202e612">3</a></sup><span>. TET2 deficiency is known to cause a globally opened chromatin state and activation of genes contributing to aberrant haematopoietic stem cell self-renewal</span><sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 4" title="Moran-Crusio, K. et al. Tet2 loss leads to increased hematopoietic stem cell self-renewal and myeloid transformation. Cancer Cell 20, 11–24 (2011)." href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07969-x#ref-CR4" id="ref-link-section-d100968202e616">4</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 5" title="Lopez-Moyado, I. F. et al. Paradoxical association of TET loss of function with genome-wide DNA hypomethylation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 116, 16933–16942 (2019)." href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07969-x#ref-CR5" id="ref-link-section-d100968202e619">5</a></sup><span>. However, the open chromatin observed in TET2-deficient mouse embryonic stem cells, leukaemic cells and haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells</span><sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 5" title="Lopez-Moyado, I. F. et al. Paradoxical association of TET loss of function with genome-wide DNA hypomethylation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 116, 16933–16942 (2019)." href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07969-x#ref-CR5" id="ref-link-section-d100968202e623">5</a></sup><span><span> </span>is inconsistent with the designated role of DNA 5-methylcytosine oxidation of TET2. Here we show that chromatin-associated retrotransposon RNA 5-methylcytosine (m</span><sup>5</sup><span>C) can be recognized by the methyl-CpG-binding-domain protein MBD6, which guides deubiquitination of nearby monoubiquitinated Lys119 of histone H2A (H2AK119ub) to promote an open chromatin state. TET2 oxidizes m</span><sup>5</sup><span>C and antagonizes this MBD6-dependent H2AK119ub deubiquitination. TET2 depletion thereby leads to globally decreased H2AK119ub, more open chromatin and increased transcription in stem cells.<span> </span></span><i>TET2-</i><span>mutant human leukaemia becomes dependent on this gene activation pathway, with<span> </span></span><i>MBD6</i><span><span> </span>depletion selectively blocking proliferation of<span> </span></span><i>TET2</i><span>-mutant leukaemic cells and largely reversing the haematopoiesis defects caused by<span> </span></span><i>Tet2</i><span><span> </span>loss in mouse models. Together, our findings reveal a chromatin regulation pathway by TET2 through retrotransposon RNA m</span><sup>5</sup><span>C oxidation and identify the downstream MBD6 protein as a feasible target for developing therapies specific against<span> </span></span><i>TET2</i><span><span> </span>mutant malignancies.</span></p>',
'date' => '2024-10-02',
'pmid' => 'https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07969-x',
'doi' => 'https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07969-x',
'modified' => '2024-10-10 14:31:29',
'created' => '2024-10-10 14:31:29',
'ProductsPublication' => array(
[maximum depth reached]
)
),
(int) 2 => array(
'id' => '4850',
'name' => 'Bioengineering novel AAV9-mGULO-GT for multi-disease gene therapy:Targeting mutated GULO expression to cure scurvy and brain diseases.',
'authors' => 'Liu J. et al.',
'description' => '<p>Current clinical breakthroughs in gene therapy have brought adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors to the forefront of gene delivery systems. Vitamin C deficiency due to GULO mutations is a genetic disorder affecting guinea pigs and humans. In our study, we used AAV9-mGULO GT to deliver the mouse GULO gene to guinea pigs and restore Vc synthesis in affected tissues, including the liver and brain. AAV9-mGULO-GT treatment significantly improved survival rates and bone health compared to non-treated and Vc-treated groups. Dot blot analysis confirmed restored Vc content in various parts of the brain. Additionally, micro-CT imaging showcased significant enhancements in bone mineral density, content, width, and cortical thickness. Further, RNA sequencing and immunological studies of organs validated the successful restoration of Vc synthesis. These findings highlight the potential of AAV9- mGULO-GT as a therapeutic option for GULO-related scurvy and other genetic disorders. The success of our study underscores the importance of advanced targeting and gene rescue systems in developing effective therapies for genetic disorders in clinical applications.</p>',
'date' => '2023-06-01',
'pmid' => 'https://doi.org/10.21203%2Frs.3.rs-3028525%2Fv1',
'doi' => '10.21203/rs.3.rs-3028525/v1',
'modified' => '2023-08-01 14:23:57',
'created' => '2023-08-01 15:59:38',
'ProductsPublication' => array(
[maximum depth reached]
)
),
(int) 3 => array(
'id' => '4777',
'name' => 'Epigenetic modifier alpha-ketoglutarate modulates aberrant gene bodymethylation and hydroxymethylation marks in diabetic heart.',
'authors' => 'Dhat R. et al.',
'description' => '<p>BACKGROUND: Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a leading cause of death in diabetic patients. Hyperglycemic myocardial microenvironment significantly alters chromatin architecture and the transcriptome, resulting in aberrant activation of signaling pathways in a diabetic heart. Epigenetic marks play vital roles in transcriptional reprogramming during the development of DCM. The current study is aimed to profile genome-wide DNA (hydroxy)methylation patterns in the hearts of control and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats and decipher the effect of modulation of DNA methylation by alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG), a TET enzyme cofactor, on the progression of DCM. METHODS: Diabetes was induced in male adult Wistar rats with an intraperitoneal injection of STZ. Diabetic and vehicle control animals were randomly divided into groups with/without AKG treatment. Cardiac function was monitored by performing cardiac catheterization. Global methylation (5mC) and hydroxymethylation (5hmC) patterns were mapped in the Left ventricular tissue of control and diabetic rats with the help of an enrichment-based (h)MEDIP-sequencing technique by using antibodies specific for 5mC and 5hmC. Sequencing data were validated by performing (h)MEDIP-qPCR analysis at the gene-specific level, and gene expression was analyzed by qPCR. The mRNA and protein expression of enzymes involved in the DNA methylation and demethylation cycle were analyzed by qPCR and western blotting. Global 5mC and 5hmC levels were also assessed in high glucose-treated DNMT3B knockdown H9c2 cells. RESULTS: We found the increased expression of DNMT3B, MBD2, and MeCP2 with a concomitant accumulation of 5mC and 5hmC, specifically in gene body regions of diabetic rat hearts compared to the control. Calcium signaling was the most significantly affected pathway by cytosine modifications in the diabetic heart. Additionally, hypermethylated gene body regions were associated with Rap1, apelin, and phosphatidyl inositol signaling, while metabolic pathways were most affected by hyperhydroxymethylation. AKG supplementation in diabetic rats reversed aberrant methylation patterns and restored cardiac function. Hyperglycemia also increased 5mC and 5hmC levels in H9c2 cells, which was normalized by DNMT3B knockdown or AKG supplementation. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that reverting hyperglycemic damage to cardiac tissue might be possible by erasing adverse epigenetic signatures by supplementing epigenetic modulators such as AKG along with an existing antidiabetic treatment regimen.</p>',
'date' => '2023-04-01',
'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37101286',
'doi' => '10.1186/s13072-023-00489-4',
'modified' => '2023-06-12 09:20:54',
'created' => '2023-05-05 12:34:24',
'ProductsPublication' => array(
[maximum depth reached]
)
),
(int) 4 => array(
'id' => '4823',
'name' => 'Gene body DNA hydroxymethylation restricts the magnitude oftranscriptional changes during aging.',
'authors' => 'Occean J. R. et al.',
'description' => '<p>DNA hydroxymethylation (5hmC) is the most abundant oxidative derivative of DNA methylation (5mC) and is typically enriched at enhancers and gene bodies of transcriptionally active and tissue-specific genes. Although aberrant genomic 5hmC has been implicated in many age-related diseases, the functional role of the modification in aging remains largely unknown. Here, we report that 5hmC is stably enriched in multiple aged organs. Using the liver and cerebellum as model organs, we show that 5hmC accumulates in gene bodies associated with tissue-specific function and thereby restricts the magnitude of gene expression changes during aging. Mechanistically, we found that 5hmC decreases binding affinity of splicing factors compared to unmodified cytosine and 5mC, and is correlated with age-related alternative splicing events, suggesting RNA splicing as a potential mediator of 5hmC’s transcriptionally restrictive function. Furthermore, we show that various age-related contexts, such as prolonged quiescence and senescence, are partially responsible for driving the accumulation of 5hmC with age. We provide evidence that this age-related function is conserved in mouse and human tissues, and further show that the modification is altered by regimens known to modulate lifespan. Our findings reveal that 5hmC is a regulator of tissue-specific function and may play a role in regulating longevity.</p>',
'date' => '2023-02-01',
'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36824863',
'doi' => '10.1101/2023.02.15.528714',
'modified' => '2023-06-14 08:39:26',
'created' => '2023-06-13 22:16:30',
'ProductsPublication' => array(
[maximum depth reached]
)
),
(int) 5 => array(
'id' => '3790',
'name' => 'Relationship between osteoporosis and osteoarthritis based on DNA methylation',
'authors' => 'Ying Li, Bing Xie, Zhiqiang Jiang, Binbin Yuan',
'description' => '<p>: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between osteoporosis and osteoarthritis by analyzing the DNA methylation in osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. The cancellous bone specimens were collected from a total of 12 hospitalized patients and divided into the osteoporosis group (OA), the osteoarthritis group (OP), the osteoporosis combined with osteoarthritis group (OA & OP), and the normal control group (N). The cancellous bone specimens of each group were detected and the differences in gene expression profiles by the MeDIP-chip technique were compared. Compared with Group OA & OP, the methylation levels in Group OA and Group OP were statistically higher, P < 0.05. In the microarray analysis, a total of 1,222 sites occurred hypermethylation. The analysis targeting the differentially expressed genes between Group OA & OP and Group N revealed that group OA and group OP had 4 common genes: PPIL3, NIF3L1, SMTN, and CALHM2. The level of genomic methylation is lower in the patients with osteoporosis and/or osteoarthritis. The common difference between osteoarthritis and osteoporosis is reflected in some specific promoters, which may participate in the processes of diseases through different pathways.</p>',
'date' => '2019-09-15',
'pmid' => 'http://www.ijcep.com/files/ijcep0098041.pdf',
'doi' => '/',
'modified' => '2019-12-05 11:53:16',
'created' => '2019-12-02 15:25:44',
'ProductsPublication' => array(
[maximum depth reached]
)
),
(int) 6 => array(
'id' => '3706',
'name' => 'TET3 prevents terminal differentiation of adult NSCs by a non-catalytic action at Snrpn.',
'authors' => 'Montalbán-Loro R, Lozano-Ureña A, Ito M, Krueger C, Reik W, Ferguson-Smith AC, Ferrón SR',
'description' => '<p>Ten-eleven-translocation (TET) proteins catalyze DNA hydroxylation, playing an important role in demethylation of DNA in mammals. Remarkably, although hydroxymethylation levels are high in the mouse brain, the potential role of TET proteins in adult neurogenesis is unknown. We show here that a non-catalytic action of TET3 is essentially required for the maintenance of the neural stem cell (NSC) pool in the adult subventricular zone (SVZ) niche by preventing premature differentiation of NSCs into non-neurogenic astrocytes. This occurs through direct binding of TET3 to the paternal transcribed allele of the imprinted gene Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein-associated polypeptide N (Snrpn), contributing to transcriptional repression of the gene. The study also identifies BMP2 as an effector of the astrocytic terminal differentiation mediated by SNRPN. Our work describes a novel mechanism of control of an imprinted gene in the regulation of adult neurogenesis through an unconventional role of TET3.</p>',
'date' => '2019-04-12',
'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/30979904',
'doi' => '10.1038/s41467-019-09665-1',
'modified' => '2019-07-05 14:37:26',
'created' => '2019-07-04 10:42:34',
'ProductsPublication' => array(
[maximum depth reached]
)
),
(int) 7 => array(
'id' => '3171',
'name' => 'miR-30a as Potential Therapeutics by Targeting TET1 through Regulation of Drp-1 Promoter Hydroxymethylation in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis',
'authors' => 'Zhang S. et al.',
'description' => '<p>Several recent studies have indicated that miR-30a plays critical roles in various biological processes and diseases. However, the mechanism of miR-30a participation in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) regulation is ambiguous. Our previous study demonstrated that miR-30a may function as a novel therapeutic target for lung fibrosis by blocking mitochondrial fission, which is dependent on dynamin-related protein1 (Drp-1). However, the regulatory mechanism between miR-30a and Drp-1 is yet to be investigated. Additionally, whether miR-30a can act as a potential therapeutic has not been verified in vivo. In this study, the miR-30a expression in IPF patients was evaluated. Computational analysis and a dual-luciferase reporter assay system were used to identify the target gene of miR-30a, and cell transfection was utilized to confirm this relationship. Ten-eleven translocation 1 (TET1) was validated as a direct target of miR-30a, and miR-30a mimic and inhibitor transfection significantly reduced and increased the TET1 protein expression, respectively. Further experimentation verified that the TET1 siRNA interference could inhibit Drp-1 promoter hydroxymethylation. Finally, miR-30a agomir was designed and applied to identify and validate the therapeutic effect of miR-30a in vivo. Our study demonstrated that miR-30a could inhibit TET1 expression through base pairing with complementary sites in the 3'untranslated region to regulate Drp-1 promoter hydroxymethylation. Furthermore, miR-30a could act as a potential therapeutic target for IPF.</p>',
'date' => '2017-03-15',
'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28294974',
'doi' => '',
'modified' => '2017-05-10 16:15:16',
'created' => '2017-05-10 16:15:16',
'ProductsPublication' => array(
[maximum depth reached]
)
),
(int) 8 => array(
'id' => '2863',
'name' => 'Dynamic interplay between locus-specific DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation regulates distinct biological pathways in prostate carcinogenesis',
'authors' => 'Kamdar SN, Ho LT, Kron KJ, Isserlin R, van der Kwast T, Zlotta AR, Fleshner NE, Bader G, Bapat B',
'description' => '<div id="__sec1" class="sec sec-first">
<h3>Background</h3>
<p id="__p1" class="p p-first-last">Despite the significant global loss of DNA hydroxymethylation marks in prostate cancer tissues, the locus-specific role of hydroxymethylation in prostate tumorigenesis is unknown. We characterized hydroxymethylation and methylation marks by performing whole-genome next-generation sequencing in representative normal and prostate cancer-derived cell lines in order to determine functional pathways and key genes regulated by these epigenomic modifications in cancer.</p>
</div>
<div id="__sec2" class="sec">
<h3>Results</h3>
<p id="__p2" class="p p-first-last">Our cell line model shows disruption of hydroxymethylation distribution in cancer, with global loss and highly specific gain in promoter and CpG island regions. Significantly, we observed locus-specific retention of hydroxymethylation marks in specific intronic and intergenic regions which may play a novel role in the regulation of gene expression in critical functional pathways, such as BARD1 signaling and steroid hormone receptor signaling in cancer. We confirm a modest correlation of hydroxymethylation with expression in intragenic regions in prostate cancer, while identifying an original role for intergenic hydroxymethylation in differentially expressed regulatory pathways in cancer. We also demonstrate a successful strategy for the identification and validation of key candidate genes from differentially regulated biological pathways in prostate cancer.</p>
</div>
<div id="__sec3" class="sec">
<h3>Conclusions</h3>
<p id="__p3" class="p p-first-last">Our results indicate a distinct function for aberrant hydroxymethylation within each genomic feature in cancer, suggesting a specific and complex role for the deregulation of hydroxymethylation in tumorigenesis, similar to methylation. Subsequently, our characterization of key cellular pathways exhibiting dynamic enrichment patterns for methylation and hydroxymethylation marks may allow us to identify differentially epigenetically modified target genes implicated in prostate cancer tumorigenesis.</p>
</div>',
'date' => '2016-03-15',
'pmid' => 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4791926/',
'doi' => '10.1186/s13148-016-0195-4',
'modified' => '2016-03-31 14:49:24',
'created' => '2016-03-21 10:18:12',
'ProductsPublication' => array(
[maximum depth reached]
)
),
(int) 9 => array(
'id' => '2837',
'name' => 'Hydroxymethylation of microRNA-365-3p Regulates Nociceptive Behaviors via Kcnh2',
'authors' => 'Pan Z, Zhang M, Ma T, Xue Z-Y, Li G-F, Hao L-Y, Zhu L-J, Li Y-Q, Ding H-L, Cao J-L',
'description' => '<p id="p-3">DNA 5-hydroxylmethylcytosine (5hmC) catalyzed by ten-eleven translocation methylcytosine dioxygenase (TET) occurs abundantly in neurons of mammals. However, the <em>in vivo</em> causal link between TET dysregulation and nociceptive modulation has not been established. Here, we found that spinal TET1 and TET3 were significantly increased in the model of formalin-induced acute inflammatory pain, which was accompanied with the augment of genome-wide 5hmC content in spinal cord. Knockdown of spinal TET1 or TET3 alleviated the formalin-induced nociceptive behavior and overexpression of spinal TET1 or TET3 in naive mice produced pain-like behavior as evidenced by decreased thermal pain threshold. Furthermore, we found that TET1 or TET3 regulated the nociceptive behavior by targeting microRNA-365-3p (miR-365-3p). Formalin increased 5hmC in the miR-365-3p promoter, which was inhibited by knockdown of TET1 or TET3 and mimicked by overexpression of TET1 or TET3 in naive mice. Nociceptive behavior induced by formalin or overexpression of spinal TET1 or TET3 could be prevented by downregulation of miR-365-3p, and mimicked by overexpression of spinal miR-365-3p. Finally, we demonstrated that a potassium channel, voltage-gated eag-related subfamily H member 2 (<em>Kcnh2</em>), validated as a target of miR-365-3p, played a critical role in nociceptive modulation by spinal TET or miR-365-3p. Together, we concluded that TET-mediated hydroxymethylation of miR-365-3p regulates nociceptive behavior via <em>Kcnh2</em>.</p>
<p id="p-4"><strong>SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT</strong> Mounting evidence indicates that epigenetic modifications in the nociceptive pathway contribute to pain processes and analgesia response. Here, we found that the increase of 5hmC content mediated by TET1 or TET3 in miR-365-3p promoter in the spinal cord is involved in nociceptive modulation through targeting a potassium channel, <em>Kcnh2</em>. Our study reveals a new epigenetic mechanism underlying nociceptive information processing, which may be a novel target for development of antinociceptive drugs.</p>',
'date' => '2016-03-02',
'pmid' => 'http://www.jneurosci.org/content/36/9/2769.short',
'doi' => '10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3474-15.2016',
'modified' => '2016-03-08 10:40:48',
'created' => '2016-03-08 10:40:48',
'ProductsPublication' => array(
[maximum depth reached]
)
),
(int) 10 => array(
'id' => '2815',
'name' => 'The dual specificity phosphatase 2 gene is hypermethylated in human cancer and regulated by epigenetic mechanisms',
'authors' => 'Tanja Haag, Antje M. Richter, Martin B. Schneider, Adriana P. Jiménez and Reinhard H. Dammann',
'description' => '<p><span>Dual specificity phosphatases are a class of tumor-associated proteins involved in the negative regulation of the MAP kinase pathway. Downregulation of the </span><em xmlns="" class="EmphasisTypeItalic">dual specificity phosphatase 2</em><span> (</span><em xmlns="" class="EmphasisTypeItalic">DUSP2</em><span>) has been reported in cancer. Epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor genes by abnormal promoter methylation is a frequent mechanism in oncogenesis. It has been shown that the epigenetic factor CTCF is involved in the regulation of tumor suppressor genes.</span></p>
<p><span>We analyzed the promoter hypermethylation of <em xmlns="" class="EmphasisTypeItalic">DUSP2</em><span> in human cancer, including primary Merkel cell carcinoma by bisulfite restriction analysis and pyrosequencing. Moreover we analyzed the impact of a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor (5-Aza-dC) and CTCF on the epigenetic regulation of </span><em xmlns="" class="EmphasisTypeItalic">DUSP2</em><span> by qRT-PCR, promoter assay, chromatin immuno-precipitation and methylation analysis.</span></span></p>
<p><span><span>Here we report a significant tumor-specific hypermethylation of <em xmlns="" class="EmphasisTypeItalic">DUSP2</em><span> in primary Merkel cell carcinoma (</span><em xmlns="" class="EmphasisTypeItalic">p</em><span> = 0.05). An increase in methylation of </span><em xmlns="" class="EmphasisTypeItalic">DUSP2</em><span> was also found in 17 out of 24 (71 %) cancer cell lines, including skin and lung cancer. Treatment of cancer cells with 5-Aza-dC induced </span><em xmlns="" class="EmphasisTypeItalic">DUSP2</em><span> expression by its promoter demethylation, Additionally we observed that CTCF induces </span><em xmlns="" class="EmphasisTypeItalic">DUSP2</em><span> expression in cell lines that exhibit silencing of </span><em xmlns="" class="EmphasisTypeItalic">DUSP2</em><span>. This reactivation was accompanied by increased CTCF binding and demethylation of the </span><em xmlns="" class="EmphasisTypeItalic">DUSP2</em><span> promoter.</span></span></span></p>
<p><span><span><span>Our data show that aberrant epigenetic inactivation of <em xmlns="" class="EmphasisTypeItalic">DUSP2</em><span> occurs in carcinogenesis and that CTCF is involved in the epigenetic regulation of </span><em xmlns="" class="EmphasisTypeItalic">DUSP2</em><span> expression.</span></span></span></span></p>',
'date' => '2016-02-01',
'pmid' => 'http://pubmed.gov/26833217',
'doi' => '10.1186/s12885-016-2087-6',
'modified' => '2016-03-09 16:34:51',
'created' => '2016-02-09 14:47:36',
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(int) 11 => array(
'id' => '2604',
'name' => 'Single-Base Resolution Analysis of 5-Formyl and 5-Carboxyl Cytosine Reveals Promoter DNA Methylation Dynamics.',
'authors' => 'Neri F, Incarnato D, Krepelova A, Rapelli S, Anselmi F, Parlato C, Medana C, Dal Bello F, Oliviero S',
'description' => '<p>Ten eleven translocation (Tet) proteins oxidize 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5fC), and 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC). 5fC and 5caC can be further excised by thymine-DNA glycosylase (Tdg). Here, we present a genome-wide approach, named methylation-assisted bisulfite sequencing (MAB-seq), that enables single-base resolution mapping of 5fC and 5caC and measures their abundance. Application of this method to mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) shows the occurrence of 5fC and 5caC residues on the hypomethylated promoters of highly expressed genes, which is increased upon Tdg silencing, revealing active DNA demethylation on these promoters. Genome-wide mapping of Tdg reveals extensive colocalization with Tet1 on active promoters. These regions were found to be methylated by Dnmt1 and Dnmt3a and demethylated by a Tet-dependent mechanism. Our work demonstrates the DNA methylation dynamics that occurs on the promoters of the expressed genes and provides a genomic reference map of 5fC and 5caC in ESCs.</p>',
'date' => '2015-02-04',
'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25660018',
'doi' => '',
'modified' => '2016-04-04 10:37:14',
'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:05',
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(int) 12 => array(
'id' => '1715',
'name' => 'Dynamic reprogramming of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine during early porcine embryogenesis.',
'authors' => 'Cao Z, Zhou N, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Wu R, Li Y, Zhang Y, Li N',
'description' => 'DNA active demethylation is an important epigenetic phenomenon observed in porcine zygotes, yet its molecular origins are unknown. Our results show that 5-methylcytosine (5mC) converts into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) during the first cell cycle in porcine in vivo fertilization (IVV), IVF, and SCNT embryos, but not in parthenogenetically activated embryos. Expression of Ten-Eleven Translocation 1 (TET1) correlates with this conversion. Expression of 5mC gradually decreases until the morula stage; it is only expressed in the inner cell mass, but not trophectoderm regions of IVV and IVF blastocysts. Expression of 5mC in SCNT embryos is ectopically distinct from that observed in IVV and IVF embryos. In addition, 5hmC expression was similar to that of 5mC in IVV cleavage-stage embryos. Expression of 5hmC remained constant in IVF and SCNT embryos, and was evenly distributed among the inner cell mass and trophectoderm regions derived from IVV, IVF, and SCNT blastocysts. Ten-Eleven Translocation 3 was highly expressed in two-cell embryos, whereas TET1 and TET2 were highly expressed in blastocysts. These data suggest that TET1-catalyzed 5hmC may be involved in active DNA demethylation in porcine early embryos. In addition, 5mC, but not 5hmC, participates in the initial cell lineage specification in porcine IVV and IVF blastocysts. Last, SCNT embryos show aberrant 5mC and 5hmC expression during early porcine embryonic development.',
'date' => '2013-11-11',
'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24315686',
'doi' => '',
'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:01',
'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:01',
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(int) 13 => array(
'id' => '1485',
'name' => 'Vitamin C induces Tet-dependent DNA demethylation and a blastocyst-like state in ES cells.',
'authors' => 'Blaschke K, Ebata KT, Karimi MM, Zepeda-Martínez JA, Goyal P, Mahapatra S, Tam A, Laird DJ, Hirst M, Rao A, Lorincz MC, Ramalho-Santos M',
'description' => 'DNA methylation is a heritable epigenetic modification involved in gene silencing, imprinting, and the suppression of retrotransposons. Global DNA demethylation occurs in the early embryo and the germ line, and may be mediated by Tet (ten eleven translocation) enzymes, which convert 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC). Tet enzymes have been studied extensively in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells, which are generally cultured in the absence of vitamin C, a potential cofactor for Fe(II) 2-oxoglutarate dioxygenase enzymes such as Tet enzymes. Here we report that addition of vitamin C to mouse ES cells promotes Tet activity, leading to a rapid and global increase in 5hmC. This is followed by DNA demethylation of many gene promoters and upregulation of demethylated germline genes. Tet1 binding is enriched near the transcription start site of genes affected by vitamin C treatment. Importantly, vitamin C, but not other antioxidants, enhances the activity of recombinant Tet1 in a biochemical assay, and the vitamin-C-induced changes in 5hmC and 5mC are entirely suppressed in Tet1 and Tet2 double knockout ES cells. Vitamin C has a stronger effect on regions that gain methylation in cultured ES cells compared to blastocysts, and in vivo are methylated only after implantation. In contrast, imprinted regions and intracisternal A particle retroelements, which are resistant to demethylation in the early embryo, are resistant to vitamin-C-induced DNA demethylation. Collectively, the results of this study establish vitamin C as a direct regulator of Tet activity and DNA methylation fidelity in ES cells.',
'date' => '2013-08-08',
'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23812591',
'doi' => '',
'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:00',
'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:00',
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[maximum depth reached]
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(int) 14 => array(
'id' => '546',
'name' => '5-Hydroxymethylcytosine is associated with enhancers and gene bodies in human embryonic stem cells.',
'authors' => 'Stroud H, Feng S, Morey Kinney S, Pradhan S, Jacobsen SE',
'description' => 'BACKGROUND: 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) was recently found to be abundantly present in certain cell types, including embryonic stem cells. There is growing evidence that TET proteins, which convert 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5hmC, play important biological roles. To further understand the function of 5hmC, an analysis of the genome-wide localization of this mark is required. RESULTS: Here, we have generated a genome-wide map of 5hmC in human embryonic stem cells by hmeDIP-seq, in which hydroxymethyl-DNA immunoprecipitation is followed by massively parallel sequencing. We found that 5hmC is enriched in enhancers as well as in gene bodies, suggesting a potential role for 5hmC in gene regulation. Consistent with localization of 5hmC at enhancers, 5hmC was significantly enriched in histone modifications associated with enhancers, such as H3K4me1 and H3K27ac. 5hmC was also enriched in other protein-DNA interaction sites, such as OCT4 and NANOG binding sites. Furthermore, we found that 5hmC regions tend to have an excess of G over C on one strand of DNA. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that 5hmC may be targeted to certain genomic regions based both on gene expression and sequence composition.',
'date' => '2011-06-20',
'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21689397',
'doi' => '',
'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:38:57',
'created' => '2015-07-24 15:38:57',
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'id' => '488',
'name' => '5-Hydroxymethylcytosine in the mammalian zygote is linked with epigenetic reprogramming.',
'authors' => 'Wossidlo M, Nakamura T, Lepikhov K, Marques CJ, Zakhartchenko V, Boiani M, Arand J, Nakano T, Reik W, Walter J',
'description' => 'The epigenomes of early mammalian embryos are extensively reprogrammed to acquire a totipotent developmental potential. A major initial event in this reprogramming is the active loss/demethylation of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) in the zygote. Here, we report on findings that link this active demethylation to molecular mechanisms. We detect 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) as a novel modification in mouse, bovine and rabbit zygotes. On zygotic development 5hmC accumulates in the paternal pronucleus along with a reduction of 5mC. A knockdown of the 5hmC generating dioxygenase Tet3 simultaneously affects the patterns of 5hmC and 5mC in the paternal pronucleus. This finding links the loss of 5mC to its conversion into 5hmC. The maternal pronucleus seems to be largely protected against this mechanism by PGC7/Dppa3/Stella, as in PGC7 knockout zygotes 5mC also becomes accessible to oxidation into 5hmC. In summary, our data suggest an important role of 5hmC and Tet3 for DNA methylation reprogramming processes in the mammalian zygote.',
'date' => '2011-03-15',
'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21407207',
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'antibody_id' => '47',
'name' => '5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) Antibody (mouse) ',
'description' => '<p>One of the <strong>only two monoclonal antibodies raised against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC).</strong> 5-hmC is a recently discovered DNA modification which results from the enzymatic conversion of 5-methylcytosine into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine by the TET family of oxygenases. Preliminary results indicate that 5-hmC may have important roles distinct from 5-methylcytosine (5-mC). Although its precise role has still to be shown, early evidence suggests a few putative mechanisms that could have big implications in epigenetics.</p>
<p><strong></strong></p>',
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<p><small><strong> Figure 1. An hydroxymethylated DNA IP (hMeDIP) was performed using the Diagenode mouse monoclonal antibody directed against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (Cat. No. MAb-31HMC-020, MAb-31HMC-050, MAb-31HMC-100).</strong> <br />The IgG isotype antibodies from mouse (Cat. No. kch-819-015) was used as negative control. The DNA was prepared with the GenDNA module of the hMeDIP kit and sonicated with our Bioruptor® (UCD-200/300 series) to have DNA fragments of 300-500 bp. 1 μg of human Hela cells DNA were spiked with non-methylated, methylated, and hydroxymethylated PCR fragments. The IP’d material has been analysed by qPCR using the primer pair specific for the 3 different control sequences. The obtained results show that the mouse monoclonal for 5-hmC is highly specific for this base modification (no IP with non-methylated or methylated C bases containing fragments). </small></p>
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<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><small><strong> Figure 2. Determination of the 5-hmC mouse monoclonal antibody titer </strong><br />To determine the titer, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode mouse monoclonal antibody directed against 5-hmC (Cat No. MAb-31HMC-050, MAb-31HMC-100) in antigen coated wells. The antigen used was KHL coupled to 5-hmC base. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution, the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1:40,000. </small></p>
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<div class="small-4 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200200-fig3.png" alt="Dot Blot" width="100" caption="false" height="137" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
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<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><small><strong> Figure 3. Dotblot analysis of the Diagenode 5-hmC mouse monoclonal antibody with the C, mC and hmC PCR controls </strong><br />200 to 2 ng (equivalent of 10 to 0.1 pmol of C-bases) of the hmC (1), mC (2) and C (3) PCR controls from the Diagenode “5-hmC, 5-mC & cytosine DNA Standard Pack” (Cat No. AF-101-0020) were spotted on a membrane (Amersham Hybond-N+). The membrane was incubated with 2 μg/ml of the mouse 5-hydroxymethylcytosine monoclonal antibody (dilution 1:500). The membranes were exposed for 30 seconds. </small></p>
</div>
</div>',
'label2' => 'Target description',
'info2' => '<p>5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) has been recently discovered in mammalian DNA. This results from the enzymatic conversion of 5-methylcytosine into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine by the TET family of oxygenases. So far, the 5-hmC bases have been identified in Purkinje neurons, in granule cells and embryonic stem cells where they are present at high levels (up to 0,6% of total nucleotides in Purkinje cells).</p>
<p>Preliminary results indicate that 5-hmC may have important roles distinct from 5-mC. Although its precise role has still to be shown, early evidence suggests a few putative mechanisms that could have big implications in epigenetics : 5-hydroxymethylcytosine may well represent a new pathway to demethylate DNA involving a repair mechanism converting 5-hmC to cytosine and, as such open up entirely new perspectives in epigenetic studies.</p>
<p>Due to the structural similarity between 5-mC and 5-hmC, these bases are experimentally almost indistinguishable. Recent articles demonstrated that the most common approaches (e.g. enzymatic approaches, bisulfite sequencing) do not account for 5-hmC. The development of the affinity-based technologies appears to be the most powerful way to differentially and specifically enrich 5-mC and 5-hmC sequences. The results shown here illustrate the use of this unique monoclonal antibody against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine that has been fully validated in various technologies.</p>',
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'antibody_id' => '46',
'name' => '5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) Antibody (mouse) ',
'description' => '<p><span>One of the </span><strong>only two monoclonal antibodies raised against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC).</strong><span> 5-hmC is a recently discovered DNA modification which results from the enzymatic conversion of 5-methylcytosine into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine by the TET family of oxygenases. Preliminary results indicate that 5-hmC may have important roles distinct from 5-methylcytosine (5-mC). Although its precise role has still to be shown, early evidence suggests a few putative mechanisms that could have big implications in epigenetics.</span></p>
<p><strong></strong></p>',
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<div class="small-4 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200200-fig1.png" alt="ChIP" caption="false" width="180" height="315" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
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<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><small><strong> Figure 1. An hydroxymethylated DNA IP (hMeDIP) was performed using the Diagenode mouse monoclonal antibody directed against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (Cat. No. MAb-31HMC-020, MAb-31HMC-050, MAb-31HMC-100).</strong> <br />The IgG isotype antibodies from mouse (Cat. No. kch-819-015) was used as negative control. The DNA was prepared with the GenDNA module of the hMeDIP kit and sonicated with our Bioruptor® (UCD-200/300 series) to have DNA fragments of 300-500 bp. 1 μg of human Hela cells DNA were spiked with non-methylated, methylated, and hydroxymethylated PCR fragments. The IP’d material has been analysed by qPCR using the primer pair specific for the 3 different control sequences. The obtained results show that the mouse monoclonal for 5-hmC is highly specific for this base modification (no IP with non-methylated or methylated C bases containing fragments). </small></p>
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<div class="row">
<div class="small-4 columns">
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<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><small><strong> Figure 2. Determination of the 5-hmC mouse monoclonal antibody titer </strong><br />To determine the titer, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode mouse monoclonal antibody directed against 5-hmC (Cat No. MAb-31HMC-050, MAb-31HMC-100) in antigen coated wells. The antigen used was KHL coupled to 5-hmC base. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution, the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1:40,000. </small></p>
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</div>
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<div class="small-4 columns">
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<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><small><strong> Figure 3. Dotblot analysis of the Diagenode 5-hmC mouse monoclonal antibody with the C, mC and hmC PCR controls </strong><br />200 to 2 ng (equivalent of 10 to 0.1 pmol of C-bases) of the hmC (1), mC (2) and C (3) PCR controls from the Diagenode “5-hmC, 5-mC & cytosine DNA Standard Pack” (Cat No. AF-101-0020) were spotted on a membrane (Amersham Hybond-N+). The membrane was incubated with 2 μg/ml of the mouse 5-hydroxymethylcytosine monoclonal antibody (dilution 1:500). The membranes were exposed for 30 seconds. </small></p>
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'description' => '<p>One of the <strong>only two monoclonal antibodies raised against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC).</strong> 5-hmC is a recently discovered DNA modification which results from the enzymatic conversion of 5-methylcytosine into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine by the TET family of oxygenases. Preliminary results indicate that 5-hmC may have important roles distinct from 5-methylcytosine (5-mC). Although its precise role has still to be shown, early evidence suggests a few putative mechanisms that could have big implications in epigenetics.</p>
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<p><small><strong> Figure 1. An hydroxymethylated DNA IP (hMeDIP) was performed using the Diagenode mouse monoclonal antibody directed against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (Cat. No. MAb-31HMC-020, MAb-31HMC-050, MAb-31HMC-100).</strong> <br />The IgG isotype antibodies from mouse (Cat. No. kch-819-015) was used as negative control. The DNA was prepared with the GenDNA module of the hMeDIP kit and sonicated with our Bioruptor® (UCD-200/300 series) to have DNA fragments of 300-500 bp. 1 μg of human Hela cells DNA were spiked with non-methylated, methylated, and hydroxymethylated PCR fragments. The IP’d material has been analysed by qPCR using the primer pair specific for the 3 different control sequences. The obtained results show that the mouse monoclonal for 5-hmC is highly specific for this base modification (no IP with non-methylated or methylated C bases containing fragments). </small></p>
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<p><small><strong> Figure 2. Determination of the 5-hmC mouse monoclonal antibody titer </strong><br />To determine the titer, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode mouse monoclonal antibody directed against 5-hmC (Cat No. MAb-31HMC-050, MAb-31HMC-100) in antigen coated wells. The antigen used was KHL coupled to 5-hmC base. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution, the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1:40,000. </small></p>
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<p><small><strong> Figure 3. Dotblot analysis of the Diagenode 5-hmC mouse monoclonal antibody with the C, mC and hmC PCR controls </strong><br />200 to 2 ng (equivalent of 10 to 0.1 pmol of C-bases) of the hmC (1), mC (2) and C (3) PCR controls from the Diagenode “5-hmC, 5-mC & cytosine DNA Standard Pack” (Cat No. AF-101-0020) were spotted on a membrane (Amersham Hybond-N+). The membrane was incubated with 2 μg/ml of the mouse 5-hydroxymethylcytosine monoclonal antibody (dilution 1:500). The membranes were exposed for 30 seconds. </small></p>
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'name' => '5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) Antibody (mouse) ',
'description' => '<p><span>One of the </span><strong>only two monoclonal antibodies raised against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC).</strong><span> 5-hmC is a recently discovered DNA modification which results from the enzymatic conversion of 5-methylcytosine into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine by the TET family of oxygenases. Preliminary results indicate that 5-hmC may have important roles distinct from 5-methylcytosine (5-mC). Although its precise role has still to be shown, early evidence suggests a few putative mechanisms that could have big implications in epigenetics.</span></p>
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<div class="small-4 columns">
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<p><small><strong> Figure 1. An hydroxymethylated DNA IP (hMeDIP) was performed using the Diagenode mouse monoclonal antibody directed against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (Cat. No. MAb-31HMC-020, MAb-31HMC-050, MAb-31HMC-100).</strong> <br />The IgG isotype antibodies from mouse (Cat. No. kch-819-015) was used as negative control. The DNA was prepared with the GenDNA module of the hMeDIP kit and sonicated with our Bioruptor® (UCD-200/300 series) to have DNA fragments of 300-500 bp. 1 μg of human Hela cells DNA were spiked with non-methylated, methylated, and hydroxymethylated PCR fragments. The IP’d material has been analysed by qPCR using the primer pair specific for the 3 different control sequences. The obtained results show that the mouse monoclonal for 5-hmC is highly specific for this base modification (no IP with non-methylated or methylated C bases containing fragments). </small></p>
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<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><small><strong> Figure 2. Determination of the 5-hmC mouse monoclonal antibody titer </strong><br />To determine the titer, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode mouse monoclonal antibody directed against 5-hmC (Cat No. MAb-31HMC-050, MAb-31HMC-100) in antigen coated wells. The antigen used was KHL coupled to 5-hmC base. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution, the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1:40,000. </small></p>
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'description' => '5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) has been recently discovered in mammalian DNA. This results from the enzymatic conversion of 5-methylcytosine into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine by the TET family of oxygenases. So far, the 5-hmC bases have been identified in Purkinje neurons, in granule cells and embryonic stem cells where they are present at high levels (up to 0,6% of total nucleotides in Purkinje cells).
Preliminary results indicate that 5-hmC may have important roles distinct from 5-mC. Although its precise role has still to be shown, early evidence suggests a few putative mechanisms that could have big implications in epigenetics : 5-hydroxymethylcytosine may well represent a new pathway to demethylate DNA involving a repair mechanism converting 5-hmC to cytosine and, as such open up entirely new perspectives in epigenetic studies.
Due to the structural similarity between 5-mC and 5-hmC, these bases are experimentally almost indistinguishable. Recent articles demonstrated that the most common approaches (e.g. enzymatic approaches, bisulfite sequencing) do not account for 5-hmC. The development of the affinity-based technologies appears to be the most powerful way to differentially and specifically enrich 5-mC and 5-hmC sequences. The results shown here illustrate the use of this unique monoclonal antibody against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine that has been fully validated in various technologies.',
'clonality' => '',
'isotype' => '',
'lot' => '001',
'concentration' => '1.0 µg/µl',
'reactivity' => 'Human, mouse, other (wide range)',
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'purity' => 'Protein G purified',
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<th>Applications</th>
<th>Suggested dilution</th>
<th>References</th>
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<td>hMeDIP</td>
<td>2.5 μg/IP</td>
<td>Fig 1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ELISA</td>
<td>1:500</td>
<td>Fig 2</td>
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<tr>
<td>Dot Blotting</td>
<td>2 μg / ml</td>
<td>Fig 3</td>
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'precautions' => 'This product is for research use only. Not for use in diagnostic or therapeutic procedures.',
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'name' => '5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) Antibody (mouse) ',
'description' => '<p>One of the <strong>only two monoclonal antibodies raised against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC).</strong> 5-hmC is a recently discovered DNA modification which results from the enzymatic conversion of 5-methylcytosine into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine by the TET family of oxygenases. Preliminary results indicate that 5-hmC may have important roles distinct from 5-methylcytosine (5-mC). Although its precise role has still to be shown, early evidence suggests a few putative mechanisms that could have big implications in epigenetics.</p>
<p><strong></strong></p>',
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<div class="small-4 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200200-fig1.png" alt="ChIP" width="160" caption="false" height="280" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
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<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><small><strong> Figure 1. An hydroxymethylated DNA IP (hMeDIP) was performed using the Diagenode mouse monoclonal antibody directed against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (Cat. No. MAb-31HMC-020, MAb-31HMC-050, MAb-31HMC-100).</strong> <br />The IgG isotype antibodies from mouse (Cat. No. kch-819-015) was used as negative control. The DNA was prepared with the GenDNA module of the hMeDIP kit and sonicated with our Bioruptor® (UCD-200/300 series) to have DNA fragments of 300-500 bp. 1 μg of human Hela cells DNA were spiked with non-methylated, methylated, and hydroxymethylated PCR fragments. The IP’d material has been analysed by qPCR using the primer pair specific for the 3 different control sequences. The obtained results show that the mouse monoclonal for 5-hmC is highly specific for this base modification (no IP with non-methylated or methylated C bases containing fragments). </small></p>
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<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200200-fig2.png" alt="ELISA" width="190" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
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<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><small><strong> Figure 2. Determination of the 5-hmC mouse monoclonal antibody titer </strong><br />To determine the titer, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode mouse monoclonal antibody directed against 5-hmC (Cat No. MAb-31HMC-050, MAb-31HMC-100) in antigen coated wells. The antigen used was KHL coupled to 5-hmC base. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution, the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1:40,000. </small></p>
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<div class="small-4 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200200-fig3.png" alt="Dot Blot" width="100" caption="false" height="137" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
</div>
<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><small><strong> Figure 3. Dotblot analysis of the Diagenode 5-hmC mouse monoclonal antibody with the C, mC and hmC PCR controls </strong><br />200 to 2 ng (equivalent of 10 to 0.1 pmol of C-bases) of the hmC (1), mC (2) and C (3) PCR controls from the Diagenode “5-hmC, 5-mC & cytosine DNA Standard Pack” (Cat No. AF-101-0020) were spotted on a membrane (Amersham Hybond-N+). The membrane was incubated with 2 μg/ml of the mouse 5-hydroxymethylcytosine monoclonal antibody (dilution 1:500). The membranes were exposed for 30 seconds. </small></p>
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'info2' => '<p>5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) has been recently discovered in mammalian DNA. This results from the enzymatic conversion of 5-methylcytosine into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine by the TET family of oxygenases. So far, the 5-hmC bases have been identified in Purkinje neurons, in granule cells and embryonic stem cells where they are present at high levels (up to 0,6% of total nucleotides in Purkinje cells).</p>
<p>Preliminary results indicate that 5-hmC may have important roles distinct from 5-mC. Although its precise role has still to be shown, early evidence suggests a few putative mechanisms that could have big implications in epigenetics : 5-hydroxymethylcytosine may well represent a new pathway to demethylate DNA involving a repair mechanism converting 5-hmC to cytosine and, as such open up entirely new perspectives in epigenetic studies.</p>
<p>Due to the structural similarity between 5-mC and 5-hmC, these bases are experimentally almost indistinguishable. Recent articles demonstrated that the most common approaches (e.g. enzymatic approaches, bisulfite sequencing) do not account for 5-hmC. The development of the affinity-based technologies appears to be the most powerful way to differentially and specifically enrich 5-mC and 5-hmC sequences. The results shown here illustrate the use of this unique monoclonal antibody against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine that has been fully validated in various technologies.</p>',
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'meta_description' => '5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) Monoclonal Antibody (mouse) validated in hMeDIP, DB and ELISA. Batch-specific data available on the website. Sample size available.',
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<p><span>The hMeDIP kit is designed for enrichment of hydroxymethylated DNA from fragmented genomic DNA<span><span> </span>samples for use in genome-wide methylation analysis. It features</span></span><span> a highly specific monoclonal antibody against </span>5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) for the immunoprecipitation of hydroxymethylated DNA<span>. It includes control DNA and primers to assess the effiency of the assay. </span>Performing hydroxymethylation profiling with the hMeDIP kit is fast, reliable and highly specific.</p>
<p><em>Looking for hMeDIP-seq protocol? <a href="https://go.diagenode.com/l/928883/2022-01-07/2m1ht" target="_blank" title="Contact us">Contact us</a></em></p>
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<p style="text-align: center;"><strong>Make your Bisulfite conversion now in only 60 minutes !</strong></p>
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'description' => '<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">T</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">he pattern of <strong>DNA modifications</strong> is critical for genome stability and the control of gene expression in the cell. Methylation of 5-cytosine (5-mC), one of the best-studied epigenetic marks, is carried out by the <strong>DNA methyltransferases</strong> DNMT3A and B and DNMT1. DNMT3A and DNMT3B are responsible for </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">de novo</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> DNA methylation, whereas DNMT1 maintains existing methylation. 5-mC undergoes active demethylation which is performed by the <strong>Ten-Eleven Translocation</strong> (TET) familly of DNA hydroxylases. The latter consists of 3 members TET1, 2 and 3. All 3 members catalyze the conversion of <strong>5-methylcytosine</strong> (5-mC) into <strong>5-hydroxymethylcytosine</strong> (5-hmC), and further into <strong>5-formylcytosine</strong> (5-fC) and <strong>5-carboxycytosine</strong> (5-caC). 5-fC and 5-caC can be converted to unmodified cytosine by <strong>Thymine DNA Glycosylase</strong> (TDG). It is not yet clear if 5-hmC, 5-fC and 5-caC have specific functions or are simply intermediates in the demethylation of 5-mC.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">DNA methylation is generally considered as a repressive mark and is usually associated with gene silencing. It is essential that the balance between DNA methylation and demethylation is precisely maintained. Dysregulation of DNA methylation may lead to many different human diseases and is often observed in cancer cells.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Diagenode offers highly validated antibodies against different proteins involved in DNA modifications as well as against the modified bases allowing the study of all steps and intermediates in the DNA methylation/demethylation pathway:</span></p>
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/categories/antibodies/dna-methylation.jpg" height="599" width="816" /></p>
<p><strong>Diagenode exclusively sources the original 5-methylcytosine monoclonal antibody (clone 33D3).</strong></p>
<p>Check out the list below to see all proposed antibodies for DNA modifications.</p>
<p>Diagenode’s highly validated antibodies:</p>
<ul>
<li>Highly sensitive and specific</li>
<li>Cost-effective (requires less antibody per reaction)</li>
<li>Batch-specific data is available on the website</li>
<li>Expert technical support</li>
<li>Sample sizes available</li>
<li>100% satisfaction guarantee</li>
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'description' => '<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">All Diagenode’s antibodies are listed below. Please, use our Quick search field to find the antibody of interest by target name, application, purity.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Diagenode’s highly validated antibodies:</span></p>
<ul>
<li>Highly sensitive and specific</li>
<li>Cost-effective (requires less antibody per reaction)</li>
<li>Batch-specific data is available on the website</li>
<li>Expert technical support</li>
<li>Sample sizes available</li>
<li>100% satisfaction guarantee</li>
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'name' => 'Datasheet 5hmC MAb-31HMC-050',
'description' => '<p>Monoclonal antibody raised in mouse against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine conjugated to BSA.</p>',
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'type' => 'Datasheet',
'url' => 'files/products/antibodies/Datasheet_5hmC_MAb-31HMC-050.pdf',
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'name' => 'Exclusive Highly Specific Kits Antibodies for DNA HydroxyMethylation Studies',
'description' => '<p>Cytosine hydroxymethylation was recently discovered as an important epigenetic mechanism. This cytosine base modification results from the enzymatic conversion of 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) by the TET family of oxygenases. Though the precise role of 5-hmC is the subject of intense research and debate, early studies strongly indicate that it is also involved in gene regulation and in numerous important biological processes including embryonic development, cellular differentiation, stem cell reprogramming and carcinogenesis.</p>
<p>The study of 5-hmC has long been limited due to the lack of high quality, validated tools and technologies that discriminate hydroxymethylation from methylation in regulating gene expression. The use of highly specific antibodies against 5-hmC for the immunoprecipitation of hydroxymethylated DNA offers a reliable solution for hydroxymethylation profiling.</p>
<p></p>',
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'url' => 'files/posters/Exclusive_Highly_Specific_Kits_Antibodies_for_DNA_HydroxyMethylation_Studies_Poster.pdf',
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'id' => '4980',
'name' => '5-Hydroxymethylcytosine in circulating cell-free DNA as a potential diagnostic biomarker for SLE ',
'authors' => 'Xinya Tong et al.',
'description' => '<div id="sec-1" class="subsection">
<p id="p-2"><strong>Background</strong><span> </span>SLE is a complex autoimmune disease with heterogeneous manifestations and unpredictable outcomes. Early diagnosis is challenging due to non-specific symptoms, and current treatments only manage symptoms. Epigenetic alternations, including 5-Hydroxymethylome (5hmC) modifications, are important contributors to SLE pathogenesis. However, the 5hmC modification status in circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) of patients with SLE remains largely unexplored. We investigated the distribution of 5hmC in cfDNA of patients with SLE and healthy controls (HCs), and explored its potential as an SLE diagnosis marker.</p>
</div>
<div id="sec-2" class="subsection">
<p id="p-3"><strong>Methods</strong><span> </span>We used 5hmC-Seal to generate genome-wide 5hmC profiles of plasma cfDNA and bioinformatics analysis to screen differentially hydroxymethylated regions (DhMRs). In vitro mechanistic exploration was conducted to investigate the regulatory effect of CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) in 5hmC candidate biomarkers.</p>
</div>
<div id="sec-3" class="subsection">
<p id="p-4"><strong>Results</strong><span> </span>We found distinct differences in genomic regions and 5hmC modification motif patterns between patients with SLE and HCs, varying with disease progression. Increased 5hmC modification enrichment was detected in SLE. Additionally, we screened 151 genes with hyper-5hmC, which are significantly involved in SLE-related processes, and 5hmC-modified<span> </span><em>BCL2</em>,<span> </span><em>CD83</em>,<span> </span><em>ETS1</em><span> </span>and<span> </span><em>GZMB</em><span> </span>as SLE biomarkers. Our findings suggest that CTCF regulates 5hmC modification of these genes by recruiting TET (ten-eleven translocation) protein, and CTCF knockdown affected the protein expression of these genes in vitro.</p>
</div>
<div id="sec-4" class="subsection">
<p id="p-5"><strong>Conclusions</strong><span> </span>Our findings demonstrate the increased 5hmC distribution in plasma cfDNA in different disease activity in patients with SLE compared with HCs and relating DhMRs involved in SLE-associated pathways. Furthermore, we identified a panel of SLE relevant biomarkers, and these viewpoints could provide insight into the pathogenesis of SLE.</p>
</div>',
'date' => '2024-10-04',
'pmid' => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39366755/',
'doi' => '10.1136/lupus-2024-001286',
'modified' => '2024-10-10 14:35:36',
'created' => '2024-10-10 14:35:36',
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(int) 1 => array(
'id' => '4979',
'name' => 'RNA m5C oxidation by TET2 regulates chromatin state and leukaemogenesis',
'authors' => 'Zhongyu Zou et al. ',
'description' => '<p><span>Mutation of tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 2 (encoded by </span><i>TET2</i><span>) drives myeloid malignancy initiation and progression</span><sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Tefferi, A., Lim, K. H. & Levine, R. Mutation in TET2 in myeloid cancers. N. Engl. J. Med. 361, 1117 (2009)." href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07969-x#ref-CR1" id="ref-link-section-d100968202e609">1</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Jankowska, A. M. et al. Loss of heterozygosity 4q24 and TET2 mutations associated with myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms. Blood 113, 6403–6410 (2009)." href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07969-x#ref-CR2" id="ref-link-section-d100968202e609_1">2</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 3" title="Langemeijer, S. M. et al. Acquired mutations in TET2 are common in myelodysplastic syndromes. Nat. Genet. 41, 838–842 (2009)." href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07969-x#ref-CR3" id="ref-link-section-d100968202e612">3</a></sup><span>. TET2 deficiency is known to cause a globally opened chromatin state and activation of genes contributing to aberrant haematopoietic stem cell self-renewal</span><sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 4" title="Moran-Crusio, K. et al. Tet2 loss leads to increased hematopoietic stem cell self-renewal and myeloid transformation. Cancer Cell 20, 11–24 (2011)." href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07969-x#ref-CR4" id="ref-link-section-d100968202e616">4</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 5" title="Lopez-Moyado, I. F. et al. Paradoxical association of TET loss of function with genome-wide DNA hypomethylation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 116, 16933–16942 (2019)." href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07969-x#ref-CR5" id="ref-link-section-d100968202e619">5</a></sup><span>. However, the open chromatin observed in TET2-deficient mouse embryonic stem cells, leukaemic cells and haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells</span><sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 5" title="Lopez-Moyado, I. F. et al. Paradoxical association of TET loss of function with genome-wide DNA hypomethylation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 116, 16933–16942 (2019)." href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07969-x#ref-CR5" id="ref-link-section-d100968202e623">5</a></sup><span><span> </span>is inconsistent with the designated role of DNA 5-methylcytosine oxidation of TET2. Here we show that chromatin-associated retrotransposon RNA 5-methylcytosine (m</span><sup>5</sup><span>C) can be recognized by the methyl-CpG-binding-domain protein MBD6, which guides deubiquitination of nearby monoubiquitinated Lys119 of histone H2A (H2AK119ub) to promote an open chromatin state. TET2 oxidizes m</span><sup>5</sup><span>C and antagonizes this MBD6-dependent H2AK119ub deubiquitination. TET2 depletion thereby leads to globally decreased H2AK119ub, more open chromatin and increased transcription in stem cells.<span> </span></span><i>TET2-</i><span>mutant human leukaemia becomes dependent on this gene activation pathway, with<span> </span></span><i>MBD6</i><span><span> </span>depletion selectively blocking proliferation of<span> </span></span><i>TET2</i><span>-mutant leukaemic cells and largely reversing the haematopoiesis defects caused by<span> </span></span><i>Tet2</i><span><span> </span>loss in mouse models. Together, our findings reveal a chromatin regulation pathway by TET2 through retrotransposon RNA m</span><sup>5</sup><span>C oxidation and identify the downstream MBD6 protein as a feasible target for developing therapies specific against<span> </span></span><i>TET2</i><span><span> </span>mutant malignancies.</span></p>',
'date' => '2024-10-02',
'pmid' => 'https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07969-x',
'doi' => 'https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07969-x',
'modified' => '2024-10-10 14:31:29',
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'id' => '4850',
'name' => 'Bioengineering novel AAV9-mGULO-GT for multi-disease gene therapy:Targeting mutated GULO expression to cure scurvy and brain diseases.',
'authors' => 'Liu J. et al.',
'description' => '<p>Current clinical breakthroughs in gene therapy have brought adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors to the forefront of gene delivery systems. Vitamin C deficiency due to GULO mutations is a genetic disorder affecting guinea pigs and humans. In our study, we used AAV9-mGULO GT to deliver the mouse GULO gene to guinea pigs and restore Vc synthesis in affected tissues, including the liver and brain. AAV9-mGULO-GT treatment significantly improved survival rates and bone health compared to non-treated and Vc-treated groups. Dot blot analysis confirmed restored Vc content in various parts of the brain. Additionally, micro-CT imaging showcased significant enhancements in bone mineral density, content, width, and cortical thickness. Further, RNA sequencing and immunological studies of organs validated the successful restoration of Vc synthesis. These findings highlight the potential of AAV9- mGULO-GT as a therapeutic option for GULO-related scurvy and other genetic disorders. The success of our study underscores the importance of advanced targeting and gene rescue systems in developing effective therapies for genetic disorders in clinical applications.</p>',
'date' => '2023-06-01',
'pmid' => 'https://doi.org/10.21203%2Frs.3.rs-3028525%2Fv1',
'doi' => '10.21203/rs.3.rs-3028525/v1',
'modified' => '2023-08-01 14:23:57',
'created' => '2023-08-01 15:59:38',
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'id' => '4777',
'name' => 'Epigenetic modifier alpha-ketoglutarate modulates aberrant gene bodymethylation and hydroxymethylation marks in diabetic heart.',
'authors' => 'Dhat R. et al.',
'description' => '<p>BACKGROUND: Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a leading cause of death in diabetic patients. Hyperglycemic myocardial microenvironment significantly alters chromatin architecture and the transcriptome, resulting in aberrant activation of signaling pathways in a diabetic heart. Epigenetic marks play vital roles in transcriptional reprogramming during the development of DCM. The current study is aimed to profile genome-wide DNA (hydroxy)methylation patterns in the hearts of control and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats and decipher the effect of modulation of DNA methylation by alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG), a TET enzyme cofactor, on the progression of DCM. METHODS: Diabetes was induced in male adult Wistar rats with an intraperitoneal injection of STZ. Diabetic and vehicle control animals were randomly divided into groups with/without AKG treatment. Cardiac function was monitored by performing cardiac catheterization. Global methylation (5mC) and hydroxymethylation (5hmC) patterns were mapped in the Left ventricular tissue of control and diabetic rats with the help of an enrichment-based (h)MEDIP-sequencing technique by using antibodies specific for 5mC and 5hmC. Sequencing data were validated by performing (h)MEDIP-qPCR analysis at the gene-specific level, and gene expression was analyzed by qPCR. The mRNA and protein expression of enzymes involved in the DNA methylation and demethylation cycle were analyzed by qPCR and western blotting. Global 5mC and 5hmC levels were also assessed in high glucose-treated DNMT3B knockdown H9c2 cells. RESULTS: We found the increased expression of DNMT3B, MBD2, and MeCP2 with a concomitant accumulation of 5mC and 5hmC, specifically in gene body regions of diabetic rat hearts compared to the control. Calcium signaling was the most significantly affected pathway by cytosine modifications in the diabetic heart. Additionally, hypermethylated gene body regions were associated with Rap1, apelin, and phosphatidyl inositol signaling, while metabolic pathways were most affected by hyperhydroxymethylation. AKG supplementation in diabetic rats reversed aberrant methylation patterns and restored cardiac function. Hyperglycemia also increased 5mC and 5hmC levels in H9c2 cells, which was normalized by DNMT3B knockdown or AKG supplementation. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that reverting hyperglycemic damage to cardiac tissue might be possible by erasing adverse epigenetic signatures by supplementing epigenetic modulators such as AKG along with an existing antidiabetic treatment regimen.</p>',
'date' => '2023-04-01',
'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37101286',
'doi' => '10.1186/s13072-023-00489-4',
'modified' => '2023-06-12 09:20:54',
'created' => '2023-05-05 12:34:24',
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(int) 4 => array(
'id' => '4823',
'name' => 'Gene body DNA hydroxymethylation restricts the magnitude oftranscriptional changes during aging.',
'authors' => 'Occean J. R. et al.',
'description' => '<p>DNA hydroxymethylation (5hmC) is the most abundant oxidative derivative of DNA methylation (5mC) and is typically enriched at enhancers and gene bodies of transcriptionally active and tissue-specific genes. Although aberrant genomic 5hmC has been implicated in many age-related diseases, the functional role of the modification in aging remains largely unknown. Here, we report that 5hmC is stably enriched in multiple aged organs. Using the liver and cerebellum as model organs, we show that 5hmC accumulates in gene bodies associated with tissue-specific function and thereby restricts the magnitude of gene expression changes during aging. Mechanistically, we found that 5hmC decreases binding affinity of splicing factors compared to unmodified cytosine and 5mC, and is correlated with age-related alternative splicing events, suggesting RNA splicing as a potential mediator of 5hmC’s transcriptionally restrictive function. Furthermore, we show that various age-related contexts, such as prolonged quiescence and senescence, are partially responsible for driving the accumulation of 5hmC with age. We provide evidence that this age-related function is conserved in mouse and human tissues, and further show that the modification is altered by regimens known to modulate lifespan. Our findings reveal that 5hmC is a regulator of tissue-specific function and may play a role in regulating longevity.</p>',
'date' => '2023-02-01',
'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36824863',
'doi' => '10.1101/2023.02.15.528714',
'modified' => '2023-06-14 08:39:26',
'created' => '2023-06-13 22:16:30',
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(int) 5 => array(
'id' => '3790',
'name' => 'Relationship between osteoporosis and osteoarthritis based on DNA methylation',
'authors' => 'Ying Li, Bing Xie, Zhiqiang Jiang, Binbin Yuan',
'description' => '<p>: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between osteoporosis and osteoarthritis by analyzing the DNA methylation in osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. The cancellous bone specimens were collected from a total of 12 hospitalized patients and divided into the osteoporosis group (OA), the osteoarthritis group (OP), the osteoporosis combined with osteoarthritis group (OA & OP), and the normal control group (N). The cancellous bone specimens of each group were detected and the differences in gene expression profiles by the MeDIP-chip technique were compared. Compared with Group OA & OP, the methylation levels in Group OA and Group OP were statistically higher, P < 0.05. In the microarray analysis, a total of 1,222 sites occurred hypermethylation. The analysis targeting the differentially expressed genes between Group OA & OP and Group N revealed that group OA and group OP had 4 common genes: PPIL3, NIF3L1, SMTN, and CALHM2. The level of genomic methylation is lower in the patients with osteoporosis and/or osteoarthritis. The common difference between osteoarthritis and osteoporosis is reflected in some specific promoters, which may participate in the processes of diseases through different pathways.</p>',
'date' => '2019-09-15',
'pmid' => 'http://www.ijcep.com/files/ijcep0098041.pdf',
'doi' => '/',
'modified' => '2019-12-05 11:53:16',
'created' => '2019-12-02 15:25:44',
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[maximum depth reached]
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(int) 6 => array(
'id' => '3706',
'name' => 'TET3 prevents terminal differentiation of adult NSCs by a non-catalytic action at Snrpn.',
'authors' => 'Montalbán-Loro R, Lozano-Ureña A, Ito M, Krueger C, Reik W, Ferguson-Smith AC, Ferrón SR',
'description' => '<p>Ten-eleven-translocation (TET) proteins catalyze DNA hydroxylation, playing an important role in demethylation of DNA in mammals. Remarkably, although hydroxymethylation levels are high in the mouse brain, the potential role of TET proteins in adult neurogenesis is unknown. We show here that a non-catalytic action of TET3 is essentially required for the maintenance of the neural stem cell (NSC) pool in the adult subventricular zone (SVZ) niche by preventing premature differentiation of NSCs into non-neurogenic astrocytes. This occurs through direct binding of TET3 to the paternal transcribed allele of the imprinted gene Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein-associated polypeptide N (Snrpn), contributing to transcriptional repression of the gene. The study also identifies BMP2 as an effector of the astrocytic terminal differentiation mediated by SNRPN. Our work describes a novel mechanism of control of an imprinted gene in the regulation of adult neurogenesis through an unconventional role of TET3.</p>',
'date' => '2019-04-12',
'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/30979904',
'doi' => '10.1038/s41467-019-09665-1',
'modified' => '2019-07-05 14:37:26',
'created' => '2019-07-04 10:42:34',
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[maximum depth reached]
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(int) 7 => array(
'id' => '3171',
'name' => 'miR-30a as Potential Therapeutics by Targeting TET1 through Regulation of Drp-1 Promoter Hydroxymethylation in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis',
'authors' => 'Zhang S. et al.',
'description' => '<p>Several recent studies have indicated that miR-30a plays critical roles in various biological processes and diseases. However, the mechanism of miR-30a participation in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) regulation is ambiguous. Our previous study demonstrated that miR-30a may function as a novel therapeutic target for lung fibrosis by blocking mitochondrial fission, which is dependent on dynamin-related protein1 (Drp-1). However, the regulatory mechanism between miR-30a and Drp-1 is yet to be investigated. Additionally, whether miR-30a can act as a potential therapeutic has not been verified in vivo. In this study, the miR-30a expression in IPF patients was evaluated. Computational analysis and a dual-luciferase reporter assay system were used to identify the target gene of miR-30a, and cell transfection was utilized to confirm this relationship. Ten-eleven translocation 1 (TET1) was validated as a direct target of miR-30a, and miR-30a mimic and inhibitor transfection significantly reduced and increased the TET1 protein expression, respectively. Further experimentation verified that the TET1 siRNA interference could inhibit Drp-1 promoter hydroxymethylation. Finally, miR-30a agomir was designed and applied to identify and validate the therapeutic effect of miR-30a in vivo. Our study demonstrated that miR-30a could inhibit TET1 expression through base pairing with complementary sites in the 3'untranslated region to regulate Drp-1 promoter hydroxymethylation. Furthermore, miR-30a could act as a potential therapeutic target for IPF.</p>',
'date' => '2017-03-15',
'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28294974',
'doi' => '',
'modified' => '2017-05-10 16:15:16',
'created' => '2017-05-10 16:15:16',
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(int) 8 => array(
'id' => '2863',
'name' => 'Dynamic interplay between locus-specific DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation regulates distinct biological pathways in prostate carcinogenesis',
'authors' => 'Kamdar SN, Ho LT, Kron KJ, Isserlin R, van der Kwast T, Zlotta AR, Fleshner NE, Bader G, Bapat B',
'description' => '<div id="__sec1" class="sec sec-first">
<h3>Background</h3>
<p id="__p1" class="p p-first-last">Despite the significant global loss of DNA hydroxymethylation marks in prostate cancer tissues, the locus-specific role of hydroxymethylation in prostate tumorigenesis is unknown. We characterized hydroxymethylation and methylation marks by performing whole-genome next-generation sequencing in representative normal and prostate cancer-derived cell lines in order to determine functional pathways and key genes regulated by these epigenomic modifications in cancer.</p>
</div>
<div id="__sec2" class="sec">
<h3>Results</h3>
<p id="__p2" class="p p-first-last">Our cell line model shows disruption of hydroxymethylation distribution in cancer, with global loss and highly specific gain in promoter and CpG island regions. Significantly, we observed locus-specific retention of hydroxymethylation marks in specific intronic and intergenic regions which may play a novel role in the regulation of gene expression in critical functional pathways, such as BARD1 signaling and steroid hormone receptor signaling in cancer. We confirm a modest correlation of hydroxymethylation with expression in intragenic regions in prostate cancer, while identifying an original role for intergenic hydroxymethylation in differentially expressed regulatory pathways in cancer. We also demonstrate a successful strategy for the identification and validation of key candidate genes from differentially regulated biological pathways in prostate cancer.</p>
</div>
<div id="__sec3" class="sec">
<h3>Conclusions</h3>
<p id="__p3" class="p p-first-last">Our results indicate a distinct function for aberrant hydroxymethylation within each genomic feature in cancer, suggesting a specific and complex role for the deregulation of hydroxymethylation in tumorigenesis, similar to methylation. Subsequently, our characterization of key cellular pathways exhibiting dynamic enrichment patterns for methylation and hydroxymethylation marks may allow us to identify differentially epigenetically modified target genes implicated in prostate cancer tumorigenesis.</p>
</div>',
'date' => '2016-03-15',
'pmid' => 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4791926/',
'doi' => '10.1186/s13148-016-0195-4',
'modified' => '2016-03-31 14:49:24',
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(int) 9 => array(
'id' => '2837',
'name' => 'Hydroxymethylation of microRNA-365-3p Regulates Nociceptive Behaviors via Kcnh2',
'authors' => 'Pan Z, Zhang M, Ma T, Xue Z-Y, Li G-F, Hao L-Y, Zhu L-J, Li Y-Q, Ding H-L, Cao J-L',
'description' => '<p id="p-3">DNA 5-hydroxylmethylcytosine (5hmC) catalyzed by ten-eleven translocation methylcytosine dioxygenase (TET) occurs abundantly in neurons of mammals. However, the <em>in vivo</em> causal link between TET dysregulation and nociceptive modulation has not been established. Here, we found that spinal TET1 and TET3 were significantly increased in the model of formalin-induced acute inflammatory pain, which was accompanied with the augment of genome-wide 5hmC content in spinal cord. Knockdown of spinal TET1 or TET3 alleviated the formalin-induced nociceptive behavior and overexpression of spinal TET1 or TET3 in naive mice produced pain-like behavior as evidenced by decreased thermal pain threshold. Furthermore, we found that TET1 or TET3 regulated the nociceptive behavior by targeting microRNA-365-3p (miR-365-3p). Formalin increased 5hmC in the miR-365-3p promoter, which was inhibited by knockdown of TET1 or TET3 and mimicked by overexpression of TET1 or TET3 in naive mice. Nociceptive behavior induced by formalin or overexpression of spinal TET1 or TET3 could be prevented by downregulation of miR-365-3p, and mimicked by overexpression of spinal miR-365-3p. Finally, we demonstrated that a potassium channel, voltage-gated eag-related subfamily H member 2 (<em>Kcnh2</em>), validated as a target of miR-365-3p, played a critical role in nociceptive modulation by spinal TET or miR-365-3p. Together, we concluded that TET-mediated hydroxymethylation of miR-365-3p regulates nociceptive behavior via <em>Kcnh2</em>.</p>
<p id="p-4"><strong>SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT</strong> Mounting evidence indicates that epigenetic modifications in the nociceptive pathway contribute to pain processes and analgesia response. Here, we found that the increase of 5hmC content mediated by TET1 or TET3 in miR-365-3p promoter in the spinal cord is involved in nociceptive modulation through targeting a potassium channel, <em>Kcnh2</em>. Our study reveals a new epigenetic mechanism underlying nociceptive information processing, which may be a novel target for development of antinociceptive drugs.</p>',
'date' => '2016-03-02',
'pmid' => 'http://www.jneurosci.org/content/36/9/2769.short',
'doi' => '10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3474-15.2016',
'modified' => '2016-03-08 10:40:48',
'created' => '2016-03-08 10:40:48',
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(int) 10 => array(
'id' => '2815',
'name' => 'The dual specificity phosphatase 2 gene is hypermethylated in human cancer and regulated by epigenetic mechanisms',
'authors' => 'Tanja Haag, Antje M. Richter, Martin B. Schneider, Adriana P. Jiménez and Reinhard H. Dammann',
'description' => '<p><span>Dual specificity phosphatases are a class of tumor-associated proteins involved in the negative regulation of the MAP kinase pathway. Downregulation of the </span><em xmlns="" class="EmphasisTypeItalic">dual specificity phosphatase 2</em><span> (</span><em xmlns="" class="EmphasisTypeItalic">DUSP2</em><span>) has been reported in cancer. Epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor genes by abnormal promoter methylation is a frequent mechanism in oncogenesis. It has been shown that the epigenetic factor CTCF is involved in the regulation of tumor suppressor genes.</span></p>
<p><span>We analyzed the promoter hypermethylation of <em xmlns="" class="EmphasisTypeItalic">DUSP2</em><span> in human cancer, including primary Merkel cell carcinoma by bisulfite restriction analysis and pyrosequencing. Moreover we analyzed the impact of a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor (5-Aza-dC) and CTCF on the epigenetic regulation of </span><em xmlns="" class="EmphasisTypeItalic">DUSP2</em><span> by qRT-PCR, promoter assay, chromatin immuno-precipitation and methylation analysis.</span></span></p>
<p><span><span>Here we report a significant tumor-specific hypermethylation of <em xmlns="" class="EmphasisTypeItalic">DUSP2</em><span> in primary Merkel cell carcinoma (</span><em xmlns="" class="EmphasisTypeItalic">p</em><span> = 0.05). An increase in methylation of </span><em xmlns="" class="EmphasisTypeItalic">DUSP2</em><span> was also found in 17 out of 24 (71 %) cancer cell lines, including skin and lung cancer. Treatment of cancer cells with 5-Aza-dC induced </span><em xmlns="" class="EmphasisTypeItalic">DUSP2</em><span> expression by its promoter demethylation, Additionally we observed that CTCF induces </span><em xmlns="" class="EmphasisTypeItalic">DUSP2</em><span> expression in cell lines that exhibit silencing of </span><em xmlns="" class="EmphasisTypeItalic">DUSP2</em><span>. This reactivation was accompanied by increased CTCF binding and demethylation of the </span><em xmlns="" class="EmphasisTypeItalic">DUSP2</em><span> promoter.</span></span></span></p>
<p><span><span><span>Our data show that aberrant epigenetic inactivation of <em xmlns="" class="EmphasisTypeItalic">DUSP2</em><span> occurs in carcinogenesis and that CTCF is involved in the epigenetic regulation of </span><em xmlns="" class="EmphasisTypeItalic">DUSP2</em><span> expression.</span></span></span></span></p>',
'date' => '2016-02-01',
'pmid' => 'http://pubmed.gov/26833217',
'doi' => '10.1186/s12885-016-2087-6',
'modified' => '2016-03-09 16:34:51',
'created' => '2016-02-09 14:47:36',
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'id' => '2604',
'name' => 'Single-Base Resolution Analysis of 5-Formyl and 5-Carboxyl Cytosine Reveals Promoter DNA Methylation Dynamics.',
'authors' => 'Neri F, Incarnato D, Krepelova A, Rapelli S, Anselmi F, Parlato C, Medana C, Dal Bello F, Oliviero S',
'description' => '<p>Ten eleven translocation (Tet) proteins oxidize 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5fC), and 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC). 5fC and 5caC can be further excised by thymine-DNA glycosylase (Tdg). Here, we present a genome-wide approach, named methylation-assisted bisulfite sequencing (MAB-seq), that enables single-base resolution mapping of 5fC and 5caC and measures their abundance. Application of this method to mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) shows the occurrence of 5fC and 5caC residues on the hypomethylated promoters of highly expressed genes, which is increased upon Tdg silencing, revealing active DNA demethylation on these promoters. Genome-wide mapping of Tdg reveals extensive colocalization with Tet1 on active promoters. These regions were found to be methylated by Dnmt1 and Dnmt3a and demethylated by a Tet-dependent mechanism. Our work demonstrates the DNA methylation dynamics that occurs on the promoters of the expressed genes and provides a genomic reference map of 5fC and 5caC in ESCs.</p>',
'date' => '2015-02-04',
'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25660018',
'doi' => '',
'modified' => '2016-04-04 10:37:14',
'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:05',
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(int) 12 => array(
'id' => '1715',
'name' => 'Dynamic reprogramming of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine during early porcine embryogenesis.',
'authors' => 'Cao Z, Zhou N, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Wu R, Li Y, Zhang Y, Li N',
'description' => 'DNA active demethylation is an important epigenetic phenomenon observed in porcine zygotes, yet its molecular origins are unknown. Our results show that 5-methylcytosine (5mC) converts into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) during the first cell cycle in porcine in vivo fertilization (IVV), IVF, and SCNT embryos, but not in parthenogenetically activated embryos. Expression of Ten-Eleven Translocation 1 (TET1) correlates with this conversion. Expression of 5mC gradually decreases until the morula stage; it is only expressed in the inner cell mass, but not trophectoderm regions of IVV and IVF blastocysts. Expression of 5mC in SCNT embryos is ectopically distinct from that observed in IVV and IVF embryos. In addition, 5hmC expression was similar to that of 5mC in IVV cleavage-stage embryos. Expression of 5hmC remained constant in IVF and SCNT embryos, and was evenly distributed among the inner cell mass and trophectoderm regions derived from IVV, IVF, and SCNT blastocysts. Ten-Eleven Translocation 3 was highly expressed in two-cell embryos, whereas TET1 and TET2 were highly expressed in blastocysts. These data suggest that TET1-catalyzed 5hmC may be involved in active DNA demethylation in porcine early embryos. In addition, 5mC, but not 5hmC, participates in the initial cell lineage specification in porcine IVV and IVF blastocysts. Last, SCNT embryos show aberrant 5mC and 5hmC expression during early porcine embryonic development.',
'date' => '2013-11-11',
'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24315686',
'doi' => '',
'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:01',
'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:01',
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(int) 13 => array(
'id' => '1485',
'name' => 'Vitamin C induces Tet-dependent DNA demethylation and a blastocyst-like state in ES cells.',
'authors' => 'Blaschke K, Ebata KT, Karimi MM, Zepeda-Martínez JA, Goyal P, Mahapatra S, Tam A, Laird DJ, Hirst M, Rao A, Lorincz MC, Ramalho-Santos M',
'description' => 'DNA methylation is a heritable epigenetic modification involved in gene silencing, imprinting, and the suppression of retrotransposons. Global DNA demethylation occurs in the early embryo and the germ line, and may be mediated by Tet (ten eleven translocation) enzymes, which convert 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC). Tet enzymes have been studied extensively in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells, which are generally cultured in the absence of vitamin C, a potential cofactor for Fe(II) 2-oxoglutarate dioxygenase enzymes such as Tet enzymes. Here we report that addition of vitamin C to mouse ES cells promotes Tet activity, leading to a rapid and global increase in 5hmC. This is followed by DNA demethylation of many gene promoters and upregulation of demethylated germline genes. Tet1 binding is enriched near the transcription start site of genes affected by vitamin C treatment. Importantly, vitamin C, but not other antioxidants, enhances the activity of recombinant Tet1 in a biochemical assay, and the vitamin-C-induced changes in 5hmC and 5mC are entirely suppressed in Tet1 and Tet2 double knockout ES cells. Vitamin C has a stronger effect on regions that gain methylation in cultured ES cells compared to blastocysts, and in vivo are methylated only after implantation. In contrast, imprinted regions and intracisternal A particle retroelements, which are resistant to demethylation in the early embryo, are resistant to vitamin-C-induced DNA demethylation. Collectively, the results of this study establish vitamin C as a direct regulator of Tet activity and DNA methylation fidelity in ES cells.',
'date' => '2013-08-08',
'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23812591',
'doi' => '',
'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:00',
'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:00',
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[maximum depth reached]
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(int) 14 => array(
'id' => '546',
'name' => '5-Hydroxymethylcytosine is associated with enhancers and gene bodies in human embryonic stem cells.',
'authors' => 'Stroud H, Feng S, Morey Kinney S, Pradhan S, Jacobsen SE',
'description' => 'BACKGROUND: 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) was recently found to be abundantly present in certain cell types, including embryonic stem cells. There is growing evidence that TET proteins, which convert 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5hmC, play important biological roles. To further understand the function of 5hmC, an analysis of the genome-wide localization of this mark is required. RESULTS: Here, we have generated a genome-wide map of 5hmC in human embryonic stem cells by hmeDIP-seq, in which hydroxymethyl-DNA immunoprecipitation is followed by massively parallel sequencing. We found that 5hmC is enriched in enhancers as well as in gene bodies, suggesting a potential role for 5hmC in gene regulation. Consistent with localization of 5hmC at enhancers, 5hmC was significantly enriched in histone modifications associated with enhancers, such as H3K4me1 and H3K27ac. 5hmC was also enriched in other protein-DNA interaction sites, such as OCT4 and NANOG binding sites. Furthermore, we found that 5hmC regions tend to have an excess of G over C on one strand of DNA. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that 5hmC may be targeted to certain genomic regions based both on gene expression and sequence composition.',
'date' => '2011-06-20',
'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21689397',
'doi' => '',
'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:38:57',
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'id' => '488',
'name' => '5-Hydroxymethylcytosine in the mammalian zygote is linked with epigenetic reprogramming.',
'authors' => 'Wossidlo M, Nakamura T, Lepikhov K, Marques CJ, Zakhartchenko V, Boiani M, Arand J, Nakano T, Reik W, Walter J',
'description' => 'The epigenomes of early mammalian embryos are extensively reprogrammed to acquire a totipotent developmental potential. A major initial event in this reprogramming is the active loss/demethylation of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) in the zygote. Here, we report on findings that link this active demethylation to molecular mechanisms. We detect 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) as a novel modification in mouse, bovine and rabbit zygotes. On zygotic development 5hmC accumulates in the paternal pronucleus along with a reduction of 5mC. A knockdown of the 5hmC generating dioxygenase Tet3 simultaneously affects the patterns of 5hmC and 5mC in the paternal pronucleus. This finding links the loss of 5mC to its conversion into 5hmC. The maternal pronucleus seems to be largely protected against this mechanism by PGC7/Dppa3/Stella, as in PGC7 knockout zygotes 5mC also becomes accessible to oxidation into 5hmC. In summary, our data suggest an important role of 5hmC and Tet3 for DNA methylation reprogramming processes in the mammalian zygote.',
'date' => '2011-03-15',
'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21407207',
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'antibody_id' => '47',
'name' => '5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) Antibody (mouse) ',
'description' => '<p>One of the <strong>only two monoclonal antibodies raised against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC).</strong> 5-hmC is a recently discovered DNA modification which results from the enzymatic conversion of 5-methylcytosine into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine by the TET family of oxygenases. Preliminary results indicate that 5-hmC may have important roles distinct from 5-methylcytosine (5-mC). Although its precise role has still to be shown, early evidence suggests a few putative mechanisms that could have big implications in epigenetics.</p>
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<p><small><strong> Figure 1. An hydroxymethylated DNA IP (hMeDIP) was performed using the Diagenode mouse monoclonal antibody directed against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (Cat. No. MAb-31HMC-020, MAb-31HMC-050, MAb-31HMC-100).</strong> <br />The IgG isotype antibodies from mouse (Cat. No. kch-819-015) was used as negative control. The DNA was prepared with the GenDNA module of the hMeDIP kit and sonicated with our Bioruptor® (UCD-200/300 series) to have DNA fragments of 300-500 bp. 1 μg of human Hela cells DNA were spiked with non-methylated, methylated, and hydroxymethylated PCR fragments. The IP’d material has been analysed by qPCR using the primer pair specific for the 3 different control sequences. The obtained results show that the mouse monoclonal for 5-hmC is highly specific for this base modification (no IP with non-methylated or methylated C bases containing fragments). </small></p>
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<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><small><strong> Figure 2. Determination of the 5-hmC mouse monoclonal antibody titer </strong><br />To determine the titer, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode mouse monoclonal antibody directed against 5-hmC (Cat No. MAb-31HMC-050, MAb-31HMC-100) in antigen coated wells. The antigen used was KHL coupled to 5-hmC base. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution, the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1:40,000. </small></p>
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<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200200-fig3.png" alt="Dot Blot" width="100" caption="false" height="137" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
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<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><small><strong> Figure 3. Dotblot analysis of the Diagenode 5-hmC mouse monoclonal antibody with the C, mC and hmC PCR controls </strong><br />200 to 2 ng (equivalent of 10 to 0.1 pmol of C-bases) of the hmC (1), mC (2) and C (3) PCR controls from the Diagenode “5-hmC, 5-mC & cytosine DNA Standard Pack” (Cat No. AF-101-0020) were spotted on a membrane (Amersham Hybond-N+). The membrane was incubated with 2 μg/ml of the mouse 5-hydroxymethylcytosine monoclonal antibody (dilution 1:500). The membranes were exposed for 30 seconds. </small></p>
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</div>',
'label2' => 'Target description',
'info2' => '<p>5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) has been recently discovered in mammalian DNA. This results from the enzymatic conversion of 5-methylcytosine into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine by the TET family of oxygenases. So far, the 5-hmC bases have been identified in Purkinje neurons, in granule cells and embryonic stem cells where they are present at high levels (up to 0,6% of total nucleotides in Purkinje cells).</p>
<p>Preliminary results indicate that 5-hmC may have important roles distinct from 5-mC. Although its precise role has still to be shown, early evidence suggests a few putative mechanisms that could have big implications in epigenetics : 5-hydroxymethylcytosine may well represent a new pathway to demethylate DNA involving a repair mechanism converting 5-hmC to cytosine and, as such open up entirely new perspectives in epigenetic studies.</p>
<p>Due to the structural similarity between 5-mC and 5-hmC, these bases are experimentally almost indistinguishable. Recent articles demonstrated that the most common approaches (e.g. enzymatic approaches, bisulfite sequencing) do not account for 5-hmC. The development of the affinity-based technologies appears to be the most powerful way to differentially and specifically enrich 5-mC and 5-hmC sequences. The results shown here illustrate the use of this unique monoclonal antibody against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine that has been fully validated in various technologies.</p>',
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'meta_keywords' => '5-hydroxymethylcytosine,monoclonal antibody ,Diagenode',
'meta_description' => '5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) Monoclonal Antibody (mouse) validated in hMeDIP, DB and ELISA. Batch-specific data available on the website. Sample size available.',
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'antibody_id' => '46',
'name' => '5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) Antibody (mouse) ',
'description' => '<p><span>One of the </span><strong>only two monoclonal antibodies raised against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC).</strong><span> 5-hmC is a recently discovered DNA modification which results from the enzymatic conversion of 5-methylcytosine into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine by the TET family of oxygenases. Preliminary results indicate that 5-hmC may have important roles distinct from 5-methylcytosine (5-mC). Although its precise role has still to be shown, early evidence suggests a few putative mechanisms that could have big implications in epigenetics.</span></p>
<p><strong></strong></p>',
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<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200200-fig1.png" alt="ChIP" caption="false" width="180" height="315" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
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<p><small><strong> Figure 1. An hydroxymethylated DNA IP (hMeDIP) was performed using the Diagenode mouse monoclonal antibody directed against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (Cat. No. MAb-31HMC-020, MAb-31HMC-050, MAb-31HMC-100).</strong> <br />The IgG isotype antibodies from mouse (Cat. No. kch-819-015) was used as negative control. The DNA was prepared with the GenDNA module of the hMeDIP kit and sonicated with our Bioruptor® (UCD-200/300 series) to have DNA fragments of 300-500 bp. 1 μg of human Hela cells DNA were spiked with non-methylated, methylated, and hydroxymethylated PCR fragments. The IP’d material has been analysed by qPCR using the primer pair specific for the 3 different control sequences. The obtained results show that the mouse monoclonal for 5-hmC is highly specific for this base modification (no IP with non-methylated or methylated C bases containing fragments). </small></p>
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<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200200-fig2.png" alt="ELISA" width="200" height="181" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
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<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><small><strong> Figure 2. Determination of the 5-hmC mouse monoclonal antibody titer </strong><br />To determine the titer, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode mouse monoclonal antibody directed against 5-hmC (Cat No. MAb-31HMC-050, MAb-31HMC-100) in antigen coated wells. The antigen used was KHL coupled to 5-hmC base. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution, the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1:40,000. </small></p>
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<div class="row">
<div class="small-4 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200200-fig3.png" alt="Dot Blot" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="110" height="150" /></p>
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<p><small><strong> Figure 3. Dotblot analysis of the Diagenode 5-hmC mouse monoclonal antibody with the C, mC and hmC PCR controls </strong><br />200 to 2 ng (equivalent of 10 to 0.1 pmol of C-bases) of the hmC (1), mC (2) and C (3) PCR controls from the Diagenode “5-hmC, 5-mC & cytosine DNA Standard Pack” (Cat No. AF-101-0020) were spotted on a membrane (Amersham Hybond-N+). The membrane was incubated with 2 μg/ml of the mouse 5-hydroxymethylcytosine monoclonal antibody (dilution 1:500). The membranes were exposed for 30 seconds. </small></p>
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<p><small><strong> Figure 1. An hydroxymethylated DNA IP (hMeDIP) was performed using the Diagenode mouse monoclonal antibody directed against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (Cat. No. MAb-31HMC-020, MAb-31HMC-050, MAb-31HMC-100).</strong> <br />The IgG isotype antibodies from mouse (Cat. No. kch-819-015) was used as negative control. The DNA was prepared with the GenDNA module of the hMeDIP kit and sonicated with our Bioruptor® (UCD-200/300 series) to have DNA fragments of 300-500 bp. 1 μg of human Hela cells DNA were spiked with non-methylated, methylated, and hydroxymethylated PCR fragments. The IP’d material has been analysed by qPCR using the primer pair specific for the 3 different control sequences. The obtained results show that the mouse monoclonal for 5-hmC is highly specific for this base modification (no IP with non-methylated or methylated C bases containing fragments). </small></p>
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<p><small><strong> Figure 2. Determination of the 5-hmC mouse monoclonal antibody titer </strong><br />To determine the titer, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode mouse monoclonal antibody directed against 5-hmC (Cat No. MAb-31HMC-050, MAb-31HMC-100) in antigen coated wells. The antigen used was KHL coupled to 5-hmC base. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution, the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1:40,000. </small></p>
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'description' => '<p><span>One of the </span><strong>only two monoclonal antibodies raised against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC).</strong><span> 5-hmC is a recently discovered DNA modification which results from the enzymatic conversion of 5-methylcytosine into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine by the TET family of oxygenases. Preliminary results indicate that 5-hmC may have important roles distinct from 5-methylcytosine (5-mC). Although its precise role has still to be shown, early evidence suggests a few putative mechanisms that could have big implications in epigenetics.</span></p>
<p><strong></strong></p>',
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<div class="small-4 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200200-fig1.png" alt="ChIP" caption="false" width="180" height="315" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
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<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><small><strong> Figure 1. An hydroxymethylated DNA IP (hMeDIP) was performed using the Diagenode mouse monoclonal antibody directed against 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (Cat. No. MAb-31HMC-020, MAb-31HMC-050, MAb-31HMC-100).</strong> <br />The IgG isotype antibodies from mouse (Cat. No. kch-819-015) was used as negative control. The DNA was prepared with the GenDNA module of the hMeDIP kit and sonicated with our Bioruptor® (UCD-200/300 series) to have DNA fragments of 300-500 bp. 1 μg of human Hela cells DNA were spiked with non-methylated, methylated, and hydroxymethylated PCR fragments. The IP’d material has been analysed by qPCR using the primer pair specific for the 3 different control sequences. The obtained results show that the mouse monoclonal for 5-hmC is highly specific for this base modification (no IP with non-methylated or methylated C bases containing fragments). </small></p>
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<div class="small-4 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200200-fig2.png" alt="ELISA" width="200" height="181" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
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<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><small><strong> Figure 2. Determination of the 5-hmC mouse monoclonal antibody titer </strong><br />To determine the titer, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode mouse monoclonal antibody directed against 5-hmC (Cat No. MAb-31HMC-050, MAb-31HMC-100) in antigen coated wells. The antigen used was KHL coupled to 5-hmC base. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution, the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1:40,000. </small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-4 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200200-fig3.png" alt="Dot Blot" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="110" height="150" /></p>
</div>
<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><small><strong> Figure 3. Dotblot analysis of the Diagenode 5-hmC mouse monoclonal antibody with the C, mC and hmC PCR controls </strong><br />200 to 2 ng (equivalent of 10 to 0.1 pmol of C-bases) of the hmC (1), mC (2) and C (3) PCR controls from the Diagenode “5-hmC, 5-mC & cytosine DNA Standard Pack” (Cat No. AF-101-0020) were spotted on a membrane (Amersham Hybond-N+). The membrane was incubated with 2 μg/ml of the mouse 5-hydroxymethylcytosine monoclonal antibody (dilution 1:500). The membranes were exposed for 30 seconds. </small></p>
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'format' => '20 µg/20 µl',
'catalog_number' => 'C15200200-20',
'old_catalog_number' => 'Mab-31HMC-020',
'sf_code' => 'C15200200-D001-000831',
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'slug' => '5-hmc-monoclonal-antibody-mouse-classic-20-ug-20-ul',
'meta_title' => '5-hmC Monoclonal Antibody (mouse) | Diagenode',
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'meta_description' => '5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) Monoclonal Antibody (mouse) validated in hMeDIP, DB and ELISA. Batch-specific data available on the website. Sample size available.',
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<div class="small-12 medium-12 large-12 columns">Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.</div>
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'slug' => 'elisa-antibodies',
'meta_keywords' => ' ELISA Antibodies,Monoclonal antibody, Polyclonal antibody',
'meta_description' => 'Diagenode offers Monoclonal & Polyclonal antibodies for ELISA applications',
'meta_title' => 'ELISA Antibodies - Monoclonal & Polyclonal antibody | Diagenode',
'modified' => '2016-01-13 12:21:41',
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'name' => 'Exclusive Highly Specific Kits Antibodies for DNA HydroxyMethylation Studies',
'description' => '<p>Cytosine hydroxymethylation was recently discovered as an important epigenetic mechanism. This cytosine base modification results from the enzymatic conversion of 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) by the TET family of oxygenases. Though the precise role of 5-hmC is the subject of intense research and debate, early studies strongly indicate that it is also involved in gene regulation and in numerous important biological processes including embryonic development, cellular differentiation, stem cell reprogramming and carcinogenesis.</p>
<p>The study of 5-hmC has long been limited due to the lack of high quality, validated tools and technologies that discriminate hydroxymethylation from methylation in regulating gene expression. The use of highly specific antibodies against 5-hmC for the immunoprecipitation of hydroxymethylated DNA offers a reliable solution for hydroxymethylation profiling.</p>
<p></p>',
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'url' => 'files/posters/Exclusive_Highly_Specific_Kits_Antibodies_for_DNA_HydroxyMethylation_Studies_Poster.pdf',
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'name' => '5-hmC antibody mouse SDS ES es',
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'url' => 'files/SDS/5-hmC/SDS-C15200200-5-hydroxymethylcytosine_5-hmC_Antibody_mouse_-ES-es-GHS_2_0.pdf',
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'name' => '5-Hydroxymethylcytosine in the mammalian zygote is linked with epigenetic reprogramming.',
'authors' => 'Wossidlo M, Nakamura T, Lepikhov K, Marques CJ, Zakhartchenko V, Boiani M, Arand J, Nakano T, Reik W, Walter J',
'description' => 'The epigenomes of early mammalian embryos are extensively reprogrammed to acquire a totipotent developmental potential. A major initial event in this reprogramming is the active loss/demethylation of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) in the zygote. Here, we report on findings that link this active demethylation to molecular mechanisms. We detect 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) as a novel modification in mouse, bovine and rabbit zygotes. On zygotic development 5hmC accumulates in the paternal pronucleus along with a reduction of 5mC. A knockdown of the 5hmC generating dioxygenase Tet3 simultaneously affects the patterns of 5hmC and 5mC in the paternal pronucleus. This finding links the loss of 5mC to its conversion into 5hmC. The maternal pronucleus seems to be largely protected against this mechanism by PGC7/Dppa3/Stella, as in PGC7 knockout zygotes 5mC also becomes accessible to oxidation into 5hmC. In summary, our data suggest an important role of 5hmC and Tet3 for DNA methylation reprogramming processes in the mammalian zygote.',
'date' => '2011-03-15',
'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21407207',
'doi' => '',
'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:38:57',
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