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H3K27me3 polyclonal antibody

CUT&Tag grade Abs

ChIP-seq grade Abs

ChIP grade Abs

Negative IgG control

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Catalog Number

Format

Price

C15410069
(pAb-069-050)

50 μg

$380.00
Bulk order

Other format

C15410069-10

10 µg

Polyclonal antibody raised in rabbit against against histone H3, trimethylated at lysine 27 (H3K27me3), using a KLH-conjugated synthetic peptide.

Lot	A1818P
Concentration	1.6 µg/µl
Species reactivity	Human, mouse, rat, pig, zebrafish, Drosophila, Schistosoma, Arabidopsis, cow
Type	Polyclonal ChIP grade / ChIP-seq grade
Purity	Affinity purified polyclonal antibody.
Host	Rabbit
Storage Conditions	Store at -20°C; for long storage, store at -80°C. Avoid multiple freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage Buffer	PBS containing 0.05% azide and 0.05% ProClin 300.
Precautions	This product is for research use only. Not for use in diagnostic or therapeutic procedures.

Applications	Suggested dilution	References
ChIP/ChIP-seq ^*	1 µg/ChIP	Fig 1, 2
ELISA	1:5,000	Fig 3
Dot Blotting	1:20,000	Fig 4
Western Blotting	1:1,000	Fig 5
Immunofluorescence	1:500	Fig 6

^* Please note that the optimal antibody amount per IP should be determined by the end-user. We recommend testing 1-5 µg per IP.

Validation Data

Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3
ChIP assays were performed using human K562 cells, the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the "iDeal ChIP-seq" kit (Cat. No. C01010051), using sheared chromatin from 1 million (figure A) or 100,000 cells (figure B). The indicated amounts of antibody were used per ChIP experiment. IgG (1 µg/IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers specific for the promoter of the active genes GAPDH and EIF4A2, used as negative controls, and TSH2B and MYT1, used as positive controls. The figure shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis).

A.

B.

C.

D.

Figure 2. ChIP-seq results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3
ChIP was performed on sheared chromatin from 100,000 K562 cells using 1 µg of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) as described above. The IP'd DNA was subsequently analysed on an Illumina Genome Analyzer. Library preparation, cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. The 36 bp tags were aligned to the human genome using the ELAND algorithm. Figure 2A and B show the signal distribution in two regions surrounding the MYT1 and TSH2B positive control genes, respectively. The position of the PCR amplicon, used for ChIP-qPCR is indicated with an arrow. Figure 2C and D show the signal distribution in two 3 Mb regions from chromosome 11 and 22.

Figure 3. Determination of the antibody titer
To determine the titer of the antibody, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069). The antigen used was a peptide containing the histone modification of interest. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution (Figure 3), the titer of the antibody was estimated to be >1:1,000,000.

Figure 4. Cross reactivity test of the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3
To test the cross reactivity of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069), a Dot Blot analysis was performed with peptides containing other modifications or unmodified sequences of histone H3 and H4. One hundred to 0.2 pmol of the respective peptides were spotted on a membrane. The antibody was used at a dilution of 1:20,000. Figure 4A shows a high specificity of the antibody for the modification of interest.

Figure 5. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3
Western blot was performed on whole cell (40 µg, lane 1) and histone extracts (15 µg, lane 2) from HeLa cells, and on 1 µg of recombinant histone H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 (lane 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively) using the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069). The antibody was diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is shown on the right, the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.

Figure 6. Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3
HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 10’ and blocked with PBS/TX-100 containing 5% normal goat serum and 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labeled with the H3K27me3 antibody (left) diluted 1:500 in blocking solution followed by an anti-rabbit antibody conjugated to Alexa488. The middle panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of the two stainings is shown on the right.
Target Description
Histones are the main constituents of the protein part of chromosomes of eukaryotic cells. They are rich in the amino acids arginine and lysine and have been greatly conserved during evolution. Histones pack the DNA into tight masses of chromatin. Two core histones of each class H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assemble and are wrapped by 146 base pairs of DNA to form one octameric nucleosome. Histone tails undergo numerous post-translational modifications, which either directly or indirectly alter chromatin structure to facilitate transcriptional activation or repression or other nuclear processes. In addition to the genetic code, combinations of the different histone modifications reveal the so-called “histone code”. Histone methylation and demethylation is dynamically regulated by respectively histone methyl transferases and histone demethylases. Trimethylation of histone H3K27 is associated with gene repression.
お客様の声
I have extensively used the antibodies against the histone modifications H3K4me3, H3k27me3, H3K9ac, H4k8ac and H3K18ac provided by Diagenode. The high level of specificity and selectivity of these antibodies in mouse brain samples, confirmed by using several negative and positive controls run in parallel with mouse brain tissue samples, ensured successful and reproducible results. I have been a Diagenode costumer for over one year now and I am extremely satisfied with the efficiency of the Bioruptor Pico for chromatin shearing as well as all of the ChIP materials (i.e., antibodies, blocking peptides, primer pairs for qPCR) provided by this company. Many thanks.
Dr. Ermelinda Lomazzo, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, AG Prof. Beat Lutz. University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany

実験手法

ELISA
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Read more

DB
Dot blotting Read more

WB
Western blot : The quality of antibodies used in this technique is crucial for correct and specific protein identification. Diagenode offers huge selection of highly sensitive and specific western blot-validated antibodies. Learn more about: Load... Read more

IF
Immunofluorescence: Diagenode offers huge selection of highly sensitive antibodies validated in IF. Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against CRISPR/Cas9 HeLa cells transfected with a Cas9 expression vector (... Read more

ChIP-seq (ab)
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ChIP-qPCR (ab)
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出版物

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Epigenetic alterations affecting hematopoietic regulatory networks as drivers of mixed myeloid/lymphoid leukemia
Roger Mulet-Lazaro et al.
Leukemias with ambiguous lineage comprise several loosely defined entities, often without a clear mechanistic basis. Here, we extensively profile the epigenome and transcriptome of a subgroup of such leukemias with CpG Island Methylator Phenotype. These leukemias exhibit comparable hybrid myeloid/lymphoid epigenetic...

Master corepressor inactivation through multivalent SLiM-induced polymerization mediated by the oncogene suppressor RAI2
Goradia N. et al.
While the elucidation of regulatory mechanisms of folded proteins is facilitated due to their amenability to high-resolution structural characterization, investigation of these mechanisms in disordered proteins is more challenging due to their structural heterogeneity, which can be captured by a variety of biophysic...

Master corepressor inactivation through multivalent SLiM-induced polymerization mediated by the oncogene suppressor RAI2
Nishit Goradia et al.
While the elucidation of regulatory mechanisms of folded proteins is facilitated due to their amenability to high-resolution structural characterization, investigation of these mechanisms in disordered proteins is more challenging due to their structural heterogeneity, which can be captured by a variety of biophysic...

Distinct regulation of EZH2 and its repressive H3K27me3 mark inPolyomavirus -positive and -negative Merkel cell carcinoma.
Durand M-A et al.
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an aggressive skin cancer for which Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) integration and expression of viral oncogenes small T and Large T have been identified as major oncogenic determinants. Recently, a component of the PRC2 complex, the histone methyltransferase EZH2 that induces H3K27 ...

Gene Regulatory Interactions at Lamina-Associated Domains
Madsen-Østerbye J. et al.
The nuclear lamina provides a repressive chromatin environment at the nuclear periphery. However, whereas most genes in lamina-associated domains (LADs) are inactive, over ten percent reside in local euchromatic contexts and are expressed. How these genes are regulated and whether they are able to interact with regu...

Histone lysine demethylase inhibition reprograms prostate cancermetabolism and mechanics.
Chianese Ugo and Papulino Chiara and Passaro Eugenia andEvers Tom Mj and Babaei Mehrad and Toraldo Antonella andDe Marchi Tommaso and Niméus Emma and Carafa Vincenzo andNicoletti Maria Maddalena and Del Gaudio Nunzio andIaccarino Nunzia an
OBJECTIVE: Aberrant activity of androgen receptor (AR) is the primary cause underlying development and progression of prostate cancer (PCa) and castration-resistant PCa (CRPC). Androgen signaling regulates gene transcription and lipid metabolism, facilitating tumor growth and therapy resistance in early and advanced...

Histone H3K36me2 and H3K36me3 form a chromatin platform essentialfor DNMT3A-dependent DNA methylation in mouse oocytes.
Yano Seiichi at al.
Establishment of the DNA methylation landscape of mammalian oocytes, mediated by the DNMT3A-DNMT3L complex, is crucial for reproduction and development. In mouse oocytes, high levels of DNA methylation occur exclusively in the transcriptionally active regions, with moderate to low levels of methylation in other regi...

HOTAIR interacts with PRC2 complex regulating the regional preadipocytetranscriptome and human fat distribution.
Kuo Feng-Chih et al.
Mechanisms governing regional human adipose tissue (AT) development remain undefined. Here, we show that the long non-coding RNA HOTAIR (HOX transcript antisense RNA) is exclusively expressed in gluteofemoral AT, where it is essential for adipocyte development. We find that HOTAIR interacts with polycomb repressive ...

Effects of GSK-J4 on JMJD3 Histone Demethylase in Mouse Prostate Cancer Xenografts
Sanchez A. et al.
Background/aim: Histone methylation status is required to control gene expression. H3K27me3 is an epigenetic tri-methylation modification to histone H3 controlled by the demethylase JMJD3. JMJD3 is dysregulated in a wide range of cancers and has been shown to control the expression of a specific growth-modulato...

Epigenetic Mechanisms Mediating Cell State Transitions in Chondrocytes
Wuelling M. et al.
Epigenetic modifications play critical roles in regulating cell lineage differentiation, but the epigenetic mechanisms guiding specific differentiation steps within a cell lineage have rarely been investigated. To decipher such mechanisms, we used the defined transition from proliferating (PC) into hypertrophic chon...

Epigenetic integrity of paternal imprints enhances the developmental potential of androgenetic haploid embryonic stem cells.
Zhang, Hongling and Li, Yuanyuan and Ma, Yongjian and Lai, Chongping and Yu, Qian and Shi, Guangyong and Li, Jinsong
The use of two inhibitors of Mek1/2 and Gsk3β (2i) promotes the generation of mouse diploid and haploid embryonic stem cells (ESCs) from the inner cell mass of biparental and uniparental blastocysts, respectively. However, a system enabling long-term maintenance of imprints in ESCs has proven challenging. Here, we r...

Cell-type specific transcriptional networks in root xylem adjacent celllayers
Asensi Fabado Maria Amparo et al.
Transport of water, ions and signals from roots to leaves via the xylem vessels is essential for plant life and needs to be tightly regulated. The final composition of the transpiration stream before passage into the shoots is controlled by the xylem-adjacent cell layers, namely xylem parenchyma and pericycle, in th...

Loss of KMT2C reprograms the epigenomic landscape in hPSCsresulting in NODAL overexpression and a failure of hemogenic endotheliumspecification.
Maurya Shailendra et al.
Germline or somatic variation in the family of KMT2 lysine methyltransferases have been associated with a variety of congenital disorders and cancers. Notably, -fusions are prevalent in 70\% of infant leukaemias but fail to phenocopy short latency leukaemogenesis in mammalian models, suggesting additional factors ar...

Effects of GSK-J4 on JMJD3 Histone Demethylase in MouseProstate Cancer Xenografts.
Sanchez A. et al.
BACKGROUND/AIM: Histone methylation status is required to control gene expression. H3K27me3 is an epigenetic tri-methylation modification to histone H3 controlled by the demethylase JMJD3. JMJD3 is dysregulated in a wide range of cancers and has been shown to control the expression of a specific growth-modulatory ge...

Chemokine switch regulated by TGF-β1 in cancer-associated fibroblastsubsets determines the efficacy of chemo-immunotherapy.
Vienot A. et al.
Combining immunogenic cell death-inducing chemotherapies and PD-1 blockade can generate remarkable tumor responses. It is now well established that TGF-β1 signaling is a major component of treatment resistance and contributes to the cancer-related immunosuppressive microenvironment. However, whether TGF-β1...

Coordination of EZH2 and SOX2 specifies human neural fate decision.
Zhao Yuan et al.
Polycomb repressive complexes (PRCs) are essential in mouse gastrulation and specify neural ectoderm in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), but the underlying molecular basis remains unclear. Here in this study, by employing an array of different approaches, such as gene knock-out, RNA-seq, ChIP-seq, et al., we unco...

A regulatory variant at 3q21.1 confers an increased pleiotropic risk forhyperglycemia and altered bone mineral density.
Sinnott-Armstrong, Nasa et al.
Skeletal and glycemic traits have shared etiology, but the underlying genetic factors remain largely unknown. To identify genetic loci that may have pleiotropic effects, we studied Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) for bone mineral density and glycemic traits and identified a bivariate risk locus at 3q21. Usin...

Functional annotations of three domestic animal genomes provide vitalresources for comparative and agricultural research.
Kern C. et al.
Gene regulatory elements are central drivers of phenotypic variation and thus of critical importance towards understanding the genetics of complex traits. The Functional Annotation of Animal Genomes consortium was formed to collaboratively annotate the functional elements in animal genomes, starting with domesticate...

The histone modification H3K4me3 is altered at the locus in Alzheimer'sdisease brain.
Smith, Adam et al.
Several epigenome-wide association studies of DNA methylation have highlighted altered DNA methylation in the gene in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain samples. However, no study has specifically examined histone modifications in the disease. We use chromatin immunoprecipitation-qPCR to quantify tri-methylation at hist...

The Essential Function of SETDB1 in Homologous Chromosome Pairing andSynapsis during Meiosis.
Cheng, Ee-Chun et al.
SETDB1 is a histone-lysine N-methyltransferase critical for germline development. However, its function in early meiotic prophase I remains unknown. Here, we report that Setdb1 null spermatocytes display aberrant centromere clustering during leptotene, bouquet formation during zygotene, and subsequent failure in pai...

The tropical coral displays an unusual chromatin structure and showshistone H3 clipping plasticity upon bleaching.
Roquis D. et al.
is a hermatypic coral with strong ecological importance. Anthropogenic disturbances and global warming are major threats that can induce coral bleaching, the disruption of the mutualistic symbiosis between the coral host and its endosymbiotic algae. Previous works have shown that somaclonal colonies display differen...

EZH2 and KDM6B Expressions Are Associated with Specific EpigeneticSignatures during EMT in Non Small Cell Lung Carcinomas.
Lachat C. et al.
The role of Epigenetics in Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) has recently emerged. Two epigenetic enzymes with paradoxical roles have previously been associated to EMT, EZH2 (Enhancer of Zeste 2 Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) Subunit), a lysine methyltranserase able to add the H3K27me3 mark, and the hist...

A histone H3.3K36M mutation in mice causes an imbalance of histonemodifications and defects in chondrocyte differentiation.
Abe, Shusaku and Nagatomo, Hiroaki and Sasaki, Hiroyuki and Ishiuchi,Takashi
Histone lysine-to-methionine (K-to-M) mutations have been identified as driver mutations in human cancers. Interestingly, these 'oncohistone' mutations inhibit the activity of histone methyltransferases. Therefore, they can potentially be used as versatile tools to investigate the roles of histone modifications. In ...

Trans- and cis-acting effects of Firre on epigenetic features of theinactive X chromosome.
Fang, He and Bonora, Giancarlo and Lewandowski, Jordan P and Thakur,Jitendra and Filippova, Galina N and Henikoff, Steven and Shendure, Jay andDuan, Zhijun and Rinn, John L and Deng, Xinxian and Noble, William S andDisteche, Christine M
Firre encodes a lncRNA involved in nuclear organization. Here, we show that Firre RNA expressed from the active X chromosome maintains histone H3K27me3 enrichment on the inactive X chromosome (Xi) in somatic cells. This trans-acting effect involves SUZ12, reflecting interactions between Firre RNA and components of t...

NSD1-deposited H3K36me2 directs de novo methylation in the mouse malegermline and counteracts Polycomb-associated silencing.
Shirane, Kenjiro and Miura, Fumihito and Ito, Takashi and Lorincz, MatthewC
De novo DNA methylation (DNAme) in mammalian germ cells is dependent on DNMT3A and DNMT3L. However, oocytes and spermatozoa show distinct patterns of DNAme. In mouse oocytes, de novo DNAme requires the lysine methyltransferase (KMTase) SETD2, which deposits H3K36me3. We show here that SETD2 is dispensable for de nov...

Distinct and temporary-restricted epigenetic mechanisms regulate human αβ and γδ T cell development
Roels J, Kuchmiy A, De Decker M, et al.
The development of TCRαβ and TCRγδ T cells comprises a step-wise process in which regulatory events control differentiation and lineage outcome. To clarify these mechanisms, we employed RNA-sequencing, ATAC-sequencing and ChIPmentation on well-defined thymocyte subsets that represent the conti...

MeCP2 regulates gene expression through recognition of H3K27me3.
Lee, W and Kim, J and Yun, JM and Ohn, T and Gong, Q
MeCP2 plays a multifaceted role in gene expression regulation and chromatin organization. Interaction between MeCP2 and methylated DNA in the regulation of gene expression is well established. However, the widespread distribution of MeCP2 suggests it has additional interactions with chromatin. Here we demonstra...

TET-Mediated Hypermethylation Primes SDH-Deficient Cells for HIF2α-Driven Mesenchymal Transition.
Morin A, Goncalves J, Moog S, Castro-Vega LJ, Job S, Buffet A, Fontenille MJ, Woszczyk J, Gimenez-Roqueplo AP, Letouzé E, Favier J
Loss-of-function mutations in the SDHB subunit of succinate dehydrogenase predispose patients to aggressive tumors characterized by pseudohypoxic and hypermethylator phenotypes. The mechanisms leading to DNA hypermethylation and its contribution to SDH-deficient cancers remain undemonstrated. We examine th...

Alu retrotransposons modulate Nanog expression through dynamic changes in regional chromatin conformation via aryl hydrocarbon receptor.
González-Rico FJ, Vicente-García C, Fernández A, Muñoz-Santos D, Montoliu L, Morales-Hernández A, Merino JM, Román AC, Fernández-Salguero PM
Transcriptional repression of Nanog is an important hallmark of stem cell differentiation. Chromatin modifications have been linked to the epigenetic profile of the Nanog gene, but whether chromatin organization actually plays a causal role in Nanog regulation is still unclear. Here, we report that the formation of ...

Inhibition of methyltransferase activity of enhancer of zeste 2 leads to enhanced lipid accumulation and altered chromatin status in zebrafish.
den Broeder MJ, Ballangby J, Kamminga LM, Aleström P, Legler J, Lindeman LC, Kamstra JH
BACKGROUND: Recent studies indicate that exposure to environmental chemicals may increase susceptibility to developing metabolic diseases. This susceptibility may in part be caused by changes to the epigenetic landscape which consequently affect gene expression and lead to changes in lipid metabolism. The epigenetic...

Polycomb Group Proteins Regulate Chromatin Architecture in Mouse Oocytes and Early Embryos.
Du Z, Zheng H, Kawamura YK, Zhang K, Gassler J, Powell S, Xu Q, Lin Z, Xu K, Zhou Q, Ozonov EA, Véron N, Huang B, Li L, Yu G, Liu L, Au Yeung WK, Wang P, Chang L, Wang Q, He A, Sun Y, Na J, Sun Q, Sasaki H, Tachibana K, Peters AHFM, Xie W
In mammals, chromatin organization undergoes drastic reorganization during oocyte development. However, the dynamics of three-dimensional chromatin structure in this process is poorly characterized. Using low-input Hi-C (genome-wide chromatin conformation capture), we found that a unique chromatin organization gradu...

Allelic H3K27me3 to allelic DNA methylation switch maintains noncanonical imprinting in extraembryonic cells
Chen Zhiyuan, Yin Qiangzong, Inoue Azusa, Zhang Chunxia, Zhang Yi
Faithful maintenance of genomic imprinting is essential for mammalian development. While germline DNA methylation–dependent (canonical) imprinting is relatively stable during development, the recently found oocyte-derived H3K27me3-mediated noncanonical imprinting is mostly transient in early embryos, with some...

Inhibition of Histone Demethylases LSD1 and UTX Regulates ERα Signaling in Breast Cancer.
Benedetti R, Dell'Aversana C, De Marchi T, Rotili D, Liu NQ, Novakovic B, Boccella S, Di Maro S, Cosconati S, Baldi A, Niméus E, Schultz J, Höglund U, Maione S, Papulino C, Chianese U, Iovino F, Federico A, Mai A, Stunnenberg HG, Nebbioso A, Altucci L
In breast cancer, Lysine-specific demethylase-1 (LSD1) and other lysine demethylases (KDMs), such as Lysine-specific demethylase 6A also known as Ubiquitously transcribed tetratricopeptide repeat, X chromosome (UTX), are co-expressed and co-localize with estrogen receptors (ERs), suggesting the potential use of hybr...

Transit amplifying cells coordinate mouse incisor mesenchymal stem cell activation.
Walker JV, Zhuang H, Singer D, Illsley CS, Kok WL, Sivaraj KK, Gao Y, Bolton C, Liu Y, Zhao M, Grayson PRC, Wang S, Karbanová J, Lee T, Ardu S, Lai Q, Liu J, Kassem M, Chen S, Yang K, Bai Y, Tredwin C, Zambon AC, Corbeil D, Adams R, Abdallah BM, Hu B
Stem cells (SCs) receive inductive cues from the surrounding microenvironment and cells. Limited molecular evidence has connected tissue-specific mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with mesenchymal transit amplifying cells (MTACs). Using mouse incisor as the model, we discover a population of MSCs neibouring to the MTACs...

The Toxoplasma effector TEEGR promotes parasite persistence by modulating NF-κB signalling via EZH2.
Braun L, Brenier-Pinchart MP, Hammoudi PM, Cannella D, Kieffer-Jaquinod S, Vollaire J, Josserand V, Touquet B, Couté Y, Tardieux I, Bougdour A, Hakimi MA
The protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii has co-evolved with its homeothermic hosts (humans included) strategies that drive its quasi-asymptomatic persistence in hosts, hence optimizing the chance of transmission to new hosts. Persistence, which starts with a small subset of parasites that escape host immune killing...

Kdm6b regulates context-dependent hematopoietic stem cell self-renewal and leukemogenesis.
Mallaney C, Ostrander EL, Celik H, Kramer AC, Martens A, Kothari A, Koh WK, Haussler E, Iwamori N, Gontarz P, Zhang B, Challen GA
The histone demethylase KDM6B (JMJD3) is upregulated in blood disorders, suggesting that it may have important pathogenic functions. Here we examined the function of Kdm6b in hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) to evaluate its potential as a therapeutic target. Loss of Kdm6b lead to depletion of phenotypic and functional...

H3K27me3 is an epigenetic barrier while KDM6A overexpression improves nuclear reprogramming efficiency.
Zhou C, Wang Y, Zhang J, Su J, An Q, Liu X, Zhang M, Wang Y, Liu J, Zhang Y
Aberrant epigenetic reprogramming is a major factor of developmental failure of cloned embryos. Histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3), a histone mark for transcriptional repression, plays important roles in mammalian embryonic development and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) generation. The global loss ...

Comprehensive Analysis of Chromatin States in Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor Identifies Diverging Roles for SWI/SNF and Polycomb in Gene Regulation.
Erkek S, Johann PD, Finetti MA, Drosos Y, Chou HC, Zapatka M, Sturm D, Jones DTW, Korshunov A, Rhyzova M, Wolf S, Mallm JP, Beck K, Witt O, Kulozik AE, Frühwald MC, Northcott PA, Korbel JO, Lichter P, Eils R, Gajjar A, Roberts CWM, Williamson D, Hasselbla
Biallelic inactivation of SMARCB1, encoding a member of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex, is the hallmark genetic aberration of atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors (ATRT). Here, we report how loss of SMARCB1 affects the epigenome in these tumors. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) on pri...

Gamma radiation induces locus specific changes to histone modification enrichment in zebrafish and Atlantic salmon.
Lindeman LC, Kamstra JH, Ballangby J, Hurem S, Martín LM, Brede DA, Teien HC, Oughton DH, Salbu B, Lyche JL, Aleström P
Ionizing radiation is a recognized genotoxic agent, however, little is known about the role of the functional form of DNA in these processes. Post translational modifications on histone proteins control the organization of chromatin and hence control transcriptional responses that ultimately affect the phenotype. Th...

Mutant p63 Affects Epidermal Cell Identity through Rewiring the Enhancer Landscape.
Qu J, Tanis SEJ, Smits JPH, Kouwenhoven EN, Oti M, van den Bogaard EH, Logie C, Stunnenberg HG, van Bokhoven H, Mulder KW, Zhou H
Transcription factor p63 is a key regulator of epidermal keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation. Mutations in the p63 DNA-binding domain are associated with ectrodactyly, ectodermal dysplasia, and cleft lip/palate (EEC) syndrome. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of these mutations remains unclear....

TIP60: an actor in acetylation of H3K4 and tumor development in breast cancer.
Judes G, Dubois L, Rifaï K, Idrissou M, Mishellany F, Pajon A, Besse S, Daures M, Degoul F, Bignon YJ, Penault-Llorca F, Bernard-Gallon D
AIM: The acetyltransferase TIP60 is reported to be downregulated in several cancers, in particular breast cancer, but the molecular mechanisms resulting from its alteration are still unclear. MATERIALS & METHODS: In breast tumors, H3K4ac enrichment and its link with TIP60 were evaluated by chromatin immunoprecip...

PWWP2A binds distinct chromatin moieties and interacts with an MTA1-specific core NuRD complex.
Link S, Spitzer RMM, Sana M, Torrado M, Völker-Albert MC, Keilhauer EC, Burgold T, Pünzeler S, Low JKK, Lindström I, Nist A, Regnard C, Stiewe T, Hendrich B, Imhof A, Mann M, Mackay JP, Bartkuhn M, Hake SB
Chromatin structure and function is regulated by reader proteins recognizing histone modifications and/or histone variants. We recently identified that PWWP2A tightly binds to H2A.Z-containing nucleosomes and is involved in mitotic progression and cranial-facial development. Here, using in vitro assays, we show that...

Accurate annotation of accessible chromatin in mouse and human primordial germ cells.
Li J, Shen S, Chen J, Liu W, Li X, Zhu Q, Wang B, Chen X, Wu L, Wang M, Gu L, Wang H, Yin J, Jiang C, Gao S
Extensive and accurate chromatin remodeling is essential during primordial germ cell (PGC) development for the perpetuation of genetic information across generations. Here, we report that distal cis-regulatory elements (CREs) marked by DNase I-hypersensitive sites (DHSs) show temporally restricted activities during ...

Loss of H3K27me3 Imprinting in Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Embryos Disrupts Post-Implantation Development.
Matoba S, Wang H, Jiang L, Lu F, Iwabuchi KA, Wu X, Inoue K, Yang L, Press W, Lee JT, Ogura A, Shen L, Zhang Y
Animal cloning can be achieved through somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), although the live birth rate is relatively low. Recent studies have identified H3K9me3 in donor cells and abnormal Xist activation as epigenetic barriers that impede SCNT. Here we overcome these barriers using a combination of Xist knockout...

Polycomb repressive complex 1 shapes the nucleosome landscape but not accessibility at target genes.
King HW, Fursova NA, Blackledge NP, Klose RJ
Polycomb group (PcG) proteins are transcriptional repressors that play important roles in regulating gene expression during animal development. In vitro experiments have shown that PcG protein complexes can compact chromatin to limit the activity of chromatin remodeling enzymes and access of the transcriptional mach...

HIV-2/SIV viral protein X counteracts HUSH repressor complex.
Ghina Chougui, Soundasse Munir-Matloob, Roy Matkovic, Michaël M Martin, Marina Morel, Hichem Lahouassa, Marjorie Leduc, Bertha Cecilia Ramirez, Lucie Etienne and Florence Margottin-Goguet
To evade host immune defences, human immunodeficiency viruses 1 and 2 (HIV-1 and HIV-2) have evolved auxiliary proteins that target cell restriction factors. Viral protein X (Vpx) from the HIV-2/SIVsmm lineage enhances viral infection by antagonizing SAMHD1 (refs ), but this antagonism is not sufficient to explain a...

The transcriptional factor ZEB1 represses Syndecan 1 expression in prostate cancer.
Farfán N, Ocarez N, Castellón EA, Mejía N, de Herreros AG, Contreras HR
Syndecan 1 (SDC-1) is a cell surface proteoglycan with a significant role in cell adhesion, maintaining epithelial integrity. SDC1 expression is inversely related to aggressiveness in prostate cancer (PCa). During epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), loss of epithelial markers is mediated by transcriptional r...

TSPYL2 Regulates the Expression of EZH2 Target Genes in Neurons
Hang Liu et al.
Testis-specific protein, Y-encoded-like 2 (TSPYL2) is an X-linked gene in the locus for several neurodevelopmental disorders. We have previously shown that Tspyl2 knockout mice had impaired learning and sensorimotor gating, and TSPYL2 facilitates the expression of Grin2a and Grin2b through interaction with CREB-bind...

Forskolin Sensitizes Human Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells to H3K27me2/3 Demethylases GSKJ4 Inhibitor via Protein Kinase A.
Illiano M, Conte M, Sapio L, Nebbioso A, Spina A, Altucci L, Naviglio S
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive hematological malignancy occurring very often in older adults, with poor prognosis depending on both rapid disease progression and drug resistance occurrence. Therefore, new therapeutic approaches are demanded. Epigenetic marks play a relevant role in AML. GSKJ4 is a nov...

HMGB2 Loss upon Senescence Entry Disrupts Genomic Organization and Induces CTCF Clustering across Cell Types.
Zirkel A, Nikolic M, Sofiadis K, Mallm JP, Brackley CA, Gothe H, Drechsel O, Becker C, Altmüller J, Josipovic N, Georgomanolis T, Brant L, Franzen J, Koker M, Gusmao EG, Costa IG, Ullrich RT, Wagner W, Roukos V, Nürnberg P, Marenduzzo D, Rippe K, Papanton
Processes like cellular senescence are characterized by complex events giving rise to heterogeneous cell populations. However, the early molecular events driving this cascade remain elusive. We hypothesized that senescence entry is triggered by an early disruption of the cells' three-dimensional (3D) genome org...

A new metabolic gene signature in prostate cancer regulated by JMJD3 and EZH2.
Daures M, Idrissou M, Judes G, Rifaï K, Penault-Llorca F, Bignon YJ, Guy L, Bernard-Gallon D
Histone methylation is essential for gene expression control. Trimethylated lysine 27 of histone 3 (H3K27me3) is controlled by the balance between the activities of JMJD3 demethylase and EZH2 methyltransferase. This epigenetic mark has been shown to be deregulated in prostate cancer, and evidence shows H3K27me3 enri...

GATA2/3-TFAP2A/C transcription factor network couples human pluripotent stem cell differentiation to trophectoderm with repression of pluripotency
Krendl C. et al.
To elucidate the molecular basis of BMP4-induced differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) toward progeny with trophectoderm characteristics, we produced transcriptome, epigenome H3K4me3, H3K27me3, and CpG methylation maps of trophoblast progenitors, purified using the surface marker APA. We combined th...

Rapid Communication: The correlation between histone modifications and expression of key genes involved in accumulation of adipose tissue in the pig.
Kociucka B. et al.
Histone modification is a well-known epigenetic mechanism involved in regulation of gene expression; however, it has been poorly studied in adipose tissues of the pig. Understanding the molecular background of adipose tissue development and function is essential for improving production efficiency and meat quality. ...

Genomic imprinting of Xist by maternal H3K27me3
Azusa Inoue, Lan Jiang, Falong Lu, and Yi Zhang
Maternal imprinting at the Xist gene is essential to achieve paternal allele-specific imprinted X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) in female mammals. However, the mechanism underlying Xist imprinting is unclear. Here we show that the Xist locus is coated with a broad H3K27me3 domain that is established during oocyte gr...

DNA methylation of intragenic CpG islands depends on their transcriptional activity during differentiation and disease
Jeziorska D.M. et al.
The human genome contains ∼30,000 CpG islands (CGIs). While CGIs associated with promoters nearly always remain unmethylated, many of the ∼9,000 CGIs lying within gene bodies become methylated during development and differentiation. Both promoter and intragenic CGIs may also become abnormally methylated as a...

A lipodystrophy-causing lamin A mutant alters conformation and epigenetic regulation of the anti-adipogenic MIR335 locus
Oldenburg A. et al.
Mutations in the Lamin A/C (LMNA) gene-encoding nuclear LMNA cause laminopathies, which include partial lipodystrophies associated with metabolic syndromes. The lipodystrophy-associated LMNA p.R482W mutation is known to impair adipogenic differentiation, but the mechanisms involved are unclear. We show in this study...

DNMT and HDAC inhibitors induce cryptic transcription start sites encoded in long terminal repeats
Brocks D. et al.
Several mechanisms of action have been proposed for DNA methyltransferase and histone deacetylase inhibitors (DNMTi and HDACi), primarily based on candidate-gene approaches. However, less is known about their genome-wide transcriptional and epigenomic consequences. By mapping global transcription start site (TSS) an...

H2A monoubiquitination in Arabidopsis thaliana is generally independent of LHP1 and PRC2 activity
Zhou Y. et al.
BACKGROUND: Polycomb group complexes PRC1 and PRC2 repress gene expression at the chromatin level in eukaryotes. The classic recruitment model of Polycomb group complexes in which PRC2-mediated H3K27 trimethylation recruits PRC1 for H2A monoubiquitination was recently challenged by data showing that PRC1 activity...

Decoupling of DNA methylation and activity of intergenic LINE-1 promoters in colorectal cancer
Vafadar-Isfahani N. et al.
Hypomethylation of LINE-1 repeats in cancer has been proposed as the main mechanism behind their activation; this assumption, however, was based on findings from early studies that were biased toward young and transpositionally active elements. Here, we investigate the relationship between methylation of 2 intergeni...

HMCan-diff: a method to detect changes in histone modifications in cells with different genetic characteristics
Ashoor H. et al.
Comparing histone modification profiles between cancer and normal states, or across different tumor samples, can provide insights into understanding cancer initiation, progression and response to therapy. ChIP-seq histone modification data of cancer samples are distorted by copy number variation innate to any cancer...

Jarid2 binds mono-ubiquitylated H2A lysine 119 to mediate crosstalk between Polycomb complexes PRC1 and PRC2
Cooper S. et al.
The Polycomb repressive complexes PRC1 and PRC2 play a central role in developmental gene regulation in multicellular organisms. PRC1 and PRC2 modify chromatin by catalysing histone H2A lysine 119 ubiquitylation (H2AK119u1), and H3 lysine 27 methylation (H3K27me3), respectively. Reciprocal crosstalk between these mo...

Iterative Fragmentation Improves the Detection of ChIP-seq Peaks for Inactive Histone Marks
Laczik M. et al.
As chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) sequencing is becoming the dominant technique for studying chromatin modifications, new protocols surface to improve the method. Bioinformatics is also essential to analyze and understand the results, and precise analysis helps us to identify the effects of protocol optimizati...

Overexpression of histone demethylase Fbxl10 leads to enhanced migration in mouse embryonic fibroblasts.
Rohde M. et al.
Cell migration is a central process in the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms. Tissue formation during embryonic development, wound healing, immune responses and invasive tumors all require the orchestrated movement of cells to specific locations. Histone demethylase proteins alter transcription ...

Allelic reprogramming of the histone modification H3K4me3 in early mammalian development
Zhang B et al.
Histone modifications are fundamental epigenetic regulators that control many crucial cellular processes1. However, whether these marks can be passed on from mammalian gametes to the next generation is a long-standing question that remains unanswered. Here, by developing a highly sensitive approach, STAR ChIP–...

Fumarate is an epigenetic modifier that elicits epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition
Sciacovelli M et al.
Mutations of the tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme fumarate hydratase cause hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer1. Fumarate hydratase-deficient renal cancers are highly aggressive and metastasize even when small, leading to a very poor clinical outcome2. Fumarate, a small molecule metabolite that accumulate...

H3K4 acetylation, H3K9 acetylation and H3K27 methylation in breast tumor molecular subtypes
Judes G et al.
AIM: Here, we investigated how the St Gallen breast molecular subtypes displayed distinct histone H3 profiles. PATIENTS & METHODS: 192 breast tumors divided into five St Gallen molecular subtypes (luminal A, luminal B HER2-, luminal B HER2+, HER2+ and basal-like) were evaluated for their histone H3 modifica...

Epigenetic Modifications with DZNep, NaBu and SAHA in Luminal and Mesenchymal-like Breast Cancer Subtype Cells
Dagdemir A et al.
BACKGROUND/AIM: Numerous studies have shown that breast cancer and epigenetic mechanisms have a very powerful interactive relation. The MCF7 cell line, representative of luminal subtype and the MDA-MB 231 cell line representative of mesenchymal-like subtype were treated respectively with a Histone Methyl Transferas...

Molecular and Epigenetic Biomarkers in Luminal Androgen Receptor: A Triple Negative Breast Cancer Subtype
Judes G et al.

Frequency and mitotic heritability of epimutations in Schistosoma mansoni
Roquis D, Rognon A, Chaparro C, Boissier J, Arancibia N, Cosseau C, Parrinello H, Grunau C
Schistosoma mansoni is a parasitic platyhelminth responsible for intestinal bilharzia. It has a complex life cycle, infecting a freshwater snail of the Biomphalaria genus, and then a mammalian host. Schistosoma mansoni adapts rapidly to new (allopatric) strains of its intermediate host. To study the importance of ep...

BPA-Induced Deregulation Of Epigenetic Patterns: Effects On Female Zebrafish Reproduction
Santangeli S, Maradonna F, Gioacchini G, Cobellis G, Piccinetti CC, Dalla Valle L, Carnevali O
Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the commonest Endocrine Disruptor Compounds worldwide. It interferes with vertebrate reproduction, possibly by inducing deregulation of epigenetic mechanisms. To determine its effects on female reproductive physiology and investigate whether changes in the expression levels of genes relat...

The JMJD3 Histone Demethylase and the EZH2 Histone Methyltransferase in Prostate Cancer
Daures M, Ngollo M, Judes G, Rifaï K, Kemeny JL, Penault-Llorca F, Bignon YJ, Guy L, Bernard-Gallon D
Prostate cancer is themost common cancer in men. It has been clearly established that genetic and epigenetic alterations of histone 3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) are common events in prostate cancer. This mark is deregulated in prostate cancer (Ngollo et al., 2014). Furthermore, H3K27me3 levels are determine...

Epigenetic priming of inflammatory response genes by high glucose in adipose progenitor cells
Rønningen T, Shah A, Reiner AH, Collas P, Moskaug JØ
Cellular metabolism confers wide-spread epigenetic modifications required for regulation of transcriptional networks that determine cellular states. Mesenchymal stromal cells are responsive to metabolic cues including circulating glucose levels and modulate inflammatory responses. We show here that long term exposur...

Selective targeting of the BRG/PB1 bromodomains impairs embryonic and trophoblast stem cell maintenance
Fedorov O et al.
Mammalian SWI/SNF [also called Brg/Brahma-associated factors (BAFs)] are evolutionarily conserved chromatin-remodeling complexes regulating gene transcription programs during development and stem cell differentiation. BAF complexes contain an ATP (adenosine 5'-triphosphate)-driven remodeling enzyme (either BRG1 or B...

The Epigenome of Schistosoma mansoni Provides Insight about How Cercariae Poise Transcription until Infection
Roquis D, Lepesant JM, Picard MA, Freitag M, Parrinello H, Groth M4, Emans R, Cosseau C, Grunau C
BACKGROUND: Chromatin structure can control gene expression and can define specific transcription states. For example, bivalent methylation of histone H3K4 and H3K27 is linked to poised transcription in vertebrate embryonic stem cells (ESC). It allows them to rapidly engage specific developmental pathways. We rea...

Deciphering the role of Polycomb Repressive Complex 1 (PRC1) variants in regulating the acquisition of flowering competence in Arabidopsis.
Pico S, Ortiz-Marchena MI, Merini W, Calonje M
Polycomb Group (PcG) proteins play important roles in regulating developmental phase transitions in plants; however, little is known about the role the PcG machinery in regulating the transition from juvenile to adult phase. Here, we show that Arabidopsis BMI1 (AtBMI1) PRC1 components participate in the repression o...

An ultra-low-input native ChIP-seq protocol for genome-wide profiling of rare cell populations.
Brind'Amour J, Liu S, Hudson M, Chen C, Karimi MM, Lorincz MC
Combined chromatin immunoprecipitation and next-generation sequencing (ChIP-seq) has enabled genome-wide epigenetic profiling of numerous cell lines and tissue types. A major limitation of ChIP-seq, however, is the large number of cells required to generate high-quality data sets, precluding the study of rare cell p...

Exposure to Hycanthone alters chromatin structure around specific gene functions and specific repeats in Schistosoma mansoni
Roquis D, Lepesant JM, Villafan E, Vieira C, Cosseau C, Grunau C
Schistosoma mansoni is a parasitic plathyhelminth responsible for intestinal schistosomiasis (or bilharziasis), a disease affecting 67 million people worldwide and causing an important economic burden. The schistosomicides hycanthone, and its later proxy oxamniquine, were widely used for treatments in endemic areas ...

Targeting Polycomb to Pericentric Heterochromatin in Embryonic Stem Cells Reveals a Role for H2AK119u1 in PRC2 Recruitment.
Cooper S, Dienstbier M, Hassan R, Schermelleh L, Sharif J, Blackledge NP, De Marco V, Elderkin S, Koseki H, Klose R, Heger A, Brockdorff N
The mechanisms by which the major Polycomb group (PcG) complexes PRC1 and PRC2 are recruited to target sites in vertebrate cells are not well understood. Building on recent studies that determined a reciprocal relationship between DNA methylation and Polycomb activity, we demonstrate that, in methylation-deficient e...

Variant PRC1 Complex-Dependent H2A Ubiquitylation Drives PRC2 Recruitment and Polycomb Domain Formation.
Blackledge NP, Farcas AM, Kondo T, King HW, McGouran JF, Hanssen LL, Ito S, Cooper S, Kondo K, Koseki Y, Ishikura T, Long HK, Sheahan TW, Brockdorff N, Kessler BM, Koseki H, Klose RJ
Chromatin modifying activities inherent to polycomb repressive complexes PRC1 and PRC2 play an essential role in gene regulation, cellular differentiation, and development. However, the mechanisms by which these complexes recognize their target sites and function together to form repressive chromatin domains remain ...

Ezh2 regulates transcriptional and posttranslational expression of T-bet and promotes Th1 cell responses mediating aplastic anemia in mice.
Tong Q, He S, Xie F, Mochizuki K, Liu Y, Mochizuki I, Meng L, Sun H, Zhang Y, Guo Y, Hexner E, Zhang Y
Acquired aplastic anemia (AA) is a potentially fatal bone marrow (BM) failure syndrome. IFN-γ-producing Th1 CD4(+) T cells mediate the immune destruction of hematopoietic cells, and they are central to the pathogenesis. However, the molecular events that control the development of BM-destructive Th1 cells remain lar...

Nitric oxide-induced neuronal to glial lineage fate-change depends on NRSF/REST function in neural progenitor cells.
Bergsland M, Covacu R, Perez Estrada C, Svensson M, Brundin L
Degeneration of CNS tissue commonly occurs during neuroinflammatory conditions, such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and neurotrauma. During such conditions, neural stem/progenitor cell (NPC) populations have been suggested to provide new cells to degenerated areas. In the normal brain, NPCs from the SVZ generate neurons...

Polycomb binding precedes early-life stress responsive DNA methylation at the Avp enhancer.
Murgatroyd C, Spengler D
Early-life stress (ELS) in mice causes sustained hypomethylation at the downstream Avp enhancer, subsequent overexpression of hypothalamic Avp and increased stress responsivity. The sequence of events leading to Avp enhancer methylation is presently unknown. Here, we used an embryonic stem cell-derived model of hypo...

Epigenetics of prostate cancer: distribution of histone H3K27me3 biomarkers in peri-tumoral tissue.
Ngollo M, Dagdemir A, Judes G, Kemeny JL, Penault-Llorca F, Boiteux JP, Lebert A, Bignon YJ, Guy L, Bernard-Gallon D
Prostate cancer is the second most common cause of cancer and the sixth leading cause of cancer fatalities in men world- wide (Ferlay et al., 2010). Genetic abnormalities and mutations are primary causative factors, but epigenetic mechanisms are now recognized as playing a key role in prostate cancer de- velopment. ...

Epigenomic alterations define lethal CIMP-positive ependymomas of infancy.
Mack SC, Witt H, Piro RM, Gu L, Zuyderduyn S, Stütz AM, Wang X, Gallo M, Garzia L, Zayne K, Zhang X, Ramaswamy V, Jäger N, Jones DT, Sill M, Pugh TJ, Ryzhova M, Wani KM, Shih DJ, Head R, Remke M, Bailey SD, Zichner T, Faria CC, Barszczyk M, Stark S, Seker
Ependymomas are common childhood brain tumours that occur throughout the nervous system, but are most common in the paediatric hindbrain. Current standard therapy comprises surgery and radiation, but not cytotoxic chemotherapy as it does not further increase survival. Whole-genome and whole-exome sequencing of 47 hi...

A novel microscopy-based high-throughput screening method to identify proteins that regulate global histone modification levels.
Baas R, Lelieveld D, van Teeffelen H, Lijnzaad P, Castelijns B, van Schaik FM, Vermeulen M, Egan DA, Timmers HT, de Graaf P
Posttranslational modifications of histones play an important role in the regulation of gene expression and chromatin structure in eukaryotes. The balance between chromatin factors depositing (writers) and removing (erasers) histone marks regulates the steady-state levels of chromatin modifications. Here we describe...

SUPT6H controls estrogen receptor activity and cellular differentiation by multiple epigenomic mechanisms.
Bedi U, Scheel AH, Hennion M, Begus-Nahrmann Y, Rüschoff J, Johnsen SA
The estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) is the central transcriptional regulator of ductal mammary epithelial lineage specification and is an important prognostic marker in human breast cancer. Although antiestrogen therapies are initially highly effective at treating ERα-positive tumors, a large number of tumors progress...

A key role for EZH2 in epigenetic silencing of HOX genes in mantle cell lymphoma.
Kanduri M, Sander B, Ntoufa S, Papakonstantinou N, Sutton LA, Stamatopoulos K, Kanduri C, Rosenquist R
The chromatin modifier EZH2 is overexpressed and associated with inferior outcome in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). Recently, we demonstrated preferential DNA methylation of HOX genes in MCL compared with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), despite these genes not being expressed in either entity. Since EZH2 has been s...

Targeted disruption of hotair leads to homeotic transformation and gene derepression.
Li L, Liu B, Wapinski OL, Tsai MC, Qu K, Zhang J, Carlson JC, Lin M, Fang F, Gupta RA, Helms JA, Chang HY
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are thought to be prevalent regulators of gene expression, but the consequences of lncRNA inactivation in vivo are mostly unknown. Here, we show that targeted deletion of mouse Hotair lncRNA leads to derepression of hundreds of genes, resulting in homeotic transformation of the spine an...

VAL- and AtBMI1-Mediated H2Aub Initiate the Switch from Embryonic to Postgerminative Growth in Arabidopsis.
Yang C, Bratzel F, Hohmann N, Koch M, Turck F, Calonje M
Plant B3-domain transcription factors have an important role in regulating seed development, in particular seed maturation and germination [1]. Among the B3 factors, the AFL (ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE3 [ABI3], FUSCA3 [FUS3], and LEAFY COTYLEDON2 [LEC2]) proteins activate the seed maturation program in a complex netw...

Disease-Related Growth Factor and Embryonic Signaling Pathways Modulate an Enhancer of TCF21 Expression at the 6q23.2 Coronary Heart Disease Locus.
Miller CL, Anderson DR, Kundu RK, Raiesdana A, Nürnberg ST, Diaz R, Cheng K, Leeper NJ, Chen CH, Chang IS, Schadt EE, Hsiung CA, Assimes TL, Quertermous T
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of mortality in both developed and developing countries worldwide. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have now identified 46 independent susceptibility loci for CHD, however, the biological and disease-relevant mechanisms for these associations remain elusive. Th...

Passaging Techniques and ROCK Inhibitor Exert Reversible Effects on Morphology and Pluripotency Marker Gene Expression of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Lines.
Holm F, Nikdin H, Kjartansdóttir KR, Gaudenzi G, Fried K, Aspenström P, Hermanson O, Bergström-Tengzelius R
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are known for their potential usage in regenerative medicine, but also for handling sensitivity. Much effort has been put into optimizing the culture methods of hESCs. It has been shown that the use of Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase inhibitor (ROCKi) decreases the cellular stres...

Expression of a large LINE-1-driven antisense RNA is linked to epigenetic silencing of the metastasis suppressor gene TFPI-2 in cancer.
Cruickshanks HA, Vafadar-Isfahani N, Dunican DS, Lee A, Sproul D, Lund JN, Meehan RR, Tufarelli C
LINE-1 retrotransposons are abundant repetitive elements of viral origin, which in normal cells are kept quiescent through epigenetic mechanisms. Activation of LINE-1 occurs frequently in cancer and can enable LINE-1 mobilization but also has retrotransposition-independent consequences. We previously reported that i...

Histone lysine trimethylation or acetylation can be modulated by phytoestrogen, estrogen or anti-HDAC in breast cancer cell lines.
Dagdemir A, Durif J, Ngollo M, Bignon YJ, Bernard-Gallon D
AIM: The isoflavones genistein, daidzein and equol (daidzein metabolite) have been reported to interact with epigenetic modifications, specifically hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes. The objective of this study was to analyze and understand the mechanisms by which phytoestrogens act on chromatin in breast c...

Epigenetic Regulation of Nestin Expression During Neurogenic Differentiation of Adipose Tissue Stem Cells.
Boulland JL, Mastrangelopoulou M, Boquest AC, Jakobsen R, Noer A, Glover JC, Collas P.
Adipose-tissue-derived stem cells (ASCs) have received considerable attention due to their easy access, expansion potential, and differentiation capacity. ASCs are believed to have the potential to differentiate into neurons. However, the mechanisms by which this may occur remain largely unknown. Here, we show that ...

New partners in regulation of gene expression: the enhancer of trithorax and polycomb corto interacts with methylated ribosomal protein l12 via its chromodomain.
Coléno-Costes A, Jang SM, de Vanssay A, Rougeot J, Bouceba T, Randsholt NB, Gibert JM, Le Crom S, Mouchel-Vielh E, Bloyer S, Peronnet F
Chromodomains are found in many regulators of chromatin structure, and most of them recognize methylated lysines on histones. Here, we investigate the role of the Drosophila melanogaster protein Corto's chromodomain. The Enhancer of Trithorax and Polycomb Corto is involved in both silencing and activation of gene ex...

Multigenerational epigenetic adaptation of the hepatic wound-healing response.
Zeybel M, Hardy T, Wong YK, Mathers JC, Fox CR, Gackowska A, Oakley F, Burt AD, Wilson CL, Anstee QM, Barter MJ, Masson S, Elsharkawy AM, Mann DA, Mann J
We investigated whether ancestral liver damage leads to heritable reprogramming of hepatic wound healing in male rats. We found that a history of liver damage corresponds with transmission of an epigenetic suppressive adaptation of the fibrogenic component of wound healing to the male F(1) and F(2) generations. Unde...

The H3K4me3 histone demethylase Fbxl10 is a regulator of chemokine expression, cellular morphology and the metabolome of fibroblasts
Janzer A, Stamm K, Becker A, Zimmer A, Buettner R, Kirfel J
Fbxl10 (Jhdm1b/Kdm2b) is a conserved and ubiquitously expressed member of the JHDM (JmjC-domain-containing histone demethy-lase) family. Fbxl10 was implicated in the demethylation of H3K4me3 or H3K36me2 thereby removing active chromatin marks and inhibiting gene transcription. Apart from the JmjC domain, Fbxl10 cons...

The histone H2B monoubiquitination regulatory pathway is required for differentiation of multipotent stem cells.
Karpiuk O, Najafova Z, Kramer F, Hennion M, Galonska C, König A, Snaidero N, Vogel T, Shchebet A, Begus-Nahrmann Y, Kassem M, Simons M, Shcherbata H, Beissbarth T, Johnsen SA
Extensive changes in posttranslational histone modifications accompany the rewiring of the transcriptional program during stem cell differentiation. However, the mechanisms controlling the changes in specific chromatin modifications and their function during differentiation remain only poorly understood. We show tha...

Intronic RNAs mediate EZH2 regulation of epigenetic targets.
Guil S, Soler M, Portela A, Carrère J, Fonalleras E, Gómez A, Villanueva A, Esteller M
Epigenetic deregulation at a number of genomic loci is one of the hallmarks of cancer. A role for some RNA molecules in guiding repressive polycomb complex PRC2 to specific chromatin regions has been proposed. Here we use an in vivo cross-linking method to detect and identify direct PRC2-RNA interactions in human ca...

Chromatin structural changes around satellite repeats on the female sex chromosome in Schistosoma mansoni and their possible role in sex chromosome emergence.
Lepesant JM, Cosseau C, Boissier J, Freitag M, Portela J, Climent D, Perrin C, Zerlotini A, Grunau C
BACKGROUND: In the leuphotrochozoan parasitic platyhelminth Schistosoma mansoni, male individuals are homogametic (ZZ) whereas females are heterogametic (ZW). To elucidate the mechanisms that led to the emergence of sex chromosomes, we compared the genomic sequence and the chromatin structure of male and female indi...

Prepatterning of developmental gene expression by modified histones before zygotic genome activation.
Lindeman LC, Andersen IS, Reiner AH, Li N, Aanes H, Østrup O, Winata C, Mathavan S, Müller F, Aleström P, Collas P
A hallmark of anamniote vertebrate development is a window of embryonic transcription-independent cell divisions before onset of zygotic genome activation (ZGA). Chromatin determinants of ZGA are unexplored; however, marking of developmental genes by modified histones in sperm suggests a predictive role of histone m...

Silencing of Kruppel-like factor 2 by the histone methyltransferase EZH2 in human cancer.
Taniguchi H, Jacinto FV, Villanueva A, Fernandez AF, Yamamoto H, Carmona FJ, Puertas S, Marquez VE, Shinomura Y, Imai K, Esteller M
The Kruppel-like factor (KLF) proteins are multitasked transcriptional regulators with an expanding tumor suppressor function. KLF2 is one of the prominent members of the family because of its diminished expression in malignancies and its growth-inhibitory, pro-apoptotic and anti-angiogenic roles. In this study, we ...

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  H3K27ac polyclonal antibody

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<div class="small-12 columns"><center><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody for ChIP " style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></center></div>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />ChIP assays were performed using human K562 cells, the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the "iDeal ChIP-seq" kit (Cat. No. C01010051), using sheared chromatin from 1 million (figure A) or 100,000 cells (figure B). The indicated amounts of antibody were used per ChIP experiment. IgG (1 &micro;g/IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers specific for the promoter of the active genes GAPDH and EIF4A2, used as negative controls, and TSH2B and MYT1, used as positive controls. The figure shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis).</small></p>
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<p>A. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP-seq-A.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody ChIP-seq Grade" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
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<p>B. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP-seq-B.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody for ChIP-seq assay" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
<p>C. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP-seq-C.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody Validated in ChIP-seq" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
<p>D. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP-seq-D.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody for ChIP-seq" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
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<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><small> <strong>Figure 2. ChIP-seq results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />ChIP was performed on sheared chromatin from 100,000 K562 cells using 1 &micro;g of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) as described above. The IP'd DNA was subsequently analysed on an Illumina Genome Analyzer. Library preparation, cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. The 36 bp tags were aligned to the human genome using the ELAND algorithm. Figure 2A and B show the signal distribution in two regions surrounding the MYT1 and TSH2B positive control genes, respectively. The position of the PCR amplicon, used for ChIP-qPCR is indicated with an arrow. Figure 2C and D show the signal distribution in two 3 Mb regions from chromosome 11 and 22.</small></p>
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<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ELISA.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody ELISA Validation " caption="false" width="448" height="394" /></p>
</div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><small> <strong>Figure 3. Determination of the antibody titer</strong><br />To determine the titer of the antibody, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069). The antigen used was a peptide containing the histone modification of interest. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution (Figure 3), the titer of the antibody was estimated to be &gt;1:1,000,000.</small></p>
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<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-dotblot.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody Dot Blot Validation " style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
</div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><small> <strong>Figure 4. Cross reactivity test of the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />To test the cross reactivity of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069), a Dot Blot analysis was performed with peptides containing other modifications or unmodified sequences of histone H3 and H4. One hundred to 0.2 pmol of the respective peptides were spotted on a membrane. The antibody was used at a dilution of 1:20,000. Figure 4A shows a high specificity of the antibody for the modification of interest.</small></p>
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<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-WB.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody Validation in Western Blot " style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
</div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><small> <strong>Figure 5. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />Western blot was performed on whole cell (40 &micro;g, lane 1) and histone extracts (15 &micro;g, lane 2) from HeLa cells, and on 1 &micro;g of recombinant histone H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 (lane 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively) using the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069). The antibody was diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is shown on the right, the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
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<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-IF.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody Validation in Immunofluorescence " style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 6. Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 10&rsquo; and blocked with PBS/TX-100 containing 5% normal goat serum and 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labeled with the H3K27me3 antibody (left) diluted 1:500 in blocking solution followed by an anti-rabbit antibody conjugated to Alexa488. The middle panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of the two stainings is shown on the right.</small></p>
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			'lot' => 'A1818P',
			'concentration' => '1.6 &micro;g/&micro;l',
			'reactivity' => 'Human, mouse, rat, pig, zebrafish, Drosophila, Schistosoma, Arabidopsis, cow',
			'type' => 'Polyclonal ChIP grade / ChIP-seq grade',
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<th>Applications</th>
<th>Suggested dilution</th>
<th>References</th>
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<td>ChIP/ChIP-seq&nbsp;<sup>*</sup></td>
<td>1 &micro;g/ChIP</td>
<td>Fig 1, 2</td>
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<tr>
<td>ELISA</td>
<td>1:5,000</td>
<td>Fig 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Dot Blotting</td>
<td>1:20,000</td>
<td>Fig 4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Western Blotting</td>
<td>1:1,000</td>
<td>Fig 5</td>
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<tr>
<td>Immunofluorescence</td>
<td>1:500</td>
<td>Fig 6</td>
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<p></p>
<p><small><sup>*</sup> Please note that the optimal antibody amount per IP should be determined by the end-user. We recommend testing 1-5 &micro;g per IP.</small></p>',
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		'id' => '2231',
		'antibody_id' => '69',
		'name' => 'H3K27me3 polyclonal antibody ',
		'description' => '<p><span>Polyclonal antibody raised in rabbit against against histone H3, trimethylated at lysine 27 (H3K27me3), using a KLH-conjugated synthetic peptide.</span></p>
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<div class="small-12 columns"><center><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody for ChIP " style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></center></div>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />ChIP assays were performed using human K562 cells, the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the "iDeal ChIP-seq" kit (Cat. No. C01010051), using sheared chromatin from 1 million (figure A) or 100,000 cells (figure B). The indicated amounts of antibody were used per ChIP experiment. IgG (1 &micro;g/IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers specific for the promoter of the active genes GAPDH and EIF4A2, used as negative controls, and TSH2B and MYT1, used as positive controls. The figure shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis).</small></p>
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<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p>A. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP-seq-A.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody ChIP-seq Grade" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
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<p>B. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP-seq-B.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody for ChIP-seq assay" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
<p>C. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP-seq-C.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody Validated in ChIP-seq" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
<p>D. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP-seq-D.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody for ChIP-seq" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><small> <strong>Figure 2. ChIP-seq results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />ChIP was performed on sheared chromatin from 100,000 K562 cells using 1 &micro;g of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) as described above. The IP'd DNA was subsequently analysed on an Illumina Genome Analyzer. Library preparation, cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. The 36 bp tags were aligned to the human genome using the ELAND algorithm. Figure 2A and B show the signal distribution in two regions surrounding the MYT1 and TSH2B positive control genes, respectively. The position of the PCR amplicon, used for ChIP-qPCR is indicated with an arrow. Figure 2C and D show the signal distribution in two 3 Mb regions from chromosome 11 and 22.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="extra-spaced"></div>
<div class="extra-spaced"></div>
<div class="extra-spaced"></div>
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<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ELISA.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody ELISA Validation " caption="false" width="448" height="394" /></p>
</div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><small> <strong>Figure 3. Determination of the antibody titer</strong><br />To determine the titer of the antibody, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069). The antigen used was a peptide containing the histone modification of interest. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution (Figure 3), the titer of the antibody was estimated to be &gt;1:1,000,000.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-dotblot.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody Dot Blot Validation " style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
</div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><small> <strong>Figure 4. Cross reactivity test of the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />To test the cross reactivity of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069), a Dot Blot analysis was performed with peptides containing other modifications or unmodified sequences of histone H3 and H4. One hundred to 0.2 pmol of the respective peptides were spotted on a membrane. The antibody was used at a dilution of 1:20,000. Figure 4A shows a high specificity of the antibody for the modification of interest.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-WB.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody Validation in Western Blot " style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
</div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><small> <strong>Figure 5. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />Western blot was performed on whole cell (40 &micro;g, lane 1) and histone extracts (15 &micro;g, lane 2) from HeLa cells, and on 1 &micro;g of recombinant histone H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 (lane 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively) using the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069). The antibody was diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is shown on the right, the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-IF.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody Validation in Immunofluorescence " style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><small> <strong>Figure 6. Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 10&rsquo; and blocked with PBS/TX-100 containing 5% normal goat serum and 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labeled with the H3K27me3 antibody (left) diluted 1:500 in blocking solution followed by an anti-rabbit antibody conjugated to Alexa488. The middle panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of the two stainings is shown on the right.</small></p>
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		'label2' => 'Target Description',
		'info2' => '<p>Histones are the main constituents of the protein part of chromosomes of eukaryotic cells. They are rich in the amino acids arginine and lysine and have been greatly conserved during evolution. Histones pack the DNA into tight masses of chromatin. Two core histones of each class H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assemble and are wrapped by 146 base pairs of DNA to form one octameric nucleosome. Histone tails undergo numerous post-translational modifications, which either directly or indirectly alter chromatin structure to facilitate transcriptional activation or repression or other nuclear processes. In addition to the genetic code, combinations of the different histone modifications reveal the so-called &ldquo;histone code&rdquo;. Histone methylation and demethylation is dynamically regulated by respectively histone methyl transferases and histone demethylases. Trimethylation of histone H3K27 is associated with gene repression.</p>
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		'format' => '50 μg',
		'catalog_number' => 'C15410069',
		'old_catalog_number' => 'pAb-069-050',
		'sf_code' => 'C15410069-D001-000581',
		'type' => 'FRE',
		'search_order' => '03-Antibody',
		'price_EUR' => '380',
		'price_USD' => '380',
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		'price_JPY' => '59525',
		'price_CNY' => '0',
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		'last_datasheet_update' => 'October 11, 2019',
		'slug' => 'h3k27me3-polyclonal-antibody-classic-50-mg-34-ml',
		'meta_title' => 'H3K27me3 polyclonal antibody - Classic',
		'meta_keywords' => '',
		'meta_description' => 'H3K27me3 polyclonal antibody - Classic',
		'modified' => '2024-01-16 14:58:45',
		'created' => '2015-06-29 14:08:20',
		'locale' => 'jpn'
	),
	'Antibody' => array(
		'host' => '*****',
		'id' => '69',
		'name' => 'H3K27me3 polyclonal antibody',
		'description' => 'Histones are the main constituents of the protein part of chromosomes of eukaryotic cells. They are rich in the amino acids arginine and lysine and have been greatly conserved during evolution. Histones pack the DNA into tight masses of chromatin. Two core histones of each class H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assemble and are wrapped by 146 base pairs of DNA to form one octameric nucleosome. Histone tails undergo numerous post-translational modifications, which either directly or indirectly alter chromatin structure to facilitate transcriptional activation or repression or other nuclear processes. In addition to the genetic code, combinations of the different histone modifications reveal the so-called “histone code”. Histone methylation and demethylation is dynamically regulated by respectively histone methyl transferases and histone demethylases. Trimethylation of histone H3K27 is associated with gene repression.',
		'clonality' => '',
		'isotype' => '',
		'lot' => 'A1818P',
		'concentration' => '1.6 &micro;g/&micro;l',
		'reactivity' => 'Human, mouse, rat, pig, zebrafish, Drosophila, Schistosoma, Arabidopsis, cow',
		'type' => 'Polyclonal ChIP grade / ChIP-seq grade',
		'purity' => 'Affinity purified polyclonal antibody.',
		'classification' => '',
		'application_table' => '<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Applications</th>
<th>Suggested dilution</th>
<th>References</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>ChIP/ChIP-seq&nbsp;<sup>*</sup></td>
<td>1 &micro;g/ChIP</td>
<td>Fig 1, 2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ELISA</td>
<td>1:5,000</td>
<td>Fig 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Dot Blotting</td>
<td>1:20,000</td>
<td>Fig 4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Western Blotting</td>
<td>1:1,000</td>
<td>Fig 5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Immunofluorescence</td>
<td>1:500</td>
<td>Fig 6</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>
<p><small><sup>*</sup> Please note that the optimal antibody amount per IP should be determined by the end-user. We recommend testing 1-5 &micro;g per IP.</small></p>',
		'storage_conditions' => 'Store at -20°C; for long storage, store at -80°C. Avoid multiple freeze-thaw cycles.',
		'storage_buffer' => 'PBS containing 0.05% azide and 0.05% ProClin 300.',
		'precautions' => 'This product is for research use only. Not for use in diagnostic or therapeutic procedures.',
		'uniprot_acc' => '',
		'slug' => '',
		'meta_keywords' => '',
		'meta_description' => '',
		'modified' => '2019-10-29 13:09:43',
		'created' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
		'select_label' => '69 - H3K27me3 polyclonal antibody (A1818P - 1.6 &micro;g/&micro;l - Human, mouse, rat, pig, zebrafish, Drosophila, Schistosoma, Arabidopsis, cow - Affinity purified polyclonal antibody. - Rabbit)'
	),
	'Slave' => array(
		(int) 0 => array(
			'id' => '239',
			'name' => 'C15410069',
			'product_id' => '2231',
			'modified' => '2018-01-08 13:18:45',
			'created' => '2018-01-08 13:18:45'
		)
	),
	'Group' => array(
		'Group' => array(
			'id' => '239',
			'name' => 'C15410069',
			'product_id' => '2231',
			'modified' => '2018-01-08 13:18:45',
			'created' => '2018-01-08 13:18:45'
		),
		'Master' => array(
			'id' => '2231',
			'antibody_id' => '69',
			'name' => 'H3K27me3 Antibody',
			'description' => '<p><span>Polyclonal antibody raised in rabbit against against histone <strong>H3, trimethylated at lysine 27</strong> (<strong>H3K27me3</strong>), using a KLH-conjugated synthetic peptide.</span></p>',
			'label1' => 'Validation Data',
			'info1' => '<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns"><center><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody for ChIP " style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></center></div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><small> <strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />ChIP assays were performed using human K562 cells, the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the "iDeal ChIP-seq" kit (Cat. No. C01010051), using sheared chromatin from 1 million (figure A) or 100,000 cells (figure B). The indicated amounts of antibody were used per ChIP experiment. IgG (1 &micro;g/IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers specific for the promoter of the active genes GAPDH and EIF4A2, used as negative controls, and TSH2B and MYT1, used as positive controls. The figure shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis).</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p>A. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP-seq-A.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody ChIP-seq Grade" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
<div class="extra-spaced"></div>
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<div class="extra-spaced"></div>
<p>B. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP-seq-B.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody for ChIP-seq assay" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
<p>C. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP-seq-C.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody Validated in ChIP-seq" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
<p>D. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP-seq-D.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody for ChIP-seq" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><small> <strong>Figure 2. ChIP-seq results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />ChIP was performed on sheared chromatin from 100,000 K562 cells using 1 &micro;g of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) as described above. The IP'd DNA was subsequently analysed on an Illumina Genome Analyzer. Library preparation, cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. The 36 bp tags were aligned to the human genome using the ELAND algorithm. Figure 2A and B show the signal distribution in two regions surrounding the MYT1 and TSH2B positive control genes, respectively. The position of the PCR amplicon, used for ChIP-qPCR is indicated with an arrow. Figure 2C and D show the signal distribution in two 3 Mb regions from chromosome 11 and 22.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="extra-spaced"></div>
<div class="extra-spaced"></div>
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<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ELISA.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody ELISA Validation " caption="false" width="448" height="394" /></p>
</div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><small> <strong>Figure 3. Determination of the antibody titer</strong><br />To determine the titer of the antibody, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069). The antigen used was a peptide containing the histone modification of interest. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution (Figure 3), the titer of the antibody was estimated to be &gt;1:1,000,000.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-dotblot.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody Dot Blot Validation " style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
</div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><small> <strong>Figure 4. Cross reactivity test of the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />To test the cross reactivity of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069), a Dot Blot analysis was performed with peptides containing other modifications or unmodified sequences of histone H3 and H4. One hundred to 0.2 pmol of the respective peptides were spotted on a membrane. The antibody was used at a dilution of 1:20,000. Figure 4A shows a high specificity of the antibody for the modification of interest.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-WB.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody Validation in Western Blot " style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
</div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><small> <strong>Figure 5. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />Western blot was performed on whole cell (40 &micro;g, lane 1) and histone extracts (15 &micro;g, lane 2) from HeLa cells, and on 1 &micro;g of recombinant histone H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 (lane 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively) using the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069). The antibody was diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is shown on the right, the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-IF.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody Validation in Immunofluorescence " style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><small> <strong>Figure 6. Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 10&rsquo; and blocked with PBS/TX-100 containing 5% normal goat serum and 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labeled with the H3K27me3 antibody (left) diluted 1:500 in blocking solution followed by an anti-rabbit antibody conjugated to Alexa488. The middle panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of the two stainings is shown on the right.</small></p>
</div>
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			'label2' => 'Target Description',
			'info2' => '<p>Histones are the main constituents of the protein part of chromosomes of eukaryotic cells. They are rich in the amino acids arginine and lysine and have been greatly conserved during evolution. Histones pack the DNA into tight masses of chromatin. Two core histones of each class H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assemble and are wrapped by 146 base pairs of DNA to form one octameric nucleosome. Histone tails undergo numerous post-translational modifications, which either directly or indirectly alter chromatin structure to facilitate transcriptional activation or repression or other nuclear processes. In addition to the genetic code, combinations of the different histone modifications reveal the so-called &ldquo;histone code&rdquo;. Histone methylation and demethylation is dynamically regulated by respectively histone methyl transferases and histone demethylases. Trimethylation of histone H3K27 is associated with gene repression.</p>
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			'format' => '50 μg',
			'catalog_number' => 'C15410069',
			'old_catalog_number' => 'pAb-069-050',
			'sf_code' => 'C15410069-D001-000581',
			'type' => 'FRE',
			'search_order' => '03-Antibody',
			'price_EUR' => '380',
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			'slug' => 'h3k27me3-polyclonal-antibody-classic-50-mg-34-ml',
			'meta_title' => 'H3K27me3 Antibody - ChIP-seq Grade (C15410069) | Diagenode',
			'meta_keywords' => '',
			'meta_description' => 'H3K27me3 (Histone H3 trimethylated at lysine 27) Polyclonal Antibody validated  in ChIP-seq, ChIP-qPCR, ELISA, DB, WB and IF. Batch-specific data available on the website. Sample size available.',
			'modified' => '2024-01-16 14:58:45',
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			'antibody_id' => null,
			'name' => 'iDeal ChIP-seq kit for Histones',
			'description' => '<p><a href="https://www.diagenode.com/files/products/kits/ideal-chipseq-for-histones-complete-manual.pdf"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/buttons/bt-manual.png" /></a></p>
<p>Don&rsquo;t risk wasting your precious sequencing samples. Diagenode&rsquo;s validated <strong>iDeal ChIP-seq kit for Histones</strong> has everything you need for a successful start-to-finish <strong>ChIP of histones prior to Next-Generation Sequencing</strong>. The complete kit contains all buffers and reagents for cell lysis, chromatin shearing, immunoprecipitation and DNA purification. In addition, unlike competing solutions, the kit contains positive and negative control antibodies (H3K4me3 and IgG, respectively) as well as positive and negative control PCR primers pairs (GAPDH TSS and Myoglobin exon 2, respectively) for your convenience and a guarantee of optimal results. The kit has been validated on multiple histone marks.</p>
<p>&nbsp;The &nbsp;iDeal ChIP-seq kit for Histones<strong> </strong>is perfect for <strong>cells</strong> (<strong>100,000 cells</strong> to <strong>1,000,000 cells</strong> per IP) and has been validated for <strong>tissues</strong> (<strong>1.5 mg</strong> to <strong>5 mg</strong> of tissue per IP).</p>
<p>&nbsp;The iDeal ChIP-seq kit is the only kit on the market validated for the major sequencing systems. Our expertise in ChIP-seq tools allows reproducible and efficient results every time.</p>
<p></p>
<p>&nbsp;<strong></strong></p>
<p></p>',
			'label1' => 'Characteristics',
			'info1' => '<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Highly <strong>optimized</strong> protocol for ChIP-seq from cells and tissues</li>
<li><strong>Validated</strong> for ChIP-seq with multiple histones marks</li>
<li>Most <strong>complete</strong> kit available (covers all steps, including the control antibodies and primers)</li>
<li>Optimized chromatin preparation in combination with the Bioruptor ensuring the best <strong>epitope integrity</strong></li>
<li>Magnetic beads make ChIP easy, fast and more <strong>reproducible</strong></li>
<li>Combination with Diagenode ChIP-seq antibodies provides high yields with excellent <strong>specificity</strong> and <strong>sensitivity</strong></li>
<li>Purified DNA suitable for any downstream application</li>
<li>Easy-to-follow protocol</li>
</ul>
<p>Note: to obtain optimal results, this kit should be used in combination with the DiaMag1.5 - magnetic rack.</p>
<h3>ChIP-seq on cells</h3>
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/kits/iDeal-kit-C01010053-figure-1.jpg" alt="Figure 1A" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
<p><strong>Figure 1A. The high consistency of the iDeal ChIP-seq kit on the Ion Torrent&trade; PGM&trade; (Life Technologies) and GAIIx (Illumina<sup>&reg;</sup>)</strong><br /> ChIP was performed on sheared chromatin from 1 million HelaS3 cells using the iDeal ChIP-seq kit and 1 &micro;g of H3K4me3 positive control antibody. Two different biological samples have been analyzed using two different sequencers - GAIIx (Illumina<sup>&reg;</sup>) and PGM&trade; (Ion Torrent&trade;). The expected ChIP-seq profile for H3K4me3 on the GAPDH promoter region has been obtained.<br /> Image A shows a several hundred bp along chr12 with high similarity of read distribution despite the radically different sequencers. Image B is a close capture focusing on the GAPDH that shows that even the peak structure is similar.</p>
<p class="text-center"><strong>Perfect match between ChIP-seq data obtained with the iDeal ChIP-seq workflow and reference dataset</strong></p>
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/kits/perfect-match-between-chipseq-data.png" alt="Figure 1B" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
<p><strong>Figure 1B.</strong> The ChIP-seq dataset from this experiment has been compared with a reference dataset from the Broad Institute. We observed a perfect match between the top 40% of Diagenode peaks and the reference dataset. Based on the NIH Encode project criterion, ChIP-seq results are considered reproducible between an original and reproduced dataset if the top 40% of peaks have at least an 80% overlap ratio with the compared dataset.</p>
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/kits/iDeal-kit-C01010053-figure-2.jpg" alt="Figure 2" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
<p><strong>Figure 2. Efficient and easy chromatin shearing using the Bioruptor<sup>&reg;</sup> and Shearing buffer iS1 from the iDeal ChIP-seq kit</strong><br /> Chromatin from 1 million of Hela cells was sheared using the Bioruptor<sup>&reg;</sup> combined with the Bioruptor<sup>&reg;</sup> Water cooler (Cat No. BioAcc-cool) during 3 rounds of 10 cycles of 30 seconds &ldquo;ON&rdquo; / 30 seconds &ldquo;OFF&rdquo; at HIGH power setting (position H). Diagenode 1.5 ml TPX tubes (Cat No. M-50001) were used for chromatin shearing. Samples were gently vortexed before and after performing each sonication round (rounds of 10 cycles), followed by a short centrifugation at 4&deg;C to recover the sample volume at the bottom of the tube. The sheared chromatin was then decross-linked as described in the kit manual and analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis.</p>
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/kits/iDeal-kit-C01010053-figure-3.jpg" alt="Figure 3" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="264" height="320" /></p>
<p><strong>Figure 3. Validation of ChIP by qPCR: reliable results using Diagenode&rsquo;s ChIP-seq grade H3K4me3 antibody, isotype control and sets of validated primers</strong><br /> Specific enrichment on positive loci (GAPDH, EIF4A2, c-fos promoter regions) comparing to no enrichment on negative loci (TSH2B promoter region and Myoglobin exon 2) was detected by qPCR. Samples were prepared using the Diagenode iDeal ChIP-seq kit. Diagenode ChIP-seq grade antibody against H3K4me3 and the corresponding isotype control IgG were used for immunoprecipitation. qPCR amplification was performed with sets of validated primers.</p>
<h3>ChIP-seq on tissue</h3>
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/kits/ideal-figure-h3k4me3.jpg" alt="Figure 4A" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
<p><strong>Figure 4A.</strong> Chromatin Immunoprecipitation has been performed using chromatin from mouse liver tissue, the iDeal ChIP-seq kit for Histones and the Diagenode ChIP-seq-grade H3K4me3 (Cat. No. C15410003) antibody. The IP'd DNA was subsequently analysed on an Illumina&reg; HiSeq. Library preparation, cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. This figure shows the peak distribution in a region surrounding the GAPDH positive control gene.</p>
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/kits/match-of-the-top40-peaks-2.png" alt="Figure 4B" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="700" height="280" /></p>
<p><strong>Figure 4B.</strong> The ChIP-seq dataset from this experiment has been compared with a reference dataset from the Broad Institute. We observed a perfect match between the top 40% of Diagenode peaks and the reference dataset. Based on the NIH Encode project criterion, ChIP-seq results are considered reproducible between an original and reproduced dataset if the top 40% of peaks have at least an 80% overlap ratio with the compared dataset.</p>',
			'label2' => 'Species, cell lines, tissues tested',
			'info2' => '<p>The iDeal ChIP-seq Kit for Histones is compatible with a broad variety of cell lines, tissues and species - some examples are shown below. Other species / cell lines / tissues can be used with this kit.</p>
<p><u>Cell lines:</u></p>
<p>Human: A549, A673, CD8+ T, Blood vascular endothelial cells, Lymphatic endothelial cells, fibroblasts, K562, MDA-MB231</p>
<p>Pig: Alveolar macrophages</p>
<p>Mouse: C2C12, primary HSPC, synovial fibroblasts, HeLa-S3, FACS sorted cells from embryonic kidneys, macrophages, mesodermal cells, myoblasts, NPC, salivary glands, spermatids, spermatocytes, skeletal muscle stem cells, stem cells, Th2</p>
<p>Hamster: CHO</p>
<p>Other cell lines / species: compatible, not tested</p>
<p><u>Tissues</u></p>
<p>Bee &ndash; brain</p>
<p>Daphnia &ndash; whole animal</p>
<p>Horse &ndash; brain, heart, lamina, liver, lung, skeletal muscles, ovary</p>
<p>Human &ndash; Erwing sarcoma tumor samples</p>
<p>Other tissues: compatible, not tested</p>
<p>Did you use the iDeal ChIP-seq for Histones Kit on other cell line / tissue / species? <a href="mailto:agnieszka.zelisko@diagenode.com?subject=Species, cell lines, tissues tested with the iDeal ChIP-seq Kit for TF&amp;body=Dear Customer,%0D%0A%0D%0APlease, leave below your feedback about the iDeal ChIP-seq for Transcription Factors (cell / tissue type, species, other information...).%0D%0A%0D%0AThank you for sharing with us your experience !%0D%0A%0D%0ABest regards,%0D%0A%0D%0AAgnieszka Zelisko-Schmidt, PhD">Let us know!</a></p>',
			'label3' => '  Additional solutions compatible with iDeal ChIP-seq Kit for Histones',
			'info3' => '<p><a href="../p/chromatin-shearing-optimization-kit-low-sds-100-million-cells">Chromatin EasyShear Kit - Ultra Low SDS </a>optimizes chromatin shearing, a critical step for ChIP.</p>
<p>&nbsp;The <a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/categories/library-preparation-for-ChIP-seq">MicroPlex Library Preparation Kit </a>provides easy and optimal &nbsp;library preparation of ChIPed samples.</p>
<p><a href="../categories/chip-seq-grade-antibodies">ChIP-seq grade anti-histone antibodies</a> provide high yields with excellent specificity and sensitivity.</p>
<p>&nbsp;Plus, for our IP-Star Automation users for automated ChIP, check out our <a href="../p/auto-ideal-chip-seq-kit-for-histones-x24-24-rxns">automated</a> version of this kit.</p>',
			'format' => '4 chrom. prep./24 IPs',
			'catalog_number' => 'C01010051',
			'old_catalog_number' => 'AB-001-0024',
			'sf_code' => 'C01010051-',
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			'price_AUD' => '2825',
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			'slug' => 'ideal-chip-seq-kit-x24-24-rxns',
			'meta_title' => 'iDeal ChIP-seq kit x24',
			'meta_keywords' => '',
			'meta_description' => 'iDeal ChIP-seq kit x24',
			'modified' => '2023-04-20 16:00:20',
			'created' => '2015-06-29 14:08:20',
			'ProductsRelated' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
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		),
		(int) 1 => array(
			'id' => '1927',
			'antibody_id' => null,
			'name' => 'MicroPlex Library Preparation Kit v2 (12 indexes)',
			'description' => '<p><a href="https://www.diagenode.com/files/products/kits/MicroPlex-Libary-Prep-Kit-v2-manual.pdf"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/buttons/bt-manual.png" /></a></p>
<p><span><strong>Specifically optimized for ChIP-seq</strong></span><br /><br /><span>The MicroPlex Library Preparation&trade; kit is the only kit on the market which is validated for ChIP-seq and which allows the preparation of indexed libraries from just picogram inputs. In combination with the&nbsp;</span><a href="./true-microchip-kit-x16-16-rxns">True MicroChIP kit</a><span>, it allows for performing ChIP-seq on as few as 10,000 cells. Less input, fewer steps, fewer supplies, faster time to results!&nbsp;</span></p>
<p>The MicroPlex v2 kit (Cat. No. C05010012) contains all necessary reagents including single indexes for multiplexing up to 12 samples using single barcoding. For higher multiplexing (using dual indexes) check <a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/p/microplex-lib-prep-kit-v3-48-rxns">MicroPlex Library Preparation Kits v3</a>.</p>',
			'label1' => 'Characteristics',
			'info1' => '<ul>
<li><strong>1 tube, 2 hours, 3 steps</strong> protocol</li>
<li><strong>Input: </strong>50 pg &ndash; 50 ng</li>
<li><strong>Reduce potential bias</strong> - few PCR amplification cycles needed</li>
<li><strong>High sensitivity ChIP-seq</strong> - low PCR duplication rate</li>
<li><strong>Great multiplexing flexibility</strong> with 12 barcodes (8 nt) included</li>
<li><strong>Validated with the <a href="https://www.diagenode.com/p/sx-8g-ip-star-compact-automated-system-1-unit" title="IP-Star Automated System">IP-Star<sup>&reg;</sup> Automated Platform</a></strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>How it works</h3>
<center><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/kits/microplex-method-overview-v2.png" /></center>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0;"><small><strong>Microplex workflow - protocol with single indexes</strong><br />An input of 50 pg to 50 ng of fragmented dsDNA is converted into sequencing-ready libraries for Illumina&reg; NGS platforms using a fast and simple 3-step protocol</small></p>
<ul class="accordion" data-accordion="" id="readmore" style="margin-left: 0;">
<li class="accordion-navigation"><a href="#first" style="background: #ffffff; padding: 0rem; margin: 0rem; color: #13b2a2;"><small>Read more about MicroPlex workflow</small></a>
<div id="first" class="content">
<p><small><strong>Step 1. Template Preparation</strong> provides efficient repair of the fragmented double-stranded DNA input.</small></p>
<p><small>In this step, the DNA is repaired and yields molecules with blunt ends.</small></p>
<p><small><strong>Step 2. Library Synthesis.</strong> enables ligation of MicroPlex patented stem- loop adapters.</small></p>
<p><small>In the next step, stem-loop adaptors with blocked 5&rsquo; ends are ligated with high efficiency to the 5&rsquo; end of the genomic DNA, leaving a nick at the 3&rsquo; end. The adaptors cannot ligate to each other and do not have single- strand tails, both of which contribute to non-specific background found with many other NGS preparations.</small></p>
<p><small><strong>Step 3. Library Amplification</strong> enables extension of the template, cleavage of the stem-loop adaptors, and amplification of the library. Illumina- compatible indexes are also introduced using a high-fidelity, highly- processive, low-bias DNA polymerase.</small></p>
<p><small>In the final step, the 3&rsquo; ends of the genomic DNA are extended to complete library synthesis and Illumina-compatible indexes are added through a high-fidelity amplification. Any remaining free adaptors are destroyed. Hands-on time and the risk of contamination are minimized by using a single tube and eliminating intermediate purifications.</small></p>
<p><small>Obtained libraries are purified, quantified and sized. The libraries pooling can be performed as well before sequencing.</small></p>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<p></p>
<h3>Reliable detection of enrichments in ChIP-seq</h3>
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/kits/microplex-library-prep-kit-figure-a.png" alt="Reliable detection of enrichments in ChIP-seq figure 1" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
<p><strong>Figure A.</strong> ChIP has been peformed with H3K4me3 antibody, amplification of 17 pg of DNA ChIP'd from 10.000 cells and amplification of 35 pg of DNA ChIP'd from 100.000 cells (control experiment). The IP'd DNA was amplified and transformed into a sequencing-ready preparation for the Illumina plateform with the MicroPlex Library Preparation kit. The library was then analysed on an Illumina<sup>&reg;</sup> Genome Analyzer. Cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions.</p>
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/kits/microplex-library-prep-kit-figure-b.png" alt="Reliable detection of enrichments in ChIP-seq figure 2" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
<p><strong>Figure B.</strong> We observed a perfect match between the top 40% of True MicroChIP peaks and the reference dataset. Based on the NIH Encode project criterion, ChIP-seq results are considered reproducible between an original and reproduced dataset if the top 40% of peaks have at least an 80% overlap ratio with the compared dataset.</p>',
			'label2' => '',
			'info2' => '',
			'label3' => '',
			'info3' => '',
			'format' => '12 rxns',
			'catalog_number' => 'C05010012',
			'old_catalog_number' => 'C05010010',
			'sf_code' => 'C05010012-',
			'type' => 'FRE',
			'search_order' => '04-undefined',
			'price_EUR' => '935',
			'price_USD' => '1215',
			'price_GBP' => '835',
			'price_JPY' => '146470',
			'price_CNY' => '',
			'price_AUD' => '3038',
			'country' => 'ALL',
			'except_countries' => 'None',
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			'in_stock' => false,
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			'slug' => 'microplex-library-preparation-kit-v2-x12-12-indices-12-rxns',
			'meta_title' => 'MicroPlex Library Preparation Kit v2 x12 (12 indices)',
			'meta_keywords' => '',
			'meta_description' => 'MicroPlex Library Preparation Kit v2 x12 (12 indices)',
			'modified' => '2023-04-20 15:01:16',
			'created' => '2015-06-29 14:08:20',
			'ProductsRelated' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
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			'Image' => array(
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		),
		(int) 2 => array(
			'id' => '1856',
			'antibody_id' => null,
			'name' => 'True MicroChIP-seq Kit',
			'description' => '<p><a href="https://www.diagenode.com/files/products/kits/truemicrochipseq-kit-manual.pdf"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/buttons/bt-manual.png" /></a></p>
<p>The <b>True </b><b>MicroChIP-seq</b><b> kit </b>provides a robust ChIP protocol suitable for the investigation of histone modifications within chromatin from as few as <b>10 000 cells</b>, including <b>FACS sorted cells</b>. The kit can be used for chromatin preparation for downstream ChIP-qPCR or ChIP-seq analysis. The <b>complete kit</b> contains everything you need for start-to-finish ChIP including all validated buffers and reagents for chromatin shearing, immunoprecipitation and DNA purification for exceptional <strong>ChIP-qPCR</strong> or <strong>ChIP-seq</strong> results. In addition, positive control antibodies and negative control PCR primers are included for your convenience and assurance of result sensitivity and specificity.</p>
<p>The True MicroChIP-seq kit offers unique benefits:</p>
<ul>
<li>An <b>optimized chromatin preparation </b>protocol compatible with low number of cells (<b>10.000</b>) in combination with the Bioruptor&trade; shearing device</li>
<li>Most <b>complete kit </b>available (covers all steps and includes control antibodies and primers)</li>
<li><b>Magnetic beads </b>make ChIP easy, fast, and more reproducible</li>
<li>MicroChIP DiaPure columns (included in the kit) enable the <b>maximum recovery </b>of immunoprecipitation DNA suitable for any downstream application</li>
<li><b>Excellent </b><b>ChIP</b><b>-seq </b>result when combined with <a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/categories/library-preparation-for-ChIP-seq">MicroPlex</a><a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/categories/library-preparation-for-ChIP-seq"> Library Preparation kit </a>adapted for low input</li>
</ul>
<p>For fast ChIP-seq on low input &ndash; check out Diagenode&rsquo;s <a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/p/uchipmentation-for-histones-24-rxns">&micro;</a><a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/p/uchipmentation-for-histones-24-rxns">ChIPmentation</a><a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/p/uchipmentation-for-histones-24-rxns"> for histones</a>.</p>
<p><sub>The True MicroChIP-seq kit, Cat. No. C01010132 is an upgraded version of the kit True MicroChIP, Cat. No. C01010130, with the new validated protocols (e.g. FACS sorted cells) and MicroChIP DiaPure columns included in the kit.</sub></p>',
			'label1' => 'Characteristics',
			'info1' => '<ul>
<li><b>Revolutionary:</b> Only 10,000 cells needed for complete ChIP-seq procedure</li>
<li><b>Validated on</b> studies for histone marks</li>
<li><b>Automated protocol </b>for the IP-Star<sup>&reg;</sup> Compact Automated Platform available</li>
</ul>
<p></p>
<p>The True MicroChIP-seq kit protocol has been optimized for the use of 10,000 - 100,000 cells per immunoprecipitation reaction. Regarding chromatin immunoprecipitation, three protocol variants have been optimized:<br />starting with a batch, starting with an individual sample and starting with the FACS-sorted cells.</p>
<div><button id="readmorebtn" style="background-color: #b02736; color: white; border-radius: 5px; border: none; padding: 5px;">Show Workflow</button></div>
<p><br /> <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/kits/workflow-microchip.png" id="workflowchip" class="hidden" width="600px" /></p>
<p>
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<div class="carrousel" style="background-position: center;">
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<div class="row" style="background: rgba(255,255,255,0.1);">
<div class="large-12 columns truemicro-slider" id="truemicro-slider">
<div>
<h3>High efficiency ChIP on 10,000 cells</h3>
<div class="large-10 small-12 medium-10 large-centered medium-centered small-centered columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/kits/true-micro-chip-histone-results.png" width="800px" /></div>
<div class="large-10 small-12 medium-10 large-centered medium-centered small-centered columns"><center>
<p><small><strong>Figure 1.&nbsp;</strong>ChIP efficiency on 10,000 cells. ChIP was performed on human Hela cells using the Diagenode antibodies <a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/p/h3k4me3-polyclonal-antibody-premium-50-ug-50-ul">H3K4me3</a> (Cat. No. C15410003), <a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/p/h3k27ac-polyclonal-antibody-classic-50-mg-42-ml">H3K27ac</a> (C15410174), <a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/p/h3k9me3-polyclonal-antibody-classic-50-ug">H3K9me3</a> (C15410056) and <a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/p/h3k27me3-polyclonal-antibody-classic-50-mg-34-ml">H3K27me3</a> (C15410069). Sheared chromatin from 10,000 cells and 0.1 &micro;g (H3K27ac), 0.25 &micro;g (H3K4me3 and H3K27me3) or 0.5 &micro;g (H3K9me3) of the antibody were used per IP. Corresponding amount of IgG was used as control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers for corresponding positive and negative loci. Figure shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis).</small></p>
</center></div>
</div>
<div>
<h3>True MicroChIP-seq protocol in a combination with MicroPlex library preparation kit results in reliable and accurate sequencing data</h3>
<div class="large-10 small-12 medium-10 large-centered medium-centered small-centered columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/kits/fig2-truemicro.jpg" alt="True MicroChip results" width="800px" /></div>
<div class="large-10 small-12 medium-10 large-centered medium-centered small-centered columns"><center>
<p><small><strong>Figure 2.</strong> Integrative genomics viewer (IGV) visualization of ChIP-seq experiments using 50.000 of K562 cells. ChIP has been performed accordingly to True MicroChIP protocol followed by the library preparation using MicroPlex Library Preparation Kit (C05010001). The above figure shows the peaks from ChIP-seq experiments using the following antibodies: H3K4me1 (C15410194), H3K9/14ac (C15410200), H3K27ac (C15410196) and H3K36me3 (C15410192).</small></p>
</center></div>
</div>
<div>
<h3>Successful chromatin profiling from 10.000 of FACS-sorted cells</h3>
<div class="large-10 small-12 medium-10 large-centered medium-centered small-centered columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/kits/fig3ab-truemicro.jpg" alt="small non coding RNA" width="800px" /></div>
<div class="large-10 small-12 medium-10 large-centered medium-centered small-centered columns"><center>
<p><small><strong>Figure 3.</strong> (A) Integrative genomics viewer (IGV) visualization of ChIP-seq experiments and heatmap 3kb upstream and downstream of the TSS (B) for H3K4me3. ChIP has been performed using 10.000 of FACS-sorted cells (K562) and H3K4me3 antibody (C15410003) accordingly to True MicroChIP protocol followed by the library preparation using MicroPlex Library Preparation Kit (C05010001). Data were compared to ENCODE standards.</small></p>
</center></div>
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			'label2' => 'Additional solutions compatible with the True MicroChIP-seq Kit',
			'info2' => '<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The <a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/p/chromatin-shearing-optimization-kit-high-sds-100-million-cells">Chromatin EasyShear Kit &ndash; High SDS</a></span><span style="font-weight: 400;">&nbsp;Recommended for the optimizing chromatin shearing.</span></p>
<p><a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/categories/chip-seq-grade-antibodies"><span style="font-weight: 400;">ChIP-seq grade antibodies</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> for high yields, specificity, and sensitivity.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Check the list of available </span><a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/categories/primer-pairs"><span style="font-weight: 400;">primer pairs</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> designed for high specificity to specific genomic regions.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">For library preparation of immunoprecipitated samples we recommend to use the </span><b>&nbsp;</b><a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/categories/library-preparation-for-ChIP-seq"><span style="font-weight: 400;">MicroPlex Library Preparation Kit</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> - validated for library preparation from picogram inputs.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">For IP-Star Automation users, check out the </span><a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/p/auto-true-microchip-kit-16-rxns"><span style="font-weight: 400;">automated version</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> of this kit.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Application note: </span><a href="https://www.diagenode.com/files/application_notes/Diagenode_AATI_Joint.pdf"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Best Workflow Practices for ChIP-seq Analysis with Small Samples</span></a></p>
<p></p>',
			'label3' => 'Species, cell lines, tissues tested',
			'info3' => '<p>The True MicroChIP-seq kit is compatible with a broad variety of cell lines, tissues and species - some examples are shown below. Other species / cell lines / tissues can be used with this kit.</p>
<p><strong>Cell lines:</strong></p>
<p>Bovine: blastocysts,<br />Drosophila: embryos, salivary glands<br />Human: EndoC-ẞH1 cells, HeLa cells, PBMC, urothelial cells<br />Mouse: adipocytes, B cells, blastocysts, pre-B cells, BMDM cells, chondrocytes, embryonic stem cells, KH2 cells, LSK cells, macrophages, MEP cells, microglia, NK cells, oocytes, pancreatic cells, P19Cl6 cells, RPE cells,</p>
<p>Other cell lines / species: compatible, not tested</p>
<p><strong>Tissues:</strong></p>
<p>Horse: adipose tissue</p>
<p>Mice: intestine tissue</p>
<p>Other tissues: not tested</p>',
			'format' => '20 rxns',
			'catalog_number' => 'C01010132',
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			'search_order' => '04-undefined',
			'price_EUR' => '625',
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			'slug' => 'true-microchip-kit-x16-16-rxns',
			'meta_title' => 'True MicroChIP-seq Kit | Diagenode C01010132',
			'meta_keywords' => '',
			'meta_description' => 'True MicroChIP-seq Kit provides a robust ChIP protocol suitable for the investigation of histone modifications within chromatin from as few as 10 000 cells, including FACS sorted cells. Compatible with ChIP-qPCR as well as ChIP-seq.',
			'modified' => '2023-04-20 16:06:10',
			'created' => '2015-06-29 14:08:20',
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		(int) 3 => array(
			'id' => '2173',
			'antibody_id' => '115',
			'name' => 'H3K4me3 Antibody',
			'description' => '<p><span>Polyclonal antibody raised in rabbit against the region of histone <strong>H3 containing the trimethylated lysine 4</strong> (<strong>H3K4me3</strong>), using a KLH-conjugated synthetic peptide.</span></p>',
			'label1' => 'Validation data',
			'info1' => '<div class="row">
<div class="small-6 columns"><center><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410003-fig1-ChIP.jpg" /></center></div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K4me3</strong><br />ChIP assays were performed using human K562 cells, the Diagenode antibody against H3K4me3 (cat. No. C15410003) and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the iDeal ChIP-seq kit (cat. No. C01010051), using sheared chromatin from 500,000 cells. A titration consisting of 0.5, 1, 2 and 5 &micro;g of antibody per ChIP experiment was analyzed. IgG (1 &micro;g/IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers specific for the promoter of the active genes GAPDH and EIF4A2, used as positive controls, and for the inactive MYOD1 gene and the Sat2 satellite repeat, used as negative controls. Figure 1 shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis). </small></p>
</div>
</div>
<p></p>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns"><center>A.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410003-fig2a-ChIP-seq.jpg" width="800" /></center><center>B.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410003-fig2b-ChIP-seq.jpg" width="800" /></center><center>C.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410003-fig2c-ChIP-seq.jpg" width="800" /></center><center>D.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410003-fig2d-ChIP-seq.jpg" width="800" /></center></div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 2. ChIP-seq results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K4me3</strong><br />ChIP was performed on sheared chromatin from 1 million HeLaS3 cells using 1 &micro;g of the Diagenode antibody against H3K4me3 (cat. No. C15410003) as described above. The IP'd DNA was subsequently analysed on an Illumina Genome Analyzer. Library preparation, cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. The 36 bp tags were aligned to the human genome using the ELAND algorithm. Figure 2 shows the peak distribution along the complete sequence and a 600 kb region of the X-chromosome (figure 2A and B) and in two regions surrounding the GAPDH and EIF4A2 positive control genes, respectively (figure 2C and D). These results clearly show an enrichment of the H3K4 trimethylation at the promoters of active genes.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns"><center>A.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410003-cuttag-a.png" width="800" /></center></div>
<div class="small-12 columns"><center>B.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410003-cuttag-b.png" width="800" /></center></div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 3. Cut&amp;Tag results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K4me3</strong><br />CUT&amp;TAG (Kaya-Okur, H.S., Nat Commun 10, 1930, 2019) was performed on 50,000 K562 cells using 0.5 &micro;g of the Diagenode antibody against H3K4me3 (cat. No. C15410003) and the Diagenode pA-Tn5 transposase (C01070001). The libraries were subsequently analysed on an Illumina NextSeq 500 sequencer (2x75 paired-end reads) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The tags were aligned to the human genome (hg19) using the BWA algorithm. Figure 3 shows the peak distribution in 2 genomic regions surrounding the FOS gene on chromosome 14 and the ACTB gene on chromosome 7 (figure 3A and B, respectively).</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-6 columns"><center><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410003-fig3-ELISA.jpg" width="350" /></center><center></center><center></center><center></center><center></center></div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 4. Determination of the antibody titer</strong><br />To determine the titer of the antibody, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode antibody against H3K4me3 (cat. No. C15410003). The antigen used was a peptide containing the histone modification of interest. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution (Figure 4), the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1:11,000.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-6 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410003-fig4-DB.jpg" /></div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 5. Cross reactivity tests using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K4me3</strong><br />To test the cross reactivity of the Diagenode antibody against H3K4me3 (cat. No. C15410003), a Dot Blot analysis was performed with peptides containing other histone modifications and the unmodified H3K4. One hundred to 0.2 pmol of the respective peptides were spotted on a membrane. The antibody was used at a dilution of 1:2,000. Figure 5A shows a high specificity of the antibody for the modification of interest.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-4 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410003-fig5-WB.jpg" /></div>
<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 6. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K4me3</strong><br />Western blot was performed on whole cell extracts (40 &micro;g, lane 1) from HeLa cells, and on 1 &micro;g of recombinant histone H3 (lane 2) using the Diagenode antibody against H3K4me3 (cat. No. C15410003). The antibody was diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns"><center><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410003-fig6-if.jpg" /></center></div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 7. Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K4me3</strong><br />HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against H3K4me3 (cat. No. C15410003) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 20&rsquo; and blocked with PBS/TX-100 containing 5% normal goat serum. The cells were immunofluorescently labelled with the H3K4me3 antibody (left) diluted 1:200 in blocking solution followed by an anti-rabbit antibody conjugated to Alexa568 or with DAPI (middle), which specifically labels DNA. The right picture shows a merge of both stainings.</small></p>
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			'label2' => 'Target Description',
			'info2' => '<p>Histones are the main constituents of the protein part of chromosomes of eukaryotic cells. They are rich in the amino acids arginine and lysine and have been greatly conserved during evolution. Histones pack the DNA into tight masses of chromatin. Two core histones of each class H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assemble and are wrapped by 146 base pairs of DNA to form one octameric nucleosome. Histone tails undergo numerous post-translational modifications, which either directly or indirectly alter chromatin structure to facilitate transcriptional activation or repression or other nuclear processes. In addition to the genetic code, combinations of the different histone modifications reveal the so-called "histone code". Histone methylation and demethylation is dynamically regulated by respectively histone methyl transferases and histone demethylases. Methylation of histone H3K4 is associated with activation of gene transcription.</p>
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			'format' => '50 µg',
			'catalog_number' => 'C15410003',
			'old_catalog_number' => 'pAb-003-050',
			'sf_code' => 'C15410003-D001-000581',
			'type' => 'FRE',
			'search_order' => '03-Antibody',
			'price_EUR' => '480',
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			'last_datasheet_update' => 'January 8, 2021',
			'slug' => 'h3k4me3-polyclonal-antibody-premium-50-ug-50-ul',
			'meta_title' => 'H3K4me3 Antibody - ChIP-seq Grade (C15410003) | Diagenode',
			'meta_keywords' => '',
			'meta_description' => 'H3K4me3 (Histone H3 trimethylated at lysine 4) Polyclonal Antibody validated  in ChIP-seq, ChIP-qPCR, CUT&Tag, ELISA, DB, WB and IF. Specificity confirmed by Peptide array. Batch-specific data available on the website. Sample size available.',
			'modified' => '2024-11-19 16:51:19',
			'created' => '2015-06-29 14:08:20',
			'ProductsRelated' => array(
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		(int) 4 => array(
			'id' => '2264',
			'antibody_id' => '121',
			'name' => 'H3K9me3 Antibody',
			'description' => '<p><span>Polyclonal antibody raised in rabbit against the region of histone<strong> H3 containing the trimethylated lysine 9</strong> (<strong>H3K9me3</strong>), using a KLH-conjugated synthetic peptide.</span></p>',
			'label1' => 'Validation Data',
			'info1' => '<div class="row">
<div class="small-6 columns"><center><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410193-ChIP-Fig1.png" /></center></div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K9me3</strong><br />ChIP assays were performed using human HeLa cells, the Diagenode antibody against H3K9me3 (cat. No. C15410193) and optimized PCR primer sets for qPCR. ChIP was performed on sheared chromatin from 1 million HeLaS3 cells using the &ldquo;iDeal ChIP-seq&rdquo; kit (cat. No. C01010051). A titration of the antibody consisting of 0.5, 1, 2, and 5 &micro;g per ChIP experiment was analysed. IgG (1 &micro;g/IP) was used as negative IP control. QPCR was performed with primers for the heterochromatin marker Sat2 and for the ZNF510 gene, used as positive controls, and for the promoters of the active EIF4A2 and GAPDH genes, used as negative controls. Figure 1 shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis).</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns"><center>A.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410193-ChIP-Fig2a.png" width="700" /></center><center>B.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410193-ChIP-Fig2b.png" width="700" /></center><center>C.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410193-ChIP-Fig2c.png" width="700" /></center><center>D.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410193-ChIP-Fig2d.png" width="700" /></center></div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 2. ChIP-seq results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K9me3</strong><br />ChIP was performed with 0.5 &micro;g of the Diagenode antibody against H3K9me3 (cat. No. C15410193) on sheared chromatin from 1,000,000 HeLa cells using the &ldquo;iDeal ChIP-seq&rdquo; kit as described above. The IP'd DNA was subsequently analysed on an Illumina HiSeq 2000. Library preparation, cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. The 50 bp tags were aligned to the human genome using the BWA algorithm. Figure 2A shows the signal distribution along the long arm of chromosome 19 and a zoomin to an enriched region containing several ZNF repeat genes. The arrows indicate two satellite repeat regions which exhibit a stronger signal. Figures 2B, 2C and 2D show the enrichment along the ZNF510 positive control target and at the H19 and KCNQ1 imprinted genes.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns"><center>A.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410193-CT-Fig3a.png" width="700" /></center><center>B.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410193-CT-Fig3b.png" width="700" /></center></div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 3. Cut&amp;Tag results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K9me3</strong><br />CUT&amp;TAG (Kaya-Okur, H.S., Nat Commun 10, 1930, 2019) was performed on 50,000 K562 cells using 1 &micro;g of the Diagenode antibody against H3K9me3 (cat. No. C15410193) and the Diagenode pA-Tn5 transposase (C01070001). The libraries were subsequently analysed on an Illumina NextSeq 500 sequencer (2x75 paired-end reads) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The tags were aligned to the human genome (hg19) using the BWA algorithm. Figure 3 shows the peak distribution in a genomic regions on chromosome 1 containing several ZNF repeat genes and in a genomic region surrounding the KCNQ1 imprinting control gene on chromosome 11 (figure 3A and B, respectively).</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-6 columns"><center><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410193-Elisa-Fig4.png" /></center></div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 4. Determination of the antibody titer</strong><br />To determine the titer of the antibody, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the antibody directed against human H3K9me3 (cat. No. C15410193) in antigen coated wells. The antigen used was a peptide containing the histone modification of interest. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution (Figure 4), the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1:87,000.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-4 columns"><center><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410193-DB-Fig5.png" /></center></div>
<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 5. Cross reactivity tests using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K9me3</strong><br />A Dot Blot analysis was performed to test the cross reactivity of the Diagenode antibody against H3K9me3 (cat. No. C15410193) with peptides containing other modifications and unmodified sequences of histone H3 and H4. One hundred to 0.2 pmol of the peptide containing the respective histone modification were spotted on a membrane. The antibody was used at a dilution of 1:20,000. Figure 5 shows a high specificity of the antibody for the modification of interest.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-4 columns"><center><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410193-WB-Fig6.png" /></center></div>
<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 6. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K9me3</strong><br />Western blot was performed on whole cell (25 &micro;g, lane 1) and histone extracts (15 &micro;g, lane 2) from HeLa cells, and on 1 &micro;g of recombinant histone H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 (lane 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively) using the Diagenode antibody against H3K9me3 (cat. No. C15410193). The antibody was diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns"><center><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410193-IF-Fig7.png" /></center></div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 7. Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K9me3</strong><br />HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against H3K9me3 (cat. No. C15410193) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 10&rsquo; and blocked with PBS/TX-100 containing 5% normal goat serum and 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labelled with the H3K9me3 antibody (middle) diluted 1:500 in blocking solution followed by an anti-rabbit antibody conjugated to Alexa488. The left panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of both stainings is shown on the right.</small></p>
</div>
</div>',
			'label2' => 'Target Description',
			'info2' => '<p>Histones are the main constituents of the protein part of chromosomes of eukaryotic cells. They are rich in the amino acids arginine and lysine and have been greatly conserved during evolution. Histones pack the DNA into tight masses of chromatin. Two core histones of each class H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assemble and are wrapped by 146 base pairs of DNA to form one octameric nucleosome. Histone tails undergo numerous post-translational modifications, which either directly or indirectly alter chromatin structure to facilitate transcriptional activation or repression or other nuclear processes. In addition to the genetic code, combinations of the different histone modifications reveal the so-called &ldquo;histone code&rdquo;. Histone methylation and demethylation is dynamically regulated by respectively histone methyl transferases and histone demethylases. Trimethylation of histone H3K9 is associated with inactive genomic regions, satellite repeats and ZNF gene repeats.</p>',
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			'format' => '50 μg',
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			'sf_code' => 'C15410193-D001-000581',
			'type' => 'FRE',
			'search_order' => '03-Antibody',
			'price_EUR' => '480',
			'price_USD' => '470',
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			'price_JPY' => '75190',
			'price_CNY' => '0',
			'price_AUD' => '1175',
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			'last_datasheet_update' => 'December 12, 2017',
			'slug' => 'h3k9me3-polyclonal-antibody-premium-50-mg',
			'meta_title' => 'H3K9me3 Antibody - ChIP-seq Grade (C15410193) | Diagenode',
			'meta_keywords' => '',
			'meta_description' => 'H3K9me3  (Histone H3 trimethylated at lysine 9) Polyclonal Antibody validated  in ChIP-seq, ChIP-qPCR, CUT&Tag, ELISA, DB, WB and IF. Specificity confirmed by Peptide array assay. Batch-specific data available on the website. Sample size available.',
			'modified' => '2021-10-20 09:55:53',
			'created' => '2015-06-29 14:08:20',
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		(int) 5 => array(
			'id' => '2270',
			'antibody_id' => '109',
			'name' => 'H3K27ac Antibody',
			'description' => '<p><span>Polyclonal antibody raised in rabbit against the region of histone <strong>H3 containing the acetylated lysine 27</strong> (<strong>H3K27ac</strong>), using a KLH-conjugated synthetic peptide.</span></p>',
			'label1' => 'Validation Data',
			'info1' => '<div class="row">
<div class="small-6 columns">A.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410196-ChIP-Fig1a.png" width="356" /><br /> B.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410196-ChIP-Fig1b.png" width="356" /></div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27ac</strong></p>
<p>Figure 1A ChIP assays were performed using human HeLa cells, the Diagenode antibody against H3K27ac (Cat. No. C15410196) and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the &ldquo;Auto Histone ChIP-seq&rdquo; kit on the IP-Star automated system, using sheared chromatin from 1,000,000 cells. A titration consisting of 1, 2, 5 and 10 &micro;g of antibody per ChIP experiment was analyzed. IgG (2 &micro;g/IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers for the promoters of the active EIF4A2 and ACTB genes, used as positive controls, and for the inactive TSH2B and MYT1 genes, used as negative controls.</p>
<p>Figure 1B ChIP assays were performed using human K562 cells, the Diagenode antibody against H3K27ac (Cat. No. C15410196)and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the &ldquo;iDeal ChIP-seq&rdquo; kit (Cat. No. C01010051), using sheared chromatin from 100,000 cells. A titration consisting of 0.2, 0.5, 1 and 2 &micro;g of antibody per ChIP experiment was analyzed. IgG (1 &micro;g/IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers for the promoters of the active GAPDH and EIF4A2 genes, used as positive controls, and for the coding regions of the inactive MB and MYT1 genes, used as negative controls. Figure 1 shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis)</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="extra-spaced"></div>
<div class="extra-spaced"></div>
<div class="extra-spaced"></div>
<div class="extra-spaced"></div>
<div class="extra-spaced"></div>
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<div class="extra-spaced"></div>
<div class="extra-spaced"></div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns"><center>
<p>A.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410196-ChIP-Fig2a.png" /></p>
</center><center>
<p>B.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410196-ChIP-Fig2b.png" /></p>
</center><center>
<p>C.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410196-ChIP-Fig2c.png" /></p>
</center></div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><strong>Figure 2. ChIP-seq results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27ac</strong></p>
<p>ChIP was performed on sheared chromatin from 100,000 K562 cells using 1 &micro;g of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27ac (Cat. No. C15410196<span class="label-primary"></span>) as described above. The IP&rsquo;d DNA was subsequently analysed on an Illumina Genome Analyzer. Library preparation, cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer&rsquo;s instructions. The 36 bp tags were aligned to the human genome using the ELAND algorithm. Figure 2A shows the peak distribution along the complete human X-chromosome. Figure 2 B and C show the peak distribution in two regions surrounding the EIF4A2 and GAPDH positive control genes, respectively. The position of the PCR amplicon, used for validating the ChIP assay is indicated with an arrow.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns"><center><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410196-fig3.jpg" /></center></div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><strong>Figure 3. Cut&amp;Tag results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27ac</strong></p>
<p>CUT&amp;TAG (Kaya-Okur, H.S., Nat Commun 10, 1930, 2019) was performed on 50,000 K562 cells using 1 &micro;g of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27ac (cat. No. C15410196) and the Diagenode pA-Tn5 transposase (C01070001). The libraries were subsequently analysed on an Illumina NextSeq 500 sequencer (2x75 paired-end reads) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The tags were aligned to the human genome (hg19) using the BWA algorithm. Figure 3 shows the peak distribution in 2 genomic regions surrounding the EIF2S3 gene on the X-chromosome and the CCT5 gene on chromosome 5 (figure 3A and B, respectively).</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-6 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410196-ELISA-Fig3.png" /></div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><strong>Figure 4. Determination of the antibody titer</strong></p>
<p>To determine the titer of the antibody, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27ac (Cat. No. C15410196<span class="label-primary"></span>). The antigen used was a peptide containing the histone modification of interest. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution (Figure 4), the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1:8,300.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-4 columns"><center><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410196-DB-Fig4.png" /></center></div>
<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><strong>Figure 5. Cross reactivity tests using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27ac</strong><br />To test the cross reactivity of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27ac (Cat. No. C15410196<span class="label-primary"></span>), a Dot Blot analysis was performed with peptides containing other histone modifications and the unmodified H3K27. One hundred to 0.2 pmol of the respective peptides were spotted on a membrane. The antibody was used at a dilution of 1:20,000. Figure 5 shows a high specificity of the antibody for the modification of interest.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-4 columns"><center><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410196-WB-Fig5.png" /></center></div>
<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><strong>Figure 6. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27ac</strong><br />Western blot was performed on whole cell (25 &micro;g, lane 1) and histone extracts (15 &micro;g, lane 2) from HeLa cells, and on 1 &micro;g of recombinant histone H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 (lane 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively) using the Diagenode antibody against H3K27ac (Cat. No. C1541196). The antibody was diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-4 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410196-IF-Fig6.png" /></div>
<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><strong>Figure 7. Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27ac</strong></p>
<p>HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against H3K27ac (Cat. No. C15410196<span class="label-primary"></span>) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 10&rsquo; and blocked with PBS/ TX-100 containing 5% normal goat serum and 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labeled with the H3K27ac antibody (top) diluted 1:500 in blocking solution followed by an anti-rabbit antibody conjugated to Alexa488. The middle panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of the two stainings is shown at the bottom.</p>
</div>
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			'info2' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Histones are the main constituents of the protein part of chromosomes of eukaryotic cells. They are rich in the amino acids arginine and lysine and have been greatly conserved during evolution. Histones pack the DNA into tight masses of chromatin. Two core histones of each class H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assemble and are wrapped by 146 base pairs of DNA to form one octameric nucleosome. Histone tails undergo numerous post-translational modifications, which either directly or indirectly alter chromatin structure to facilitate transcriptional activation or repression or other nuclear processes. In addition to the genetic code, combinations of the different histone modifications reveal the so-called &ldquo;histone code&rdquo;. Histone methylation and demethylation is dynamically regulated by respectively histone methyl transferases and histone demethylases. Acetylation of histone H3K27 is associated with active promoters and enhancers.</p>',
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			'format' => '50 μg',
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			'price_EUR' => '480',
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			'description' => '<p><strong>Western blot</strong> : The quality of antibodies used in this technique is crucial for correct and specific protein identification. Diagenode offers huge selection of highly sensitive and specific western blot-validated antibodies.</p>
<p>Learn more about: <a href="https://www.diagenode.com/applications/western-blot">Loading control, MW marker visualization</a><em>. <br /></em></p>
<p><em></em>Check our selection of antibodies validated in Western blot.</p>',
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<p>Diagenode offers huge selection of highly sensitive antibodies validated in IF.</p>
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200229-IF.jpg" alt="" height="245" width="256" /></p>
<p><sup><strong>Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against CRISPR/Cas9</strong></sup></p>
<p><sup>HeLa cells transfected with a Cas9 expression vector (left) or untransfected cells (right) were fixed in methanol at -20&deg;C, permeabilized with acetone at -20&deg;C and blocked with PBS containing 2% BSA. The cells were stained with the Cas9 C-terminal antibody (Cat. No. C15200229) diluted 1:400, followed by incubation with an anti-mouse secondary antibody coupled to AF488. The bottom images show counter-staining of the nuclei with Hoechst 33342.</sup></p>
<h5><sup>Check our selection of antibodies validated in IF.</sup></h5>',
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			'meta_description' => 'Diagenode offers a wide range of antibodies and technical support for ChIP Sequencing applications',
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			'meta_description' => 'Diagenode offers a wide range of antibodies and technical support for ChIP-qPCR applications',
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			'description' => '<p><b>Unparalleled ChIP-Seq results with the most rigorously validated antibodies</b></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Diagenode provides leading solutions for epigenetic research. Because ChIP-seq is a widely-used technique, we validate our antibodies in ChIP and ChIP-seq experiments (in addition to conventional methods like Western blot, Dot blot, ELISA, and immunofluorescence) to provide the highest quality antibody. We standardize our validation and production to guarantee high product quality without technical bias. Diagenode guarantees ChIP-seq grade antibody performance under our suggested conditions.</span></p>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 medium-9 large-9 columns">
<p><strong>ChIP-seq profile</strong> of active (H3K4me3 and H3K36me3) and inactive (H3K27me3) marks using Diagenode antibodies.</p>
<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/categories/antibodies/chip-seq-grade-antibodies.png" /></div>
<div class="small-12 medium-3 large-3 columns">
<p><small> ChIP was performed on sheared chromatin from 100,000 K562 cells using iDeal ChIP-seq kit for Histones (cat. No. C01010051) with 1 &micro;g of the Diagenode antibodies against H3K27me3 (cat. No. C15410195) and H3K4me3 (cat. No. C15410003), and 0.5 &micro;g of the antibody against H3K36me3 (cat. No. C15410192). The IP'd DNA was subsequently analysed on an Illumina Genome Analyzer. Library preparation, cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. The 36 bp tags were aligned to the human genome using the ELAND algorithm. The figure shows the signal distribution along the complete sequence of human chromosome 3, a zoomin to a 10 Mb region and a further zoomin to a 1.5 Mb region. </small></p>
</div>
</div>
<p>Diagenode&rsquo;s highly validated antibodies:</p>
<ul>
<li>Highly sensitive and specific</li>
<li>Cost-effective (requires less antibody per reaction)</li>
<li>Batch-specific data is available on the website</li>
<li>Expert technical support</li>
<li>Sample sizes available</li>
<li>100% satisfaction guarantee</li>
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			'name' => 'Histone antibodies',
			'description' => '<p>Histones are the main protein components of chromatin involved in the compaction of DNA into nucleosomes, the basic units of chromatin. A <strong>nucleosome</strong> consists of one pair of each of the core histones (<strong>H2A</strong>, <strong>H2B</strong>, <strong>H3</strong> and <strong>H4</strong>) forming an octameric structure wrapped by 146 base pairs of DNA. The different nucleosomes are linked by the linker histone<strong> H1, </strong>allowing for further condensation of chromatin.</p>
<p>The core histones have a globular structure with large unstructured N-terminal tails protruding from the nucleosome.&nbsp; They can undergo to multiple post-translational modifications (PTM), mainly at the N-terminal tails. These <strong>post-translational modifications </strong>include&nbsp; methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitinylation, citrullination, sumoylation, deamination and crotonylation.&nbsp; The most well characterized PTMs are <strong>methylation,</strong> <strong>acetylation and phosphorylation</strong>. Histone methylation occurs mainly on lysine (K) residues, which can be mono-, di- or tri-methylated, and on arginines (R), which can be mono-methylated and symmetrically or asymmetrically di-methylated. Histone acetylation occurs on lysines and histone phosphorylation mainly on serines (S), threonines (T) and tyrosines (Y).</p>
<p>The PTMs of the different residues are involved in numerous processes such as DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosome condensation. They influence the chromatin organization and can be positively or negatively associated with gene expression. Trimethylation of H3K4, H3K36 and H3K79, and lysine acetylation generally result in an open chromatin configuration (figure below) and are therefore associated with <strong>euchromatin</strong> and gene activation. Trimethylation of H3K9, K3K27 and H4K20, on the other hand, is enriched in <strong>heterochromatin </strong>and associated with gene silencing. The combination of different histone modifications is called the "<strong>histone code</strong>&rdquo;, analogous to the genetic code.</p>
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/categories/antibodies/histone-marks-illustration.png" /></p>
<p>Diagenode is proud to offer a large range of antibodies against histones and histone modifications. Our&nbsp; antibodies are highly specific and have been validated in many applications, including <strong>ChIP</strong> and <strong>ChIP-seq</strong>.</p>
<p>Diagenode&rsquo;s collection includes antibodies recognizing:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Histone H1 variants</strong></li>
<li><strong>Histone H2A, H2A variants and histone H2A</strong> <strong>modifications</strong> (serine phosphorylation, lysine acetylation, lysine ubiquitinylation)</li>
<li><strong>Histone H2B and H2B</strong> <strong>modifications </strong>(serine phosphorylation, lysine acetylation)</li>
<li><strong>Histone H3 and H3 modifications </strong>(lysine methylation (mono-, di- and tri-methylated), lysine acetylation, serine phosphorylation, threonine phosphorylation, arginine methylation (mono-methylated, symmetrically and asymmetrically di-methylated))</li>
<li><strong>Histone H4 and H4 modifications (</strong>lysine methylation (mono-, di- and tri-methylated), lysine acetylation, arginine methylation (mono-methylated and symmetrically di-methylated), serine phosphorylation )</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>HDAC's HAT's, HMT's and other</strong> <strong>enzymes</strong> which modify histones can be found in the category <a href="../categories/chromatin-modifying-proteins-histone-transferase">Histone modifying enzymes</a><br /></span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Diagenode&rsquo;s highly validated antibodies:</span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Highly sensitive and specific</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cost-effective (requires less antibody per reaction)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Batch-specific data is available on the website</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Expert technical support</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sample sizes available</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 100% satisfaction guarantee</span></li>
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			'description' => '<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">All Diagenode&rsquo;s antibodies are listed below. Please, use our Quick search field to find the antibody of interest by target name, application, purity.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Diagenode&rsquo;s highly validated antibodies:</span></p>
<ul>
<li>Highly sensitive and specific</li>
<li>Cost-effective (requires less antibody per reaction)</li>
<li>Batch-specific data is available on the website</li>
<li>Expert technical support</li>
<li>Sample sizes available</li>
<li>100% satisfaction guarantee</li>
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			'meta_title' => 'Diagenode's selection of Antibodies is exclusively dedicated for Epigenetic Research | Diagenode',
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			'name' => 'ChIP-grade antibodies',
			'description' => '<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns"><center></center>
<p><br />Chromatin immunoprecipitation (<b>ChIP</b>) is a technique to study the associations of proteins with the specific genomic regions in intact cells. One of the most important steps of this protocol is the immunoprecipitation of targeted protein using the antibody specifically recognizing it. The quality of antibodies used in ChIP is essential for the success of the experiment. Diagenode offers extensively validated ChIP-grade antibodies, confirmed for their specificity, and high level of performance in ChIP. Each batch is validated, and batch-specific data are available on the website.</p>
<p></p>
</div>
</div>
<p><strong>ChIP results</strong> obtained with the antibody directed against H3K4me3 (Cat. No. <a href="../p/h3k4me3-polyclonal-antibody-premium-50-ug-50-ul">C15410003</a>).&nbsp;</p>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 medium-6 large-6 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410003-fig1-ChIP.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="315" />&nbsp;</div>
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<p></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
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<p></p>
<p>Our aim at Diagenode is to offer the largest collection of highly specific <strong>ChIP-grade antibodies</strong>. We add new antibodies monthly. Find your ChIP-grade antibody in the list below and check more information about tested applications, extensive validation data, and product information.</p>',
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			'name' => 'Datasheet H3K27me3 C15410069',
			'description' => '<p><span>Polyclonal antibody raised in rabbit against against histone H3, trimethylated at lysine 27 (H3K27me3), using a KLH-conjugated synthetic peptide.</span></p>',
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			'name' => 'Epigenetic Antibodies Brochure',
			'description' => '<p>More than in any other immuoprecipitation assays, quality antibodies are critical tools in many epigenetics experiments. Since 10 years, Diagenode has developed the most stringent quality production available on the market for antibodies exclusively focused on epigenetic uses. All our antibodies have been qualified to work in epigenetic applications.</p>',
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			'url' => 'files/brochures/Epigenetic_Antibodies_Brochure.pdf',
			'slug' => 'epigenetic-antibodies-brochure',
			'meta_keywords' => '',
			'meta_description' => '',
			'modified' => '2016-06-15 11:24:06',
			'created' => '2015-07-03 16:05:27',
			'ProductsDocument' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 2 => array(
			'id' => '11',
			'name' => 'Antibodies you can trust',
			'description' => '<p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Epigenetic research tools have evolved over time from endpoint PCR to qPCR to the analyses of large sets of genome-wide sequencing data. ChIP sequencing (ChIP-seq) has now become the gold standard method for chromatin studies, given the accuracy and coverage scale of the approach over other methods. Successful ChIP-seq, however, requires a higher level of experimental accuracy and consistency in all steps of ChIP than ever before. Particularly crucial is the quality of ChIP antibodies. </span></p>',
			'image_id' => null,
			'type' => 'Poster',
			'url' => 'files/posters/Antibodies_you_can_trust_Poster.pdf',
			'slug' => 'antibodies-you-can-trust-poster',
			'meta_keywords' => '',
			'meta_description' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-10-01 20:18:31',
			'created' => '2015-07-03 16:05:15',
			'ProductsDocument' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		)
	),
	'Feature' => array(),
	'Image' => array(
		(int) 0 => array(
			'id' => '1783',
			'name' => 'product/antibodies/chipseq-grade-ab-icon.png',
			'alt' => 'ChIP-seq Grade',
			'modified' => '2020-11-27 07:04:40',
			'created' => '2018-03-15 15:54:09',
			'ProductsImage' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		)
	),
	'Promotion' => array(),
	'Protocol' => array(),
	'Publication' => array(
		(int) 0 => array(
			'id' => '4952',
			'name' => 'Epigenetic alterations affecting hematopoietic regulatory networks as drivers of mixed myeloid/lymphoid leukemia',
			'authors' => 'Roger Mulet-Lazaro et al.',
			'description' => '<p><span>Leukemias with ambiguous lineage comprise several loosely defined entities, often without a clear mechanistic basis. Here, we extensively profile the epigenome and transcriptome of a subgroup of such leukemias with CpG Island Methylator Phenotype. These leukemias exhibit comparable hybrid myeloid/lymphoid epigenetic landscapes, yet heterogeneous genetic alterations, suggesting they are defined by their shared epigenetic profile rather than common genetic lesions. Gene expression enrichment reveals similarity with early T-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia and a lymphoid progenitor cell of origin. In line with this, integration of differential DNA methylation and gene expression shows widespread silencing of myeloid transcription factors. Moreover, binding sites for hematopoietic transcription factors, including CEBPA, SPI1 and LEF1, are uniquely inaccessible in these leukemias. Hypermethylation also results in loss of CTCF binding, accompanied by changes in chromatin interactions involving key transcription factors. In conclusion, epigenetic dysregulation, and not genetic lesions, explains the mixed phenotype of this group of leukemias with ambiguous lineage. The data collected here constitute a useful and comprehensive epigenomic reference for subsequent studies of acute myeloid leukemias, T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias and mixed-phenotype leukemias.</span></p>',
			'date' => '2024-07-07',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-49811-y',
			'doi' => 'https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-49811-y',
			'modified' => '2024-07-10 12:21:42',
			'created' => '2024-07-10 12:21:42',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 1 => array(
			'id' => '4945',
			'name' => 'Master corepressor inactivation through multivalent SLiM-induced polymerization mediated by the oncogene suppressor RAI2',
			'authors' => 'Goradia N. et al.',
			'description' => '<p><span>While the elucidation of regulatory mechanisms of folded proteins is facilitated due to their amenability to high-resolution structural characterization, investigation of these mechanisms in disordered proteins is more challenging due to their structural heterogeneity, which can be captured by a variety of biophysical approaches. Here, we used the transcriptional master corepressor CtBP, which binds the putative metastasis suppressor RAI2 through repetitive SLiMs, as a model system. Using cryo-electron microscopy embedded in an integrative structural biology approach, we show that RAI2 unexpectedly induces CtBP polymerization through filaments of stacked tetrameric CtBP layers. These filaments lead to RAI2-mediated CtBP nuclear foci and relieve its corepressor function in RAI2-expressing cancer cells. The impact of RAI2-mediated CtBP loss-of-function is illustrated by the analysis of a diverse cohort of prostate cancer patients, which reveals a substantial decrease in RAI2 in advanced treatment-resistant cancer subtypes. As RAI2-like SLiM motifs are found in a wide range of organisms, including pathogenic viruses, our findings serve as a paradigm for diverse functional effects through multivalent interaction-mediated polymerization by disordered proteins in healthy and diseased conditions.</span></p>',
			'date' => '2024-06-19',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-49488-3',
			'doi' => 'https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-49488-3',
			'modified' => '2024-06-24 17:11:37',
			'created' => '2024-06-24 17:11:37',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 2 => array(
			'id' => '4950',
			'name' => 'Master corepressor inactivation through multivalent SLiM-induced polymerization mediated by the oncogene suppressor RAI2',
			'authors' => 'Nishit Goradia et al.',
			'description' => '<p><span>While the elucidation of regulatory mechanisms of folded proteins is facilitated due to their amenability to high-resolution structural characterization, investigation of these mechanisms in disordered proteins is more challenging due to their structural heterogeneity, which can be captured by a variety of biophysical approaches. Here, we used the transcriptional master corepressor CtBP, which binds the putative metastasis suppressor RAI2 through repetitive SLiMs, as a model system. Using cryo-electron microscopy embedded in an integrative structural biology approach, we show that RAI2 unexpectedly induces CtBP polymerization through filaments of stacked tetrameric CtBP layers. These filaments lead to RAI2-mediated CtBP nuclear foci and relieve its corepressor function in RAI2-expressing cancer cells. The impact of RAI2-mediated CtBP loss-of-function is illustrated by the analysis of a diverse cohort of prostate cancer patients, which reveals a substantial decrease in RAI2 in advanced treatment-resistant cancer subtypes. As RAI2-like SLiM motifs are found in a wide range of organisms, including pathogenic viruses, our findings serve as a paradigm for diverse functional effects through multivalent interaction-mediated polymerization by disordered proteins in healthy and diseased conditions.</span></p>',
			'date' => '2024-06-19',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-49488-3',
			'doi' => ' https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-49488-3',
			'modified' => '2024-07-04 15:50:54',
			'created' => '2024-07-04 15:50:54',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 3 => array(
			'id' => '4791',
			'name' => 'Distinct regulation of EZH2 and its repressive H3K27me3 mark inPolyomavirus -positive and -negative Merkel cell carcinoma.',
			'authors' => 'Durand  M-A et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an aggressive skin cancer for which Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) integration and expression of viral oncogenes small T and Large T have been identified as major oncogenic determinants. Recently, a component of the PRC2 complex, the histone methyltransferase EZH2 that induces H3K27 tri-methylation as a repressive mark has been proposed as a potential therapeutic target in MCC. Since divergent results have been reported for the levels of EZH2 and H3K27me3, we analyzed these factors in a large MCC cohort to identify the molecular determinants of EZH2 activity in MCC and to establish MCC cell lines sensitivity to EZH2 inhibitors. Immunohistochemical expression of EZH2 was observed in 92\% of MCC tumors (156/170) with higher expression levels in virus-positive than virus-negative tumors (p= 0.026). For the latter, we demonstrated overexpression of EZHIP, a negative regulator of the PRC2 complex. In vitro, ectopic expression of the Large T antigen in fibroblasts led to the induction of EZH2 expression while knockdown of T antigens in MCC cell lines resulted in decreased EZH2 expression. EZH2 inhibition led to selective cytotoxicity on virus-positive MCC cell lines. This study highlights the distinct mechanisms of EZH2 induction between virus-negative and -positive MCC.</p>',
			'date' => '2023-04-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37037414',
			'doi' => '10.1016/j.jid.2023.02.038',
			'modified' => '2023-06-12 09:05:58',
			'created' => '2023-05-05 12:34:24',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 4 => array(
			'id' => '4605',
			'name' => 'Gene Regulatory Interactions at Lamina-Associated Domains',
			'authors' => 'Madsen-Østerbye  J. et al.',
			'description' => '<p>The nuclear lamina provides a repressive chromatin environment at the nuclear periphery. However, whereas most genes in lamina-associated domains (LADs) are inactive, over ten percent reside in local euchromatic contexts and are expressed. How these genes are regulated and whether they are able to interact with regulatory elements remain unclear. Here, we integrate publicly available enhancer-capture Hi-C data with our own chromatin state and transcriptomic datasets to show that inferred enhancers of active genes in LADs are able to form connections with other enhancers within LADs and outside LADs. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses show proximity changes between differentially expressed genes in LADs and distant enhancers upon the induction of adipogenic differentiation. We also provide evidence of involvement of lamin A/C, but not lamin B1, in repressing genes at the border of an in-LAD active region within a topological domain. Our data favor a model where the spatial topology of chromatin at the nuclear lamina is compatible with gene expression in this dynamic nuclear compartment.</p>',
			'date' => '2023-01-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fgenes14020334',
			'doi' => '10.3390/genes14020334',
			'modified' => '2023-04-04 08:57:32',
			'created' => '2023-02-21 09:59:46',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 5 => array(
			'id' => '4454',
			'name' => 'Histone lysine demethylase inhibition reprograms prostate cancermetabolism and mechanics.',
			'authors' => 'Chianese  Ugo and Papulino  Chiara and Passaro  Eugenia andEvers  Tom Mj and Babaei  Mehrad and Toraldo  Antonella andDe Marchi  Tommaso and Niméus  Emma and Carafa  Vincenzo andNicoletti  Maria Maddalena and Del Gaudio  Nunzio andIaccarino  Nunzia an',
			'description' => '<p>OBJECTIVE: Aberrant activity of androgen receptor (AR) is the primary cause underlying development and progression of prostate cancer (PCa) and castration-resistant PCa (CRPC). Androgen signaling regulates gene transcription and lipid metabolism, facilitating tumor growth and therapy resistance in early and advanced PCa. Although direct AR signaling inhibitors exist, AR expression and function can also be epigenetically regulated. Specifically, lysine (K)-specific demethylases (KDMs), which are often overexpressed in PCa and CRPC phenotypes, regulate the AR transcriptional program. METHODS: We investigated LSD1/UTX inhibition, two KDMs, in PCa and CRPC using a multi-omics approach. We first performed a mitochondrial stress test to evaluate respiratory capacity after treatment with MC3324, a dual KDM-inhibitor, and then carried out lipidomic, proteomic, and metabolic analyses. We also investigated mechanical cellular properties with acoustic force spectroscopy. RESULTS: MC3324 induced a global increase in H3K4me2 and H3K27me3 accompanied by significant growth arrest and apoptosis in androgen-responsive and -unresponsive PCa systems. LSD1/UTX inhibition downregulated AR at both transcriptional and non-transcriptional level, showing cancer selectivity, indicating its potential use in resistance to androgen deprivation therapy. Since MC3324 impaired metabolic activity, by modifying the protein and lipid content in PCa and CRPC cell lines. Epigenetic inhibition of LSD1/UTX disrupted mitochondrial ATP production and mediated lipid plasticity, which affected the phosphocholine class, an important structural element for the cell membrane in PCa and CRPC associated with changes in physical and mechanical properties of cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest a network in which epigenetics, hormone signaling, metabolite availability, lipid content, and mechano-metabolic process are closely related. This network may be able to identify additional hotspots for pharmacological intervention and underscores the key role of KDM-mediated epigenetic modulation in PCa and CRPC.</p>',
			'date' => '2022-08-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35944897',
			'doi' => '10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101561',
			'modified' => '2022-10-21 09:37:56',
			'created' => '2022-09-28 09:53:13',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 6 => array(
			'id' => '4514',
			'name' => 'Histone H3K36me2 and H3K36me3 form a chromatin platform essentialfor DNMT3A-dependent DNA methylation in mouse oocytes.',
			'authors' => 'Yano  Seiichi at al.',
			'description' => '<p>Establishment of the DNA methylation landscape of mammalian oocytes, mediated by the DNMT3A-DNMT3L complex, is crucial for reproduction and development. In mouse oocytes, high levels of DNA methylation occur exclusively in the transcriptionally active regions, with moderate to low levels of methylation in other regions. Histone H3K36me3 mediates the high levels of methylation in the transcribed regions; however, it is unknown which histone mark guides the methylation in the other regions. Here, we show that, in mouse oocytes, H3K36me2 is highly enriched in the X chromosome and is broadly distributed across all autosomes. Upon H3K36me2 depletion, DNA methylation in moderately methylated regions is selectively affected, and a methylation pattern unique to the X chromosome is switched to an autosome-like pattern. Furthermore, we find that simultaneous depletion of H3K36me2 and H3K36me3 results in global hypomethylation, comparable to that of DNMT3A depletion. Therefore, the two histone marks jointly provide the chromatin platform essential for guiding DNMT3A-dependent DNA methylation in mouse oocytes.</p>',
			'date' => '2022-08-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35922445',
			'doi' => '10.1038/s41467-022-32141-2',
			'modified' => '2022-11-24 08:41:31',
			'created' => '2022-11-15 09:26:20',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 7 => array(
			'id' => '4417',
			'name' => 'HOTAIR interacts with PRC2 complex regulating the regional preadipocytetranscriptome and human fat distribution.',
			'authors' => 'Kuo  Feng-Chih et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Mechanisms governing regional human adipose tissue (AT) development remain undefined. Here, we show that the long non-coding RNA HOTAIR (HOX transcript antisense RNA) is exclusively expressed in gluteofemoral AT, where it is essential for adipocyte development. We find that HOTAIR interacts with polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) and we identify core HOTAIR-PRC2 target genes involved in adipocyte lineage determination. Repression of target genes coincides with PRC2 promoter occupancy and H3K27 trimethylation. HOTAIR is also involved in modifying the gluteal adipocyte transcriptome through alternative splicing. Gluteal-specific expression of HOTAIR is maintained by defined regions of open chromatin across the HOTAIR promoter. HOTAIR expression levels can be modified by hormonal (estrogen, glucocorticoids) and genetic variation (rs1443512 is a HOTAIR eQTL associated with reduced gynoid fat mass). These data identify HOTAIR as a dynamic regulator of the gluteal adipocyte transcriptome and epigenome with functional importance for human regional AT development.</p>',
			'date' => '2022-07-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35905723',
			'doi' => '10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111136',
			'modified' => '2022-09-27 14:41:23',
			'created' => '2022-09-08 16:32:20',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 8 => array(
			'id' => '4220',
			'name' => 'Effects of GSK-J4 on JMJD3 Histone Demethylase in Mouse Prostate Cancer Xenografts',
			'authors' => 'Sanchez A. et al.',
			'description' => '<p><strong class="sub-title">Background/aim:<span>&nbsp;</span></strong>Histone methylation status is required to control gene expression. H3K27me3 is an epigenetic tri-methylation modification to histone H3 controlled by the demethylase JMJD3. JMJD3 is dysregulated in a wide range of cancers and has been shown to control the expression of a specific growth-modulatory gene signature, making it an interesting candidate to better understand prostate tumor progression in vivo. This study aimed to identify the impact of JMJD3 inhibition by its inhibitor, GSK4, on prostate tumor growth in vivo.</p>
<p><strong class="sub-title">Materials and methods:<span>&nbsp;</span></strong>Prostate cancer cell lines were implanted into Balb/c nude male mice. The effects of the selective JMJD3 inhibitor GSK-J4 on tumor growth were analyzed by bioluminescence assays and H3K27me3-regulated changes in gene expression were analyzed by ChIP-qPCR and RT-qPCR.</p>
<p><strong class="sub-title">Results:<span>&nbsp;</span></strong>JMJD3 inhibition contributed to an increase in tumor growth in androgen-independent (AR-) xenografts and a decrease in androgen-dependent (AR+). GSK-J4 treatment modulated H3K27me3 enrichment on the gene panel in DU-145-luc xenografts while it had little effect on PC3-luc and no effect on LNCaP-luc. Effects of JMJD3 inhibition affected the panel gene expression.</p>
<p><strong class="sub-title">Conclusion:<span>&nbsp;</span></strong>JMJD3 has a differential effect in prostate tumor progression according to AR status. Our results suggest that JMJD3 is able to play a role independently of its demethylase function in androgen-independent prostate cancer. The effects of GSK-J4 on AR+ prostate xenografts led to a decrease in tumor growth.</p>',
			'date' => '2022-05-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35430567/',
			'doi' => '10.21873/cgp.20324',
			'modified' => '2022-04-21 11:54:21',
			'created' => '2022-04-21 11:54:21',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 9 => array(
			'id' => '4221',
			'name' => 'Epigenetic Mechanisms Mediating Cell State Transitions in Chondrocytes',
			'authors' => 'Wuelling M. et al.',
			'description' => '<p><span>Epigenetic modifications play critical roles in regulating cell lineage differentiation, but the epigenetic mechanisms guiding specific differentiation steps within a cell lineage have rarely been investigated. To decipher such mechanisms, we used the defined transition from proliferating (PC) into hypertrophic chondrocytes (HC) during endochondral ossification as a model. We established a map of activating and repressive histone modifications for each cell type. ChromHMM state transition analysis and Pareto-based integration of differential levels of mRNA and epigenetic marks revealed that differentiation-associated gene repression is initiated by the addition of H3K27me3 to promoters still carrying substantial levels of activating marks. Moreover, the integrative analysis identified genes specifically expressed in cells undergoing the transition into hypertrophy. Investigation of enhancer profiles detected surprising differences in enhancer number, location, and transcription factor binding sites between the two closely related cell types. Furthermore, cell type-specific upregulation of gene expression was associated with increased numbers of H3K27ac peaks. Pathway analysis identified PC-specific enhancers associated with chondrogenic genes, whereas HC-specific enhancers mainly control metabolic pathways linking epigenetic signature to biological functions. Since HC-specific enhancers show a higher conservation in postnatal tissues, the switch to metabolic pathways seems to be a hallmark of differentiated tissues. Surprisingly, the analysis of H3K27ac levels at super-enhancers revealed a rapid adaption of H3K27ac occupancy to changes in gene expression, supporting the importance of enhancer modulation for acute alterations in gene expression. &copy; 2021 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).</span></p>',
			'date' => '2022-05-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33534175/',
			'doi' => '10.1002/jbmr.4263',
			'modified' => '2022-04-25 11:46:32',
			'created' => '2022-04-21 12:00:53',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 10 => array(
			'id' => '4227',
			'name' => 'Epigenetic integrity of paternal imprints enhances the developmental
potential of androgenetic haploid embryonic stem cells.',
			'authors' => 'Zhang, Hongling and Li, Yuanyuan and Ma, Yongjian and Lai,
Chongping and Yu, Qian and Shi, Guangyong and Li, Jinsong',
			'description' => 'The use of two inhibitors of Mek1/2 and Gsk3β (2i) promotes the
generation of mouse diploid and haploid embryonic stem cells (ESCs) from
the inner cell mass of biparental and uniparental blastocysts,
respectively. However, a system enabling long-term maintenance of
imprints in ESCs has proven challenging. Here, we report that the use
of a two-step a2i (alternative two inhibitors of Src and Gsk3β,
TSa2i) derivation/culture protocol results in the establishment of
androgenetic haploid ESCs (AG-haESCs) with stable DNA methylation
at paternal DMRs (differentially DNA methylated regions) up to passage
60 that can efficiently support generating mice upon oocyte injection. We
also show coexistence of H3K9me3 marks and ZFP57 bindings with intact
DMR methylations. Furthermore, we demonstrate that TSa2i-treated
AG-haESCs are a heterogeneous cell population regarding paternal DMR
methylation. Strikingly, AG-haESCs with late passages display
increased paternal-DMR methylations and improved developmental potential
compared to early-passage cells, in part through the enhanced proliferation
of H19-DMR hypermethylated cells. Together, we establish
AG-haESCs that can long-term maintain paternal imprints.',
			'date' => '2022-02-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13238-021-00890-3',
			'doi' => '10.1007/s13238-021-00890-3',
			'modified' => '2022-05-19 10:41:50',
			'created' => '2022-05-19 10:41:50',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 11 => array(
			'id' => '4367',
			'name' => 'Cell-type specific transcriptional networks in root xylem adjacent celllayers',
			'authors' => 'Asensi Fabado  Maria Amparo et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Transport of water, ions and signals from roots to leaves via the xylem vessels is essential for plant life and needs to be tightly regulated. The final composition of the transpiration stream before passage into the shoots is controlled by the xylem-adjacent cell layers, namely xylem parenchyma and pericycle, in the upper part of the root. To unravel regulatory networks in this strategically important location, we generated Arabidopsis lines expressing a nuclear tag under the control of the HKT1 promoter. HKT1 retrieves sodium from the xylem to prevent toxic levels in the shoot, and this function depends on its specific expression in upper root xylem-adjacent tissues. Based on FACS RNA-sequencing and INTACT ChIP-sequencing, we identified the gene repertoire that is preferentially expressed in the tagged cell types and discovered transcription factors experiencing cell-type specific loss of H3K27me3 demethylation. For one of these, ZAT6, we show that H3K27me3-demethylase REF6 is required for de-repression. Analysis of zat6 mutants revealed that ZAT6 activates a suite of cell-type specific downstream genes and restricts Na+ accumulation in the shoots. The combined Files open novel opportunities for &lsquo;bottom-up&rsquo; causal dissection of cell-type specific regulatory networks that control root-to-shoot communication under environmental challenge.</p>',
			'date' => '2022-02-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://doi.org/10.1101%2F2022.02.04.479129',
			'doi' => '10.1101/2022.02.04.479129',
			'modified' => '2022-08-04 16:17:32',
			'created' => '2022-08-04 14:55:36',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 12 => array(
			'id' => '4326',
			'name' => 'Loss of KMT2C reprograms the epigenomic landscape in hPSCsresulting in NODAL overexpression and a failure of hemogenic endotheliumspecification.',
			'authors' => 'Maurya Shailendra et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Germline or somatic variation in the family of KMT2 lysine methyltransferases have been associated with a variety of congenital disorders and cancers. Notably, -fusions are prevalent in 70\% of infant leukaemias but fail to phenocopy short latency leukaemogenesis in mammalian models, suggesting additional factors are necessary for transformation. Given the lack of additional somatic mutation, the role of epigenetic regulation in cell specification, and our prior results of germline variation in infant leukaemia patients, we hypothesized that germline dysfunction of KMT2C altered haematopoietic specification. In isogenic KO hPSCs, we found genome-wide differences in histone modifications at active and poised enhancers, leading to gene expression profiles akin to mesendoderm rather than mesoderm highlighted by a significant increase in NODAL expression and WNT inhibition, ultimately resulting in a lack of hemogenic endothelium specification. These unbiased multi-omic results provide new evidence for germline mechanisms increasing risk of early leukaemogenesis.</p>',
			'date' => '2022-01-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15592294.2021.1954780',
			'doi' => '10.1080/15592294.2021.1954780',
			'modified' => '2022-06-20 09:27:45',
			'created' => '2022-05-19 10:41:50',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 13 => array(
			'id' => '4409',
			'name' => 'Effects of GSK-J4 on JMJD3 Histone Demethylase in MouseProstate Cancer Xenografts.',
			'authors' => 'Sanchez  A. et al.',
			'description' => '<p>BACKGROUND/AIM: Histone methylation status is required to control gene expression. H3K27me3 is an epigenetic tri-methylation modification to histone H3 controlled by the demethylase JMJD3. JMJD3 is dysregulated in a wide range of cancers and has been shown to control the expression of a specific growth-modulatory gene signature, making it an interesting candidate to better understand prostate tumor progression in vivo. This study aimed to identify the impact of JMJD3 inhibition by its inhibitor, GSK4, on prostate tumor growth in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prostate cancer cell lines were implanted into Balb/c nude male mice. The effects of the selective JMJD3 inhibitor GSK-J4 on tumor growth were analyzed by bioluminescence assays and H3K27me3-regulated changes in gene expression were analyzed by ChIP-qPCR and RT-qPCR. RESULTS: JMJD3 inhibition contributed to an increase in tumor growth in androgen-independent (AR-) xenografts and a decrease in androgen-dependent (AR+). GSK-J4 treatment modulated H3K27me3 enrichment on the gene panel in DU-145-luc xenografts while it had little effect on PC3-luc and no effect on LNCaP-luc. Effects of JMJD3 inhibition affected the panel gene expression. CONCLUSION: JMJD3 has a differential effect in prostate tumor progression according to AR status. Our results suggest that JMJD3 is able to play a role independently of its demethylase function in androgen-independent prostate cancer. The effects of GSK-J4 on AR+ prostate xenografts led to a decrease in tumor growth.</p>',
			'date' => '2022-01-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35430567',
			'doi' => '10.21873/cgp.20324',
			'modified' => '2022-08-11 15:11:58',
			'created' => '2022-08-11 12:14:50',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 14 => array(
			'id' => '4540',
			'name' => 'Chemokine switch regulated by TGF-β1 in cancer-associated fibroblastsubsets determines the efficacy of chemo-immunotherapy.',
			'authors' => 'Vienot  A. et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Combining immunogenic cell death-inducing chemotherapies and PD-1 blockade can generate remarkable tumor responses. It is now well established that TGF-&beta;1 signaling is a major component of treatment resistance and contributes to the cancer-related immunosuppressive microenvironment. However, whether TGF-&beta;1 remains an obstacle to immune checkpoint inhibitor efficacy when immunotherapy is combined with chemotherapy is still to be determined. Several syngeneic murine models were used to investigate the role of TGF-&beta;1 neutralization on the combinations of immunogenic chemotherapy (FOLFOX: 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin) and anti-PD-1. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) and immune cells were isolated from CT26 and PancOH7 tumor-bearing mice treated with FOLFOX, anti-PD-1 &plusmn;&nbsp;anti-TGF-&beta;1 for bulk and single cell RNA sequencing and characterization. We showed that TGF-&beta;1 neutralization promotes the therapeutic efficacy of FOLFOX and anti-PD-1 combination and induces the recruitment of antigen-specific CD8&nbsp;T cells into the tumor. TGF-&beta;1 neutralization is required in addition to chemo-immunotherapy to promote inflammatory CAF infiltration, a chemokine production switch in CAF leading to decreased CXCL14 and increased CXCL9/10 production and subsequent antigen-specific T cell recruitment. The immune-suppressive effect of TGF-&beta;1 involves an epigenetic mechanism with chromatin remodeling of CXCL9 and CXCL10 promoters within CAF DNA in a G9a and EZH2-dependent fashion. Our results strengthen the role of TGF-&beta;1 in the organization of a tumor microenvironment enriched in myofibroblasts where chromatin remodeling prevents CXCL9/10 production and limits the efficacy of chemo-immunotherapy.</p>',
			'date' => '2022-01-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://doi.org/10.1080%2F2162402x.2022.2144669',
			'doi' => '10.1080/2162402X.2022.2144669',
			'modified' => '2022-11-25 09:01:57',
			'created' => '2022-11-24 08:49:52',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 15 => array(
			'id' => '4283',
			'name' => 'Coordination of EZH2 and SOX2 specifies human neural fate decision.',
			'authors' => 'Zhao Yuan et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Polycomb repressive complexes (PRCs) are essential in mouse gastrulation and specify neural ectoderm in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), but the underlying molecular basis remains unclear. Here in this study, by employing an array of different approaches, such as gene knock-out, RNA-seq, ChIP-seq, et al., we uncover that EZH2, an important PRC factor, specifies the normal neural fate decision through repressing the competing meso/endoderm program. EZH2 hESCs show an aberrant re-activation of meso/endoderm genes during neural induction. At the molecular level, EZH2 represses meso/endoderm genes while SOX2 activates the neural genes to coordinately specify the normal neural fate. Moreover, EZH2 also supports the proliferation of human neural progenitor cells (NPCs) through repressing the aberrant expression of meso/endoderm program during culture. Together, our findings uncover the coordination of epigenetic regulators such as EZH2 and lineage factors like SOX2 in normal neural fate decision.</p>',
			'date' => '2021-09-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34487238',
			'doi' => '10.1186/s13619-021-00092-6',
			'modified' => '2022-05-23 10:10:34',
			'created' => '2022-05-19 10:41:50',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 16 => array(
			'id' => '4170',
			'name' => 'A regulatory variant at 3q21.1 confers an increased pleiotropic risk forhyperglycemia and altered bone mineral density.',
			'authors' => 'Sinnott-Armstrong, Nasa et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Skeletal and glycemic traits have shared etiology, but the underlying genetic factors remain largely unknown. To identify genetic loci that may have pleiotropic effects, we studied Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) for bone mineral density and glycemic traits and identified a bivariate risk locus at 3q21. Using sequence and epigenetic modeling, we prioritized an adenylate cyclase 5 (ADCY5) intronic causal variant, rs56371916. This SNP changes the binding affinity of SREBP1 and leads to differential ADCY5 gene expression, altering the chromatin landscape from poised to repressed. These alterations result in bone- and type 2 diabetes-relevant cell-autonomous changes in lipid metabolism in osteoblasts and adipocytes. We validated our findings by directly manipulating the regulator SREBP1, the target gene ADCY5, and the variant rs56371916, which together imply a novel link between fatty acid oxidation and osteoblast differentiation. Our work, by systematic functional dissection of pleiotropic GWAS loci, represents a framework to uncover biological mechanisms affecting pleiotropic traits.</p>',
			'date' => '2021-03-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33513366',
			'doi' => '10.1016/j.cmet.2021.01.001',
			'modified' => '2021-12-21 15:55:36',
			'created' => '2021-12-06 15:53:19',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 17 => array(
			'id' => '4196',
			'name' => 'Functional annotations of three domestic animal genomes provide vitalresources for comparative and agricultural research.',
			'authors' => 'Kern C. et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Gene regulatory elements are central drivers of phenotypic variation and thus of critical importance towards understanding the genetics of complex traits. The Functional Annotation of Animal Genomes consortium was formed to collaboratively annotate the functional elements in animal genomes, starting with domesticated animals. Here we present an expansive collection of datasets from eight diverse tissues in three important agricultural species: chicken (Gallus gallus), pig (Sus scrofa), and cattle (Bos taurus). Comparative analysis of these datasets and those from the human and mouse Encyclopedia of DNA Elements projects reveal that a core set of regulatory elements are functionally conserved independent of divergence between species, and that tissue-specific transcription factor occupancy at regulatory elements and their predicted target genes are also conserved. These datasets represent a unique opportunity for the emerging field of comparative epigenomics, as well as the agricultural research community, including species that are globally important food resources.</p>',
			'date' => '2021-03-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-021-22100-8',
			'doi' => '10.1038/s41467-021-22100-8',
			'modified' => '2022-01-06 14:30:41',
			'created' => '2021-12-06 15:53:19',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 18 => array(
			'id' => '4127',
			'name' => 'The histone modification H3K4me3 is altered at the  locus in Alzheimer'sdisease brain.',
			'authors' => 'Smith, Adam et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Several epigenome-wide association studies of DNA methylation have highlighted altered DNA methylation in the gene in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain samples. However, no study has specifically examined histone modifications in the disease. We use chromatin immunoprecipitation-qPCR to quantify tri-methylation at histone 3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3) and 27 (H3K27me3) in the gene in entorhinal cortex from donors with high (n&nbsp;=&nbsp;59) or low (n&nbsp;=&nbsp;29) Alzheimer's disease&nbsp;pathology. We demonstrate decreased levels of H3K4me3, a marker of active gene transcription, with no change in H3K27me3, a marker of inactive genes. H3K4me3 is negatively correlated with DNA methylation in specific regions of the gene. Our study suggests that the gene shows altered epigenetic marks indicative of reduced gene activation in Alzheimer's disease.</p>',
			'date' => '2021-02-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33815817',
			'doi' => '10.2144/fsoa-2020-0161',
			'modified' => '2021-12-07 10:16:08',
			'created' => '2021-12-06 15:53:19',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 19 => array(
			'id' => '4168',
			'name' => 'The Essential Function of SETDB1 in Homologous Chromosome Pairing andSynapsis during Meiosis.',
			'authors' => 'Cheng, Ee-Chun et al.',
			'description' => '<p>SETDB1 is a histone-lysine N-methyltransferase critical for germline development. However, its function in early meiotic prophase I remains unknown. Here, we report that Setdb1 null spermatocytes display aberrant centromere clustering during leptotene, bouquet formation during zygotene, and subsequent failure in pairing and synapsis of homologous chromosomes, as well as compromised meiotic silencing of unsynapsed chromatin, which leads to meiotic arrest before pachytene and apoptosis of spermatocytes. H3K9me3 is enriched in centromeric or pericentromeric regions and is present in many sites throughout the genome, with a subset changed in the Setdb1 mutant. These observations indicate that SETDB1-mediated H3K9me3 is essential for the bivalent formation in early meiosis. Transcriptome analysis reveals the function of SETDB1 in repressing transposons and transposon-proximal genes and in regulating meiotic and somatic lineage genes. These findings highlight a mechanism in which SETDB1-mediated H3K9me3 during early meiosis ensures the formation of homologous bivalents and survival of spermatocytes.</p>',
			'date' => '2021-01-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33406415',
			'doi' => '10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108575',
			'modified' => '2021-12-21 15:48:52',
			'created' => '2021-12-06 15:53:19',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 20 => array(
			'id' => '4323',
			'name' => 'The tropical coral  displays an unusual chromatin structure and showshistone H3 clipping plasticity upon bleaching.',
			'authors' => 'Roquis D. et al. ',
			'description' => '<p>is a hermatypic coral with strong ecological importance. Anthropogenic disturbances and global warming are major threats that can induce coral bleaching, the disruption of the mutualistic symbiosis between the coral host and its endosymbiotic algae. Previous works have shown that somaclonal colonies display different levels of survival depending on the environmental conditions they previously faced. Epigenetic mechanisms are good candidates to explain this phenomenon. However, almost no work had been published on the epigenome, especially on histone modifications. In this study, we aim at providing the first insight into chromatin structure of this species. We aligned the amino acid sequence of core histones with histone sequences from various phyla. We developed a centri-filtration on sucrose gradient to separate chromatin from the host and the symbiont. The presence of histone H3 protein and specific histone modifications were then detected by western blot performed on histone extraction done from bleached and healthy corals. Finally, micrococcal nuclease (MNase) digestions were undertaken to study nucleosomal organization. The centri-filtration enabled coral chromatin isolation with less than 2\% of contamination by endosymbiont material. Histone sequences alignments with other species show that displays on average ~90\% of sequence similarities with mice and ~96\% with other corals. H3 detection by western blot showed that H3 is clipped in healthy corals while it appeared to be intact in bleached corals. MNase treatment failed to provide the usual mononucleosomal digestion, a feature shared with some cnidarian, but not all; suggesting an unusual chromatin structure. These results provide a first insight into the chromatin, nucleosome and histone structure of . The unusual patterns highlighted in this study and partly shared with other cnidarian will need to be further studied to better understand its role in corals.</p>',
			'date' => '2021-01-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://doi.org/10.12688%2Fwellcomeopenres.17058.1',
			'doi' => '10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17058.2',
			'modified' => '2022-08-02 17:04:56',
			'created' => '2022-05-19 10:41:50',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 21 => array(
			'id' => '4207',
			'name' => 'EZH2 and KDM6B Expressions Are Associated with Specific EpigeneticSignatures during EMT in Non Small Cell Lung Carcinomas.',
			'authors' => 'Lachat C. et al. ',
			'description' => '<p>The role of Epigenetics in Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) has recently emerged. Two epigenetic enzymes with paradoxical roles have previously been associated to EMT, EZH2 (Enhancer of Zeste 2 Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) Subunit), a lysine methyltranserase able to add the H3K27me3 mark, and the histone demethylase KDM6B (Lysine Demethylase 6B), which can remove the H3K27me3 mark. Nevertheless, it still remains unclear how these enzymes, with apparent opposite activities, could both promote EMT. In this study, we evaluated the function of these two enzymes using an EMT-inducible model, the lung cancer A549 cell line. ChIP-seq coupled with transcriptomic analysis showed that EZH2 and KDM6B were able to target and modulate the expression of different genes during EMT. Based on this analysis, we described INHBB, WTN5B, and ADAMTS6 as new EMT markers regulated by epigenetic modifications and directly implicated in EMT induction.</p>',
			'date' => '2020-12-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33291363',
			'doi' => '10.3390/cancers12123649',
			'modified' => '2022-01-13 14:50:18',
			'created' => '2021-12-06 15:53:19',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 22 => array(
			'id' => '4071',
			'name' => 'A histone H3.3K36M mutation in mice causes an imbalance of histonemodifications and defects in chondrocyte differentiation.',
			'authors' => 'Abe, Shusaku and Nagatomo, Hiroaki and Sasaki, Hiroyuki and Ishiuchi,Takashi',
			'description' => '<p>Histone lysine-to-methionine (K-to-M) mutations have been identified as driver mutations in human cancers. Interestingly, these 'oncohistone' mutations inhibit the activity of histone methyltransferases. Therefore, they can potentially be used as versatile tools to investigate the roles of histone modifications. In this study, we generated a genetically engineered mouse line in which an H3.3K36M mutation could be induced in the endogenous gene. Since H3.3K36M has been identified as a causative mutation of human chondroblastoma, we induced this mutation in the chondrocyte lineage in mouse embryonic limbs. We found that H3.3K36M causes a global reduction in H3K36me2 and defects in chondrocyte differentiation. Importantly, the reduction of H3K36me2 was accompanied by a collapse of normal H3K27me3 distribution. Furthermore, the changes in H3K27me3, especially the loss of H3K27me3 at gene regulatory elements, were associated with the mis-regulated expression of a set of genes important for limb development, including HoxA cluster genes. Thus, through the induction of the H3.3K36M mutation, we reveal the importance of maintaining the balance between H3K36me2 and H3K27me3 during chondrocyte differentiation and limb development.</p>',
			'date' => '2020-11-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33135541',
			'doi' => '10.1080/15592294.2020.1841873',
			'modified' => '2021-02-19 17:58:57',
			'created' => '2021-02-18 10:21:53',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 23 => array(
			'id' => '4210',
			'name' => 'Trans- and cis-acting effects of Firre on epigenetic features of theinactive X chromosome.',
			'authors' => 'Fang, He and Bonora, Giancarlo and Lewandowski, Jordan P and Thakur,Jitendra and Filippova, Galina N and Henikoff, Steven and Shendure, Jay andDuan, Zhijun and Rinn, John L and Deng, Xinxian and Noble, William S andDisteche, Christine M',
			'description' => '<p>Firre encodes a lncRNA involved in nuclear organization. Here, we show that Firre RNA expressed from the active X chromosome maintains histone H3K27me3 enrichment on the inactive X chromosome (Xi) in somatic cells. This trans-acting effect involves SUZ12, reflecting interactions between Firre RNA and components of the Polycomb repressive complexes. Without Firre RNA, H3K27me3 decreases on the Xi and the&nbsp;Xi-perinucleolar location is disrupted, possibly due to decreased CTCF binding on the Xi. We also observe widespread gene dysregulation, but not on the Xi. These effects are measurably rescued by ectopic expression of mouse or human Firre/FIRRE transgenes, supporting conserved trans-acting roles. We also find that the compact 3D structure of the Xi partly depends on the Firre locus and its RNA. In common lymphoid progenitors and T-cells Firre exerts a cis-acting effect on maintenance of H3K27me3 in a 26&thinsp;Mb region around the locus, demonstrating cell type-specific trans- and cis-acting roles of this lncRNA.</p>',
			'date' => '2020-11-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33247132',
			'doi' => '10.1038/s41467-020-19879-3',
			'modified' => '2022-01-13 15:03:45',
			'created' => '2021-12-06 15:53:19',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 24 => array(
			'id' => '4073',
			'name' => 'NSD1-deposited H3K36me2 directs de novo methylation in the mouse malegermline and counteracts Polycomb-associated silencing.',
			'authors' => 'Shirane, Kenjiro and Miura, Fumihito and Ito, Takashi and Lorincz, MatthewC',
			'description' => '<p>De novo DNA methylation (DNAme) in mammalian germ cells is dependent on DNMT3A and DNMT3L. However, oocytes and spermatozoa show distinct patterns of DNAme. In mouse oocytes, de novo DNAme requires the lysine methyltransferase (KMTase) SETD2, which deposits H3K36me3. We show here that SETD2 is dispensable for de novo DNAme in the male germline. Instead, the lysine methyltransferase NSD1, which broadly deposits H3K36me2 in euchromatic regions, plays a critical role in de novo DNAme in prospermatogonia, including at imprinted genes. However, males deficient in germline NSD1 show a more severe defect in spermatogenesis than Dnmt3l males. Notably, unlike DNMT3L, NSD1 safeguards a subset of genes against H3K27me3-associated transcriptional silencing. In contrast, H3K36me2 in oocytes is predominantly dependent on SETD2 and coincides with H3K36me3. Furthermore, females with NSD1-deficient oocytes are fertile. Thus, the sexually dimorphic pattern of DNAme in mature mouse gametes is orchestrated by distinct profiles of H3K36 methylation.</p>',
			'date' => '2020-10-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32929285',
			'doi' => '10.1038/s41588-020-0689-z',
			'modified' => '2021-02-19 18:02:40',
			'created' => '2021-02-18 10:21:53',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 25 => array(
			'id' => '4004',
			'name' => 'Distinct and temporary-restricted epigenetic mechanisms regulate human αβ and γδ T cell development ',
			'authors' => 'Roels J, Kuchmiy A, De Decker M, et al. ',
			'description' => '<p>The development of TCR&alpha;&beta; and TCR&gamma;&delta; T cells comprises a step-wise process in which regulatory events control differentiation and lineage outcome. To clarify these mechanisms, we employed RNA-sequencing, ATAC-sequencing and ChIPmentation on well-defined thymocyte subsets that represent the continuum of human T cell development. The chromatin accessibility dynamics show clear stage specificity and reveal that human T cell-lineage commitment is marked by GATA3- and BCL11B-dependent closing of PU.1 sites. A temporary increase in H3K27me3 without open chromatin modifications is unique for &beta;-selection, whereas emerging &gamma;&delta; T cells, which originate from common precursors of &beta;-selected cells, show large chromatin accessibility changes due to strong T cell receptor (TCR) signaling. Furthermore, we unravel distinct chromatin landscapes between CD4<sup>+</sup> and CD8<sup>+</sup> &alpha;&beta;-lineage cells that support their effector functions and reveal gene-specific mechanisms that define mature T cells. This resource provides a framework for studying gene regulatory mechanisms that drive normal and malignant human T cell development.</p>',
			'date' => '2020-07-27',
			'pmid' => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32719521/',
			'doi' => ' 10.1038/s41590-020-0747-9 ',
			'modified' => '2021-01-29 14:12:02',
			'created' => '2020-09-11 15:17:58',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 26 => array(
			'id' => '4032',
			'name' => 'MeCP2 regulates gene expression through recognition of H3K27me3.',
			'authors' => 'Lee, W and Kim, J and Yun, JM and Ohn, T and Gong, Q',
			'description' => '<p>MeCP2 plays a multifaceted role in gene expression regulation and chromatin organization. Interaction between MeCP2 and methylated DNA in the&nbsp;regulation of gene expression is well established. However, the widespread distribution of MeCP2 suggests it has additional interactions with chromatin. Here we demonstrate, by both biochemical and genomic analyses, that MeCP2 directly interacts with nucleosomes and its genomic distribution correlates with that of H3K27me3. In particular, the&nbsp;methyl-CpG-binding domain of MeCP2 shows preferential interactions with H3K27me3. We further observe that the impact of MeCP2 on transcriptional changes correlates with histone post-translational modification patterns. Our findings indicate that MeCP2 interacts with genomic loci via binding to DNA as well as histones, and that interaction between MeCP2 and histone proteins plays a key role in gene expression regulation.</p>',
			'date' => '2020-07-19',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/32561780',
			'doi' => '10.1038/s41467-020-16907-0',
			'modified' => '2020-12-16 18:05:17',
			'created' => '2020-10-12 14:54:59',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 27 => array(
			'id' => '3926',
			'name' => 'TET-Mediated Hypermethylation Primes SDH-Deficient Cells for HIF2α-Driven Mesenchymal Transition.',
			'authors' => 'Morin A, Goncalves J, Moog S, Castro-Vega LJ, Job S, Buffet A, Fontenille MJ, Woszczyk J, Gimenez-Roqueplo AP, Letouzé E, Favier J',
			'description' => '<p>Loss-of-function mutations in the SDHB subunit of&nbsp;succinate dehydrogenase predispose patients to aggressive tumors characterized by pseudohypoxic&nbsp;and hypermethylator phenotypes. The mechanisms leading to DNA hypermethylation and its contribution to SDH-deficient cancers remain undemonstrated. We examine the genome-wide distribution of 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine and&nbsp;their correlation with RNA expression in SDHB-deficient tumors and murine Sdhb cells. We report that DNA hypermethylation results from TET inhibition. Although it preferentially affects PRC2 targets and known developmental genes, PRC2 activity does not contribute to the DNA hypermethylator phenotype. We also prove, in&nbsp;vitro and in&nbsp;vivo, that TET silencing, although recapitulating the methylation profile of Sdhb cells, is not sufficient to drive their EMT-like phenotype, which requires additional HIF2&alpha; activation. Altogether, our findings reveal synergistic roles of TET repression and pseudohypoxia in the acquisition of metastatic traits, providing a rationale for targeting HIF2&alpha; and DNA methylation in SDH-associated malignancies.</p>',
			'date' => '2020-03-31',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/32234487',
			'doi' => '10.1016/j.celrep.2020.03.022',
			'modified' => '2020-08-17 10:50:11',
			'created' => '2020-08-10 12:12:25',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 28 => array(
			'id' => '3924',
			'name' => 'Alu retrotransposons modulate Nanog expression through dynamic changes in regional chromatin conformation via aryl hydrocarbon receptor.',
			'authors' => 'González-Rico FJ, Vicente-García C, Fernández A, Muñoz-Santos D, Montoliu L, Morales-Hernández A, Merino JM, Román AC, Fernández-Salguero PM',
			'description' => '<p>Transcriptional repression of Nanog is an important hallmark of stem cell differentiation. Chromatin modifications have been linked to the epigenetic profile of the Nanog gene, but whether chromatin organization actually plays a causal role in Nanog regulation is still unclear. Here, we report that the formation of a chromatin loop in the Nanog locus is concomitant to its transcriptional downregulation during human NTERA-2 cell differentiation. We found that two Alu elements flanking the Nanog gene were bound by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and the insulator protein CTCF during cell differentiation. Such binding altered the profile of repressive histone modifications near Nanog likely leading to gene insulation through the formation of a chromatin loop between the two Alu elements. Using a dCAS9-guided proteomic screening, we found that interaction of the histone methyltransferase PRMT1 and the chromatin assembly factor CHAF1B with the Alu elements flanking Nanog was required for chromatin loop formation and Nanog repression. Therefore, our results uncover a chromatin-driven, retrotransposon-regulated mechanism for the control of Nanog expression during cell differentiation.</p>',
			'date' => '2020-03-14',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/32169107',
			'doi' => '10.1186/s13072‑020‑00336‑w',
			'modified' => '2020-08-17 10:52:25',
			'created' => '2020-08-10 12:12:25',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 29 => array(
			'id' => '3873',
			'name' => 'Inhibition of methyltransferase activity of enhancer of zeste 2 leads to enhanced lipid accumulation and altered chromatin status in zebrafish.',
			'authors' => 'den Broeder MJ, Ballangby J, Kamminga LM, Aleström P, Legler J, Lindeman LC, Kamstra JH',
			'description' => '<p>BACKGROUND: Recent studies indicate that exposure to environmental chemicals may increase susceptibility to developing metabolic diseases. This susceptibility may in part be caused by changes to the epigenetic landscape which consequently affect gene expression and lead to changes in lipid metabolism. The epigenetic modifier enhancer of zeste 2 (Ezh2) is a histone H3K27 methyltransferase implicated to play a role in lipid metabolism and adipogenesis. In this study, we used the zebrafish (Danio rerio) to investigate the role of Ezh2 on lipid metabolism and chromatin status following developmental exposure to the Ezh1/2 inhibitor PF-06726304 acetate. We used the environmental chemical tributyltin (TBT) as a positive control, as this chemical is known to act on lipid metabolism via EZH-mediated pathways in mammals. RESULTS: Zebrafish embryos (0-5&nbsp;days post-fertilization, dpf) exposed to non-toxic concentrations of PF-06726304 acetate (5&nbsp;&mu;M) and TBT (1&nbsp;nM) exhibited increased lipid accumulation. Changes in chromatin were analyzed by the assay for transposase-accessible chromatin sequencing (ATAC-seq) at 50% epiboly (5.5 hpf). We observed 349 altered chromatin regions, predominantly located at H3K27me3 loci and mostly more open chromatin in the exposed samples. Genes associated to these loci were linked to metabolic pathways. In addition, a selection of genes involved in lipid homeostasis, adipogenesis and genes specifically targeted by PF-06726304 acetate via altered chromatin accessibility were differentially expressed after TBT and PF-06726304 acetate exposure at 5 dpf, but not at 50% epiboly stage. One gene, cebpa, did not show a change in chromatin, but did show a change in gene expression at 5 dpf. Interestingly, underlying H3K27me3 marks were significantly decreased at this locus at 50% epiboly. CONCLUSIONS: Here, we show for the first time the applicability of ATAC-seq as a tool to investigate toxicological responses in zebrafish. Our analysis indicates that Ezh2 inhibition leads to a partial primed state of chromatin linked to metabolic pathways which results in gene expression changes later in development, leading to enhanced lipid accumulation. Although ATAC-seq seems promising, our in-depth assessment of the cebpa locus indicates that we need to consider underlying epigenetic marks as well.</p>',
			'date' => '2020-02-12',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/32051014',
			'doi' => '10.1186/s13072-020-0329-y',
			'modified' => '2020-03-20 17:42:02',
			'created' => '2020-03-13 13:45:54',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 30 => array(
			'id' => '3856',
			'name' => 'Polycomb Group Proteins Regulate Chromatin Architecture in Mouse Oocytes and Early Embryos.',
			'authors' => 'Du Z, Zheng H, Kawamura YK, Zhang K, Gassler J, Powell S, Xu Q, Lin Z, Xu K, Zhou Q, Ozonov EA, Véron N, Huang B, Li L, Yu G, Liu L, Au Yeung WK, Wang P, Chang L, Wang Q, He A, Sun Y, Na J, Sun Q, Sasaki H, Tachibana K, Peters AHFM, Xie W',
			'description' => '<p>In mammals, chromatin organization undergoes drastic reorganization during oocyte development. However, the dynamics of three-dimensional chromatin structure in this process is poorly characterized. Using low-input Hi-C (genome-wide chromatin conformation capture), we found that a unique chromatin organization gradually appears during mouse oocyte growth. Oocytes at late stages show self-interacting, cohesin-independent compartmental domains marked by H3K27me3, therefore termed Polycomb-associating domains (PADs). PADs and inter-PAD (iPAD) regions form compartment-like structures with strong inter-domain interactions among nearby PADs. PADs disassemble upon meiotic resumption from diplotene arrest but briefly reappear on the maternal genome after fertilization. Upon maternal depletion of Eed, PADs are largely intact in oocytes, but their&nbsp;reestablishment after fertilization is compromised. By contrast, depletion of Polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1) proteins attenuates PADs in oocytes, which is associated with substantial gene de-repression in PADs. These data reveal a critical role of Polycomb in regulating chromatin architecture during mammalian oocyte growth and early development.</p>',
			'date' => '2020-02-04',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/31837995',
			'doi' => '10.1016/j.molcel.2019.11.011',
			'modified' => '2020-03-20 17:58:29',
			'created' => '2020-03-13 13:45:54',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 31 => array(
			'id' => '3840',
			'name' => 'Allelic H3K27me3 to allelic DNA methylation switch maintains noncanonical imprinting in extraembryonic cells',
			'authors' => 'Chen Zhiyuan, Yin Qiangzong, Inoue Azusa, Zhang Chunxia, Zhang Yi',
			'description' => '<p>Faithful maintenance of genomic imprinting is essential for mammalian development. While germline DNA methylation&ndash;dependent (canonical) imprinting is relatively stable during development, the recently found oocyte-derived H3K27me3-mediated noncanonical imprinting is mostly transient in early embryos, with some genes important for placental development maintaining imprinted expression in the extraembryonic lineage. How these noncanonical imprinted genes maintain their extraembryonic-specific imprinting is unknown. Here, we report that maintenance of noncanonical imprinting requires maternal allele&ndash;specific de novo DNA methylation [i.e., somatic differentially methylated regions (DMRs)] at implantation. The somatic DMRs are located at the gene promoters, with paternal allele&ndash;specific H3K4me3 established during preimplantation development. Genetic manipulation revealed that both maternal EED and zygotic DNMT3A/3B are required for establishing somatic DMRs and maintaining noncanonical imprinting. Thus, our study not only reveals the mechanism underlying noncanonical imprinting maintenance but also sheds light on how histone modifications in oocytes may shape somatic DMRs in postimplantation embryos.</p>',
			'date' => '2019-12-20',
			'pmid' => 'https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/12/eaay7246',
			'doi' => '10.1126/sciadv.aay7246',
			'modified' => '2020-02-20 11:16:43',
			'created' => '2020-02-13 10:02:44',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 32 => array(
			'id' => '3841',
			'name' => 'Inhibition of Histone Demethylases LSD1 and UTX Regulates ERα Signaling in Breast Cancer.',
			'authors' => 'Benedetti R, Dell'Aversana C, De Marchi T, Rotili D, Liu NQ, Novakovic B, Boccella S, Di Maro S, Cosconati S, Baldi A, Niméus E, Schultz J, Höglund U, Maione S, Papulino C, Chianese U, Iovino F, Federico A, Mai A, Stunnenberg HG, Nebbioso A, Altucci L',
			'description' => '<p>In breast cancer, Lysine-specific demethylase-1 (LSD1) and other lysine demethylases (KDMs), such as Lysine-specific demethylase 6A also known as Ubiquitously transcribed tetratricopeptide repeat, X chromosome (UTX), are co-expressed and co-localize with estrogen receptors (ERs), suggesting the potential use of hybrid (epi)molecules to target histone methylation and therefore regulate/redirect hormone receptor signaling. Here, we report on the biological activity of a dual-KDM inhibitor (MC3324), obtained by coupling the chemical properties of tranylcypromine, a known LSD1 inhibitor, with the 2OG competitive moiety developed for JmjC inhibition. MC3324 displays unique features not exhibited by the single moieties and well-characterized mono-pharmacological inhibitors. Inhibiting LSD1 and UTX, MC3324 induces significant growth arrest and apoptosis in hormone-responsive breast cancer model accompanied by a robust increase in H3K4me2 and H3K27me3. MC3324 down-regulates ER&alpha; in breast cancer at both transcriptional and non-transcriptional levels, mimicking the action of a selective endocrine receptor disruptor. MC3324 alters the histone methylation of ER&alpha;-regulated promoters, thereby affecting the transcription of genes involved in cell surveillance, hormone response, and death. MC3324 reduces cell proliferation in ex vivo breast cancers, as well as in breast models with acquired resistance to endocrine therapies. Similarly, MC3324 displays tumor-selective potential in vivo, in both xenograft mice and chicken embryo models, with no toxicity and good oral efficacy. This epigenetic multi-target approach is effective and may overcome potential mechanism(s) of resistance in breast cancer.</p>',
			'date' => '2019-12-16',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/31888209',
			'doi' => '10.3390/cancers11122027',
			'modified' => '2020-02-20 11:15:48',
			'created' => '2020-02-13 10:02:44',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 33 => array(
			'id' => '3762',
			'name' => 'Transit amplifying cells coordinate mouse incisor mesenchymal stem cell activation.',
			'authors' => 'Walker JV, Zhuang H, Singer D, Illsley CS, Kok WL, Sivaraj KK, Gao Y, Bolton C, Liu Y, Zhao M, Grayson PRC, Wang S, Karbanová J, Lee T, Ardu S, Lai Q, Liu J, Kassem M, Chen S, Yang K, Bai Y, Tredwin C, Zambon AC, Corbeil D, Adams R, Abdallah BM, Hu B',
			'description' => '<p>Stem cells (SCs) receive inductive cues from the surrounding microenvironment and cells. Limited molecular evidence has connected tissue-specific mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with mesenchymal transit amplifying cells (MTACs). Using mouse incisor as the model, we discover a population of MSCs neibouring to the MTACs and epithelial SCs. With Notch signaling as the key regulator, we disclose molecular proof and lineage tracing evidence showing the distinct MSCs contribute to incisor MTACs and the other mesenchymal cell lineages. MTACs can feedback and regulate the homeostasis and activation of CL-MSCs through Delta-like 1 homolog (Dlk1), which balances MSCs-MTACs number and the lineage differentiation. Dlk1's function on SCs priming and self-renewal depends on its biological forms and its gene expression is under dynamic epigenetic control. Our findings can be validated in clinical samples and applied to accelerate tooth wound healing, providing an intriguing insight of how to direct SCs towards tissue regeneration.</p>',
			'date' => '2019-08-09',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/31399601',
			'doi' => '10.1038/s41467-019-11611-0',
			'modified' => '2019-10-03 10:03:31',
			'created' => '2019-10-02 16:16:55',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 34 => array(
			'id' => '3718',
			'name' => 'The Toxoplasma effector TEEGR promotes parasite persistence by modulating NF-κB signalling via EZH2.',
			'authors' => 'Braun L, Brenier-Pinchart MP, Hammoudi PM, Cannella D, Kieffer-Jaquinod S, Vollaire J, Josserand V, Touquet B, Couté Y, Tardieux I, Bougdour A, Hakimi MA',
			'description' => '<p>The protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii has co-evolved with its homeothermic hosts (humans included) strategies that drive its quasi-asymptomatic persistence in hosts, hence optimizing the chance of transmission to new hosts. Persistence, which starts with a small subset of parasites that escape host immune killing and colonize the so-called immune privileged tissues where they differentiate into a low replicating stage, is driven by the interleukin 12 (IL-12)-interferon-&gamma; (IFN-&gamma;) axis. Recent characterization of a family of Toxoplasma effectors that are delivered into the host cell, in which they rewire the host cell gene expression, has allowed the identification of regulators of the IL-12-IFN-&gamma; axis, including repressors. We now report on the dense granule-resident effector, called TEEGR (Toxoplasma E2F4-associated EZH2-inducing gene regulator) that counteracts the nuclear factor-&kappa;B (NF-&kappa;B) signalling pathway. Once exported into the host cell, TEEGR ends up in the nucleus where it not only complexes with the E2F3 and E2F4 host transcription factors to induce gene expression, but also promotes shaping of a non-permissive chromatin through its capacity to switch on EZH2. Remarkably, EZH2 fosters the epigenetic silencing of a subset of NF-&kappa;B-regulated cytokines, thereby strongly contributing to the host immune equilibrium that influences the host immune response and promotes parasite persistence in mice.</p>',
			'date' => '2019-07-01',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/31036909',
			'doi' => '10.1038/s41564-019-0431-8',
			'modified' => '2019-07-04 18:09:37',
			'created' => '2019-07-04 10:42:34',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 35 => array(
			'id' => '3732',
			'name' => 'Kdm6b regulates context-dependent hematopoietic stem cell self-renewal and leukemogenesis.',
			'authors' => 'Mallaney C, Ostrander EL, Celik H, Kramer AC, Martens A, Kothari A, Koh WK, Haussler E, Iwamori N, Gontarz P, Zhang B, Challen GA',
			'description' => '<p>The histone demethylase KDM6B (JMJD3) is upregulated in blood disorders, suggesting that it may have important pathogenic functions. Here we examined the function of Kdm6b in hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) to evaluate its potential as a therapeutic target. Loss of Kdm6b lead to depletion of phenotypic and functional HSCs in adult mice, and Kdm6b is necessary for HSC self-renewal in response to inflammatory and proliferative stress. Loss of Kdm6b leads to a pro-differentiation poised state in HSCs due to the increased expression of the AP-1 transcription factor complex (Fos and Jun) and immediate early response (IER) genes. These gene expression changes occurred independently of chromatin modifications. Targeting AP-1 restored function of Kdm6b-deficient HSCs, suggesting that Kdm6b regulates this complex during HSC stress response. We also show Kdm6b supports developmental context-dependent leukemogenesis for T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) and M5 acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Kdm6b is required for effective fetal-derived T-ALL and adult-derived AML, but not vice versa. These studies identify a crucial role for Kdm6b in regulating HSC self-renewal in different contexts, and highlight the potential of KDM6B as a therapeutic target in different hematopoietic malignancies.</p>',
			'date' => '2019-04-01',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/30936419',
			'doi' => '10.1038/s41375-019-0462-4',
			'modified' => '2019-08-07 09:14:05',
			'created' => '2019-07-31 13:35:50',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 36 => array(
			'id' => '3675',
			'name' => 'H3K27me3 is an epigenetic barrier while KDM6A overexpression improves nuclear reprogramming efficiency.',
			'authors' => 'Zhou C, Wang Y, Zhang J, Su J, An Q, Liu X, Zhang M, Wang Y, Liu J, Zhang Y',
			'description' => '<p>Aberrant epigenetic reprogramming is a major factor of developmental failure of cloned embryos. Histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3), a histone mark for transcriptional repression, plays important roles in mammalian embryonic development and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) generation. The global loss of H3K27me3 marks may facilitate iPSC generation in mice and humans. However, the H3K27me3 level and its role in bovine somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) reprogramming remain poorly understood. Here, we show that SCNT embryos exhibit global H3K27me3 hypermethylation from the 2- to 8-cell stage and that its removal by ectopically expressed H3K27me3 lysine demethylase (KDM)6A greatly improves nuclear reprogramming efficiency. In contrast, H3K27me3 reduction by H3K27me3 methylase enhancer of zeste 2 polycomb repressive complex knockdown or donor cell treatment with the enhancer of zeste 2 polycomb repressive complex-selective inhibitor GSK343 suppressed blastocyst formation by SCNT embryos. KDM6A overexpression enhanced the transcription of genes involved in cell adhesion and cellular metabolism and X-linked genes. Furthermore, we identified methyl-CpG-binding domain protein 3-like 2, which was reactivated by KDM6A, as a factor that is required for effective reprogramming in bovines. These results show that H3K27me3 functions as an epigenetic barrier and that KDM6A overexpression improves SCNT efficiency by facilitating transcriptional reprogramming.-Zhou, C., Wang, Y., Zhang, J., Su, J., An, Q., Liu, X., Zhang, M., Wang, Y., Liu, J., Zhang, Y. H3K27me3 is an epigenetic barrier while KDM6A overexpression improves nuclear reprogramming efficiency.</p>',
			'date' => '2019-03-01',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/30673507',
			'doi' => '10.1096/fj.201801887R',
			'modified' => '2019-07-01 11:24:26',
			'created' => '2019-06-21 14:55:31',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 37 => array(
			'id' => '3629',
			'name' => 'Comprehensive Analysis of Chromatin States in Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor Identifies Diverging Roles for SWI/SNF and Polycomb in Gene Regulation.',
			'authors' => 'Erkek S, Johann PD, Finetti MA, Drosos Y, Chou HC, Zapatka M, Sturm D, Jones DTW, Korshunov A, Rhyzova M, Wolf S, Mallm JP, Beck K, Witt O, Kulozik AE, Frühwald MC, Northcott PA, Korbel JO, Lichter P, Eils R, Gajjar A, Roberts CWM, Williamson D, Hasselbla',
			'description' => '<p>Biallelic inactivation of SMARCB1, encoding a member of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex, is the hallmark genetic aberration of atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors (ATRT). Here, we report how loss of SMARCB1 affects the epigenome in these tumors. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) on primary tumors for a series of active and repressive histone marks, we identified the chromatin states differentially represented in ATRTs compared with other brain tumors and non-neoplastic brain. Re-expression of SMARCB1 in ATRT cell lines enabled confirmation of our genome-wide findings for the chromatin states. Additional generation of ChIP-seq data for SWI/SNF and Polycomb group proteins and the transcriptional repressor protein REST determined differential dependencies of SWI/SNF and Polycomb complexes in regulation of diverse gene sets in ATRTs.</p>',
			'date' => '2019-01-14',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/30595504',
			'doi' => '10.1016/j.ccell.2018.11.014',
			'modified' => '2019-05-08 12:27:57',
			'created' => '2019-04-25 11:11:44',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 38 => array(
			'id' => '3686',
			'name' => 'Gamma radiation induces locus specific changes to histone modification enrichment in zebrafish and Atlantic salmon.',
			'authors' => 'Lindeman LC, Kamstra JH, Ballangby J, Hurem S, Martín LM, Brede DA, Teien HC, Oughton DH, Salbu B, Lyche JL, Aleström P',
			'description' => '<p>Ionizing radiation is a recognized genotoxic agent, however, little is known about the role of the functional form of DNA in these processes. Post translational modifications on histone proteins control the organization of chromatin and hence control transcriptional responses that ultimately affect the phenotype. The purpose of this study was to investigate effects on chromatin caused by ionizing radiation in fish. Direct exposure of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos to gamma radiation (10.9 mGy/h for 3h) induced hyper-enrichment of H3K4me3 at the genes hnf4a, gmnn and vegfab. A similar relative hyper-enrichment was seen at the hnf4a loci of irradiated Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) embryos (30 mGy/h for 10 days). At the selected genes in ovaries of adult zebrafish irradiated during gametogenesis (8.7 and 53 mGy/h for 27 days), a reduced enrichment of H3K4me3 was observed, which was correlated with reduced levels of histone H3 was observed. F1 embryos of the exposed parents showed hyper-methylation of H3K4me3, H3K9me3 and H3K27me3 on the same three loci, while these differences were almost negligible in F2 embryos. Our results from three selected loci suggest that ionizing radiation can affect chromatin structure and organization, and that these changes can be detected in F1 offspring, but not in subsequent generations.</p>',
			'date' => '2019-01-01',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/30759148',
			'doi' => '10.1371/journal.pone.0212123',
			'modified' => '2019-06-28 13:57:39',
			'created' => '2019-06-21 14:55:31',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 39 => array(
			'id' => '3607',
			'name' => 'Mutant p63 Affects Epidermal Cell Identity through Rewiring the Enhancer Landscape.',
			'authors' => 'Qu J, Tanis SEJ, Smits JPH, Kouwenhoven EN, Oti M, van den Bogaard EH, Logie C, Stunnenberg HG, van Bokhoven H, Mulder KW, Zhou H',
			'description' => '<p>Transcription factor p63 is a key regulator of epidermal keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation. Mutations in the p63 DNA-binding domain are associated with ectrodactyly, ectodermal dysplasia, and cleft lip/palate (EEC) syndrome. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of these mutations remains unclear. Here, we characterized the transcriptome and epigenome of p63 mutant keratinocytes derived from EEC patients. The transcriptome of p63 mutant keratinocytes deviated from the normal epidermal cell identity. Epigenomic analyses showed an altered enhancer landscape in p63 mutant keratinocytes contributed by loss of p63-bound active enhancers and unexpected gain of enhancers. The gained enhancers were frequently bound by deregulated transcription factors such as RUNX1. Reversing RUNX1 overexpression partially rescued deregulated gene expression and the altered enhancer landscape. Our findings identify a disease mechanism whereby mutant p63 rewires the enhancer landscape and affects epidermal cell identity, consolidating the pivotal role of p63 in controlling the enhancer landscape of epidermal keratinocytes.</p>',
			'date' => '2018-12-18',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/30566872',
			'doi' => '10.1016/j.celrep.2018.11.039',
			'modified' => '2019-04-17 14:51:18',
			'created' => '2019-04-16 12:25:30',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 40 => array(
			'id' => '3635',
			'name' => 'TIP60: an actor in acetylation of H3K4 and tumor development in breast cancer.',
			'authors' => 'Judes G, Dubois L, Rifaï K, Idrissou M, Mishellany F, Pajon A, Besse S, Daures M, Degoul F, Bignon YJ, Penault-Llorca F, Bernard-Gallon D',
			'description' => '<p>AIM: The acetyltransferase TIP60 is reported to be downregulated in several cancers, in particular breast cancer, but the molecular mechanisms resulting from its alteration are still unclear. MATERIALS &amp; METHODS: In breast tumors, H3K4ac enrichment and its link with TIP60 were evaluated by chromatin immunoprecipitation-qPCR and re-chromatin immunoprecipitation techniques. To assess the biological roles of TIP60 in breast cancer, two cell lines of breast cancer, MDA-MB-231 (ER-) and MCF-7 (ER+) were transfected with shRNA specifically targeting TIP60 and injected to athymic Balb-c mice. RESULTS: We identified a potential target of TIP60, H3K4. We show that an underexpression of TIP60 could contribute to a reduction of H3K4 acetylation in breast cancer. An increase in tumor development was noted in sh-TIP60 MDA-MB-231 xenografts and a slowdown of tumor growth in sh-TIP60 MCF-7 xenografts. CONCLUSION: This is evidence that the underexpression of TIP60 observed in breast cancer can promote the tumorigenesis of ER-negative tumors.</p>',
			'date' => '2018-11-01',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/30324811',
			'doi' => '10.2217/epi-2018-0004',
			'modified' => '2019-06-07 10:29:04',
			'created' => '2019-06-06 12:11:18',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 41 => array(
			'id' => '3556',
			'name' => 'PWWP2A binds distinct chromatin moieties and interacts with an MTA1-specific core NuRD complex.',
			'authors' => 'Link S, Spitzer RMM, Sana M, Torrado M, Völker-Albert MC, Keilhauer EC, Burgold T, Pünzeler S, Low JKK, Lindström I, Nist A, Regnard C, Stiewe T, Hendrich B, Imhof A, Mann M, Mackay JP, Bartkuhn M, Hake SB',
			'description' => '<p>Chromatin structure and function is regulated by reader proteins recognizing histone modifications and/or histone variants. We recently identified that PWWP2A tightly binds to H2A.Z-containing nucleosomes and is involved in mitotic progression and cranial-facial development. Here, using in vitro assays, we show that distinct domains of PWWP2A mediate binding to free linker DNA as well as H3K36me3 nucleosomes. In vivo, PWWP2A strongly recognizes H2A.Z-containing regulatory regions and weakly binds H3K36me3-containing gene bodies. Further, PWWP2A binds to an MTA1-specific subcomplex of the NuRD complex (M1HR), which consists solely of MTA1, HDAC1, and RBBP4/7, and excludes CHD, GATAD2 and MBD proteins. Depletion of PWWP2A leads to an increase of acetylation levels on H3K27 as well as H2A.Z, presumably by impaired chromatin recruitment of M1HR. Thus, this study identifies PWWP2A as a complex chromatin-binding protein that serves to direct the deacetylase complex M1HR to H2A.Z-containing chromatin, thereby promoting changes in histone acetylation levels.</p>',
			'date' => '2018-10-16',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/30327463',
			'doi' => '10.1038/s41467-018-06665-5',
			'modified' => '2019-07-22 09:17:39',
			'created' => '2019-03-21 14:12:08',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 42 => array(
			'id' => '3553',
			'name' => 'Accurate annotation of accessible chromatin in mouse and human primordial germ cells.',
			'authors' => 'Li J, Shen S, Chen J, Liu W, Li X, Zhu Q, Wang B, Chen X, Wu L, Wang M, Gu L, Wang H, Yin J, Jiang C, Gao S',
			'description' => '<p>Extensive and accurate chromatin remodeling is essential during primordial germ cell (PGC) development for the perpetuation of genetic information across generations. Here, we report that distal cis-regulatory elements (CREs) marked by DNase I-hypersensitive sites (DHSs) show temporally restricted activities during mouse and human PGC development. Using DHS maps as proxy, we accurately locate the genome-wide binding sites of pluripotency transcription factors in mouse PGCs. Unexpectedly, we found that mouse female meiotic recombination hotspots can be captured by DHSs, and for the first time, we identified 12,211 recombination hotspots in mouse female PGCs. In contrast to that of meiotic female PGCs, the chromatin of mitotic-arrested male PGCs&nbsp;is permissive through nuclear transcription factor Y (NFY) binding in the distal regulatory regions. Furthermore, we examined the evolutionary pressure on PGC CREs, and comparative genomic analysis revealed that mouse and human PGC CREs are evolutionarily conserved and show strong conservation across the vertebrate tree outside the mammals. Therefore, our results reveal unique, temporally accessible chromatin configurations during mouse and human PGC development.</p>',
			'date' => '2018-10-10',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.org/30305709',
			'doi' => '10.1038/s41422-018-0096-5',
			'modified' => '2019-03-25 11:04:31',
			'created' => '2019-03-21 14:12:08',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 43 => array(
			'id' => '3616',
			'name' => 'Loss of H3K27me3 Imprinting in Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Embryos Disrupts Post-Implantation Development.',
			'authors' => 'Matoba S, Wang H, Jiang L, Lu F, Iwabuchi KA, Wu X, Inoue K, Yang L, Press W, Lee JT, Ogura A, Shen L, Zhang Y',
			'description' => '<p>Animal cloning can be achieved through somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), although the live birth rate is relatively low. Recent studies have identified H3K9me3 in donor cells and abnormal Xist activation as epigenetic barriers that impede SCNT. Here we overcome these barriers using a combination of Xist knockout donor cells and overexpression of Kdm4 to achieve more than 20% efficiency of mouse SCNT. However, post-implantation defects and abnormal placentas were still observed, indicating that additional epigenetic barriers impede SCNT cloning. Comparative DNA methylome analysis of IVF and SCNT blastocysts identified abnormally methylated regions in SCNT embryos despite successful global reprogramming of the methylome. Strikingly, allelic transcriptomic and ChIP-seq analyses of pre-implantation SCNT embryos revealed complete loss of H3K27me3 imprinting, which may account for the postnatal developmental defects observed in SCNT embryos. Together, these results provide an efficient method for mouse cloning while&nbsp;paving the way for further improving SCNT efficiency.</p>',
			'date' => '2018-09-06',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/30033120',
			'doi' => '10.1016/j.stem.2018.06.008',
			'modified' => '2019-04-17 15:31:14',
			'created' => '2019-04-16 13:01:51',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 44 => array(
			'id' => '3402',
			'name' => 'Polycomb repressive complex 1 shapes the nucleosome landscape but not accessibility at target genes.',
			'authors' => 'King HW, Fursova NA, Blackledge NP, Klose RJ',
			'description' => '<p>Polycomb group (PcG) proteins are transcriptional repressors that play important roles in regulating gene expression during animal development. In vitro experiments have shown that PcG protein complexes can compact chromatin to limit the activity of chromatin remodeling enzymes and access of the transcriptional machinery to DNA. In fitting with these ideas, gene promoters associated with PcG proteins have been reported to be less accessible than other gene promoters. However, it remains largely untested in vivo whether PcG proteins define chromatin accessibility or other chromatin features. To address this important question, we examine the chromatin accessibility and nucleosome landscape at PcG protein-bound promoters in mouse embryonic stem cells using the assay for transposase accessible chromatin (ATAC)-seq. Combined with genetic ablation strategies, we unexpectedly discover that although PcG protein-occupied gene promoters exhibit reduced accessibility, this does not rely on PcG proteins. Instead, the Polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1) appears to play a unique role in driving elevated nucleosome occupancy and decreased nucleosomal spacing in Polycomb chromatin domains. Our new genome-scale observations argue, in contrast to the prevailing view, that PcG proteins do not significantly affect chromatin accessibility and highlight an underappreciated complexity in the relationship between chromatin accessibility, the nucleosome landscape, and PcG-mediated transcriptional repression.</p>',
			'date' => '2018-08-28',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/30154222',
			'doi' => '10.1101/gr.237180.118.',
			'modified' => '2018-11-09 11:29:13',
			'created' => '2018-11-08 12:59:45',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 45 => array(
			'id' => '3551',
			'name' => 'HIV-2/SIV viral protein X counteracts HUSH repressor complex.',
			'authors' => 'Ghina Chougui, Soundasse Munir-Matloob, Roy Matkovic, Michaël M Martin, Marina Morel, Hichem Lahouassa, Marjorie Leduc, Bertha Cecilia Ramirez, Lucie Etienne   and Florence Margottin-Goguet',
			'description' => '<p>To evade host immune defences, human immunodeficiency viruses 1 and 2 (HIV-1 and HIV-2) have evolved auxiliary proteins that target cell restriction factors. Viral protein X (Vpx) from the HIV-2/SIVsmm lineage enhances viral infection by antagonizing SAMHD1 (refs ), but this antagonism is not sufficient to explain all Vpx phenotypes. Here, through a proteomic screen, we identified another Vpx target-HUSH (TASOR, MPP8 and periphilin)-a complex involved in position-effect variegation. HUSH downregulation by Vpx is observed in primary cells and HIV-2-infected cells. Vpx binds HUSH and induces its proteasomal degradation through the recruitment of the DCAF1 ubiquitin ligase adaptor, independently from SAMHD1 antagonism. As a consequence, Vpx is able to reactivate HIV latent proviruses, unlike Vpx mutants, which are unable to induce HUSH degradation. Although antagonism of human HUSH is not conserved among all lentiviral lineages including HIV-1, it is a feature of viral protein R (Vpr) from simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) of African green monkeys and from the divergent SIV of l'Hoest's monkey, arguing in favour of an ancient lentiviral species-specific vpx/vpr gene function. Altogether, our results suggest the HUSH complex as a restriction factor, active in primary CD4 T cells and counteracted by Vpx, therefore providing a molecular link between intrinsic immunity and epigenetic control.</p>',
			'date' => '2018-08-01',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/29891865',
			'doi' => '10.1038/s41564-018-0179-6',
			'modified' => '2019-02-28 10:20:23',
			'created' => '2019-02-27 12:54:44',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 46 => array(
			'id' => '3586',
			'name' => 'The transcriptional factor ZEB1 represses Syndecan 1 expression in prostate cancer.',
			'authors' => 'Farfán N, Ocarez N, Castellón EA, Mejía N, de Herreros AG, Contreras HR',
			'description' => '<p>Syndecan 1 (SDC-1) is a cell surface proteoglycan with a significant role in cell adhesion, maintaining epithelial integrity. SDC1 expression is inversely related to aggressiveness in prostate cancer (PCa). During epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), loss of epithelial markers is mediated by transcriptional repressors such as SNAIL, SLUG, or ZEB1/2 that bind to E-box promoter sequences of specific genes. The effect of these repressors on SDC-1 expression remains unknown. Here, we demonstrated that SNAIL, SLUG and ZEB1 expressions are increased in advanced PCa, contrarily to SDC-1. SNAIL, SLUG and ZEB1 also showed an inversion to SDC-1 in prostate cell lines. ZEB1, but not SNAIL or SLUG, represses SDC-1 as demonstrated by experiments of ectopic expression in epithelial prostate cell lines. Inversely, expression of ZEB1 shRNA in PCa cell line increased SDC-1 expression. The effect of ZEB1 is transcriptional since ectopic expression of this gene represses SDC-1 promoter activity and ZEB1 binds to the SDC-1 promoter as detected by ChIP assays. An epigenetic mark associated to transcription repression H3K27me3 was bound to the same sites that ZEB1. In conclusion, this study identifies ZEB1 as a key repressor of SDC-1 during PCa progression and point to ZEB1 as a potentially diagnostic marker for PCa.</p>',
			'date' => '2018-07-31',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/30065348',
			'doi' => '10.1038/s41598-018-29829-1',
			'modified' => '2019-04-17 15:32:57',
			'created' => '2019-04-16 12:25:30',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 47 => array(
			'id' => '3381',
			'name' => 'TSPYL2 Regulates the Expression of EZH2 Target Genes in Neurons',
			'authors' => 'Hang Liu et al.',
			'description' => '<p><em class="EmphasisTypeItalic ">Testis-specific protein</em>, <em class="EmphasisTypeItalic ">Y-encoded-like 2</em> (TSPYL2) is an X-linked gene in the locus for several neurodevelopmental disorders. We have previously shown that <em class="EmphasisTypeItalic ">Tspyl2</em> knockout mice had impaired learning and sensorimotor gating, and TSPYL2 facilitates the expression of <em class="EmphasisTypeItalic ">Grin2a</em> and <em class="EmphasisTypeItalic ">Grin2b</em> through interaction with CREB-binding protein. To identify other genes regulated by TSPYL2, here, we showed that <em class="EmphasisTypeItalic ">Tspyl2</em> knockout mice had an increased level of H3K27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) in the hippocampus, and TSPYL2 interacted with the H3K27 methyltransferase enhancer of zeste 2 (EZH2). We performed chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-sequencing in primary hippocampal neurons and divided all Refseq genes by k-mean clustering into four clusters from highest level of H3K27me3 to unmarked. We confirmed that mutant neurons had an increased level of H3K27me3 in cluster 1 genes, which consist of known EZH2 target genes important in development. We detected significantly reduced expression of genes including <em class="EmphasisTypeItalic ">Gbx2</em> and <em class="EmphasisTypeItalic ">Prss16</em> from cluster 1 and <em class="EmphasisTypeItalic ">Acvrl1</em>, <em class="EmphasisTypeItalic ">Bdnf</em>, <em class="EmphasisTypeItalic ">Egr3</em>, <em class="EmphasisTypeItalic ">Grin2c</em>, and <em class="EmphasisTypeItalic ">Igf1</em> from cluster 2 in the mutant. In support of a dynamic role of EZH2 in repressing marked synaptic genes, the specific EZH2 inhibitor GSK126 significantly upregulated, while the demethylase inhibitor GSKJ4 downregulated the expression of <em class="EmphasisTypeItalic ">Egr3</em> and <em class="EmphasisTypeItalic ">Grin2c</em>. GSK126 also upregulated the expression of <em class="EmphasisTypeItalic ">Bdnf</em> in mutant primary neurons. Finally, ChIP showed that hemagglutinin-tagged TSPYL2 co-existed with EZH2 in target promoters in neuroblastoma cells. Taken together, our data suggest that TSPYL2 is recruited to promoters of specific EZH2 target genes in neurons, and enhances their expression for proper neuronal maturation and function.</p>',
			'date' => '2018-07-26',
			'pmid' => 'https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12035-018-1238-y',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2018-07-31 10:01:24',
			'created' => '2018-07-31 10:01:24',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 48 => array(
			'id' => '3519',
			'name' => 'Forskolin Sensitizes Human Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells to H3K27me2/3 Demethylases GSKJ4 Inhibitor via Protein Kinase A.',
			'authors' => 'Illiano M, Conte M, Sapio L, Nebbioso A, Spina A, Altucci L, Naviglio S',
			'description' => '<p>Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive hematological malignancy occurring very often in older adults, with poor prognosis depending on both rapid disease progression and drug resistance occurrence. Therefore, new therapeutic approaches are demanded. Epigenetic marks play a relevant role in AML. GSKJ4 is a novel inhibitor of the histone demethylases JMJD3 and UTX. To note GSKJ4 has been recently shown to act as a potent small molecule inhibitor of the proliferation in many cancer cell types. On the other hand, forskolin, a natural cAMP raising compound, used for a long time in traditional medicine and considered safe also in recent studies, is emerging as a very interesting molecule for possible use in cancer therapy. Here, we investigate the effects of forskolin on the sensitivity of human leukemia U937 cells to GSKJ4 through flow cytometry-based assays (cell-cycle progression and cell death), cell number counting, and immunoblotting experiments. We provide evidence that forskolin markedly potentiates GSKJ4-induced antiproliferative effects by apoptotic cell death induction, accompanied by a dramatic BCL2 protein down-regulation as well as caspase 3 activation and PARP protein cleavage. Comparable effects are observed with the phosphodiesterase inhibitor IBMX and 8-Br-cAMP analogous, but not by using 8-pCPT-2'-O-Me-cAMP Epac activator. Moreover, the forskolin-induced enhancement of sensitivity to GSKJ4 is counteracted by pre-treatment with Protein Kinase A (PKA) inhibitors. Altogether, our data strongly suggest that forskolin sensitizes U937 cells to GSKJ4 inhibitor via a cAMP/PKA-mediated mechanism. Our findings provide initial evidence of anticancer activity induced by forskolin/GSKJ4 combination in leukemia cells and underline the potential for use of forskolin and GSKJ4 in the development of innovative and effective therapeutic approaches for AML treatment.</p>',
			'date' => '2018-07-20',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/30079022',
			'doi' => '10.3389/fphar.2018.00792',
			'modified' => '2019-02-28 10:23:58',
			'created' => '2019-02-27 12:54:44',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 49 => array(
			'id' => '3425',
			'name' => 'HMGB2 Loss upon Senescence Entry Disrupts Genomic Organization and Induces CTCF Clustering across Cell Types.',
			'authors' => 'Zirkel A, Nikolic M, Sofiadis K, Mallm JP, Brackley CA, Gothe H, Drechsel O, Becker C, Altmüller J, Josipovic N, Georgomanolis T, Brant L, Franzen J, Koker M, Gusmao EG, Costa IG, Ullrich RT, Wagner W, Roukos V, Nürnberg P, Marenduzzo D, Rippe K, Papanton',
			'description' => '<p>Processes like cellular senescence are characterized by complex events giving rise to heterogeneous cell populations. However, the early molecular events driving this cascade remain elusive. We hypothesized that senescence entry is triggered by an early&nbsp;disruption of the cells' three-dimensional (3D) genome organization. To test this, we combined Hi-C, single-cell and population transcriptomics, imaging, and in silico modeling of three distinct cells types entering senescence. Genes involved in DNA conformation maintenance are suppressed upon senescence entry across all cell types. We show that nuclear depletion of the abundant HMGB2 protein occurs early on the path to senescence and coincides with the dramatic spatial clustering of CTCF. Knocking down HMGB2 suffices for senescence-induced CTCF clustering and for loop reshuffling, while ectopically expressing HMGB2 rescues these effects. Our data suggest that HMGB2-mediated genomic reorganization constitutes a primer for the ensuing senescent program.</p>',
			'date' => '2018-05-17',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/29706538',
			'doi' => '10.1016/j.molcel.2018.03.030',
			'modified' => '2018-12-31 11:48:40',
			'created' => '2018-12-04 09:51:07',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 50 => array(
			'id' => '3589',
			'name' => 'A new metabolic gene signature in prostate cancer regulated by JMJD3 and EZH2.',
			'authors' => 'Daures M, Idrissou M, Judes G, Rifaï K, Penault-Llorca F, Bignon YJ, Guy L, Bernard-Gallon D',
			'description' => '<p>Histone methylation is essential for gene expression control. Trimethylated lysine 27 of histone 3 (H3K27me3) is controlled by the balance between the activities of JMJD3 demethylase and EZH2 methyltransferase. This epigenetic mark has been shown to be deregulated in prostate cancer, and evidence shows H3K27me3 enrichment on gene promoters in prostate cancer. To study the impact of this enrichment, a transcriptomic analysis with TaqMan Low Density Array (TLDA) of several genes was studied on prostate biopsies divided into three clinical grades: normal ( = 23) and two tumor groups that differed in their aggressiveness (Gleason score &le; 7 ( = 20) and &gt;7 ( = 19)). ANOVA demonstrated that expression of the gene set was upregulated in tumors and correlated with Gleason score, thus discriminating between the three clinical groups. Six genes involved in key cellular processes stood out: , , , , and . Chromatin immunoprecipitation demonstrated collocation of EZH2 and JMJD3 on gene promoters that was dependent on disease stage. Gene set expression was also evaluated on prostate cancer cell lines (DU 145, PC-3 and LNCaP) treated with an inhibitor of JMJD3 (GSK-J4) or EZH2 (DZNeP) to study their involvement in gene regulation. Results showed a difference in GSK-J4 sensitivity under PTEN status of cell lines and an opposite gene expression profile according to androgen status of cells. In summary, our data describe the impacts of JMJD3 and EZH2 on a new gene signature involved in prostate cancer that may help identify diagnostic and therapeutic targets in prostate cancer.</p>',
			'date' => '2018-05-04',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/29805743',
			'doi' => '10.18632/oncotarget.25182',
			'modified' => '2019-04-17 15:21:33',
			'created' => '2019-04-16 12:25:30',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 51 => array(
			'id' => '3309',
			'name' => 'GATA2/3-TFAP2A/C transcription factor network couples human pluripotent stem cell differentiation to trophectoderm with repression of pluripotency',
			'authors' => 'Krendl C. et al.',
			'description' => '<p>To elucidate the molecular basis of BMP4-induced differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) toward progeny with trophectoderm characteristics, we produced transcriptome, epigenome H3K4me3, H3K27me3, and CpG methylation maps of trophoblast progenitors, purified using the surface marker APA. We combined them with the temporally resolved transcriptome of the preprogenitor phase and of single APA+ cells. This revealed a circuit of bivalent TFAP2A, TFAP2C, GATA2, and GATA3 transcription factors, coined collectively the "trophectoderm four" (TEtra), which are also present in human trophectoderm in vivo. At the onset of differentiation, the TEtra factors occupy multiple sites in epigenetically inactive placental genes and in <i>OCT4</i> Functional manipulation of <i>GATA3</i> and <i>TFAP2A</i> indicated that they directly couple trophoblast-specific gene induction with suppression of pluripotency. In accordance, knocking down <i>GATA3</i> in primate embryos resulted in a failure to form trophectoderm. The discovery of the TEtra circuit indicates how trophectoderm commitment is regulated in human embryogenesis.</p>',
			'date' => '2017-11-07',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29078328',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2018-01-04 10:23:33',
			'created' => '2018-01-04 10:23:33',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 52 => array(
			'id' => '3299',
			'name' => 'Rapid Communication: The correlation between histone modifications and expression of key genes involved in accumulation of adipose tissue in the pig.',
			'authors' => 'Kociucka B. et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Histone modification is a well-known epigenetic mechanism involved in regulation of gene expression; however, it has been poorly studied in adipose tissues of the pig. Understanding the molecular background of adipose tissue development and function is essential for improving production efficiency and meat quality. The objective of this study was to identify the association between histone modification and the transcript level of genes important for lipid droplet formation and metabolism. Histone modifications at the promoter regions of 6 genes (, , , , , and ) were analyzed using a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. Two modifications involved in activation of gene expression (acetylation of H3 histone at lysine 9 and methylation of H3 histone at lysine 4) as well as methylation of H3 histone at lysine 27, which is known to be related to gene repression, were examined. The level of histone modification was compared with transcript abundance determined using real-time PCR in tissue samples (subcutaneous fat, visceral fat, and longissimus dorsi muscle) derived from 3 pig breeds significantly differing in fatness traits (Polish Large White, Duroc, and Pietrain). Transcript levels were found to be correlated with histone modifications characteristic to active loci in 4 of 6 genes. A positive correlation between histone H3 lysine 9 acetylation modification and the transcript level of ( = 0.53, &lt; 4.8 &times; 10), ( = 0.34, &lt; 0.02), and ( = 0.43, &lt; 1.0 &times; 10) genes was observed. The histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation modification correlated with transcripts of ( = 0.64, &lt; 4.6 &times; 10) and ( = 0.37, &lt; 0.01) genes. No correlation was found between transcript level of all studied genes and histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation level. This is the first study on histone modifications in porcine adipose tissues. We confirmed the relationship between histone modifications and expression of key genes for adipose tissue accumulation in the pig. Epigenetic modulation of the transcriptional profile of these genes (e.g., through nutritional factors) may improve porcine fatness traits in future.</p>',
			'date' => '2017-10-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29108067',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2017-12-05 10:39:56',
			'created' => '2017-12-05 09:31:02',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 53 => array(
			'id' => '3290',
			'name' => 'Genomic imprinting of Xist by maternal H3K27me3',
			'authors' => 'Azusa Inoue, Lan Jiang, Falong Lu, and Yi Zhang ',
			'description' => '<p>Maternal imprinting at the <em>Xist</em> gene is essential to achieve paternal allele-specific imprinted X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) in female mammals. However, the mechanism underlying <em>Xist</em> imprinting is unclear. Here we show that the <em>Xist</em> locus is coated with a broad H3K27me3 domain that is established during oocyte growth and persists through preimplantation development in mice. Loss of maternal H3K27me3 induces maternal <em>Xist</em> expression and maternal XCI in preimplantation embryos. Our study thus identifies maternal H3K27me3 as the imprinting mark of <em>Xist</em>.</p>',
			'date' => '2017-09-28',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29089420?dopt=Abstract',
			'doi' => '10.1101/gad.304113.117',
			'modified' => '2018-01-30 21:10:37',
			'created' => '2017-11-12 07:16:58',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 54 => array(
			'id' => '3276',
			'name' => 'DNA methylation of intragenic CpG islands depends on their transcriptional activity during differentiation and disease',
			'authors' => 'Jeziorska D.M. et al.',
			'description' => '<p>The human genome contains &sim;30,000 CpG islands (CGIs). While CGIs associated with promoters nearly always remain unmethylated, many of the &sim;9,000 CGIs lying within gene bodies become methylated during development and differentiation. Both promoter and intragenic CGIs may also become abnormally methylated as a result of genome rearrangements and in malignancy. The epigenetic mechanisms by which some CGIs become methylated but others, in the same cell, remain unmethylated in these situations are poorly understood. Analyzing specific loci and using a genome-wide analysis, we show that transcription running across CGIs, associated with specific chromatin modifications, is required for DNA methyltransferase 3B (DNMT3B)-mediated DNA methylation of many naturally occurring intragenic CGIs. Importantly, we also show that a subgroup of intragenic CGIs is not sensitive to this process of transcription-mediated methylation and that this correlates with their individual intrinsic capacity to initiate transcription in vivo. We propose a general model of how transcription could act as a primary determinant of the patterns of CGI methylation in normal development and differentiation, and in human disease.</p>',
			'date' => '2017-09-05',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28827334',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2017-10-16 10:16:06',
			'created' => '2017-10-16 10:16:06',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 55 => array(
			'id' => '3257',
			'name' => 'A lipodystrophy-causing lamin A mutant alters conformation and epigenetic regulation of the anti-adipogenic MIR335 locus',
			'authors' => 'Oldenburg A. et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Mutations in the <i>Lamin A/C</i> (<i>LMNA</i>) gene-encoding nuclear LMNA cause laminopathies, which include partial lipodystrophies associated with metabolic syndromes. The lipodystrophy-associated LMNA p.R482W mutation is known to impair adipogenic differentiation, but the mechanisms involved are unclear. We show in this study that the lamin A p.R482W hot spot mutation prevents adipogenic gene expression by epigenetically deregulating long-range enhancers of the anti-adipogenic <i>MIR335</i> microRNA gene in human adipocyte progenitor cells. The R482W mutation results in a loss of function of differentiation-dependent lamin A binding to the <i>MIR335</i> locus. This impairs H3K27 methylation and instead favors H3K27 acetylation on <i>MIR335</i> enhancers. The lamin A mutation further promotes spatial clustering of <i>MIR335</i> enhancer and promoter elements along with overexpression of the <i>MIR355</i> gene after adipogenic induction. Our results link a laminopathy-causing lamin A mutation to an unsuspected deregulation of chromatin states and spatial conformation of an miRNA locus critical for adipose progenitor cell fate.</p>',
			'date' => '2017-09-04',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28751304',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2017-10-05 11:08:52',
			'created' => '2017-10-05 11:08:52',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 56 => array(
			'id' => '3222',
			'name' => 'DNMT and HDAC inhibitors induce cryptic transcription start sites encoded in long terminal repeats',
			'authors' => 'Brocks D. et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Several mechanisms of action have been proposed for DNA methyltransferase and histone deacetylase inhibitors (DNMTi and HDACi), primarily based on candidate-gene approaches. However, less is known about their genome-wide transcriptional and epigenomic consequences. By mapping global transcription start site (TSS) and chromatin dynamics, we observed the cryptic transcription of thousands of treatment-induced non-annotated TSSs (TINATs) following DNMTi and HDACi treatment. The resulting transcripts frequently splice into protein-coding exons and encode truncated or chimeric ORFs translated into products with predicted abnormal or immunogenic functions. TINAT transcription after DNMTi treatment coincided with DNA hypomethylation and gain of classical promoter histone marks, while HDACi specifically induced a subset of TINATs in association with H2AK9ac, H3K14ac, and H3K23ac. Despite this mechanistic difference, both inhibitors convergently induced transcription from identical sites, as we found TINATs to be encoded in solitary long terminal repeats of the ERV9/LTR12 family, which are epigenetically repressed in virtually all normal cells.</p>',
			'date' => '2017-06-12',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28604729',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2017-08-18 14:14:48',
			'created' => '2017-08-18 14:14:48',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 57 => array(
			'id' => '3189',
			'name' => 'H2A monoubiquitination in Arabidopsis thaliana is generally independent of LHP1 and PRC2 activity',
			'authors' => 'Zhou Y. et al.',
			'description' => '<div class="">
<h4>BACKGROUND:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="BACKGROUND" nlmcategory="BACKGROUND">Polycomb group complexes PRC1 and PRC2 repress gene expression at the chromatin level in eukaryotes. The classic recruitment model of Polycomb group complexes in which PRC2-mediated H3K27 trimethylation recruits PRC1 for H2A monoubiquitination was recently challenged by data showing that PRC1 activity can also recruit PRC2. However, the prevalence of these two mechanisms is unknown, especially in plants as H2AK121ub marks were examined at only a handful of Polycomb group targets.</abstracttext></p>
<h4>RESULTS:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="RESULTS" nlmcategory="RESULTS">By using genome-wide analyses, we show that H2AK121ub marks are surprisingly widespread in Arabidopsis thaliana, often co-localizing with H3K27me3 but also occupying a set of transcriptionally active genes devoid of H3K27me3. Furthermore, by profiling H2AK121ub and H3K27me3 marks in atbmi1a/b/c, clf/swn, and lhp1 mutants we found that PRC2 activity is not required for H2AK121ub marking at most genes. In contrast, loss of AtBMI1 function impacts the incorporation of H3K27me3 marks at most Polycomb group targets.</abstracttext></p>
<h4>CONCLUSIONS:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="CONCLUSIONS" nlmcategory="CONCLUSIONS">Our findings show the relationship between H2AK121ub and H3K27me3 marks across the A. thaliana genome and unveil that ubiquitination by PRC1 is largely independent of PRC2 activity in plants, while the inverse is true for H3K27 trimethylation.</abstracttext></p>
</div>',
			'date' => '2017-04-12',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28403905',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2017-06-15 10:13:22',
			'created' => '2017-06-15 10:13:22',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 58 => array(
			'id' => '3172',
			'name' => 'Decoupling of DNA methylation and activity of intergenic LINE-1 promoters in colorectal cancer',
			'authors' => 'Vafadar-Isfahani N. et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Hypomethylation of LINE-1 repeats in cancer has been proposed as the main mechanism behind their activation; this assumption, however, was based on findings from early studies that were biased toward young and transpositionally active elements. Here, we investigate the relationship between methylation of 2 intergenic, transpositionally inactive LINE-1 elements and expression of the LINE-1 chimeric transcript (LCT) 13 and LCT14 driven by their antisense promoters (L1-ASP). Our data from DNA modification, expression, and 5'RACE analyses suggest that colorectal cancer methylation in the regions analyzed is not always associated with LCT repression. Consistent with this, in HCT116 colorectal cancer cells lacking DNA methyltransferases DNMT1 or DNMT3B, LCT13 expression decreases, while cells lacking both DNMTs or treated with the DNMT inhibitor 5-azacytidine (5-aza) show no change in LCT13 expression. Interestingly, levels of the H4K20me3 histone modification are inversely associated with LCT13 and LCT14 expression. Moreover, at these LINE-1s, H4K20me3 levels rather than DNA methylation seem to be good predictor of their sensitivity to 5-aza treatment. Therefore, by studying individual LINE-1 promoters we have shown that in some cases these promoters can be active without losing methylation; in addition, we provide evidence that other factors (e.g., H4K20me3 levels) play prominent roles in their regulation.</p>',
			'date' => '2017-03-16',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28300471',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2017-05-10 16:26:24',
			'created' => '2017-05-10 16:26:24',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 59 => array(
			'id' => '3134',
			'name' => 'HMCan-diff: a method to detect changes in histone modifications in cells with different genetic characteristics',
			'authors' => 'Ashoor H. et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Comparing histone modification profiles between cancer and normal states, or across different tumor samples, can provide insights into understanding cancer initiation, progression and response to therapy. ChIP-seq histone modification data of cancer samples are distorted by copy number variation innate to any cancer cell. We present HMCan-diff, the first method designed to analyze ChIP-seq data to detect changes in histone modifications between two cancer samples of different genetic backgrounds, or between a cancer sample and a normal control. HMCan-diff explicitly corrects for copy number bias, and for other biases in the ChIP-seq data, which significantly improves prediction accuracy compared to methods that do not consider such corrections. On in silico simulated ChIP-seq data generated using genomes with differences in copy number profiles, HMCan-diff shows a much better performance compared to other methods that have no correction for copy number bias. Additionally, we benchmarked HMCan-diff on four experimental datasets, characterizing two histone marks in two different scenarios. We correlated changes in histone modifications between a cancer and a normal control sample with changes in gene expression. On all experimental datasets, HMCan-diff demonstrated better performance compared to the other methods.</p>',
			'date' => '2017-01-03',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28053124',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2017-03-07 17:25:32',
			'created' => '2017-03-07 17:25:32',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 60 => array(
			'id' => '3089',
			'name' => 'Jarid2 binds mono-ubiquitylated H2A lysine 119 to mediate crosstalk between Polycomb complexes PRC1 and PRC2',
			'authors' => 'Cooper S. et al.',
			'description' => '<p>The Polycomb repressive complexes PRC1 and PRC2 play a central role in developmental gene regulation in multicellular organisms. PRC1 and PRC2 modify chromatin by catalysing histone H2A lysine 119 ubiquitylation (H2AK119u1), and H3 lysine 27 methylation (H3K27me3), respectively. Reciprocal crosstalk between these modifications is critical for the formation of stable Polycomb domains at target gene loci. While the molecular mechanism for recognition of H3K27me3 by PRC1 is well defined, the interaction of PRC2 with H2AK119u1 is poorly understood. Here we demonstrate a critical role for the PRC2 cofactor Jarid2 in mediating the interaction of PRC2 with H2AK119u1. We identify a ubiquitin interaction motif at the amino-terminus of Jarid2, and demonstrate that this domain facilitates PRC2 localization to H2AK119u1 both <i>in vivo</i> and <i>in vitro</i>. Our findings ascribe a critical function to Jarid2 and define a key mechanism that links PRC1 and PRC2 in the establishment of Polycomb domains.</p>',
			'date' => '2016-11-28',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms13661',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2017-01-02 12:03:16',
			'created' => '2017-01-02 12:03:16',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 61 => array(
			'id' => '3114',
			'name' => 'Iterative Fragmentation Improves the Detection of ChIP-seq Peaks for Inactive Histone Marks',
			'authors' => 'Laczik M. et al.',
			'description' => '<p>As chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) sequencing is becoming the dominant technique for studying chromatin modifications, new protocols surface to improve the method. Bioinformatics is also essential to analyze and understand the results, and precise analysis helps us to identify the effects of protocol optimizations. We applied iterative sonication - sending the fragmented DNA after ChIP through additional round(s) of shearing - to a number of samples, testing the effects on different histone marks, aiming to uncover potential benefits of inactive histone marks specifically. We developed an analysis pipeline that utilizes our unique, enrichment-type specific approach to peak calling. With the help of this pipeline, we managed to accurately describe the advantages and disadvantages of the iterative refragmentation technique, and we successfully identified possible fields for its applications, where it enhances the results greatly. In addition to the resonication protocol description, we provide guidelines for peak calling optimization and a freely implementable pipeline for data analysis.</p>',
			'date' => '2016-10-25',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27812282',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2017-01-17 16:07:44',
			'created' => '2017-01-17 16:07:44',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 62 => array(
			'id' => '3054',
			'name' => 'Overexpression of histone demethylase Fbxl10 leads to enhanced migration in mouse embryonic fibroblasts.',
			'authors' => 'Rohde M. et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Cell migration is a central process in the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms. Tissue formation during embryonic development, wound healing, immune responses and invasive tumors all require the orchestrated movement of cells to specific locations. Histone demethylase proteins alter transcription by regulating the chromatin state at specific gene loci. FBXL10 is a conserved and ubiquitously expressed member of the JmjC domain-containing histone demethylase family and is implicated in the demethylation of H3K4me3 and H3K36me2 and thereby removing active chromatin marks. However, the physiological role of FBXL10 in vivo remains largely unknown. Therefore, we established an inducible gain of function model to analyze the role of Fbxl10 and compared wild-type with Fbxl10 overexpressing mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). Our study shows that overexpression of Fbxl10 in MEFs doesn't influence the proliferation capability but leads to an enhanced migration capacity in comparison to wild-type MEFs. Transcriptome and ChIP-seq experiments demonstrated that Fbxl10 binds to genes involved in migration like Areg, Mdk, Lmnb1, Thbs1, Mgp and Cxcl12. Taken together, our results strongly suggest that Fbxl10 plays a critical role in migration by binding to the promoter region of migration-associated genes and thereby might influences cell behaviour to a possibly more aggressive phenotype.</p>',
			'date' => '2016-09-17',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27646113',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2016-10-24 14:35:45',
			'created' => '2016-10-24 14:35:45',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 63 => array(
			'id' => '3051',
			'name' => 'Allelic reprogramming of the histone modification H3K4me3 in early mammalian development',
			'authors' => 'Zhang B et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Histone modifications are fundamental epigenetic regulators that control many crucial cellular processes<sup><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v537/n7621/full/nature19361.html#ref1" title="Kouzarides, T. Chromatin modifications and their function. Cell 128, 693&ndash;705 (2007)" id="ref-link-39">1</a></sup>. However, whether these marks can be passed on from mammalian gametes to the next generation is a long-standing question that remains unanswered. Here, by developing a highly sensitive approach, STAR ChIP&ndash;seq, we provide a panoramic view of the landscape of H3K4me3, a histone hallmark for transcription initiation<sup><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v537/n7621/full/nature19361.html#ref2" title="Ruthenburg, A. J., Allis, C. D. &amp; Wysocka, J. Methylation of lysine 4 on histone H3: intricacy of writing and reading a single epigenetic mark. Mol. Cell 25, 15&ndash;30 (2007)" id="ref-link-40">2</a></sup>, from developing gametes to post-implantation embryos. We find that upon fertilization, extensive reprogramming occurs on the paternal genome, as H3K4me3 peaks are depleted in zygotes but are readily observed after major zygotic genome activation at the late two-cell stage. On the maternal genome, we unexpectedly find a non-canonical form of H3K4me3 (ncH3K4me3) in full-grown and mature oocytes, which exists as broad peaks at promoters and a large number of distal loci. Such broad H3K4me3 peaks are in contrast to the typical sharp H3K4me3 peaks restricted to CpG-rich regions of promoters. Notably, ncH3K4me3 in oocytes overlaps almost exclusively with partially methylated DNA domains. It is then inherited in pre-implantation embryos, before being erased in the late two-cell embryos, when canonical H3K4me3 starts to be established. The removal of ncH3K4me3 requires zygotic transcription but is independent of DNA replication-mediated passive dilution. Finally, downregulation of H3K4me3 in full-grown oocytes by overexpression of the H3K4me3 demethylase KDM5B is associated with defects in genome silencing. Taken together, these data unveil inheritance and highly dynamic reprogramming of the epigenome in early mammalian development.</p>',
			'date' => '2016-09-14',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v537/n7621/full/nature19361.html',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2016-10-24 14:10:07',
			'created' => '2016-10-24 14:10:07',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 64 => array(
			'id' => '3033',
			'name' => 'Fumarate is an epigenetic modifier that elicits epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition',
			'authors' => 'Sciacovelli M et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Mutations of the tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme fumarate hydratase cause hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer<sup><a href="http://www.nature.com.proxy.library.uu.nl/nature/journal/v537/n7621/full/nature19353.html#ref1" title="Tomlinson, I. P. et al. Germline mutations in FH predispose to dominantly inherited uterine fibroids, skin leiomyomata and papillary renal cell cancer. Nat. Genet. 30, 406&ndash;410 (2002)" id="ref-link-5">1</a></sup>. Fumarate hydratase-deficient renal cancers are highly aggressive and metastasize even when small, leading to a very poor clinical outcome<sup><a href="http://www.nature.com.proxy.library.uu.nl/nature/journal/v537/n7621/full/nature19353.html#ref2" title="Schmidt, L. S. &amp; Linehan, W. M. Hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma. Int. J. Nephrol. Renovasc. Dis. 7, 253&ndash;260 (2014)" id="ref-link-6">2</a></sup>. Fumarate, a small molecule metabolite that accumulates in fumarate hydratase-deficient cells, plays a key role in cell transformation, making it a <i>bona fide</i> oncometabolite<sup><a href="http://www.nature.com.proxy.library.uu.nl/nature/journal/v537/n7621/full/nature19353.html#ref3" title="Yang, M., Soga, T., Pollard, P. J. &amp; Adam, J. The emerging role of fumarate as an oncometabolite. Front Oncol. 2, 85 (2012)" id="ref-link-7">3</a></sup>. Fumarate has been shown to inhibit &alpha;-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases that are involved in DNA and histone demethylation<sup><a href="http://www.nature.com.proxy.library.uu.nl/nature/journal/v537/n7621/full/nature19353.html#ref4" title="Laukka, T. et al. Fumarate and succinate regulate expression of hypoxia-inducible genes via TET enzymes. J. Biol. Chem. 291, 4256&ndash;4265 (2016)" id="ref-link-8">4</a>, <a href="http://www.nature.com.proxy.library.uu.nl/nature/journal/v537/n7621/full/nature19353.html#ref5" title="Xiao, M. et al. Inhibition of &alpha;-KG-dependent histone and DNA demethylases by fumarate and succinate that are accumulated in mutations of FH and SDH tumor suppressors. Genes Dev. 26, 1326&ndash;1338 (2012)" id="ref-link-9">5</a></sup>. However, the link between fumarate accumulation, epigenetic changes, and tumorigenesis is unclear. Here we show that loss of fumarate hydratase and the subsequent accumulation of fumarate in mouse and human cells elicits an epithelial-to-mesenchymal-transition (EMT), a phenotypic switch associated with cancer initiation, invasion, and metastasis<sup><a href="http://www.nature.com.proxy.library.uu.nl/nature/journal/v537/n7621/full/nature19353.html#ref6" title="De Craene, B. &amp; Berx, G. Regulatory networks defining EMT during cancer initiation and progression. Nat. Rev. Cancer 13, 97&ndash;110 (2013)" id="ref-link-10">6</a></sup>. We demonstrate that fumarate inhibits Tet-mediated demethylation of a regulatory region of the antimetastatic miRNA cluster<sup><a href="http://www.nature.com.proxy.library.uu.nl/nature/journal/v537/n7621/full/nature19353.html#ref6" title="De Craene, B. &amp; Berx, G. Regulatory networks defining EMT during cancer initiation and progression. Nat. Rev. Cancer 13, 97&ndash;110 (2013)" id="ref-link-11">6</a></sup> <i>mir-200ba429</i>, leading to the expression of EMT-related transcription factors and enhanced migratory properties. These epigenetic and phenotypic changes are recapitulated by the incubation of fumarate hydratase-proficient cells with cell-permeable fumarate. Loss of fumarate hydratase is associated with suppression of miR-200 and the EMT signature in renal cancer and is associated with poor clinical outcome. These results imply that loss of fumarate hydratase and fumarate accumulation contribute to the aggressive features of fumarate hydratase-deficient tumours.</p>',
			'date' => '2016-08-31',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v537/n7621/full/nature19353.html',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2016-09-23 10:44:15',
			'created' => '2016-09-23 10:44:15',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 65 => array(
			'id' => '2988',
			'name' => 'H3K4 acetylation, H3K9 acetylation and H3K27 methylation in breast tumor molecular subtypes',
			'authors' => 'Judes G et al.',
			'description' => '<div class="">
<h4>AIM:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="AIM" nlmcategory="OBJECTIVE">Here, we investigated how the St Gallen breast molecular subtypes displayed distinct histone H3 profiles.</abstracttext></p>
<h4>PATIENTS &amp; METHODS:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="PATIENTS &amp; METHODS" nlmcategory="METHODS">192 breast tumors divided into five St Gallen molecular subtypes (luminal A, luminal B HER2-, luminal B HER2+, HER2+ and basal-like) were evaluated for their histone H3 modifications on gene promoters.</abstracttext></p>
<h4>RESULTS:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="RESULTS" nlmcategory="RESULTS">ANOVA analysis allowed to identify specific H3 signatures according to three groups of genes: hormonal receptor genes (ERS1, ERS2, PGR), genes modifying histones (EZH2, P300, SRC3) and tumor suppressor gene (BRCA1). A similar profile inside high-risk cancers (luminal B [HER2+], HER2+ and basal-like) compared with low-risk cancers including luminal A and luminal B (HER2-) were demonstrated.</abstracttext></p>
<h4>CONCLUSION:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="CONCLUSION" nlmcategory="CONCLUSIONS">The H3 modifications might contribute to clarify the differences between breast cancer subtypes.</abstracttext></p>
</div>',
			'date' => '2016-07-18',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27424567',
			'doi' => '10.2217/epi-2016-0015',
			'modified' => '2016-07-28 10:36:20',
			'created' => '2016-07-28 10:36:20',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 66 => array(
			'id' => '2980',
			'name' => 'Epigenetic Modifications with DZNep, NaBu and SAHA in Luminal and Mesenchymal-like Breast Cancer Subtype Cells',
			'authors' => 'Dagdemir A et al.',
			'description' => '<h4>BACKGROUND/AIM:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="BACKGROUND/AIM" nlmcategory="OBJECTIVE">Numerous studies have shown that breast cancer and epigenetic mechanisms have a very powerful interactive relation. The MCF7 cell line, representative of luminal subtype and the MDA-MB 231 cell line representative of mesenchymal-like subtype were treated respectively with a Histone Methyl Transferase Inhibitors (HMTi), 3-Deazaneplanocin hydrochloride (DZNep), two histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi), sodium butyrate (NaBu), and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) for 48 h.</abstracttext></p>
<h4>MATERIALS AND METHODS:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="MATERIALS AND METHODS" nlmcategory="METHODS">Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) was used to observe HDACis (SAHA and NaBu) and HMTi (DZNep) impact on histones and more specifically on H3K27me3, H3K9ac and H3K4ac marks with Q-PCR analysis of BRCA1, SRC3 and P300 genes. Furthermore, the HDACi and HMTi effects on mRNA and protein expression of BRCA1, SRC3 and P300 genes were checked. In addition, statistical analyses were used.</abstracttext></p>
<h4>RESULTS:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="RESULTS" nlmcategory="RESULTS">In the MCF7 luminal subtype with positive ER, H3k4ac was significantly increased on BRCA1 with SAHA. On the contrary, in the MDA-MB 231 breast cancer cell line, representative of mesenchymal-like subtype with negative estrogen receptor, HDACis had no effect. Also, DZNEP decreased significantly H3K27me3 on BRCA1 in MDA-MB 231. Besides, on SRC3, a significant increase for H3K4ac was obtained in MCF7 treated with SAHA. And DZNEP had no effect in MCF7. Also, in MDA-MB 231 treated with DZNEP, H3K27me3 significantly decreased on SRC3 while H3K4ac was significantly increased in MDA-MB-231 treated with SAHA or NaBu for P300.</abstracttext></p>
<h4>CONCLUSION:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="CONCLUSION" nlmcategory="CONCLUSIONS">Luminal and mesenchymal-like breast cancer subtype cell lines seemed to act differently to HDACis (SAHA and NaBu) or HMTi (DZNEP) treatments.</abstracttext></p>',
			'date' => '2016-07-01',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27365379',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2016-07-12 12:50:21',
			'created' => '2016-07-12 12:46:04',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 67 => array(
			'id' => '2982',
			'name' => 'Molecular and Epigenetic Biomarkers in Luminal Androgen Receptor: A Triple Negative Breast Cancer Subtype',
			'authors' => 'Judes G et al.',
			'description' => '',
			'date' => '2016-06-21',
			'pmid' => 'http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/omi.2016.0029',
			'doi' => '10.1089/omi.2016.0029',
			'modified' => '2016-07-13 10:02:46',
			'created' => '2016-07-13 10:02:46',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 68 => array(
			'id' => '2908',
			'name' => 'Frequency and mitotic heritability of epimutations in Schistosoma mansoni',
			'authors' => 'Roquis D, Rognon A, Chaparro C, Boissier J, Arancibia N, Cosseau C, Parrinello H, Grunau C',
			'description' => '<p>Schistosoma mansoni is a parasitic platyhelminth responsible for intestinal bilharzia. It has a complex life cycle, infecting a freshwater snail of the Biomphalaria genus, and then a mammalian host. Schistosoma mansoni adapts rapidly to new (allopatric) strains of its intermediate host. To study the importance of epimutations in this process, we infected sympatric and allopatric mollusc strains with parasite clones. ChIP-Seq was carried out on four histone modifications (H3K4me3, H3K27me3, H3K27ac and H4K20me1) in parallel with genomewide DNA resequencing (i) on parasite larvae shed by the infected snails and (ii) on adult worms that had developed from the larvae. No change in single nucleotide polymorphisms and no mobilization of transposable elements were observed, but 58-105 copy number variations (CNVs) within the parasite clones in different molluscs were detected. We also observed that the allopatric environment induces three types of chromatin structure changes: (i) host-induced changes on larvae epigenomes in 51 regions of the genome that are independent of the parasites' genetic background, (ii) spontaneous changes (not related to experimental condition or genotype of the parasite) at 64 locations and (iii) 64 chromatin structure differences dependent on the parasite genotype. Up to 45% of the spontaneous, but none of the host-induced chromatin structure changes were transmitted to adults. In our model, the environment induces epigenetic changes at specific loci but only spontaneous epimutations are mitotically heritable and have therefore the potential to contribute to transgenerational inheritance. We also show that CNVs are the only source of genetic variation and occur at the same order of magnitude as epimutations.</p>',
			'date' => '2016-04-01',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26826554',
			'doi' => '10.1111/mec.13555',
			'modified' => '2016-05-09 22:47:10',
			'created' => '2016-05-09 22:47:10',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 69 => array(
			'id' => '2835',
			'name' => 'BPA-Induced Deregulation Of Epigenetic Patterns: Effects On Female Zebrafish Reproduction',
			'authors' => 'Santangeli S, Maradonna F, Gioacchini G, Cobellis G, Piccinetti CC, Dalla Valle L, Carnevali O',
			'description' => '<p>Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the commonest Endocrine Disruptor Compounds worldwide. It interferes with vertebrate reproduction, possibly by inducing deregulation of epigenetic mechanisms. To determine its effects on female reproductive physiology and investigate whether changes in the expression levels of genes related to reproduction are caused by histone modifications, BPA concentrations consistent with environmental exposure were administered to zebrafish for three weeks. Effects on oocyte growth and maturation, autophagy and apoptosis processes, histone modifications, and DNA methylation were assessed by Real-Time PCR (qPCR), histology, and chromatin immunoprecipitation combined with qPCR analysis (ChIP-qPCR). The results showed that 5&thinsp;&mu;g/L BPA down-regulated oocyte maturation-promoting signals, likely through changes in the chromatin structure mediated by histone modifications, and promoted apoptosis in mature follicles. These data indicate that the negative effects of BPA on the female reproductive system may be due to its upstream ability to deregulate epigenetic mechanism.</p>',
			'date' => '2016-02-25',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.nature.com/articles/srep21982',
			'doi' => '10.1038/srep21982',
			'modified' => '2016-03-03 14:03:07',
			'created' => '2016-03-03 14:03:07',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 70 => array(
			'id' => '2824',
			'name' => 'The JMJD3 Histone Demethylase and the EZH2 Histone Methyltransferase in Prostate Cancer',
			'authors' => 'Daures M, Ngollo M, Judes G, Rifaï K, Kemeny JL, Penault-Llorca F, Bignon YJ, Guy L, Bernard-Gallon D',
			'description' => '<p>Prostate cancer is themost common cancer in men. It has been clearly established that genetic and epigenetic alterations of histone 3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) are common events in prostate cancer. This mark is deregulated in prostate cancer (Ngollo et al., 2014). Furthermore, H3K27me3 levels are determined by the balance between activities of histone methyltransferase EZH2 (enhancer of zeste homolog 2) and histone demethylase JMJD3 (jumonji domain containing 3). It is well known that EZH2 is upregulated in prostate cancer (Varambally et al., 2002) but only one study has shown overexpression of JMJD3 at the protein level in prostate cancer (Xiang et al., 2007).&nbsp; <br />Here, the analysis of JMJD3 and EZH2 were performed at mRNA and protein levels in prostate cancer cell lines (LNCaP and PC-3), normal cell line (PWR-1E), and as well as prostate biopsies.</p>',
			'date' => '2016-02-12',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26871869',
			'doi' => '10.1089/omi.2015.0113',
			'modified' => '2016-02-17 11:42:08',
			'created' => '2016-02-17 11:39:07',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 71 => array(
			'id' => '2909',
			'name' => 'Epigenetic priming of inflammatory response genes by high glucose in adipose progenitor cells',
			'authors' => 'Rønningen T, Shah A, Reiner AH, Collas P, Moskaug JØ',
			'description' => '<p>Cellular metabolism confers wide-spread epigenetic modifications required for regulation of transcriptional networks that determine cellular states. Mesenchymal stromal cells are responsive to metabolic cues including circulating glucose levels and modulate inflammatory responses. We show here that long term exposure of undifferentiated human adipose tissue stromal cells (ASCs) to high glucose upregulates a subset of inflammation response (IR) genes and alters their promoter histone methylation patterns in a manner consistent with transcriptional de-repression. Modeling of chromatin states from combinations of histone modifications in nearly 500 IR genes unveil three overarching chromatin configurations reflecting repressive, active, and potentially active states in promoter and enhancer elements. Accordingly, we show that adipogenic differentiation in high glucose predominantly upregulates IR genes. Our results indicate that elevated extracellular glucose levels sensitize in ASCs an IR gene expression program which is exacerbated during adipocyte differentiation. We propose that high glucose exposure conveys an epigenetic 'priming' of IR genes, favoring a transcriptional inflammatory response upon adipogenic stimulation. Chromatin alterations at IR genes by high glucose exposure may play a role in the etiology of metabolic diseases.</p>',
			'date' => '2015-11-27',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26462465',
			'doi' => '10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.10.030',
			'modified' => '2016-05-09 22:54:48',
			'created' => '2016-05-09 22:54:48',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 72 => array(
			'id' => '2948',
			'name' => 'Selective targeting of the BRG/PB1 bromodomains impairs embryonic and trophoblast stem cell maintenance',
			'authors' => 'Fedorov O et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Mammalian SWI/SNF [also called Brg/Brahma-associated factors (BAFs)] are evolutionarily conserved chromatin-remodeling complexes regulating gene transcription programs during development and stem cell differentiation. BAF complexes contain an ATP (adenosine 5'-triphosphate)-driven remodeling enzyme (either BRG1 or BRM) and multiple protein interaction domains including bromodomains, an evolutionary conserved acetyl lysine-dependent protein interaction motif that recruits transcriptional regulators to acetylated chromatin. We report a potent and cell active protein interaction inhibitor, PFI-3, that selectively binds to essential BAF bromodomains. The high specificity of PFI-3 was achieved on the basis of a novel binding mode of a salicylic acid head group that led to the replacement of water molecules typically maintained in other bromodomain inhibitor complexes. We show that exposure of embryonic stem cells to PFI-3 led to deprivation of stemness and deregulated lineage specification. Furthermore, differentiation of trophoblast stem cells in the presence of PFI-3 was markedly enhanced. The data present a key function of BAF bromodomains in stem cell maintenance and differentiation, introducing a novel versatile chemical probe for studies on acetylation-dependent cellular processes controlled by BAF remodeling complexes.</p>',
			'date' => '2015-11-13',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26702435',
			'doi' => ' 10.1126/sciadv.1500723',
			'modified' => '2016-06-09 11:12:09',
			'created' => '2016-06-09 11:12:09',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 73 => array(
			'id' => '2878',
			'name' => 'The Epigenome of Schistosoma mansoni Provides Insight about How Cercariae Poise Transcription until Infection',
			'authors' => 'Roquis D, Lepesant JM, Picard MA, Freitag M, Parrinello H, Groth M4, Emans R, Cosseau C, Grunau C',
			'description' => '<div class="">
<h4>BACKGROUND:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="BACKGROUND" nlmcategory="BACKGROUND">Chromatin structure can control gene expression and can define specific transcription states. For example, bivalent methylation of histone H3K4 and H3K27 is linked to poised transcription in vertebrate embryonic stem cells (ESC). It allows them to rapidly engage specific developmental pathways. We reasoned that non-vertebrate metazoans that encounter a similar developmental constraint (i.e. to quickly start development into a new phenotype) might use a similar system. Schistosomes are parasitic platyhelminthes that are characterized by passage through two hosts: a mollusk as intermediate host and humans or rodents as definitive host. During its development, the parasite undergoes drastic changes, most notable immediately after infection of the definitive host, i.e. during the transition from the free-swimming cercariae into adult worms.</abstracttext></p>
<h4>METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS" nlmcategory="RESULTS">We used Chromatin Immunoprecipitation followed by massive parallel sequencing (ChIP-Seq) to analyze genome-wide chromatin structure of S. mansoni on the level of histone modifications (H3K4me3, H3K27me3, H3K9me3, and H3K9ac) in cercariae, schistosomula and adults (available at http://genome.univ-perp.fr). We saw striking differences in chromatin structure between the developmental stages, but most importantly we found that cercariae possess a specific combination of marks at the transcription start sites (TSS) that has similarities to a structure found in ESC. We demonstrate that in cercariae no transcription occurs, and we provide evidences that cercariae do not possess large numbers of canonical stem cells.</abstracttext></p>
<h4>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE" nlmcategory="CONCLUSIONS">We describe here a broad view on the epigenome of a metazoan parasite. Most notably, we find bivalent histone H3 methylation in cercariae. Methylation of H3K27 is removed during transformation into schistosomula (and stays absent in adults) and transcription is activated. In addition, shifts of H3K9 methylation and acetylation occur towards upstream and downstream of the transcriptional start site (TSS). We conclude that specific H3 modifications are a phylogenetically older and probably more general mechanism, i.e. not restricted to stem cells, to poise transcription. Since adult couples must form to cause the disease symptoms, changes in histone modifications appear to be crucial for pathogenesis and represent therefore a therapeutic target.</abstracttext></p>
</div>',
			'date' => '2015-08-25',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26305466',
			'doi' => '10.1371/journal.pntd.0003853',
			'modified' => '2016-03-30 12:10:13',
			'created' => '2016-03-30 12:10:13',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 74 => array(
			'id' => '2612',
			'name' => 'Deciphering the role of Polycomb Repressive Complex 1 (PRC1) variants in regulating the acquisition of flowering competence in Arabidopsis.',
			'authors' => 'Pico S, Ortiz-Marchena MI, Merini W, Calonje M',
			'description' => 'Polycomb Group (PcG) proteins play important roles in regulating developmental phase transitions in plants; however, little is known about the role the PcG machinery in regulating the transition from juvenile to adult phase. Here, we show that Arabidopsis BMI1 (AtBMI1) PRC1 components participate in the repression of miR156. Loss of AtBMI1 function leads to upregulation of pri-MIR156A/C at the time the levels of miR156 should decline, resulting in an extended juvenile phase and delayed flowering. Conversely, the PRC1 component EMBRYONIC FLOWER (EMF1) participates in the regulation of SPL and MIR172 genes. Accordingly, plants impaired in EMF1 function displayed misexpression of these genes early in development, which contributes to a CONSTANS (CO)-independent upregulation of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) leading to the earliest flowering phenotype described in Arabidopsis. Our findings show how the different regulatory roles of two functional PRC1 variants coordinate the acquisition of flowering competence and help to reach the threshold of FT necessary to flower. Furthermore, we show how two central regulatory mechanisms, such as PcG and miRNA, assemble to achieve a developmental outcome.',
			'date' => '2015-04-20',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25897002',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:05',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:05',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 75 => array(
			'id' => '2560',
			'name' => 'An ultra-low-input native ChIP-seq protocol for genome-wide profiling of rare cell populations.',
			'authors' => 'Brind'Amour J, Liu S, Hudson M, Chen C, Karimi MM, Lorincz MC',
			'description' => 'Combined chromatin immunoprecipitation and next-generation sequencing (ChIP-seq) has enabled genome-wide epigenetic profiling of numerous cell lines and tissue types. A major limitation of ChIP-seq, however, is the large number of cells required to generate high-quality data sets, precluding the study of rare cell populations. Here, we present an ultra-low-input micrococcal nuclease-based native ChIP (ULI-NChIP) and sequencing method to generate genome-wide histone mark profiles with high resolution from as few as 10(3) cells. We demonstrate that ULI-NChIP-seq generates high-quality maps of covalent histone marks from 10(3) to 10(6) embryonic stem cells. Subsequently, we show that ULI-NChIP-seq H3K27me3 profiles generated from E13.5 primordial germ cells isolated from single male and female embryos show high similarity to recent data sets generated using 50-180 × more material. Finally, we identify sexually dimorphic H3K27me3 enrichment at specific genic promoters, thereby illustrating the utility of this method for generating high-quality and -complexity libraries from rare cell populations.',
			'date' => '2015-01-21',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25607992',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:04',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:04',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 76 => array(
			'id' => '2119',
			'name' => 'Exposure to Hycanthone alters chromatin structure around specific gene functions and specific repeats in Schistosoma mansoni',
			'authors' => 'Roquis D, Lepesant JM, Villafan E, Vieira C, Cosseau C, Grunau C',
			'description' => 'Schistosoma mansoni is a parasitic plathyhelminth responsible for intestinal schistosomiasis (or bilharziasis), a disease affecting 67 million people worldwide and causing an important economic burden. The schistosomicides hycanthone, and its later proxy oxamniquine, were widely used for treatments in endemic areas during the 20th century. Recently, the mechanism of action, as well as the genetic origin of a stably and Mendelian inherited resistance for both drugs was elucidated in two strains. However, several observations suggested early on that alternative mechanisms might exist, by which resistance could be induced for these two drugs in sensitive lines of schistosomes. This induced resistance appeared rapidly, within the first generation, but was metastable (not stably inherited). Epigenetic inheritance could explain such a phenomenon and we therefore re-analyzed the historical data with our current knowledge of epigenetics. In addition, we performed new experiments such as ChIP-seq on hycanthone treated worms. We found distinct chromatin structure changes between sensitive worms and induced resistant worms from the same strain. No specific pathway was discovered, but genes in which chromatin structure modification were observed are mostly associated with transport and catabolism, which makes sense in the context of the elimination of the drug. Specific differences were observed in the repetitive compartment of the genome. We finally describe what types of experiments are needed to understand the complexity of heritability that can be based on genetic and/or epigenetic mechanisms for drug resistance in schistosomes. ',
			'date' => '2014-06-18',
			'pmid' => 'http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fgene.2014.00207/abstract',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:03',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:03',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 77 => array(
			'id' => '2068',
			'name' => 'Targeting Polycomb to Pericentric Heterochromatin in Embryonic Stem Cells Reveals a Role for H2AK119u1 in PRC2 Recruitment.',
			'authors' => 'Cooper S, Dienstbier M, Hassan R, Schermelleh L, Sharif J, Blackledge NP, De Marco V, Elderkin S, Koseki H, Klose R, Heger A, Brockdorff N',
			'description' => 'The mechanisms by which the major Polycomb group (PcG) complexes PRC1 and PRC2 are recruited to target sites in vertebrate cells are not well understood. Building on recent studies that determined a reciprocal relationship between DNA methylation and Polycomb activity, we demonstrate that, in methylation-deficient embryonic stem cells (ESCs), CpG density combined with antagonistic effects of H3K9me3 and H3K36me3 redirects PcG complexes to pericentric heterochromatin and gene-rich domains. Surprisingly, we find that PRC1-linked H2A monoubiquitylation is sufficient to recruit PRC2 to chromatin in vivo, suggesting a mechanism through which recognition of unmethylated CpG determines the localization of both PRC1 and PRC2 at canonical and atypical target sites. We discuss our data in light of emerging evidence suggesting that PcG recruitment is a default state at licensed chromatin sites, mediated by interplay between CpG hypomethylation and counteracting H3 tail modifications.',
			'date' => '2014-06-12',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24857660',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:02',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:02',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 78 => array(
			'id' => '2065',
			'name' => 'Variant PRC1 Complex-Dependent H2A Ubiquitylation Drives PRC2 Recruitment and Polycomb Domain Formation.',
			'authors' => 'Blackledge NP, Farcas AM, Kondo T, King HW, McGouran JF, Hanssen LL, Ito S, Cooper S, Kondo K, Koseki Y, Ishikura T, Long HK, Sheahan TW, Brockdorff N, Kessler BM, Koseki H, Klose RJ',
			'description' => 'Chromatin modifying activities inherent to polycomb repressive complexes PRC1 and PRC2 play an essential role in gene regulation, cellular differentiation, and development. However, the mechanisms by which these complexes recognize their target sites and function together to form repressive chromatin domains remain poorly understood. Recruitment of PRC1 to target sites has been proposed to occur through a hierarchical process, dependent on prior nucleation of PRC2 and placement of H3K27me3. Here, using a de novo targeting assay in mouse embryonic stem cells we unexpectedly discover that PRC1-dependent H2AK119ub1 leads to recruitment of PRC2 and H3K27me3 to effectively initiate a polycomb domain. This activity is restricted to variant PRC1 complexes, and genetic ablation experiments reveal that targeting of the variant PCGF1/PRC1 complex by KDM2B to CpG islands is required for normal polycomb domain formation and mouse development. These observations provide a surprising PRC1-dependent logic for PRC2 occupancy at target sites in vivo.',
			'date' => '2014-06-05',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24856970',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:02',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:02',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 79 => array(
			'id' => '2050',
			'name' => 'Ezh2 regulates transcriptional and posttranslational expression of T-bet and promotes Th1 cell responses mediating aplastic anemia in mice.',
			'authors' => 'Tong Q, He S, Xie F, Mochizuki K, Liu Y, Mochizuki I, Meng L, Sun H, Zhang Y, Guo Y, Hexner E, Zhang Y',
			'description' => 'Acquired aplastic anemia (AA) is a potentially fatal bone marrow (BM) failure syndrome. IFN-γ-producing Th1 CD4(+) T cells mediate the immune destruction of hematopoietic cells, and they are central to the pathogenesis. However, the molecular events that control the development of BM-destructive Th1 cells remain largely unknown. Ezh2 is a chromatin-modifying enzyme that regulates multiple cellular processes primarily by silencing gene expression. We recently reported that Ezh2 is crucial for inflammatory T cell responses after allogeneic BM transplantation. To elucidate whether Ezh2 mediates pathogenic Th1 responses in AA and the mechanism of Ezh2 action in regulating Th1 cells, we studied the effects of Ezh2 inhibition in CD4(+) T cells using a mouse model of human AA. Conditionally deleting Ezh2 in mature T cells dramatically reduced the production of BM-destructive Th1 cells in vivo, decreased BM-infiltrating Th1 cells, and rescued mice from BM failure. Ezh2 inhibition resulted in significant decrease in the expression of Tbx21 and Stat4, which encode transcription factors T-bet and STAT4, respectively. Introduction of T-bet but not STAT4 into Ezh2-deficient T cells fully rescued their differentiation into Th1 cells mediating AA. Ezh2 bound to the Tbx21 promoter in Th1 cells and directly activated Tbx21 transcription. Unexpectedly, Ezh2 was also required to prevent proteasome-mediated degradation of T-bet protein in Th1 cells. Our results demonstrate that Ezh2 promotes the generation of BM-destructive Th1 cells through a mechanism of transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of T-bet. These results also highlight the therapeutic potential of Ezh2 inhibition in reducing AA and other autoimmune diseases.',
			'date' => '2014-06-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24760151',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:02',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:02',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 80 => array(
			'id' => '2027',
			'name' => 'Nitric oxide-induced neuronal to glial lineage fate-change depends on NRSF/REST function in neural progenitor cells.',
			'authors' => 'Bergsland M, Covacu R, Perez Estrada C, Svensson M, Brundin L',
			'description' => 'Degeneration of CNS tissue commonly occurs during neuroinflammatory conditions, such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and neurotrauma. During such conditions, neural stem/progenitor cell (NPC) populations have been suggested to provide new cells to degenerated areas. In the normal brain, NPCs from the SVZ generate neurons that settle in the olfactory bulb or striatum. However, during neuroinflammatory conditions NPCs migrate toward the site of injury to form oligodendrocytes and astrocytes, whereas newly formed neurons are less abundant. Thus, the specific NPC lineage fate decisions appear to respond to signals from the local environment. The instructive signals from inflammation have been suggested to rely on excessive levels of the free radical nitric oxide (NO), which is an essential component of the innate immune response, as NO promotes neuronal to glial cell fate conversion of differentiating rat NPCs in vitro. Here we demonstrate that the NO-induced neuronal to glial fate conversion is dependent on the transcription factor NRSF/REST. Chromatin modification status of a number of neuronal and glial lineage restricted genes was altered upon NO-exposure. These changes coincided with gene expression alterations, demonstrating a global shift towards glial potential. Interestingly, by blocking the function of NRSF/REST, alterations in chromatin modifications were lost and the NO-induced neuronal to glial switch was suppressed. This implicates NRSF/REST as a key factor in the NPC-specific response to innate immunity and suggests a novel mechanism by which signaling from inflamed tissue promotes the formation of glial cells. Stem Cells 2014.',
			'date' => '2014-05-08',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24807147',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:02',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:02',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 81 => array(
			'id' => '1938',
			'name' => 'Polycomb binding precedes early-life stress responsive DNA methylation at the Avp enhancer.',
			'authors' => 'Murgatroyd C, Spengler D',
			'description' => 'Early-life stress (ELS) in mice causes sustained hypomethylation at the downstream Avp enhancer, subsequent overexpression of hypothalamic Avp and increased stress responsivity. The sequence of events leading to Avp enhancer methylation is presently unknown. Here, we used an embryonic stem cell-derived model of hypothalamic-like differentiation together with in vivo experiments to show that binding of polycomb complexes (PcG) preceded the emergence of ELS-responsive DNA methylation and correlated with gene silencing. At the same time, PcG occupancy associated with the presence of Tet proteins preventing DNA methylation. Early hypothalamic-like differentiation triggered PcG eviction, DNA-methyltransferase recruitment and enhancer methylation. Concurrently, binding of the Methyl-CpG-binding and repressor protein MeCP2 increased at the enhancer although Avp expression during later stages of differentiation and the perinatal period continued to increase. Overall, we provide evidence of a new role of PcG proteins in priming ELS-responsive DNA methylation at the Avp enhancer prior to epigenetic programming consistent with the idea that PcG proteins are part of a flexible silencing system during neuronal development.',
			'date' => '2014-03-05',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24599304',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:02',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:02',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 82 => array(
			'id' => '1890',
			'name' => 'Epigenetics of prostate cancer: distribution of histone H3K27me3 biomarkers in peri-tumoral tissue.',
			'authors' => 'Ngollo M, Dagdemir A, Judes G, Kemeny JL, Penault-Llorca F, Boiteux JP, Lebert A, Bignon YJ, Guy L, Bernard-Gallon D',
			'description' => '<p>Prostate cancer is the second most common cause of cancer and the sixth leading cause of cancer fatalities in men world- wide (Ferlay et al., 2010). Genetic abnormalities and mutations are primary causative factors, but epigenetic mechanisms are now recognized as playing a key role in prostate cancer de- velopment. Epigenetics is defined as the study of mitotically and/or meiotically heritable changes in gene function that do not involve a change in DNA sequence (Dupont et al., 2009).</p>',
			'date' => '2014-03-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24517089',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2016-05-04 14:16:29',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:02',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 83 => array(
			'id' => '1910',
			'name' => 'Epigenomic alterations define lethal CIMP-positive ependymomas of infancy.',
			'authors' => 'Mack SC, Witt H, Piro RM, Gu L, Zuyderduyn S, Stütz AM, Wang X, Gallo M, Garzia L, Zayne K, Zhang X, Ramaswamy V, Jäger N, Jones DT, Sill M, Pugh TJ, Ryzhova M, Wani KM, Shih DJ, Head R, Remke M, Bailey SD, Zichner T, Faria CC, Barszczyk M, Stark S, Seker',
			'description' => 'Ependymomas are common childhood brain tumours that occur throughout the nervous system, but are most common in the paediatric hindbrain. Current standard therapy comprises surgery and radiation, but not cytotoxic chemotherapy as it does not further increase survival. Whole-genome and whole-exome sequencing of 47 hindbrain ependymomas reveals an extremely low mutation rate, and zero significant recurrent somatic single nucleotide variants. Although devoid of recurrent single nucleotide variants and focal copy number aberrations, poor-prognosis hindbrain ependymomas exhibit a CpG island methylator phenotype. Transcriptional silencing driven by CpG methylation converges exclusively on targets of the Polycomb repressive complex 2 which represses expression of differentiation genes through trimethylation of H3K27. CpG island methylator phenotype-positive hindbrain ependymomas are responsive to clinical drugs that target either DNA or H3K27 methylation both in vitro and in vivo. We conclude that epigenetic modifiers are the first rational therapeutic candidates for this deadly malignancy, which is epigenetically deregulated but genetically bland.',
			'date' => '2014-02-27',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24553142',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:02',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:02',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 84 => array(
			'id' => '1793',
			'name' => 'A novel microscopy-based high-throughput screening method to identify proteins that regulate global histone modification levels.',
			'authors' => 'Baas R, Lelieveld D, van Teeffelen H, Lijnzaad P, Castelijns B, van Schaik FM, Vermeulen M, Egan DA, Timmers HT, de Graaf P',
			'description' => '<p>Posttranslational modifications of histones play an important role in the regulation of gene expression and chromatin structure in eukaryotes. The balance between chromatin factors depositing (writers) and removing (erasers) histone marks regulates the steady-state levels of chromatin modifications. Here we describe a novel microscopy-based screening method to identify proteins that regulate histone modification levels in a high-throughput fashion. We named our method CROSS, for Chromatin Regulation Ontology SiRNA Screening. CROSS is based on an siRNA library targeting the expression of 529 proteins involved in chromatin regulation. As a proof of principle, we used CROSS to identify chromatin factors involved in histone H3 methylation on either lysine-4 or lysine-27. Furthermore, we show that CROSS can be used to identify chromatin factors that affect growth in cancer cell lines. Taken together, CROSS is a powerful method to identify the writers and erasers of novel and known chromatin marks and facilitates the identification of drugs targeting epigenetic modifications.</p>',
			'date' => '2014-02-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24334265',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2016-04-12 09:46:40',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:01',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 85 => array(
			'id' => '1845',
			'name' => 'SUPT6H controls estrogen receptor activity and cellular differentiation by multiple epigenomic mechanisms.',
			'authors' => 'Bedi U, Scheel AH, Hennion M, Begus-Nahrmann Y, Rüschoff J, Johnsen SA',
			'description' => 'The estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) is the central transcriptional regulator of ductal mammary epithelial lineage specification and is an important prognostic marker in human breast cancer. Although antiestrogen therapies are initially highly effective at treating ERα-positive tumors, a large number of tumors progress to a refractory, more poorly differentiated phenotype accompanied by reduced survival. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the progression from estrogen-dependent to hormone-resistant breast cancer may uncover new targets for treatment and the discovery of new predictive markers. Recent studies have uncovered an important role for transcriptional elongation and chromatin modifications in controlling ERα activity and estrogen responsiveness. The human Suppressor of Ty Homologue-6 (SUPT6H) is a histone chaperone that links transcriptional elongation to changes in chromatin structure. We show that SUPT6H is required for estrogen-regulated transcription and the maintenance of chromatin structure in breast cancer cells, possibly in part through interaction with RNF40 and regulation of histone H2B monoubiquitination (H2Bub1). Moreover, we demonstrate that SUPT6H protein levels decrease with malignancy in breast cancer. Consistently, SUPT6H, similar to H2Bub1, is required for cellular differentiation and suppression of the repressive histone mark H3K27me3 on lineage-specific genes. Together, these data identify SUPT6H as a new epigenetic regulator of ERα activity and cellular differentiation.Oncogene advance online publication, 20 January 2014; doi:10.1038/onc.2013.558.',
			'date' => '2014-01-20',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24441044',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:01',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:01',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 86 => array(
			'id' => '1933',
			'name' => 'A key role for EZH2 in epigenetic silencing of HOX genes in mantle cell lymphoma.',
			'authors' => 'Kanduri M, Sander B, Ntoufa S, Papakonstantinou N, Sutton LA, Stamatopoulos K, Kanduri C, Rosenquist R',
			'description' => 'The chromatin modifier EZH2 is overexpressed and associated with inferior outcome in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). Recently, we demonstrated preferential DNA methylation of HOX genes in MCL compared with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), despite these genes not being expressed in either entity. Since EZH2 has been shown to regulate HOX gene expression, to gain further insight into its possible role in differential silencing of HOX genes in MCL vs. CLL, we performed detailed epigenetic characterization using representative cell lines and primary samples. We observed significant overexpression of EZH2 in MCL vs. CLL. Chromatin immune precipitation (ChIP) assays revealed that EZH2 catalyzed repressive H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3), which was sufficient to silence HOX genes in CLL, whereas in MCL H3K27me3 is accompanied by DNA methylation for a more stable repression. More importantly, hypermethylation of the HOX genes in MCL resulted from EZH2 overexpression and subsequent recruitment of the DNA methylation machinery onto HOX gene promoters. The importance of EZH2 upregulation in this process was further underscored by siRNA transfection and EZH2 inhibitor experiments. Altogether, these observations implicate EZH2 in the long-term silencing of HOX genes in MCL, and allude to its potential as a therapeutic target with clinical impact.',
			'date' => '2013-12-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24107828',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:02',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:02',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 87 => array(
			'id' => '1661',
			'name' => 'Targeted disruption of hotair leads to homeotic transformation and gene derepression.',
			'authors' => 'Li L, Liu B, Wapinski OL, Tsai MC, Qu K, Zhang J, Carlson JC, Lin M, Fang F, Gupta RA, Helms JA, Chang HY',
			'description' => 'Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are thought to be prevalent regulators of gene expression, but the consequences of lncRNA inactivation in vivo are mostly unknown. Here, we show that targeted deletion of mouse Hotair lncRNA leads to derepression of hundreds of genes, resulting in homeotic transformation of the spine and malformation of metacarpal-carpal bones. RNA sequencing and conditional inactivation reveal an ongoing requirement of Hotair to repress HoxD genes and several imprinted loci such as Dlk1-Meg3 and Igf2-H19 without affecting imprinting choice. Hotair binds to both Polycomb repressive complex 2, which methylates histone H3 at lysine 27 (H3K27), and Lsd1 complex, which demethylates histone H3 at lysine 4 (H3K4) in vivo. Hotair inactivation causes H3K4me3 gain and, to a lesser extent, H3K27me3 loss at target genes. These results reveal the function and mechanisms of Hotair lncRNA in enforcing a silent chromatin state at Hox and additional genes.',
			'date' => '2013-10-17',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24075995',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:01',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:01',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 88 => array(
			'id' => '1482',
			'name' => 'VAL- and AtBMI1-Mediated H2Aub Initiate the Switch from Embryonic to Postgerminative Growth in Arabidopsis.',
			'authors' => 'Yang C, Bratzel F, Hohmann N, Koch M, Turck F, Calonje M',
			'description' => 'Plant B3-domain transcription factors have an important role in regulating seed development, in particular seed maturation and germination [1]. Among the B3 factors, the AFL (ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE3 [ABI3], FUSCA3 [FUS3], and LEAFY COTYLEDON2 [LEC2]) proteins activate the seed maturation program in a complex network, while the VAL (VP1/ABI3-LIKE) 1/2/3 proteins suppress AFL action in order to initiate germination and vegetative development through an as yet unknown mechanism [2, 3]. In addition, the AFL genes and LEAFY COTYLEDON1 (LEC1) [4], referred as seed maturation genes, are epigenetically repressed after germination by the Polycomb group (PcG) machinery via its histone-modifying activities: the histone H3 lysine 27 trimethyltransferase activity of the PcG repressive complex 2 (PRC2) and the E3 H2A monoubiquitin ligase activity of the PRC1 [5-9]. Both histone modifications are required for the repression [7-12]; however, the underlying mechanism is far from clear, because the localization and the role of H2Aub marks are still unknown. In this work, we demonstrate that VAL proteins and AtBMI1-mediated H2Aub initiate repression of seed maturation genes. After the initial off switch, the repression is maintained by PRC2-mediated H3K27me3. Our results indicate that the regulation of seed maturation genes does not follow the classic hierarchical model proposed for animal PcG-mediated repression [13], since the PRC1 activity is required for the H3K27me3 modification of these genes. Furthermore, we show different mechanisms to achieve PcG repression in plants, as the repression of genes involved in other processes has different requirements for H2Aub and H3K27me3 marking.',
			'date' => '2013-07-22',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23810531',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:00',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:00',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 89 => array(
			'id' => '1512',
			'name' => 'Disease-Related Growth Factor and Embryonic Signaling Pathways Modulate an Enhancer of TCF21 Expression at the 6q23.2 Coronary Heart Disease Locus.',
			'authors' => 'Miller CL, Anderson DR, Kundu RK, Raiesdana A, Nürnberg ST, Diaz R, Cheng K, Leeper NJ, Chen CH, Chang IS, Schadt EE, Hsiung CA, Assimes TL, Quertermous T',
			'description' => 'Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of mortality in both developed and developing countries worldwide. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have now identified 46 independent susceptibility loci for CHD, however, the biological and disease-relevant mechanisms for these associations remain elusive. The large-scale meta-analysis of GWAS recently identified in Caucasians a CHD-associated locus at chromosome 6q23.2, a region containing the transcription factor TCF21 gene. TCF21 (Capsulin/Pod1/Epicardin) is a member of the basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor family, and regulates cell fate decisions and differentiation in the developing coronary vasculature. Herein, we characterize a cis-regulatory mechanism by which the lead polymorphism rs12190287 disrupts an atypical activator protein 1 (AP-1) element, as demonstrated by allele-specific transcriptional regulation, transcription factor binding, and chromatin organization, leading to altered TCF21 expression. Further, this element is shown to mediate signaling through platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFR-β) and Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) pathways. A second disease allele identified in East Asians also appears to disrupt an AP-1-like element. Thus, both disease-related growth factor and embryonic signaling pathways may regulate CHD risk through two independent alleles at TCF21.',
			'date' => '2013-07-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23874238',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:00',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:00',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 90 => array(
			'id' => '1332',
			'name' => 'Passaging Techniques and ROCK Inhibitor Exert Reversible Effects on Morphology and Pluripotency Marker Gene Expression of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Lines.',
			'authors' => 'Holm F, Nikdin H, Kjartansdóttir KR, Gaudenzi G, Fried K, Aspenström P, Hermanson O, Bergström-Tengzelius R',
			'description' => 'Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are known for their potential usage in regenerative medicine, but also for handling sensitivity. Much effort has been put into optimizing the culture methods of hESCs. It has been shown that the use of Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase inhibitor (ROCKi) decreases the cellular stress response and the apoptotic cell death in hESC cultures that have been passaged enzymatically. These observations sparked a wide use of ROCKi in hESC cultures. We and others, however, noted that cells passaged enzymatically with the use of ROCKi had a different morphology compared to cells passaged mechanically. Here we show that hESCs that were enzymatically passaged displayed alterations in the nuclear size compared to cultures that were mechanically passaged. Notably, a dramatically decreased expression of the genes encoding common pluripotency markers, such as OCT4/POU5F1 and NANOG were revealed in enzymatically passaged hESCs compared to mechanically passaged, while such differences were not significant when assessing protein levels. The differences in gene expression did not correlate strongly with commonly analyzed histone modifications (H3K4me3, H3K9me3, H3K27me3, and H4K16ac) on the promoters of these genes. Surprisingly, the effects of enzymatic passaging were at least in part reversible as the gene expression profile of enzymatically passaged hESCs that were transferred back to mechanical passaging, showed no significant difference compared to those hESCs that were continuously passaged mechanically. Our results suggest that enzymatic passaging influences parameters associated with hESC characteristics, and emphasizes the importance of using cells handled in the same manner when comparing results both within and between projects.',
			'date' => '2013-07-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23421967',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:00',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:00',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 91 => array(
			'id' => '1425',
			'name' => 'Expression of a large LINE-1-driven antisense RNA is linked to epigenetic silencing of the metastasis suppressor gene TFPI-2 in cancer.',
			'authors' => 'Cruickshanks HA, Vafadar-Isfahani N, Dunican DS, Lee A, Sproul D, Lund JN, Meehan RR, Tufarelli C',
			'description' => 'LINE-1 retrotransposons are abundant repetitive elements of viral origin, which in normal cells are kept quiescent through epigenetic mechanisms. Activation of LINE-1 occurs frequently in cancer and can enable LINE-1 mobilization but also has retrotransposition-independent consequences. We previously reported that in cancer, aberrantly active LINE-1 promoters can drive transcription of flanking unique sequences giving rise to LINE-1 chimeric transcripts (LCTs). Here, we show that one such LCT, LCT13, is a large transcript (>300 kb) running antisense to the metastasis-suppressor gene TFPI-2. We have modelled antisense RNA expression at TFPI-2 in transgenic mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells and demonstrate that antisense RNA induces silencing and deposition of repressive histone modifications implying a causal link. Consistent with this, LCT13 expression in breast and colon cancer cell lines is associated with silencing and repressive chromatin at TFPI-2. Furthermore, we detected LCT13 transcripts in 56% of colorectal tumours exhibiting reduced TFPI-2 expression. Our findings implicate activation of LINE-1 elements in subsequent epigenetic remodelling of surrounding genes, thus hinting a novel retrotransposition-independent role for LINE-1 elements in malignancy.',
			'date' => '2013-05-23',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23703216',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:00',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:00',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 92 => array(
			'id' => '1497',
			'name' => 'Histone lysine trimethylation or acetylation can be modulated by phytoestrogen, estrogen or anti-HDAC in breast cancer cell lines.',
			'authors' => 'Dagdemir A, Durif J, Ngollo M, Bignon YJ, Bernard-Gallon D',
			'description' => '<p>AIM: The isoflavones genistein, daidzein and equol (daidzein metabolite) have been reported to interact with epigenetic modifications, specifically hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes. The objective of this study was to analyze and understand the mechanisms by which phytoestrogens act on chromatin in breast cancer cell lines. MATERIALS &amp; METHODS: Two breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7 and MDA-MB 231, were treated with genistein (18.5 &micro;M), daidzein (78.5 &micro;M), equol (12.8 &micro;M), 17&beta;-estradiol (10 nM) and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (1 &micro;M) for 48 h. A control with untreated cells was performed. 17&beta;-estradiol and an anti-HDAC were used to compare their actions with phytoestrogens. The chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with quantitative PCR was used to follow soy phytoestrogen effects on H3 and H4 histones on H3K27me3, H3K9me3, H3K4me3, H4K8ac and H3K4ac marks, and we selected six genes (EZH2, BRCA1, ER&alpha;, ER&beta;, SRC3 and P300) for analysis. RESULTS: Soy phytoestrogens induced a decrease in trimethylated marks and an increase in acetylating marks studied at six selected genes. CONCLUSION: We demonstrated that soy phytoestrogens tend to modify transcription through the demethylation and acetylation of histones in breast cancer cell lines.</p>',
			'date' => '2013-02-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23414320',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2016-05-03 12:17:35',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:00',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 93 => array(
			'id' => '1179',
			'name' => 'Epigenetic Regulation of Nestin Expression During Neurogenic Differentiation of Adipose Tissue Stem Cells.',
			'authors' => 'Boulland JL, Mastrangelopoulou M, Boquest AC, Jakobsen R, Noer A, Glover JC, Collas P.',
			'description' => 'Adipose-tissue-derived stem cells (ASCs) have received considerable attention due to their easy access, expansion potential, and differentiation capacity. ASCs are believed to have the potential to differentiate into neurons. However, the mechanisms by which this may occur remain largely unknown. Here, we show that culturing ASCs under active proliferation conditions greatly improves their propensity to differentiate toward osteogenic, adipogenic, and neurogenic lineages. Neurogenic-induced ASCs express early neurogenic genes as well as markers of mature neurons, including voltage-gated ion channels. Nestin, highly expressed in neural progenitors, is upregulated by mitogenic stimulation of ASCs, and as in neural progenitors, then repressed during neurogenic differentiation. Nestin gene (NES) expression under these conditions appears to be regulated by epigenetic mechanisms. The neural-specific, but not muscle-specific, enhancer regions of NES are DNA demethylated by mitogenic stimulation, and remethylated upon neurogenic differentiation. We observe dynamic changes in histone H3K4, H3K9, and H3K27 methylation on the NES locus before and during neurogenic differentiation that are consistent with epigenetic processes involved in the regulation of NES expression. We suggest that ASCs are epigenetically prepatterned to differentiate toward a neural lineage and that this prepatterning is enhanced by demethylation of critical NES enhancer elements upon mitogenic stimulation preceding neurogenic differentiation. Our findings provide molecular evidence that the differentiation repertoire of ASCs may extend beyond mesodermal lineages.',
			'date' => '2012-12-21',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23140086',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:38:59',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:38:59',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 94 => array(
			'id' => '1078',
			'name' => 'New partners in regulation of gene expression: the enhancer of trithorax and polycomb corto interacts with methylated ribosomal protein l12 via its chromodomain.',
			'authors' => 'Coléno-Costes A, Jang SM, de Vanssay A, Rougeot J, Bouceba T, Randsholt NB, Gibert JM, Le Crom S, Mouchel-Vielh E, Bloyer S, Peronnet F',
			'description' => 'Chromodomains are found in many regulators of chromatin structure, and most of them recognize methylated lysines on histones. Here, we investigate the role of the Drosophila melanogaster protein Corto's chromodomain. The Enhancer of Trithorax and Polycomb Corto is involved in both silencing and activation of gene expression. Over-expression of the Corto chromodomain (CortoCD) in transgenic flies shows that it is a chromatin-targeting module, critical for Corto function. Unexpectedly, mass spectrometry analysis reveals that polypeptides pulled down by CortoCD from nuclear extracts correspond to ribosomal proteins. Furthermore, real-time interaction analyses demonstrate that CortoCD binds with high affinity RPL12 tri-methylated on lysine 3. Corto and RPL12 co-localize with active epigenetic marks on polytene chromosomes, suggesting that both are involved in fine-tuning transcription of genes in open chromatin. RNA-seq based transcriptomes of wing imaginal discs over-expressing either CortoCD or RPL12 reveal that both factors deregulate large sets of common genes, which are enriched in heat-response and ribosomal protein genes, suggesting that they could be implicated in dynamic coordination of ribosome biogenesis. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments show that Corto and RPL12 bind hsp70 and are similarly recruited on gene body after heat shock. Hence, Corto and RPL12 could be involved together in regulation of gene transcription. We discuss whether pseudo-ribosomal complexes composed of various ribosomal proteins might participate in regulation of gene expression in connection with chromatin regulators.',
			'date' => '2012-10-11',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23071455',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:38:59',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:38:59',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 95 => array(
			'id' => '979',
			'name' => 'Multigenerational epigenetic adaptation of the hepatic wound-healing response.',
			'authors' => 'Zeybel M, Hardy T, Wong YK, Mathers JC, Fox CR, Gackowska A, Oakley F, Burt AD, Wilson CL, Anstee QM, Barter MJ, Masson S, Elsharkawy AM, Mann DA, Mann J',
			'description' => 'We investigated whether ancestral liver damage leads to heritable reprogramming of hepatic wound healing in male rats. We found that a history of liver damage corresponds with transmission of an epigenetic suppressive adaptation of the fibrogenic component of wound healing to the male F(1) and F(2) generations. Underlying this adaptation was less generation of liver myofibroblasts, higher hepatic expression of the antifibrogenic factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ) and lower expression of the profibrogenic factor transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) compared to rats without this adaptation. Remodeling of DNA methylation and histone acetylation underpinned these alterations in gene expression. Sperm from rats with liver fibrosis were enriched for the histone variant H2A.Z and trimethylation of histone H3 at Lys27 (H3K27me3) at PPAR-γ chromatin. These modifications to the sperm chromatin were transmittable by adaptive serum transfer from fibrotic rats to naive rats and similar modifications were induced in mesenchymal stem cells exposed to conditioned media from cultured rat or human myofibroblasts. Thus, it is probable that a myofibroblast-secreted soluble factor stimulates heritable epigenetic signatures in sperm so that the resulting offspring better adapt to future fibrogenic hepatic insults. Adding possible relevance to humans, we found that people with mild liver fibrosis have hypomethylation of the PPARG promoter compared to others with severe fibrosis.',
			'date' => '2012-09-02',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22941276',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:38:59',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:38:59',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 96 => array(
			'id' => '930',
			'name' => 'The H3K4me3 histone demethylase Fbxl10 is a regulator of chemokine expression, cellular morphology and the metabolome of fibroblasts',
			'authors' => 'Janzer A, Stamm K, Becker A, Zimmer A, Buettner R, Kirfel J',
			'description' => 'Fbxl10 (Jhdm1b/Kdm2b) is a conserved and ubiquitously expressed member of the JHDM (JmjC-domain-containing histone demethy-lase) family. Fbxl10 was implicated in the demethylation of H3K4me3 or H3K36me2 thereby removing active chromatin marks and inhibiting gene transcription. Apart from the JmjC domain, Fbxl10 consists of a CxxC domain, a PHD domain and a Fbox domain. By purifying the JmjC and the PHD domain of Fbxl10 and using different approaches we were able to characterize the properties of these domains in vitro. Our results suggest that Fbxl10 is rather a H3K4me3 than a H3K36me2 histone demethylase. The PHD domain exerts a dual function in binding H3K4me3 and H3K36me2 and exhibiting E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. We generated mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) stably over-expressing Fbxl10. These cells reveal an increase in cell size but no changes in proliferation, mitosis or apoptosis. Using a microarray approach we were able to identify potentially new target genes for Fbxl10 including chemokines, the non-coding RNA Xist, and proteins involved in metabolic processes. Additionally, we found that Fbxl10 is recruited to the promoters of Ccl7, Xist, Crabp2 and RipK3. Promoter occupancy by Fbxl10 was accompanied by reduced levels of H3K4me3 but unchanged levels of H3K36me2. Furthermore, knockdown of Fbxl10 using small interfering RNA approaches, showed inverse regulation of Fbxl10 target genes. In summary, our data reveal a regulatory role of Fbxl10 in cell morphology, chemokine expression and the metabolic control of fibroblasts. ',
			'date' => '2012-07-23',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22825849',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:38:58',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:38:58',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 97 => array(
			'id' => '1204',
			'name' => 'The histone H2B monoubiquitination regulatory pathway is required for differentiation of multipotent stem cells.',
			'authors' => 'Karpiuk O, Najafova Z, Kramer F, Hennion M, Galonska C, König A, Snaidero N, Vogel T, Shchebet A, Begus-Nahrmann Y, Kassem M, Simons M, Shcherbata H, Beissbarth T, Johnsen SA',
			'description' => 'Extensive changes in posttranslational histone modifications accompany the rewiring of the transcriptional program during stem cell differentiation. However, the mechanisms controlling the changes in specific chromatin modifications and their function during differentiation remain only poorly understood. We show that histone H2B monoubiquitination (H2Bub1) significantly increases during differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and various lineage-committed precursor cells and in diverse organisms. Furthermore, the H2B ubiquitin ligase RNF40 is required for the induction of differentiation markers and transcriptional reprogramming of hMSCs. This function is dependent upon CDK9 and the WAC adaptor protein, which are required for H2B monoubiquitination. Finally, we show that RNF40 is required for the resolution of the H3K4me3/H3K27me3 bivalent poised state on lineage-specific genes during the transition from an inactive to an active chromatin conformation. Thus, these data indicate that H2Bub1 is required for maintaining multipotency of hMSCs and plays a central role in controlling stem cell differentiation.',
			'date' => '2012-06-08',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22681891',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:38:59',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:38:59',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 98 => array(
			'id' => '792',
			'name' => 'Intronic RNAs mediate EZH2 regulation of epigenetic targets.',
			'authors' => 'Guil S, Soler M, Portela A, Carrère J, Fonalleras E, Gómez A, Villanueva A, Esteller M',
			'description' => 'Epigenetic deregulation at a number of genomic loci is one of the hallmarks of cancer. A role for some RNA molecules in guiding repressive polycomb complex PRC2 to specific chromatin regions has been proposed. Here we use an in vivo cross-linking method to detect and identify direct PRC2-RNA interactions in human cancer cells, revealing a number of intronic RNA sequences capable of binding to the core component EZH2 and regulating the transcriptional output of its genomic counterpart. Overexpression of EZH2-bound intronic RNA for the H3K4 methyltransferase gene SMYD3 is concomitant with an increase in EZH2 occupancy throughout the corresponding genomic fragment and is sufficient to reduce levels of the endogenous transcript and protein, resulting in reduced growth capability in cell culture and animal models. These findings reveal the role of intronic RNAs in fine-tuning gene expression regulation at the level of transcriptional control.',
			'date' => '2012-06-03',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22659877',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:38:58',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:38:58',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 99 => array(
			'id' => '1229',
			'name' => 'Chromatin structural changes around satellite repeats on the female sex chromosome in Schistosoma mansoni and their possible role in sex chromosome emergence.',
			'authors' => 'Lepesant JM, Cosseau C, Boissier J, Freitag M, Portela J, Climent D, Perrin C, Zerlotini A, Grunau C',
			'description' => 'BACKGROUND: In the leuphotrochozoan parasitic platyhelminth Schistosoma mansoni, male individuals are homogametic (ZZ) whereas females are heterogametic (ZW). To elucidate the mechanisms that led to the emergence of sex chromosomes, we compared the genomic sequence and the chromatin structure of male and female individuals. As for many eukaryotes, the lower estimate for the repeat content is 40%, with an unknown proportion of domesticated repeats. We used massive sequencing to de novo assemble all repeats, and identify unambiguously Z-specific, W-specific and pseudoautosomal regions of the S. mansoni sex chromosomes. RESULTS: We show that 70 to 90% of S. mansoni W and Z are pseudoautosomal. No female-specific gene could be identified. Instead, the W-specific region is composed almost entirely of 36 satellite repeat families, of which 33 were previously unknown. Transcription and chromatin status of female-specific repeats are stage-specific: for those repeats that are transcribed, transcription is restricted to the larval stages lacking sexual dimorphism. In contrast, in the sexually dimorphic adult stage of the life cycle, no transcription occurs. In addition, the euchromatic character of histone modifications around the W-specific repeats decreases during the life cycle. Recombination repression occurs in this region even if homologous sequences are present on both the Z and W chromosomes. CONCLUSION: Our study provides for the first time evidence for the hypothesis that, at least in organisms with a ZW type of sex chromosomes, repeat-induced chromatin structure changes could indeed be the initial event in sex chromosome emergence.',
			'date' => '2012-02-29',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22377319',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:38:59',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:38:59',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 100 => array(
			'id' => '919',
			'name' => 'Prepatterning of developmental gene expression by modified histones before zygotic genome activation.',
			'authors' => 'Lindeman LC, Andersen IS, Reiner AH, Li N, Aanes H, Østrup O, Winata C, Mathavan S, Müller F, Aleström P, Collas P',
			'description' => 'A hallmark of anamniote vertebrate development is a window of embryonic transcription-independent cell divisions before onset of zygotic genome activation (ZGA). Chromatin determinants of ZGA are unexplored; however, marking of developmental genes by modified histones in sperm suggests a predictive role of histone marks for ZGA. In zebrafish, pre-ZGA development for ten cell cycles provides an opportunity to examine whether genomic enrichment in modified histones is present before initiation of transcription. By profiling histone H3 trimethylation on all zebrafish promoters before and after ZGA, we demonstrate here an epigenetic prepatterning of developmental gene expression. This involves pre-ZGA marking of transcriptionally inactive genes involved in homeostatic and developmental regulation by permissive H3K4me3 with or without repressive H3K9me3 or H3K27me3. Our data suggest that histone modifications are instructive for the developmental gene expression program.',
			'date' => '2011-12-13',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22137762',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:38:58',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:38:58',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 101 => array(
			'id' => '350',
			'name' => 'Silencing of Kruppel-like factor 2 by the histone methyltransferase EZH2 in human cancer.',
			'authors' => 'Taniguchi H, Jacinto FV, Villanueva A, Fernandez AF, Yamamoto H, Carmona FJ, Puertas S, Marquez VE, Shinomura Y, Imai K, Esteller M',
			'description' => '<p>The Kruppel-like factor (KLF) proteins are multitasked transcriptional regulators with an expanding tumor suppressor function. KLF2 is one of the prominent members of the family because of its diminished expression in malignancies and its growth-inhibitory, pro-apoptotic and anti-angiogenic roles. In this study, we show that epigenetic silencing of KLF2 occurs in cancer cells through direct transcriptional repression mediated by the Polycomb group protein Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 (EZH2). Binding of EZH2 to the 5'-end of KLF2 is also associated with a gain of trimethylated lysine 27 histone H3 and a depletion of phosphorylated serine 2 of RNA polymerase. Upon depletion of EZH2 by RNA interference, short hairpin RNA or use of the small molecule 3-Deazaneplanocin A, the expression of KLF2 was restored. The transfection of KLF2 in cells with EZH2-associated silencing showed a significant anti-tumoral effect, both in culture and in xenografted nude mice. In this last setting, KLF2 transfection was also associated with decreased dissemination and lower mortality rate. In EZH2-depleted cells, which characteristically have lower tumorigenicity, the induction of KLF2 depletion 'rescued' partially the oncogenic phenotype, suggesting that KLF2 repression has an important role in EZH2 oncogenesis. Most importantly, the translation of the described results to human primary samples demonstrated that patients with prostate or breast tumors with low levels of KLF2 and high expression of EZH2 had a shorter overall survival.Oncogene advance online publication, 5 September 2011; doi:10.1038/onc.2011.387.</p>',
			'date' => '2011-09-05',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21892211',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2016-04-08 09:54:37',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:38:57',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		)
	),
	'Testimonial' => array(
		(int) 0 => array(
			'id' => '46',
			'name' => 'Ermelinda Lomazzo',
			'description' => '<p><span>I have extensively used the antibodies against the histone modifications <a href="../p/h3k4me3-monoclonal-antibody-classic-50-ug-50-ul">H3K4me3</a>, <a href="../p/h3k27me3-polyclonal-antibody-classic-50-mg-34-ml">H3k27me3</a>, <a href="../p/h3k9ac-polyclonal-antibody-classic-50-ug-37-ul">H3K9ac</a>, <a href="../p/h4k8ac-polyclonal-antibody-classic-50-mg-41-ml">H4k8ac</a> and <a href="../p/h3k18ac-polyclonal-antibody-classic-50-mg-62-ml">H3K18ac</a> provided by Diagenode. The high level of specificity and selectivity of these antibodies in mouse brain samples, confirmed by using several negative and positive controls run in parallel with mouse brain tissue samples, ensured successful and reproducible results. I have been a Diagenode costumer for over one year now and I am extremely satisfied with the efficiency of the Bioruptor Pico for chromatin shearing as well as all of the ChIP materials (i.e., <a href="../categories/antibodies">antibodies</a>, blocking peptides, primer pairs for qPCR) provided by this company. Many thanks.</span></p>',
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />ChIP assays were performed using human K562 cells, the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the "iDeal ChIP-seq" kit (Cat. No. C01010051), using sheared chromatin from 1 million (figure A) or 100,000 cells (figure B). The indicated amounts of antibody were used per ChIP experiment. IgG (1 &micro;g/IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers specific for the promoter of the active genes GAPDH and EIF4A2, used as negative controls, and TSH2B and MYT1, used as positive controls. The figure shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis).</small></p>
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<p>A. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP-seq-A.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody ChIP-seq Grade" caption="false" width="893" height="272" /></p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 2. ChIP-seq results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />ChIP was performed on sheared chromatin from 100,000 K562 cells using 1 &micro;g of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) as described above. The IP'd DNA was subsequently analysed on an Illumina Genome Analyzer. Library preparation, cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. The 36 bp tags were aligned to the human genome using the ELAND algorithm. Figure 2A and B show the signal distribution in two regions surrounding the MYT1 and TSH2B positive control genes, respectively. The position of the PCR amplicon, used for ChIP-qPCR is indicated with an arrow. Figure 2C and D show the signal distribution in two 3 Mb regions from chromosome 11 and 22.</small></p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 3. Determination of the antibody titer</strong><br />To determine the titer of the antibody, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069). The antigen used was a peptide containing the histone modification of interest. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution (Figure 3), the titer of the antibody was estimated to be &gt;1:1,000,000.</small></p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 4. Cross reactivity test of the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />To test the cross reactivity of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069), a Dot Blot analysis was performed with peptides containing other modifications or unmodified sequences of histone H3 and H4. One hundred to 0.2 pmol of the respective peptides were spotted on a membrane. The antibody was used at a dilution of 1:20,000. Figure 4A shows a high specificity of the antibody for the modification of interest.</small></p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 5. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />Western blot was performed on whole cell (40 &micro;g, lane 1) and histone extracts (15 &micro;g, lane 2) from HeLa cells, and on 1 &micro;g of recombinant histone H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 (lane 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively) using the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069). The antibody was diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is shown on the right, the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 6. Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 10&rsquo; and blocked with PBS/TX-100 containing 5% normal goat serum and 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labeled with the H3K27me3 antibody (left) diluted 1:500 in blocking solution followed by an anti-rabbit antibody conjugated to Alexa488. The middle panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of the two stainings is shown on the right.</small></p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />ChIP assays were performed using human K562 cells, the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the "iDeal ChIP-seq" kit (Cat. No. C01010051), using sheared chromatin from 1 million (figure A) or 100,000 cells (figure B). The indicated amounts of antibody were used per ChIP experiment. IgG (1 &micro;g/IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers specific for the promoter of the active genes GAPDH and EIF4A2, used as negative controls, and TSH2B and MYT1, used as positive controls. The figure shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis).</small></p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 2. ChIP-seq results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />ChIP was performed on sheared chromatin from 100,000 K562 cells using 1 &micro;g of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) as described above. The IP'd DNA was subsequently analysed on an Illumina Genome Analyzer. Library preparation, cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. The 36 bp tags were aligned to the human genome using the ELAND algorithm. Figure 2A and B show the signal distribution in two regions surrounding the MYT1 and TSH2B positive control genes, respectively. The position of the PCR amplicon, used for ChIP-qPCR is indicated with an arrow. Figure 2C and D show the signal distribution in two 3 Mb regions from chromosome 11 and 22.</small></p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 3. Determination of the antibody titer</strong><br />To determine the titer of the antibody, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069). The antigen used was a peptide containing the histone modification of interest. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution (Figure 3), the titer of the antibody was estimated to be &gt;1:1,000,000.</small></p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 4. Cross reactivity test of the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />To test the cross reactivity of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069), a Dot Blot analysis was performed with peptides containing other modifications or unmodified sequences of histone H3 and H4. One hundred to 0.2 pmol of the respective peptides were spotted on a membrane. The antibody was used at a dilution of 1:20,000. Figure 4A shows a high specificity of the antibody for the modification of interest.</small></p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 5. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />Western blot was performed on whole cell (40 &micro;g, lane 1) and histone extracts (15 &micro;g, lane 2) from HeLa cells, and on 1 &micro;g of recombinant histone H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 (lane 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively) using the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069). The antibody was diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is shown on the right, the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
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	'meta_description' => 'H3K27me3  (Histone H3 trimethylated at lysine 27) Polyclonal Antibody  validated  in ChIP-seq, ChIP-qPCR, ELISA, WB, DB and IF. Batch-specific data available on the website. Sample size available.',
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	'created' => '2018-01-08 13:18:27',
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$testimonials = '<blockquote><p><span>I have extensively used the antibodies against the histone modifications <a href="../p/h3k4me3-monoclonal-antibody-classic-50-ug-50-ul">H3K4me3</a>, <a href="../p/h3k27me3-polyclonal-antibody-classic-50-mg-34-ml">H3k27me3</a>, <a href="../p/h3k9ac-polyclonal-antibody-classic-50-ug-37-ul">H3K9ac</a>, <a href="../p/h4k8ac-polyclonal-antibody-classic-50-mg-41-ml">H4k8ac</a> and <a href="../p/h3k18ac-polyclonal-antibody-classic-50-mg-62-ml">H3K18ac</a> provided by Diagenode. The high level of specificity and selectivity of these antibodies in mouse brain samples, confirmed by using several negative and positive controls run in parallel with mouse brain tissue samples, ensured successful and reproducible results. I have been a Diagenode costumer for over one year now and I am extremely satisfied with the efficiency of the Bioruptor Pico for chromatin shearing as well as all of the ChIP materials (i.e., <a href="../categories/antibodies">antibodies</a>, blocking peptides, primer pairs for qPCR) provided by this company. Many thanks.</span></p><cite>Dr. Ermelinda Lomazzo, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, AG Prof. Beat Lutz. University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany</cite></blockquote>
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	'name' => 'Ermelinda Lomazzo',
	'description' => '<p><span>I have extensively used the antibodies against the histone modifications <a href="../p/h3k4me3-monoclonal-antibody-classic-50-ug-50-ul">H3K4me3</a>, <a href="../p/h3k27me3-polyclonal-antibody-classic-50-mg-34-ml">H3k27me3</a>, <a href="../p/h3k9ac-polyclonal-antibody-classic-50-ug-37-ul">H3K9ac</a>, <a href="../p/h4k8ac-polyclonal-antibody-classic-50-mg-41-ml">H4k8ac</a> and <a href="../p/h3k18ac-polyclonal-antibody-classic-50-mg-62-ml">H3K18ac</a> provided by Diagenode. The high level of specificity and selectivity of these antibodies in mouse brain samples, confirmed by using several negative and positive controls run in parallel with mouse brain tissue samples, ensured successful and reproducible results. I have been a Diagenode costumer for over one year now and I am extremely satisfied with the efficiency of the Bioruptor Pico for chromatin shearing as well as all of the ChIP materials (i.e., <a href="../categories/antibodies">antibodies</a>, blocking peptides, primer pairs for qPCR) provided by this company. Many thanks.</span></p>',
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$related = array(
	'id' => '2270',
	'antibody_id' => '109',
	'name' => 'H3K27ac Antibody',
	'description' => '<p><span>Polyclonal antibody raised in rabbit against the region of histone <strong>H3 containing the acetylated lysine 27</strong> (<strong>H3K27ac</strong>), using a KLH-conjugated synthetic peptide.</span></p>',
	'label1' => 'Validation Data',
	'info1' => '<div class="row">
<div class="small-6 columns">A.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410196-ChIP-Fig1a.png" width="356" /><br /> B.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410196-ChIP-Fig1b.png" width="356" /></div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27ac</strong></p>
<p>Figure 1A ChIP assays were performed using human HeLa cells, the Diagenode antibody against H3K27ac (Cat. No. C15410196) and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the &ldquo;Auto Histone ChIP-seq&rdquo; kit on the IP-Star automated system, using sheared chromatin from 1,000,000 cells. A titration consisting of 1, 2, 5 and 10 &micro;g of antibody per ChIP experiment was analyzed. IgG (2 &micro;g/IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers for the promoters of the active EIF4A2 and ACTB genes, used as positive controls, and for the inactive TSH2B and MYT1 genes, used as negative controls.</p>
<p>Figure 1B ChIP assays were performed using human K562 cells, the Diagenode antibody against H3K27ac (Cat. No. C15410196)and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the &ldquo;iDeal ChIP-seq&rdquo; kit (Cat. No. C01010051), using sheared chromatin from 100,000 cells. A titration consisting of 0.2, 0.5, 1 and 2 &micro;g of antibody per ChIP experiment was analyzed. IgG (1 &micro;g/IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers for the promoters of the active GAPDH and EIF4A2 genes, used as positive controls, and for the coding regions of the inactive MB and MYT1 genes, used as negative controls. Figure 1 shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis)</p>
</div>
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<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns"><center>
<p>A.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410196-ChIP-Fig2a.png" /></p>
</center><center>
<p>B.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410196-ChIP-Fig2b.png" /></p>
</center><center>
<p>C.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410196-ChIP-Fig2c.png" /></p>
</center></div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><strong>Figure 2. ChIP-seq results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27ac</strong></p>
<p>ChIP was performed on sheared chromatin from 100,000 K562 cells using 1 &micro;g of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27ac (Cat. No. C15410196<span class="label-primary"></span>) as described above. The IP&rsquo;d DNA was subsequently analysed on an Illumina Genome Analyzer. Library preparation, cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer&rsquo;s instructions. The 36 bp tags were aligned to the human genome using the ELAND algorithm. Figure 2A shows the peak distribution along the complete human X-chromosome. Figure 2 B and C show the peak distribution in two regions surrounding the EIF4A2 and GAPDH positive control genes, respectively. The position of the PCR amplicon, used for validating the ChIP assay is indicated with an arrow.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns"><center><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410196-fig3.jpg" /></center></div>
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<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><strong>Figure 3. Cut&amp;Tag results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27ac</strong></p>
<p>CUT&amp;TAG (Kaya-Okur, H.S., Nat Commun 10, 1930, 2019) was performed on 50,000 K562 cells using 1 &micro;g of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27ac (cat. No. C15410196) and the Diagenode pA-Tn5 transposase (C01070001). The libraries were subsequently analysed on an Illumina NextSeq 500 sequencer (2x75 paired-end reads) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The tags were aligned to the human genome (hg19) using the BWA algorithm. Figure 3 shows the peak distribution in 2 genomic regions surrounding the EIF2S3 gene on the X-chromosome and the CCT5 gene on chromosome 5 (figure 3A and B, respectively).</p>
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<p><strong>Figure 4. Determination of the antibody titer</strong></p>
<p>To determine the titer of the antibody, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27ac (Cat. No. C15410196<span class="label-primary"></span>). The antigen used was a peptide containing the histone modification of interest. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution (Figure 4), the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1:8,300.</p>
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<p><strong>Figure 5. Cross reactivity tests using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27ac</strong><br />To test the cross reactivity of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27ac (Cat. No. C15410196<span class="label-primary"></span>), a Dot Blot analysis was performed with peptides containing other histone modifications and the unmodified H3K27. One hundred to 0.2 pmol of the respective peptides were spotted on a membrane. The antibody was used at a dilution of 1:20,000. Figure 5 shows a high specificity of the antibody for the modification of interest.</p>
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<p><strong>Figure 6. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27ac</strong><br />Western blot was performed on whole cell (25 &micro;g, lane 1) and histone extracts (15 &micro;g, lane 2) from HeLa cells, and on 1 &micro;g of recombinant histone H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 (lane 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively) using the Diagenode antibody against H3K27ac (Cat. No. C1541196). The antibody was diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</p>
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<p><strong>Figure 7. Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27ac</strong></p>
<p>HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against H3K27ac (Cat. No. C15410196<span class="label-primary"></span>) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 10&rsquo; and blocked with PBS/ TX-100 containing 5% normal goat serum and 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labeled with the H3K27ac antibody (top) diluted 1:500 in blocking solution followed by an anti-rabbit antibody conjugated to Alexa488. The middle panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of the two stainings is shown at the bottom.</p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />ChIP assays were performed using human K562 cells, the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the "iDeal ChIP-seq" kit (Cat. No. C01010051), using sheared chromatin from 1 million (figure A) or 100,000 cells (figure B). The indicated amounts of antibody were used per ChIP experiment. IgG (1 &micro;g/IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers specific for the promoter of the active genes GAPDH and EIF4A2, used as negative controls, and TSH2B and MYT1, used as positive controls. The figure shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis).</small></p>
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<p>A. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP-seq-A.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody ChIP-seq Grade" caption="false" width="893" height="272" /></p>
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<p>B. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP-seq-B.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody for ChIP-seq assay" caption="false" width="893" height="261" /></p>
<p>C. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP-seq-C.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody Validated in ChIP-seq" caption="false" width="893" height="191" /></p>
<p>D. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP-seq-D.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody for ChIP-seq" caption="false" width="893" height="211" /></p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 2. ChIP-seq results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />ChIP was performed on sheared chromatin from 100,000 K562 cells using 1 &micro;g of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) as described above. The IP'd DNA was subsequently analysed on an Illumina Genome Analyzer. Library preparation, cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. The 36 bp tags were aligned to the human genome using the ELAND algorithm. Figure 2A and B show the signal distribution in two regions surrounding the MYT1 and TSH2B positive control genes, respectively. The position of the PCR amplicon, used for ChIP-qPCR is indicated with an arrow. Figure 2C and D show the signal distribution in two 3 Mb regions from chromosome 11 and 22.</small></p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 3. Determination of the antibody titer</strong><br />To determine the titer of the antibody, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069). The antigen used was a peptide containing the histone modification of interest. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution (Figure 3), the titer of the antibody was estimated to be &gt;1:1,000,000.</small></p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 4. Cross reactivity test of the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />To test the cross reactivity of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069), a Dot Blot analysis was performed with peptides containing other modifications or unmodified sequences of histone H3 and H4. One hundred to 0.2 pmol of the respective peptides were spotted on a membrane. The antibody was used at a dilution of 1:20,000. Figure 4A shows a high specificity of the antibody for the modification of interest.</small></p>
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<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-WB.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody Validation in Western Blot " caption="false" width="432" height="300" /></p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 5. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />Western blot was performed on whole cell (40 &micro;g, lane 1) and histone extracts (15 &micro;g, lane 2) from HeLa cells, and on 1 &micro;g of recombinant histone H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 (lane 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively) using the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069). The antibody was diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is shown on the right, the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
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<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-IF.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody Validation in Immunofluorescence " caption="false" width="700" height="171" /></p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 6. Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 10&rsquo; and blocked with PBS/TX-100 containing 5% normal goat serum and 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labeled with the H3K27me3 antibody (left) diluted 1:500 in blocking solution followed by an anti-rabbit antibody conjugated to Alexa488. The middle panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of the two stainings is shown on the right.</small></p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />ChIP assays were performed using human K562 cells, the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the "iDeal ChIP-seq" kit (Cat. No. C01010051), using sheared chromatin from 1 million (figure A) or 100,000 cells (figure B). The indicated amounts of antibody were used per ChIP experiment. IgG (1 &micro;g/IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers specific for the promoter of the active genes GAPDH and EIF4A2, used as negative controls, and TSH2B and MYT1, used as positive controls. The figure shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis).</small></p>
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<p>A. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP-seq-A.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody ChIP-seq Grade" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
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<p>B. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP-seq-B.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody for ChIP-seq assay" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
<p>C. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP-seq-C.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody Validated in ChIP-seq" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
<p>D. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP-seq-D.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody for ChIP-seq" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 2. ChIP-seq results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />ChIP was performed on sheared chromatin from 100,000 K562 cells using 1 &micro;g of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) as described above. The IP'd DNA was subsequently analysed on an Illumina Genome Analyzer. Library preparation, cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. The 36 bp tags were aligned to the human genome using the ELAND algorithm. Figure 2A and B show the signal distribution in two regions surrounding the MYT1 and TSH2B positive control genes, respectively. The position of the PCR amplicon, used for ChIP-qPCR is indicated with an arrow. Figure 2C and D show the signal distribution in two 3 Mb regions from chromosome 11 and 22.</small></p>
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<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ELISA.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody ELISA Validation " caption="false" width="448" height="394" /></p>
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<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><small> <strong>Figure 3. Determination of the antibody titer</strong><br />To determine the titer of the antibody, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069). The antigen used was a peptide containing the histone modification of interest. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution (Figure 3), the titer of the antibody was estimated to be &gt;1:1,000,000.</small></p>
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<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-dotblot.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody Dot Blot Validation " style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
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<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><small> <strong>Figure 4. Cross reactivity test of the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />To test the cross reactivity of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069), a Dot Blot analysis was performed with peptides containing other modifications or unmodified sequences of histone H3 and H4. One hundred to 0.2 pmol of the respective peptides were spotted on a membrane. The antibody was used at a dilution of 1:20,000. Figure 4A shows a high specificity of the antibody for the modification of interest.</small></p>
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<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-WB.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody Validation in Western Blot " style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
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<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><small> <strong>Figure 5. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />Western blot was performed on whole cell (40 &micro;g, lane 1) and histone extracts (15 &micro;g, lane 2) from HeLa cells, and on 1 &micro;g of recombinant histone H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 (lane 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively) using the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069). The antibody was diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is shown on the right, the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
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<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-IF.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody Validation in Immunofluorescence " style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 6. Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 10&rsquo; and blocked with PBS/TX-100 containing 5% normal goat serum and 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labeled with the H3K27me3 antibody (left) diluted 1:500 in blocking solution followed by an anti-rabbit antibody conjugated to Alexa488. The middle panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of the two stainings is shown on the right.</small></p>
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<td>ChIP/ChIP-seq&nbsp;<sup>*</sup></td>
<td>1 &micro;g/ChIP</td>
<td>Fig 1, 2</td>
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<tr>
<td>ELISA</td>
<td>1:5,000</td>
<td>Fig 3</td>
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<td>Dot Blotting</td>
<td>1:20,000</td>
<td>Fig 4</td>
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<tr>
<td>Western Blotting</td>
<td>1:1,000</td>
<td>Fig 5</td>
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<td>Immunofluorescence</td>
<td>1:500</td>
<td>Fig 6</td>
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<p></p>
<p><small><sup>*</sup> Please note that the optimal antibody amount per IP should be determined by the end-user. We recommend testing 1-5 &micro;g per IP.</small></p>',
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />ChIP assays were performed using human K562 cells, the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the "iDeal ChIP-seq" kit (Cat. No. C01010051), using sheared chromatin from 1 million (figure A) or 100,000 cells (figure B). The indicated amounts of antibody were used per ChIP experiment. IgG (1 &micro;g/IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers specific for the promoter of the active genes GAPDH and EIF4A2, used as negative controls, and TSH2B and MYT1, used as positive controls. The figure shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis).</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p>A. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP-seq-A.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody ChIP-seq Grade" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
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<p>B. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP-seq-B.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody for ChIP-seq assay" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
<p>C. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP-seq-C.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody Validated in ChIP-seq" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
<p>D. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP-seq-D.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody for ChIP-seq" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><small> <strong>Figure 2. ChIP-seq results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />ChIP was performed on sheared chromatin from 100,000 K562 cells using 1 &micro;g of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) as described above. The IP'd DNA was subsequently analysed on an Illumina Genome Analyzer. Library preparation, cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. The 36 bp tags were aligned to the human genome using the ELAND algorithm. Figure 2A and B show the signal distribution in two regions surrounding the MYT1 and TSH2B positive control genes, respectively. The position of the PCR amplicon, used for ChIP-qPCR is indicated with an arrow. Figure 2C and D show the signal distribution in two 3 Mb regions from chromosome 11 and 22.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="extra-spaced"></div>
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<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ELISA.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody ELISA Validation " caption="false" width="448" height="394" /></p>
</div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><small> <strong>Figure 3. Determination of the antibody titer</strong><br />To determine the titer of the antibody, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069). The antigen used was a peptide containing the histone modification of interest. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution (Figure 3), the titer of the antibody was estimated to be &gt;1:1,000,000.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-dotblot.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody Dot Blot Validation " style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
</div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><small> <strong>Figure 4. Cross reactivity test of the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />To test the cross reactivity of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069), a Dot Blot analysis was performed with peptides containing other modifications or unmodified sequences of histone H3 and H4. One hundred to 0.2 pmol of the respective peptides were spotted on a membrane. The antibody was used at a dilution of 1:20,000. Figure 4A shows a high specificity of the antibody for the modification of interest.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-WB.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody Validation in Western Blot " style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
</div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><small> <strong>Figure 5. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />Western blot was performed on whole cell (40 &micro;g, lane 1) and histone extracts (15 &micro;g, lane 2) from HeLa cells, and on 1 &micro;g of recombinant histone H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 (lane 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively) using the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069). The antibody was diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is shown on the right, the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-IF.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody Validation in Immunofluorescence " style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><small> <strong>Figure 6. Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 10&rsquo; and blocked with PBS/TX-100 containing 5% normal goat serum and 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labeled with the H3K27me3 antibody (left) diluted 1:500 in blocking solution followed by an anti-rabbit antibody conjugated to Alexa488. The middle panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of the two stainings is shown on the right.</small></p>
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		'label2' => 'Target Description',
		'info2' => '<p>Histones are the main constituents of the protein part of chromosomes of eukaryotic cells. They are rich in the amino acids arginine and lysine and have been greatly conserved during evolution. Histones pack the DNA into tight masses of chromatin. Two core histones of each class H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assemble and are wrapped by 146 base pairs of DNA to form one octameric nucleosome. Histone tails undergo numerous post-translational modifications, which either directly or indirectly alter chromatin structure to facilitate transcriptional activation or repression or other nuclear processes. In addition to the genetic code, combinations of the different histone modifications reveal the so-called &ldquo;histone code&rdquo;. Histone methylation and demethylation is dynamically regulated by respectively histone methyl transferases and histone demethylases. Trimethylation of histone H3K27 is associated with gene repression.</p>
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		'format' => '50 μg',
		'catalog_number' => 'C15410069',
		'old_catalog_number' => 'pAb-069-050',
		'sf_code' => 'C15410069-D001-000581',
		'type' => 'FRE',
		'search_order' => '03-Antibody',
		'price_EUR' => '380',
		'price_USD' => '380',
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		'price_CNY' => '0',
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		'slug' => 'h3k27me3-polyclonal-antibody-classic-50-mg-34-ml',
		'meta_title' => 'H3K27me3 polyclonal antibody - Classic',
		'meta_keywords' => '',
		'meta_description' => 'H3K27me3 polyclonal antibody - Classic',
		'modified' => '2024-01-16 14:58:45',
		'created' => '2015-06-29 14:08:20',
		'locale' => 'jpn'
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	'Antibody' => array(
		'host' => '*****',
		'id' => '69',
		'name' => 'H3K27me3 polyclonal antibody',
		'description' => 'Histones are the main constituents of the protein part of chromosomes of eukaryotic cells. They are rich in the amino acids arginine and lysine and have been greatly conserved during evolution. Histones pack the DNA into tight masses of chromatin. Two core histones of each class H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assemble and are wrapped by 146 base pairs of DNA to form one octameric nucleosome. Histone tails undergo numerous post-translational modifications, which either directly or indirectly alter chromatin structure to facilitate transcriptional activation or repression or other nuclear processes. In addition to the genetic code, combinations of the different histone modifications reveal the so-called “histone code”. Histone methylation and demethylation is dynamically regulated by respectively histone methyl transferases and histone demethylases. Trimethylation of histone H3K27 is associated with gene repression.',
		'clonality' => '',
		'isotype' => '',
		'lot' => 'A1818P',
		'concentration' => '1.6 &micro;g/&micro;l',
		'reactivity' => 'Human, mouse, rat, pig, zebrafish, Drosophila, Schistosoma, Arabidopsis, cow',
		'type' => 'Polyclonal ChIP grade / ChIP-seq grade',
		'purity' => 'Affinity purified polyclonal antibody.',
		'classification' => '',
		'application_table' => '<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Applications</th>
<th>Suggested dilution</th>
<th>References</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>ChIP/ChIP-seq&nbsp;<sup>*</sup></td>
<td>1 &micro;g/ChIP</td>
<td>Fig 1, 2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ELISA</td>
<td>1:5,000</td>
<td>Fig 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Dot Blotting</td>
<td>1:20,000</td>
<td>Fig 4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Western Blotting</td>
<td>1:1,000</td>
<td>Fig 5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Immunofluorescence</td>
<td>1:500</td>
<td>Fig 6</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>
<p><small><sup>*</sup> Please note that the optimal antibody amount per IP should be determined by the end-user. We recommend testing 1-5 &micro;g per IP.</small></p>',
		'storage_conditions' => 'Store at -20°C; for long storage, store at -80°C. Avoid multiple freeze-thaw cycles.',
		'storage_buffer' => 'PBS containing 0.05% azide and 0.05% ProClin 300.',
		'precautions' => 'This product is for research use only. Not for use in diagnostic or therapeutic procedures.',
		'uniprot_acc' => '',
		'slug' => '',
		'meta_keywords' => '',
		'meta_description' => '',
		'modified' => '2019-10-29 13:09:43',
		'created' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
		'select_label' => '69 - H3K27me3 polyclonal antibody (A1818P - 1.6 &micro;g/&micro;l - Human, mouse, rat, pig, zebrafish, Drosophila, Schistosoma, Arabidopsis, cow - Affinity purified polyclonal antibody. - Rabbit)'
	),
	'Slave' => array(
		(int) 0 => array(
			'id' => '239',
			'name' => 'C15410069',
			'product_id' => '2231',
			'modified' => '2018-01-08 13:18:45',
			'created' => '2018-01-08 13:18:45'
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	),
	'Group' => array(
		'Group' => array(
			'id' => '239',
			'name' => 'C15410069',
			'product_id' => '2231',
			'modified' => '2018-01-08 13:18:45',
			'created' => '2018-01-08 13:18:45'
		),
		'Master' => array(
			'id' => '2231',
			'antibody_id' => '69',
			'name' => 'H3K27me3 Antibody',
			'description' => '<p><span>Polyclonal antibody raised in rabbit against against histone <strong>H3, trimethylated at lysine 27</strong> (<strong>H3K27me3</strong>), using a KLH-conjugated synthetic peptide.</span></p>',
			'label1' => 'Validation Data',
			'info1' => '<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns"><center><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody for ChIP " style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></center></div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><small> <strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />ChIP assays were performed using human K562 cells, the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the "iDeal ChIP-seq" kit (Cat. No. C01010051), using sheared chromatin from 1 million (figure A) or 100,000 cells (figure B). The indicated amounts of antibody were used per ChIP experiment. IgG (1 &micro;g/IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers specific for the promoter of the active genes GAPDH and EIF4A2, used as negative controls, and TSH2B and MYT1, used as positive controls. The figure shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis).</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p>A. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP-seq-A.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody ChIP-seq Grade" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
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<p>B. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP-seq-B.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody for ChIP-seq assay" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
<p>C. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP-seq-C.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody Validated in ChIP-seq" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
<p>D. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP-seq-D.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody for ChIP-seq" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><small> <strong>Figure 2. ChIP-seq results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />ChIP was performed on sheared chromatin from 100,000 K562 cells using 1 &micro;g of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) as described above. The IP'd DNA was subsequently analysed on an Illumina Genome Analyzer. Library preparation, cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. The 36 bp tags were aligned to the human genome using the ELAND algorithm. Figure 2A and B show the signal distribution in two regions surrounding the MYT1 and TSH2B positive control genes, respectively. The position of the PCR amplicon, used for ChIP-qPCR is indicated with an arrow. Figure 2C and D show the signal distribution in two 3 Mb regions from chromosome 11 and 22.</small></p>
</div>
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<div class="extra-spaced"></div>
<div class="extra-spaced"></div>
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<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ELISA.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody ELISA Validation " caption="false" width="448" height="394" /></p>
</div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><small> <strong>Figure 3. Determination of the antibody titer</strong><br />To determine the titer of the antibody, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069). The antigen used was a peptide containing the histone modification of interest. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution (Figure 3), the titer of the antibody was estimated to be &gt;1:1,000,000.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-dotblot.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody Dot Blot Validation " style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
</div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><small> <strong>Figure 4. Cross reactivity test of the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />To test the cross reactivity of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069), a Dot Blot analysis was performed with peptides containing other modifications or unmodified sequences of histone H3 and H4. One hundred to 0.2 pmol of the respective peptides were spotted on a membrane. The antibody was used at a dilution of 1:20,000. Figure 4A shows a high specificity of the antibody for the modification of interest.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-WB.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody Validation in Western Blot " style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
</div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><small> <strong>Figure 5. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />Western blot was performed on whole cell (40 &micro;g, lane 1) and histone extracts (15 &micro;g, lane 2) from HeLa cells, and on 1 &micro;g of recombinant histone H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 (lane 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively) using the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069). The antibody was diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is shown on the right, the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-IF.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody Validation in Immunofluorescence " style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><small> <strong>Figure 6. Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 10&rsquo; and blocked with PBS/TX-100 containing 5% normal goat serum and 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labeled with the H3K27me3 antibody (left) diluted 1:500 in blocking solution followed by an anti-rabbit antibody conjugated to Alexa488. The middle panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of the two stainings is shown on the right.</small></p>
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			'label2' => 'Target Description',
			'info2' => '<p>Histones are the main constituents of the protein part of chromosomes of eukaryotic cells. They are rich in the amino acids arginine and lysine and have been greatly conserved during evolution. Histones pack the DNA into tight masses of chromatin. Two core histones of each class H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assemble and are wrapped by 146 base pairs of DNA to form one octameric nucleosome. Histone tails undergo numerous post-translational modifications, which either directly or indirectly alter chromatin structure to facilitate transcriptional activation or repression or other nuclear processes. In addition to the genetic code, combinations of the different histone modifications reveal the so-called &ldquo;histone code&rdquo;. Histone methylation and demethylation is dynamically regulated by respectively histone methyl transferases and histone demethylases. Trimethylation of histone H3K27 is associated with gene repression.</p>
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			'format' => '50 μg',
			'catalog_number' => 'C15410069',
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			'sf_code' => 'C15410069-D001-000581',
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			'search_order' => '03-Antibody',
			'price_EUR' => '380',
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			'slug' => 'h3k27me3-polyclonal-antibody-classic-50-mg-34-ml',
			'meta_title' => 'H3K27me3 Antibody - ChIP-seq Grade (C15410069) | Diagenode',
			'meta_keywords' => '',
			'meta_description' => 'H3K27me3 (Histone H3 trimethylated at lysine 27) Polyclonal Antibody validated  in ChIP-seq, ChIP-qPCR, ELISA, DB, WB and IF. Batch-specific data available on the website. Sample size available.',
			'modified' => '2024-01-16 14:58:45',
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			'antibody_id' => null,
			'name' => 'iDeal ChIP-seq kit for Histones',
			'description' => '<p><a href="https://www.diagenode.com/files/products/kits/ideal-chipseq-for-histones-complete-manual.pdf"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/buttons/bt-manual.png" /></a></p>
<p>Don&rsquo;t risk wasting your precious sequencing samples. Diagenode&rsquo;s validated <strong>iDeal ChIP-seq kit for Histones</strong> has everything you need for a successful start-to-finish <strong>ChIP of histones prior to Next-Generation Sequencing</strong>. The complete kit contains all buffers and reagents for cell lysis, chromatin shearing, immunoprecipitation and DNA purification. In addition, unlike competing solutions, the kit contains positive and negative control antibodies (H3K4me3 and IgG, respectively) as well as positive and negative control PCR primers pairs (GAPDH TSS and Myoglobin exon 2, respectively) for your convenience and a guarantee of optimal results. The kit has been validated on multiple histone marks.</p>
<p>&nbsp;The &nbsp;iDeal ChIP-seq kit for Histones<strong> </strong>is perfect for <strong>cells</strong> (<strong>100,000 cells</strong> to <strong>1,000,000 cells</strong> per IP) and has been validated for <strong>tissues</strong> (<strong>1.5 mg</strong> to <strong>5 mg</strong> of tissue per IP).</p>
<p>&nbsp;The iDeal ChIP-seq kit is the only kit on the market validated for the major sequencing systems. Our expertise in ChIP-seq tools allows reproducible and efficient results every time.</p>
<p></p>
<p>&nbsp;<strong></strong></p>
<p></p>',
			'label1' => 'Characteristics',
			'info1' => '<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Highly <strong>optimized</strong> protocol for ChIP-seq from cells and tissues</li>
<li><strong>Validated</strong> for ChIP-seq with multiple histones marks</li>
<li>Most <strong>complete</strong> kit available (covers all steps, including the control antibodies and primers)</li>
<li>Optimized chromatin preparation in combination with the Bioruptor ensuring the best <strong>epitope integrity</strong></li>
<li>Magnetic beads make ChIP easy, fast and more <strong>reproducible</strong></li>
<li>Combination with Diagenode ChIP-seq antibodies provides high yields with excellent <strong>specificity</strong> and <strong>sensitivity</strong></li>
<li>Purified DNA suitable for any downstream application</li>
<li>Easy-to-follow protocol</li>
</ul>
<p>Note: to obtain optimal results, this kit should be used in combination with the DiaMag1.5 - magnetic rack.</p>
<h3>ChIP-seq on cells</h3>
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/kits/iDeal-kit-C01010053-figure-1.jpg" alt="Figure 1A" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
<p><strong>Figure 1A. The high consistency of the iDeal ChIP-seq kit on the Ion Torrent&trade; PGM&trade; (Life Technologies) and GAIIx (Illumina<sup>&reg;</sup>)</strong><br /> ChIP was performed on sheared chromatin from 1 million HelaS3 cells using the iDeal ChIP-seq kit and 1 &micro;g of H3K4me3 positive control antibody. Two different biological samples have been analyzed using two different sequencers - GAIIx (Illumina<sup>&reg;</sup>) and PGM&trade; (Ion Torrent&trade;). The expected ChIP-seq profile for H3K4me3 on the GAPDH promoter region has been obtained.<br /> Image A shows a several hundred bp along chr12 with high similarity of read distribution despite the radically different sequencers. Image B is a close capture focusing on the GAPDH that shows that even the peak structure is similar.</p>
<p class="text-center"><strong>Perfect match between ChIP-seq data obtained with the iDeal ChIP-seq workflow and reference dataset</strong></p>
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/kits/perfect-match-between-chipseq-data.png" alt="Figure 1B" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
<p><strong>Figure 1B.</strong> The ChIP-seq dataset from this experiment has been compared with a reference dataset from the Broad Institute. We observed a perfect match between the top 40% of Diagenode peaks and the reference dataset. Based on the NIH Encode project criterion, ChIP-seq results are considered reproducible between an original and reproduced dataset if the top 40% of peaks have at least an 80% overlap ratio with the compared dataset.</p>
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/kits/iDeal-kit-C01010053-figure-2.jpg" alt="Figure 2" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
<p><strong>Figure 2. Efficient and easy chromatin shearing using the Bioruptor<sup>&reg;</sup> and Shearing buffer iS1 from the iDeal ChIP-seq kit</strong><br /> Chromatin from 1 million of Hela cells was sheared using the Bioruptor<sup>&reg;</sup> combined with the Bioruptor<sup>&reg;</sup> Water cooler (Cat No. BioAcc-cool) during 3 rounds of 10 cycles of 30 seconds &ldquo;ON&rdquo; / 30 seconds &ldquo;OFF&rdquo; at HIGH power setting (position H). Diagenode 1.5 ml TPX tubes (Cat No. M-50001) were used for chromatin shearing. Samples were gently vortexed before and after performing each sonication round (rounds of 10 cycles), followed by a short centrifugation at 4&deg;C to recover the sample volume at the bottom of the tube. The sheared chromatin was then decross-linked as described in the kit manual and analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis.</p>
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/kits/iDeal-kit-C01010053-figure-3.jpg" alt="Figure 3" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="264" height="320" /></p>
<p><strong>Figure 3. Validation of ChIP by qPCR: reliable results using Diagenode&rsquo;s ChIP-seq grade H3K4me3 antibody, isotype control and sets of validated primers</strong><br /> Specific enrichment on positive loci (GAPDH, EIF4A2, c-fos promoter regions) comparing to no enrichment on negative loci (TSH2B promoter region and Myoglobin exon 2) was detected by qPCR. Samples were prepared using the Diagenode iDeal ChIP-seq kit. Diagenode ChIP-seq grade antibody against H3K4me3 and the corresponding isotype control IgG were used for immunoprecipitation. qPCR amplification was performed with sets of validated primers.</p>
<h3>ChIP-seq on tissue</h3>
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/kits/ideal-figure-h3k4me3.jpg" alt="Figure 4A" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
<p><strong>Figure 4A.</strong> Chromatin Immunoprecipitation has been performed using chromatin from mouse liver tissue, the iDeal ChIP-seq kit for Histones and the Diagenode ChIP-seq-grade H3K4me3 (Cat. No. C15410003) antibody. The IP'd DNA was subsequently analysed on an Illumina&reg; HiSeq. Library preparation, cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. This figure shows the peak distribution in a region surrounding the GAPDH positive control gene.</p>
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/kits/match-of-the-top40-peaks-2.png" alt="Figure 4B" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="700" height="280" /></p>
<p><strong>Figure 4B.</strong> The ChIP-seq dataset from this experiment has been compared with a reference dataset from the Broad Institute. We observed a perfect match between the top 40% of Diagenode peaks and the reference dataset. Based on the NIH Encode project criterion, ChIP-seq results are considered reproducible between an original and reproduced dataset if the top 40% of peaks have at least an 80% overlap ratio with the compared dataset.</p>',
			'label2' => 'Species, cell lines, tissues tested',
			'info2' => '<p>The iDeal ChIP-seq Kit for Histones is compatible with a broad variety of cell lines, tissues and species - some examples are shown below. Other species / cell lines / tissues can be used with this kit.</p>
<p><u>Cell lines:</u></p>
<p>Human: A549, A673, CD8+ T, Blood vascular endothelial cells, Lymphatic endothelial cells, fibroblasts, K562, MDA-MB231</p>
<p>Pig: Alveolar macrophages</p>
<p>Mouse: C2C12, primary HSPC, synovial fibroblasts, HeLa-S3, FACS sorted cells from embryonic kidneys, macrophages, mesodermal cells, myoblasts, NPC, salivary glands, spermatids, spermatocytes, skeletal muscle stem cells, stem cells, Th2</p>
<p>Hamster: CHO</p>
<p>Other cell lines / species: compatible, not tested</p>
<p><u>Tissues</u></p>
<p>Bee &ndash; brain</p>
<p>Daphnia &ndash; whole animal</p>
<p>Horse &ndash; brain, heart, lamina, liver, lung, skeletal muscles, ovary</p>
<p>Human &ndash; Erwing sarcoma tumor samples</p>
<p>Other tissues: compatible, not tested</p>
<p>Did you use the iDeal ChIP-seq for Histones Kit on other cell line / tissue / species? <a href="mailto:agnieszka.zelisko@diagenode.com?subject=Species, cell lines, tissues tested with the iDeal ChIP-seq Kit for TF&amp;body=Dear Customer,%0D%0A%0D%0APlease, leave below your feedback about the iDeal ChIP-seq for Transcription Factors (cell / tissue type, species, other information...).%0D%0A%0D%0AThank you for sharing with us your experience !%0D%0A%0D%0ABest regards,%0D%0A%0D%0AAgnieszka Zelisko-Schmidt, PhD">Let us know!</a></p>',
			'label3' => '  Additional solutions compatible with iDeal ChIP-seq Kit for Histones',
			'info3' => '<p><a href="../p/chromatin-shearing-optimization-kit-low-sds-100-million-cells">Chromatin EasyShear Kit - Ultra Low SDS </a>optimizes chromatin shearing, a critical step for ChIP.</p>
<p>&nbsp;The <a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/categories/library-preparation-for-ChIP-seq">MicroPlex Library Preparation Kit </a>provides easy and optimal &nbsp;library preparation of ChIPed samples.</p>
<p><a href="../categories/chip-seq-grade-antibodies">ChIP-seq grade anti-histone antibodies</a> provide high yields with excellent specificity and sensitivity.</p>
<p>&nbsp;Plus, for our IP-Star Automation users for automated ChIP, check out our <a href="../p/auto-ideal-chip-seq-kit-for-histones-x24-24-rxns">automated</a> version of this kit.</p>',
			'format' => '4 chrom. prep./24 IPs',
			'catalog_number' => 'C01010051',
			'old_catalog_number' => 'AB-001-0024',
			'sf_code' => 'C01010051-',
			'type' => 'RFR',
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			'price_EUR' => '915',
			'price_USD' => '1130',
			'price_GBP' => '840',
			'price_JPY' => '143335',
			'price_CNY' => '',
			'price_AUD' => '2825',
			'country' => 'ALL',
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			'last_datasheet_update' => '0000-00-00',
			'slug' => 'ideal-chip-seq-kit-x24-24-rxns',
			'meta_title' => 'iDeal ChIP-seq kit x24',
			'meta_keywords' => '',
			'meta_description' => 'iDeal ChIP-seq kit x24',
			'modified' => '2023-04-20 16:00:20',
			'created' => '2015-06-29 14:08:20',
			'ProductsRelated' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Image' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
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		),
		(int) 1 => array(
			'id' => '1927',
			'antibody_id' => null,
			'name' => 'MicroPlex Library Preparation Kit v2 (12 indexes)',
			'description' => '<p><a href="https://www.diagenode.com/files/products/kits/MicroPlex-Libary-Prep-Kit-v2-manual.pdf"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/buttons/bt-manual.png" /></a></p>
<p><span><strong>Specifically optimized for ChIP-seq</strong></span><br /><br /><span>The MicroPlex Library Preparation&trade; kit is the only kit on the market which is validated for ChIP-seq and which allows the preparation of indexed libraries from just picogram inputs. In combination with the&nbsp;</span><a href="./true-microchip-kit-x16-16-rxns">True MicroChIP kit</a><span>, it allows for performing ChIP-seq on as few as 10,000 cells. Less input, fewer steps, fewer supplies, faster time to results!&nbsp;</span></p>
<p>The MicroPlex v2 kit (Cat. No. C05010012) contains all necessary reagents including single indexes for multiplexing up to 12 samples using single barcoding. For higher multiplexing (using dual indexes) check <a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/p/microplex-lib-prep-kit-v3-48-rxns">MicroPlex Library Preparation Kits v3</a>.</p>',
			'label1' => 'Characteristics',
			'info1' => '<ul>
<li><strong>1 tube, 2 hours, 3 steps</strong> protocol</li>
<li><strong>Input: </strong>50 pg &ndash; 50 ng</li>
<li><strong>Reduce potential bias</strong> - few PCR amplification cycles needed</li>
<li><strong>High sensitivity ChIP-seq</strong> - low PCR duplication rate</li>
<li><strong>Great multiplexing flexibility</strong> with 12 barcodes (8 nt) included</li>
<li><strong>Validated with the <a href="https://www.diagenode.com/p/sx-8g-ip-star-compact-automated-system-1-unit" title="IP-Star Automated System">IP-Star<sup>&reg;</sup> Automated Platform</a></strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>How it works</h3>
<center><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/kits/microplex-method-overview-v2.png" /></center>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0;"><small><strong>Microplex workflow - protocol with single indexes</strong><br />An input of 50 pg to 50 ng of fragmented dsDNA is converted into sequencing-ready libraries for Illumina&reg; NGS platforms using a fast and simple 3-step protocol</small></p>
<ul class="accordion" data-accordion="" id="readmore" style="margin-left: 0;">
<li class="accordion-navigation"><a href="#first" style="background: #ffffff; padding: 0rem; margin: 0rem; color: #13b2a2;"><small>Read more about MicroPlex workflow</small></a>
<div id="first" class="content">
<p><small><strong>Step 1. Template Preparation</strong> provides efficient repair of the fragmented double-stranded DNA input.</small></p>
<p><small>In this step, the DNA is repaired and yields molecules with blunt ends.</small></p>
<p><small><strong>Step 2. Library Synthesis.</strong> enables ligation of MicroPlex patented stem- loop adapters.</small></p>
<p><small>In the next step, stem-loop adaptors with blocked 5&rsquo; ends are ligated with high efficiency to the 5&rsquo; end of the genomic DNA, leaving a nick at the 3&rsquo; end. The adaptors cannot ligate to each other and do not have single- strand tails, both of which contribute to non-specific background found with many other NGS preparations.</small></p>
<p><small><strong>Step 3. Library Amplification</strong> enables extension of the template, cleavage of the stem-loop adaptors, and amplification of the library. Illumina- compatible indexes are also introduced using a high-fidelity, highly- processive, low-bias DNA polymerase.</small></p>
<p><small>In the final step, the 3&rsquo; ends of the genomic DNA are extended to complete library synthesis and Illumina-compatible indexes are added through a high-fidelity amplification. Any remaining free adaptors are destroyed. Hands-on time and the risk of contamination are minimized by using a single tube and eliminating intermediate purifications.</small></p>
<p><small>Obtained libraries are purified, quantified and sized. The libraries pooling can be performed as well before sequencing.</small></p>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<p></p>
<h3>Reliable detection of enrichments in ChIP-seq</h3>
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/kits/microplex-library-prep-kit-figure-a.png" alt="Reliable detection of enrichments in ChIP-seq figure 1" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
<p><strong>Figure A.</strong> ChIP has been peformed with H3K4me3 antibody, amplification of 17 pg of DNA ChIP'd from 10.000 cells and amplification of 35 pg of DNA ChIP'd from 100.000 cells (control experiment). The IP'd DNA was amplified and transformed into a sequencing-ready preparation for the Illumina plateform with the MicroPlex Library Preparation kit. The library was then analysed on an Illumina<sup>&reg;</sup> Genome Analyzer. Cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions.</p>
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/kits/microplex-library-prep-kit-figure-b.png" alt="Reliable detection of enrichments in ChIP-seq figure 2" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
<p><strong>Figure B.</strong> We observed a perfect match between the top 40% of True MicroChIP peaks and the reference dataset. Based on the NIH Encode project criterion, ChIP-seq results are considered reproducible between an original and reproduced dataset if the top 40% of peaks have at least an 80% overlap ratio with the compared dataset.</p>',
			'label2' => '',
			'info2' => '',
			'label3' => '',
			'info3' => '',
			'format' => '12 rxns',
			'catalog_number' => 'C05010012',
			'old_catalog_number' => 'C05010010',
			'sf_code' => 'C05010012-',
			'type' => 'FRE',
			'search_order' => '04-undefined',
			'price_EUR' => '935',
			'price_USD' => '1215',
			'price_GBP' => '835',
			'price_JPY' => '146470',
			'price_CNY' => '',
			'price_AUD' => '3038',
			'country' => 'ALL',
			'except_countries' => 'None',
			'quote' => false,
			'in_stock' => false,
			'featured' => false,
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			'online' => true,
			'master' => true,
			'last_datasheet_update' => '0000-00-00',
			'slug' => 'microplex-library-preparation-kit-v2-x12-12-indices-12-rxns',
			'meta_title' => 'MicroPlex Library Preparation Kit v2 x12 (12 indices)',
			'meta_keywords' => '',
			'meta_description' => 'MicroPlex Library Preparation Kit v2 x12 (12 indices)',
			'modified' => '2023-04-20 15:01:16',
			'created' => '2015-06-29 14:08:20',
			'ProductsRelated' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Image' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 2 => array(
			'id' => '1856',
			'antibody_id' => null,
			'name' => 'True MicroChIP-seq Kit',
			'description' => '<p><a href="https://www.diagenode.com/files/products/kits/truemicrochipseq-kit-manual.pdf"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/buttons/bt-manual.png" /></a></p>
<p>The <b>True </b><b>MicroChIP-seq</b><b> kit </b>provides a robust ChIP protocol suitable for the investigation of histone modifications within chromatin from as few as <b>10 000 cells</b>, including <b>FACS sorted cells</b>. The kit can be used for chromatin preparation for downstream ChIP-qPCR or ChIP-seq analysis. The <b>complete kit</b> contains everything you need for start-to-finish ChIP including all validated buffers and reagents for chromatin shearing, immunoprecipitation and DNA purification for exceptional <strong>ChIP-qPCR</strong> or <strong>ChIP-seq</strong> results. In addition, positive control antibodies and negative control PCR primers are included for your convenience and assurance of result sensitivity and specificity.</p>
<p>The True MicroChIP-seq kit offers unique benefits:</p>
<ul>
<li>An <b>optimized chromatin preparation </b>protocol compatible with low number of cells (<b>10.000</b>) in combination with the Bioruptor&trade; shearing device</li>
<li>Most <b>complete kit </b>available (covers all steps and includes control antibodies and primers)</li>
<li><b>Magnetic beads </b>make ChIP easy, fast, and more reproducible</li>
<li>MicroChIP DiaPure columns (included in the kit) enable the <b>maximum recovery </b>of immunoprecipitation DNA suitable for any downstream application</li>
<li><b>Excellent </b><b>ChIP</b><b>-seq </b>result when combined with <a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/categories/library-preparation-for-ChIP-seq">MicroPlex</a><a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/categories/library-preparation-for-ChIP-seq"> Library Preparation kit </a>adapted for low input</li>
</ul>
<p>For fast ChIP-seq on low input &ndash; check out Diagenode&rsquo;s <a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/p/uchipmentation-for-histones-24-rxns">&micro;</a><a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/p/uchipmentation-for-histones-24-rxns">ChIPmentation</a><a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/p/uchipmentation-for-histones-24-rxns"> for histones</a>.</p>
<p><sub>The True MicroChIP-seq kit, Cat. No. C01010132 is an upgraded version of the kit True MicroChIP, Cat. No. C01010130, with the new validated protocols (e.g. FACS sorted cells) and MicroChIP DiaPure columns included in the kit.</sub></p>',
			'label1' => 'Characteristics',
			'info1' => '<ul>
<li><b>Revolutionary:</b> Only 10,000 cells needed for complete ChIP-seq procedure</li>
<li><b>Validated on</b> studies for histone marks</li>
<li><b>Automated protocol </b>for the IP-Star<sup>&reg;</sup> Compact Automated Platform available</li>
</ul>
<p></p>
<p>The True MicroChIP-seq kit protocol has been optimized for the use of 10,000 - 100,000 cells per immunoprecipitation reaction. Regarding chromatin immunoprecipitation, three protocol variants have been optimized:<br />starting with a batch, starting with an individual sample and starting with the FACS-sorted cells.</p>
<div><button id="readmorebtn" style="background-color: #b02736; color: white; border-radius: 5px; border: none; padding: 5px;">Show Workflow</button></div>
<p><br /> <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/kits/workflow-microchip.png" id="workflowchip" class="hidden" width="600px" /></p>
<p>
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<div class="carrousel" style="background-position: center;">
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<div class="row" style="background: rgba(255,255,255,0.1);">
<div class="large-12 columns truemicro-slider" id="truemicro-slider">
<div>
<h3>High efficiency ChIP on 10,000 cells</h3>
<div class="large-10 small-12 medium-10 large-centered medium-centered small-centered columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/kits/true-micro-chip-histone-results.png" width="800px" /></div>
<div class="large-10 small-12 medium-10 large-centered medium-centered small-centered columns"><center>
<p><small><strong>Figure 1.&nbsp;</strong>ChIP efficiency on 10,000 cells. ChIP was performed on human Hela cells using the Diagenode antibodies <a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/p/h3k4me3-polyclonal-antibody-premium-50-ug-50-ul">H3K4me3</a> (Cat. No. C15410003), <a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/p/h3k27ac-polyclonal-antibody-classic-50-mg-42-ml">H3K27ac</a> (C15410174), <a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/p/h3k9me3-polyclonal-antibody-classic-50-ug">H3K9me3</a> (C15410056) and <a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/p/h3k27me3-polyclonal-antibody-classic-50-mg-34-ml">H3K27me3</a> (C15410069). Sheared chromatin from 10,000 cells and 0.1 &micro;g (H3K27ac), 0.25 &micro;g (H3K4me3 and H3K27me3) or 0.5 &micro;g (H3K9me3) of the antibody were used per IP. Corresponding amount of IgG was used as control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers for corresponding positive and negative loci. Figure shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis).</small></p>
</center></div>
</div>
<div>
<h3>True MicroChIP-seq protocol in a combination with MicroPlex library preparation kit results in reliable and accurate sequencing data</h3>
<div class="large-10 small-12 medium-10 large-centered medium-centered small-centered columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/kits/fig2-truemicro.jpg" alt="True MicroChip results" width="800px" /></div>
<div class="large-10 small-12 medium-10 large-centered medium-centered small-centered columns"><center>
<p><small><strong>Figure 2.</strong> Integrative genomics viewer (IGV) visualization of ChIP-seq experiments using 50.000 of K562 cells. ChIP has been performed accordingly to True MicroChIP protocol followed by the library preparation using MicroPlex Library Preparation Kit (C05010001). The above figure shows the peaks from ChIP-seq experiments using the following antibodies: H3K4me1 (C15410194), H3K9/14ac (C15410200), H3K27ac (C15410196) and H3K36me3 (C15410192).</small></p>
</center></div>
</div>
<div>
<h3>Successful chromatin profiling from 10.000 of FACS-sorted cells</h3>
<div class="large-10 small-12 medium-10 large-centered medium-centered small-centered columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/kits/fig3ab-truemicro.jpg" alt="small non coding RNA" width="800px" /></div>
<div class="large-10 small-12 medium-10 large-centered medium-centered small-centered columns"><center>
<p><small><strong>Figure 3.</strong> (A) Integrative genomics viewer (IGV) visualization of ChIP-seq experiments and heatmap 3kb upstream and downstream of the TSS (B) for H3K4me3. ChIP has been performed using 10.000 of FACS-sorted cells (K562) and H3K4me3 antibody (C15410003) accordingly to True MicroChIP protocol followed by the library preparation using MicroPlex Library Preparation Kit (C05010001). Data were compared to ENCODE standards.</small></p>
</center></div>
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<p>
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			'label2' => 'Additional solutions compatible with the True MicroChIP-seq Kit',
			'info2' => '<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The <a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/p/chromatin-shearing-optimization-kit-high-sds-100-million-cells">Chromatin EasyShear Kit &ndash; High SDS</a></span><span style="font-weight: 400;">&nbsp;Recommended for the optimizing chromatin shearing.</span></p>
<p><a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/categories/chip-seq-grade-antibodies"><span style="font-weight: 400;">ChIP-seq grade antibodies</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> for high yields, specificity, and sensitivity.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Check the list of available </span><a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/categories/primer-pairs"><span style="font-weight: 400;">primer pairs</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> designed for high specificity to specific genomic regions.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">For library preparation of immunoprecipitated samples we recommend to use the </span><b>&nbsp;</b><a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/categories/library-preparation-for-ChIP-seq"><span style="font-weight: 400;">MicroPlex Library Preparation Kit</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> - validated for library preparation from picogram inputs.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">For IP-Star Automation users, check out the </span><a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/p/auto-true-microchip-kit-16-rxns"><span style="font-weight: 400;">automated version</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> of this kit.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Application note: </span><a href="https://www.diagenode.com/files/application_notes/Diagenode_AATI_Joint.pdf"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Best Workflow Practices for ChIP-seq Analysis with Small Samples</span></a></p>
<p></p>',
			'label3' => 'Species, cell lines, tissues tested',
			'info3' => '<p>The True MicroChIP-seq kit is compatible with a broad variety of cell lines, tissues and species - some examples are shown below. Other species / cell lines / tissues can be used with this kit.</p>
<p><strong>Cell lines:</strong></p>
<p>Bovine: blastocysts,<br />Drosophila: embryos, salivary glands<br />Human: EndoC-ẞH1 cells, HeLa cells, PBMC, urothelial cells<br />Mouse: adipocytes, B cells, blastocysts, pre-B cells, BMDM cells, chondrocytes, embryonic stem cells, KH2 cells, LSK cells, macrophages, MEP cells, microglia, NK cells, oocytes, pancreatic cells, P19Cl6 cells, RPE cells,</p>
<p>Other cell lines / species: compatible, not tested</p>
<p><strong>Tissues:</strong></p>
<p>Horse: adipose tissue</p>
<p>Mice: intestine tissue</p>
<p>Other tissues: not tested</p>',
			'format' => '20 rxns',
			'catalog_number' => 'C01010132',
			'old_catalog_number' => 'C01010130',
			'sf_code' => 'C01010132-',
			'type' => 'RFR',
			'search_order' => '04-undefined',
			'price_EUR' => '625',
			'price_USD' => '680',
			'price_GBP' => '575',
			'price_JPY' => '97905',
			'price_CNY' => '',
			'price_AUD' => '1700',
			'country' => 'ALL',
			'except_countries' => 'None',
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			'slug' => 'true-microchip-kit-x16-16-rxns',
			'meta_title' => 'True MicroChIP-seq Kit | Diagenode C01010132',
			'meta_keywords' => '',
			'meta_description' => 'True MicroChIP-seq Kit provides a robust ChIP protocol suitable for the investigation of histone modifications within chromatin from as few as 10 000 cells, including FACS sorted cells. Compatible with ChIP-qPCR as well as ChIP-seq.',
			'modified' => '2023-04-20 16:06:10',
			'created' => '2015-06-29 14:08:20',
			'ProductsRelated' => array(
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			'Image' => array(
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		),
		(int) 3 => array(
			'id' => '2173',
			'antibody_id' => '115',
			'name' => 'H3K4me3 Antibody',
			'description' => '<p><span>Polyclonal antibody raised in rabbit against the region of histone <strong>H3 containing the trimethylated lysine 4</strong> (<strong>H3K4me3</strong>), using a KLH-conjugated synthetic peptide.</span></p>',
			'label1' => 'Validation data',
			'info1' => '<div class="row">
<div class="small-6 columns"><center><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410003-fig1-ChIP.jpg" /></center></div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K4me3</strong><br />ChIP assays were performed using human K562 cells, the Diagenode antibody against H3K4me3 (cat. No. C15410003) and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the iDeal ChIP-seq kit (cat. No. C01010051), using sheared chromatin from 500,000 cells. A titration consisting of 0.5, 1, 2 and 5 &micro;g of antibody per ChIP experiment was analyzed. IgG (1 &micro;g/IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers specific for the promoter of the active genes GAPDH and EIF4A2, used as positive controls, and for the inactive MYOD1 gene and the Sat2 satellite repeat, used as negative controls. Figure 1 shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis). </small></p>
</div>
</div>
<p></p>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns"><center>A.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410003-fig2a-ChIP-seq.jpg" width="800" /></center><center>B.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410003-fig2b-ChIP-seq.jpg" width="800" /></center><center>C.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410003-fig2c-ChIP-seq.jpg" width="800" /></center><center>D.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410003-fig2d-ChIP-seq.jpg" width="800" /></center></div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 2. ChIP-seq results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K4me3</strong><br />ChIP was performed on sheared chromatin from 1 million HeLaS3 cells using 1 &micro;g of the Diagenode antibody against H3K4me3 (cat. No. C15410003) as described above. The IP'd DNA was subsequently analysed on an Illumina Genome Analyzer. Library preparation, cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. The 36 bp tags were aligned to the human genome using the ELAND algorithm. Figure 2 shows the peak distribution along the complete sequence and a 600 kb region of the X-chromosome (figure 2A and B) and in two regions surrounding the GAPDH and EIF4A2 positive control genes, respectively (figure 2C and D). These results clearly show an enrichment of the H3K4 trimethylation at the promoters of active genes.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns"><center>A.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410003-cuttag-a.png" width="800" /></center></div>
<div class="small-12 columns"><center>B.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410003-cuttag-b.png" width="800" /></center></div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 3. Cut&amp;Tag results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K4me3</strong><br />CUT&amp;TAG (Kaya-Okur, H.S., Nat Commun 10, 1930, 2019) was performed on 50,000 K562 cells using 0.5 &micro;g of the Diagenode antibody against H3K4me3 (cat. No. C15410003) and the Diagenode pA-Tn5 transposase (C01070001). The libraries were subsequently analysed on an Illumina NextSeq 500 sequencer (2x75 paired-end reads) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The tags were aligned to the human genome (hg19) using the BWA algorithm. Figure 3 shows the peak distribution in 2 genomic regions surrounding the FOS gene on chromosome 14 and the ACTB gene on chromosome 7 (figure 3A and B, respectively).</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-6 columns"><center><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410003-fig3-ELISA.jpg" width="350" /></center><center></center><center></center><center></center><center></center></div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 4. Determination of the antibody titer</strong><br />To determine the titer of the antibody, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode antibody against H3K4me3 (cat. No. C15410003). The antigen used was a peptide containing the histone modification of interest. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution (Figure 4), the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1:11,000.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-6 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410003-fig4-DB.jpg" /></div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 5. Cross reactivity tests using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K4me3</strong><br />To test the cross reactivity of the Diagenode antibody against H3K4me3 (cat. No. C15410003), a Dot Blot analysis was performed with peptides containing other histone modifications and the unmodified H3K4. One hundred to 0.2 pmol of the respective peptides were spotted on a membrane. The antibody was used at a dilution of 1:2,000. Figure 5A shows a high specificity of the antibody for the modification of interest.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-4 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410003-fig5-WB.jpg" /></div>
<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 6. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K4me3</strong><br />Western blot was performed on whole cell extracts (40 &micro;g, lane 1) from HeLa cells, and on 1 &micro;g of recombinant histone H3 (lane 2) using the Diagenode antibody against H3K4me3 (cat. No. C15410003). The antibody was diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns"><center><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410003-fig6-if.jpg" /></center></div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 7. Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K4me3</strong><br />HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against H3K4me3 (cat. No. C15410003) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 20&rsquo; and blocked with PBS/TX-100 containing 5% normal goat serum. The cells were immunofluorescently labelled with the H3K4me3 antibody (left) diluted 1:200 in blocking solution followed by an anti-rabbit antibody conjugated to Alexa568 or with DAPI (middle), which specifically labels DNA. The right picture shows a merge of both stainings.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
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			'label2' => 'Target Description',
			'info2' => '<p>Histones are the main constituents of the protein part of chromosomes of eukaryotic cells. They are rich in the amino acids arginine and lysine and have been greatly conserved during evolution. Histones pack the DNA into tight masses of chromatin. Two core histones of each class H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assemble and are wrapped by 146 base pairs of DNA to form one octameric nucleosome. Histone tails undergo numerous post-translational modifications, which either directly or indirectly alter chromatin structure to facilitate transcriptional activation or repression or other nuclear processes. In addition to the genetic code, combinations of the different histone modifications reveal the so-called "histone code". Histone methylation and demethylation is dynamically regulated by respectively histone methyl transferases and histone demethylases. Methylation of histone H3K4 is associated with activation of gene transcription.</p>
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			'info3' => '<p></p>
<script src="chrome-extension://hhojmcideegachlhfgfdhailpfhgknjm/web_accessible_resources/index.js"></script>',
			'format' => '50 µg',
			'catalog_number' => 'C15410003',
			'old_catalog_number' => 'pAb-003-050',
			'sf_code' => 'C15410003-D001-000581',
			'type' => 'FRE',
			'search_order' => '03-Antibody',
			'price_EUR' => '480',
			'price_USD' => '470',
			'price_GBP' => '430',
			'price_JPY' => '75190',
			'price_CNY' => '',
			'price_AUD' => '1175',
			'country' => 'ALL',
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			'last_datasheet_update' => 'January 8, 2021',
			'slug' => 'h3k4me3-polyclonal-antibody-premium-50-ug-50-ul',
			'meta_title' => 'H3K4me3 Antibody - ChIP-seq Grade (C15410003) | Diagenode',
			'meta_keywords' => '',
			'meta_description' => 'H3K4me3 (Histone H3 trimethylated at lysine 4) Polyclonal Antibody validated  in ChIP-seq, ChIP-qPCR, CUT&Tag, ELISA, DB, WB and IF. Specificity confirmed by Peptide array. Batch-specific data available on the website. Sample size available.',
			'modified' => '2024-11-19 16:51:19',
			'created' => '2015-06-29 14:08:20',
			'ProductsRelated' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Image' => array(
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		),
		(int) 4 => array(
			'id' => '2264',
			'antibody_id' => '121',
			'name' => 'H3K9me3 Antibody',
			'description' => '<p><span>Polyclonal antibody raised in rabbit against the region of histone<strong> H3 containing the trimethylated lysine 9</strong> (<strong>H3K9me3</strong>), using a KLH-conjugated synthetic peptide.</span></p>',
			'label1' => 'Validation Data',
			'info1' => '<div class="row">
<div class="small-6 columns"><center><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410193-ChIP-Fig1.png" /></center></div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K9me3</strong><br />ChIP assays were performed using human HeLa cells, the Diagenode antibody against H3K9me3 (cat. No. C15410193) and optimized PCR primer sets for qPCR. ChIP was performed on sheared chromatin from 1 million HeLaS3 cells using the &ldquo;iDeal ChIP-seq&rdquo; kit (cat. No. C01010051). A titration of the antibody consisting of 0.5, 1, 2, and 5 &micro;g per ChIP experiment was analysed. IgG (1 &micro;g/IP) was used as negative IP control. QPCR was performed with primers for the heterochromatin marker Sat2 and for the ZNF510 gene, used as positive controls, and for the promoters of the active EIF4A2 and GAPDH genes, used as negative controls. Figure 1 shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis).</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns"><center>A.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410193-ChIP-Fig2a.png" width="700" /></center><center>B.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410193-ChIP-Fig2b.png" width="700" /></center><center>C.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410193-ChIP-Fig2c.png" width="700" /></center><center>D.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410193-ChIP-Fig2d.png" width="700" /></center></div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 2. ChIP-seq results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K9me3</strong><br />ChIP was performed with 0.5 &micro;g of the Diagenode antibody against H3K9me3 (cat. No. C15410193) on sheared chromatin from 1,000,000 HeLa cells using the &ldquo;iDeal ChIP-seq&rdquo; kit as described above. The IP'd DNA was subsequently analysed on an Illumina HiSeq 2000. Library preparation, cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. The 50 bp tags were aligned to the human genome using the BWA algorithm. Figure 2A shows the signal distribution along the long arm of chromosome 19 and a zoomin to an enriched region containing several ZNF repeat genes. The arrows indicate two satellite repeat regions which exhibit a stronger signal. Figures 2B, 2C and 2D show the enrichment along the ZNF510 positive control target and at the H19 and KCNQ1 imprinted genes.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns"><center>A.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410193-CT-Fig3a.png" width="700" /></center><center>B.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410193-CT-Fig3b.png" width="700" /></center></div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 3. Cut&amp;Tag results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K9me3</strong><br />CUT&amp;TAG (Kaya-Okur, H.S., Nat Commun 10, 1930, 2019) was performed on 50,000 K562 cells using 1 &micro;g of the Diagenode antibody against H3K9me3 (cat. No. C15410193) and the Diagenode pA-Tn5 transposase (C01070001). The libraries were subsequently analysed on an Illumina NextSeq 500 sequencer (2x75 paired-end reads) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The tags were aligned to the human genome (hg19) using the BWA algorithm. Figure 3 shows the peak distribution in a genomic regions on chromosome 1 containing several ZNF repeat genes and in a genomic region surrounding the KCNQ1 imprinting control gene on chromosome 11 (figure 3A and B, respectively).</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-6 columns"><center><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410193-Elisa-Fig4.png" /></center></div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 4. Determination of the antibody titer</strong><br />To determine the titer of the antibody, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the antibody directed against human H3K9me3 (cat. No. C15410193) in antigen coated wells. The antigen used was a peptide containing the histone modification of interest. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution (Figure 4), the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1:87,000.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-4 columns"><center><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410193-DB-Fig5.png" /></center></div>
<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 5. Cross reactivity tests using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K9me3</strong><br />A Dot Blot analysis was performed to test the cross reactivity of the Diagenode antibody against H3K9me3 (cat. No. C15410193) with peptides containing other modifications and unmodified sequences of histone H3 and H4. One hundred to 0.2 pmol of the peptide containing the respective histone modification were spotted on a membrane. The antibody was used at a dilution of 1:20,000. Figure 5 shows a high specificity of the antibody for the modification of interest.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-4 columns"><center><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410193-WB-Fig6.png" /></center></div>
<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 6. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K9me3</strong><br />Western blot was performed on whole cell (25 &micro;g, lane 1) and histone extracts (15 &micro;g, lane 2) from HeLa cells, and on 1 &micro;g of recombinant histone H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 (lane 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively) using the Diagenode antibody against H3K9me3 (cat. No. C15410193). The antibody was diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns"><center><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410193-IF-Fig7.png" /></center></div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 7. Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K9me3</strong><br />HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against H3K9me3 (cat. No. C15410193) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 10&rsquo; and blocked with PBS/TX-100 containing 5% normal goat serum and 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labelled with the H3K9me3 antibody (middle) diluted 1:500 in blocking solution followed by an anti-rabbit antibody conjugated to Alexa488. The left panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of both stainings is shown on the right.</small></p>
</div>
</div>',
			'label2' => 'Target Description',
			'info2' => '<p>Histones are the main constituents of the protein part of chromosomes of eukaryotic cells. They are rich in the amino acids arginine and lysine and have been greatly conserved during evolution. Histones pack the DNA into tight masses of chromatin. Two core histones of each class H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assemble and are wrapped by 146 base pairs of DNA to form one octameric nucleosome. Histone tails undergo numerous post-translational modifications, which either directly or indirectly alter chromatin structure to facilitate transcriptional activation or repression or other nuclear processes. In addition to the genetic code, combinations of the different histone modifications reveal the so-called &ldquo;histone code&rdquo;. Histone methylation and demethylation is dynamically regulated by respectively histone methyl transferases and histone demethylases. Trimethylation of histone H3K9 is associated with inactive genomic regions, satellite repeats and ZNF gene repeats.</p>',
			'label3' => '',
			'info3' => '',
			'format' => '50 μg',
			'catalog_number' => 'C15410193',
			'old_catalog_number' => 'pAb-193-050',
			'sf_code' => 'C15410193-D001-000581',
			'type' => 'FRE',
			'search_order' => '03-Antibody',
			'price_EUR' => '480',
			'price_USD' => '470',
			'price_GBP' => '430',
			'price_JPY' => '75190',
			'price_CNY' => '0',
			'price_AUD' => '1175',
			'country' => 'ALL',
			'except_countries' => 'None',
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			'in_stock' => false,
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			'online' => true,
			'master' => true,
			'last_datasheet_update' => 'December 12, 2017',
			'slug' => 'h3k9me3-polyclonal-antibody-premium-50-mg',
			'meta_title' => 'H3K9me3 Antibody - ChIP-seq Grade (C15410193) | Diagenode',
			'meta_keywords' => '',
			'meta_description' => 'H3K9me3  (Histone H3 trimethylated at lysine 9) Polyclonal Antibody validated  in ChIP-seq, ChIP-qPCR, CUT&Tag, ELISA, DB, WB and IF. Specificity confirmed by Peptide array assay. Batch-specific data available on the website. Sample size available.',
			'modified' => '2021-10-20 09:55:53',
			'created' => '2015-06-29 14:08:20',
			'ProductsRelated' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
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			'Image' => array(
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		),
		(int) 5 => array(
			'id' => '2270',
			'antibody_id' => '109',
			'name' => 'H3K27ac Antibody',
			'description' => '<p><span>Polyclonal antibody raised in rabbit against the region of histone <strong>H3 containing the acetylated lysine 27</strong> (<strong>H3K27ac</strong>), using a KLH-conjugated synthetic peptide.</span></p>',
			'label1' => 'Validation Data',
			'info1' => '<div class="row">
<div class="small-6 columns">A.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410196-ChIP-Fig1a.png" width="356" /><br /> B.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410196-ChIP-Fig1b.png" width="356" /></div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27ac</strong></p>
<p>Figure 1A ChIP assays were performed using human HeLa cells, the Diagenode antibody against H3K27ac (Cat. No. C15410196) and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the &ldquo;Auto Histone ChIP-seq&rdquo; kit on the IP-Star automated system, using sheared chromatin from 1,000,000 cells. A titration consisting of 1, 2, 5 and 10 &micro;g of antibody per ChIP experiment was analyzed. IgG (2 &micro;g/IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers for the promoters of the active EIF4A2 and ACTB genes, used as positive controls, and for the inactive TSH2B and MYT1 genes, used as negative controls.</p>
<p>Figure 1B ChIP assays were performed using human K562 cells, the Diagenode antibody against H3K27ac (Cat. No. C15410196)and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the &ldquo;iDeal ChIP-seq&rdquo; kit (Cat. No. C01010051), using sheared chromatin from 100,000 cells. A titration consisting of 0.2, 0.5, 1 and 2 &micro;g of antibody per ChIP experiment was analyzed. IgG (1 &micro;g/IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers for the promoters of the active GAPDH and EIF4A2 genes, used as positive controls, and for the coding regions of the inactive MB and MYT1 genes, used as negative controls. Figure 1 shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis)</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="extra-spaced"></div>
<div class="extra-spaced"></div>
<div class="extra-spaced"></div>
<div class="extra-spaced"></div>
<div class="extra-spaced"></div>
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<div class="extra-spaced"></div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns"><center>
<p>A.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410196-ChIP-Fig2a.png" /></p>
</center><center>
<p>B.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410196-ChIP-Fig2b.png" /></p>
</center><center>
<p>C.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410196-ChIP-Fig2c.png" /></p>
</center></div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><strong>Figure 2. ChIP-seq results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27ac</strong></p>
<p>ChIP was performed on sheared chromatin from 100,000 K562 cells using 1 &micro;g of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27ac (Cat. No. C15410196<span class="label-primary"></span>) as described above. The IP&rsquo;d DNA was subsequently analysed on an Illumina Genome Analyzer. Library preparation, cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer&rsquo;s instructions. The 36 bp tags were aligned to the human genome using the ELAND algorithm. Figure 2A shows the peak distribution along the complete human X-chromosome. Figure 2 B and C show the peak distribution in two regions surrounding the EIF4A2 and GAPDH positive control genes, respectively. The position of the PCR amplicon, used for validating the ChIP assay is indicated with an arrow.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns"><center><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410196-fig3.jpg" /></center></div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><strong>Figure 3. Cut&amp;Tag results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27ac</strong></p>
<p>CUT&amp;TAG (Kaya-Okur, H.S., Nat Commun 10, 1930, 2019) was performed on 50,000 K562 cells using 1 &micro;g of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27ac (cat. No. C15410196) and the Diagenode pA-Tn5 transposase (C01070001). The libraries were subsequently analysed on an Illumina NextSeq 500 sequencer (2x75 paired-end reads) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The tags were aligned to the human genome (hg19) using the BWA algorithm. Figure 3 shows the peak distribution in 2 genomic regions surrounding the EIF2S3 gene on the X-chromosome and the CCT5 gene on chromosome 5 (figure 3A and B, respectively).</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-6 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410196-ELISA-Fig3.png" /></div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><strong>Figure 4. Determination of the antibody titer</strong></p>
<p>To determine the titer of the antibody, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27ac (Cat. No. C15410196<span class="label-primary"></span>). The antigen used was a peptide containing the histone modification of interest. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution (Figure 4), the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1:8,300.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-4 columns"><center><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410196-DB-Fig4.png" /></center></div>
<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><strong>Figure 5. Cross reactivity tests using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27ac</strong><br />To test the cross reactivity of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27ac (Cat. No. C15410196<span class="label-primary"></span>), a Dot Blot analysis was performed with peptides containing other histone modifications and the unmodified H3K27. One hundred to 0.2 pmol of the respective peptides were spotted on a membrane. The antibody was used at a dilution of 1:20,000. Figure 5 shows a high specificity of the antibody for the modification of interest.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-4 columns"><center><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410196-WB-Fig5.png" /></center></div>
<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><strong>Figure 6. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27ac</strong><br />Western blot was performed on whole cell (25 &micro;g, lane 1) and histone extracts (15 &micro;g, lane 2) from HeLa cells, and on 1 &micro;g of recombinant histone H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 (lane 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively) using the Diagenode antibody against H3K27ac (Cat. No. C1541196). The antibody was diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-4 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410196-IF-Fig6.png" /></div>
<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><strong>Figure 7. Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27ac</strong></p>
<p>HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against H3K27ac (Cat. No. C15410196<span class="label-primary"></span>) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 10&rsquo; and blocked with PBS/ TX-100 containing 5% normal goat serum and 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labeled with the H3K27ac antibody (top) diluted 1:500 in blocking solution followed by an anti-rabbit antibody conjugated to Alexa488. The middle panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of the two stainings is shown at the bottom.</p>
</div>
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			'info2' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Histones are the main constituents of the protein part of chromosomes of eukaryotic cells. They are rich in the amino acids arginine and lysine and have been greatly conserved during evolution. Histones pack the DNA into tight masses of chromatin. Two core histones of each class H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assemble and are wrapped by 146 base pairs of DNA to form one octameric nucleosome. Histone tails undergo numerous post-translational modifications, which either directly or indirectly alter chromatin structure to facilitate transcriptional activation or repression or other nuclear processes. In addition to the genetic code, combinations of the different histone modifications reveal the so-called &ldquo;histone code&rdquo;. Histone methylation and demethylation is dynamically regulated by respectively histone methyl transferases and histone demethylases. Acetylation of histone H3K27 is associated with active promoters and enhancers.</p>',
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			'description' => '<p><strong>Western blot</strong> : The quality of antibodies used in this technique is crucial for correct and specific protein identification. Diagenode offers huge selection of highly sensitive and specific western blot-validated antibodies.</p>
<p>Learn more about: <a href="https://www.diagenode.com/applications/western-blot">Loading control, MW marker visualization</a><em>. <br /></em></p>
<p><em></em>Check our selection of antibodies validated in Western blot.</p>',
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<p>Diagenode offers huge selection of highly sensitive antibodies validated in IF.</p>
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200229-IF.jpg" alt="" height="245" width="256" /></p>
<p><sup><strong>Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against CRISPR/Cas9</strong></sup></p>
<p><sup>HeLa cells transfected with a Cas9 expression vector (left) or untransfected cells (right) were fixed in methanol at -20&deg;C, permeabilized with acetone at -20&deg;C and blocked with PBS containing 2% BSA. The cells were stained with the Cas9 C-terminal antibody (Cat. No. C15200229) diluted 1:400, followed by incubation with an anti-mouse secondary antibody coupled to AF488. The bottom images show counter-staining of the nuclei with Hoechst 33342.</sup></p>
<h5><sup>Check our selection of antibodies validated in IF.</sup></h5>',
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			'meta_description' => 'Diagenode offers a wide range of antibodies and technical support for ChIP Sequencing applications',
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			'meta_description' => 'Diagenode offers a wide range of antibodies and technical support for ChIP-qPCR applications',
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			'description' => '<p><b>Unparalleled ChIP-Seq results with the most rigorously validated antibodies</b></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Diagenode provides leading solutions for epigenetic research. Because ChIP-seq is a widely-used technique, we validate our antibodies in ChIP and ChIP-seq experiments (in addition to conventional methods like Western blot, Dot blot, ELISA, and immunofluorescence) to provide the highest quality antibody. We standardize our validation and production to guarantee high product quality without technical bias. Diagenode guarantees ChIP-seq grade antibody performance under our suggested conditions.</span></p>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 medium-9 large-9 columns">
<p><strong>ChIP-seq profile</strong> of active (H3K4me3 and H3K36me3) and inactive (H3K27me3) marks using Diagenode antibodies.</p>
<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/categories/antibodies/chip-seq-grade-antibodies.png" /></div>
<div class="small-12 medium-3 large-3 columns">
<p><small> ChIP was performed on sheared chromatin from 100,000 K562 cells using iDeal ChIP-seq kit for Histones (cat. No. C01010051) with 1 &micro;g of the Diagenode antibodies against H3K27me3 (cat. No. C15410195) and H3K4me3 (cat. No. C15410003), and 0.5 &micro;g of the antibody against H3K36me3 (cat. No. C15410192). The IP'd DNA was subsequently analysed on an Illumina Genome Analyzer. Library preparation, cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. The 36 bp tags were aligned to the human genome using the ELAND algorithm. The figure shows the signal distribution along the complete sequence of human chromosome 3, a zoomin to a 10 Mb region and a further zoomin to a 1.5 Mb region. </small></p>
</div>
</div>
<p>Diagenode&rsquo;s highly validated antibodies:</p>
<ul>
<li>Highly sensitive and specific</li>
<li>Cost-effective (requires less antibody per reaction)</li>
<li>Batch-specific data is available on the website</li>
<li>Expert technical support</li>
<li>Sample sizes available</li>
<li>100% satisfaction guarantee</li>
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			'name' => 'Histone antibodies',
			'description' => '<p>Histones are the main protein components of chromatin involved in the compaction of DNA into nucleosomes, the basic units of chromatin. A <strong>nucleosome</strong> consists of one pair of each of the core histones (<strong>H2A</strong>, <strong>H2B</strong>, <strong>H3</strong> and <strong>H4</strong>) forming an octameric structure wrapped by 146 base pairs of DNA. The different nucleosomes are linked by the linker histone<strong> H1, </strong>allowing for further condensation of chromatin.</p>
<p>The core histones have a globular structure with large unstructured N-terminal tails protruding from the nucleosome.&nbsp; They can undergo to multiple post-translational modifications (PTM), mainly at the N-terminal tails. These <strong>post-translational modifications </strong>include&nbsp; methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitinylation, citrullination, sumoylation, deamination and crotonylation.&nbsp; The most well characterized PTMs are <strong>methylation,</strong> <strong>acetylation and phosphorylation</strong>. Histone methylation occurs mainly on lysine (K) residues, which can be mono-, di- or tri-methylated, and on arginines (R), which can be mono-methylated and symmetrically or asymmetrically di-methylated. Histone acetylation occurs on lysines and histone phosphorylation mainly on serines (S), threonines (T) and tyrosines (Y).</p>
<p>The PTMs of the different residues are involved in numerous processes such as DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosome condensation. They influence the chromatin organization and can be positively or negatively associated with gene expression. Trimethylation of H3K4, H3K36 and H3K79, and lysine acetylation generally result in an open chromatin configuration (figure below) and are therefore associated with <strong>euchromatin</strong> and gene activation. Trimethylation of H3K9, K3K27 and H4K20, on the other hand, is enriched in <strong>heterochromatin </strong>and associated with gene silencing. The combination of different histone modifications is called the "<strong>histone code</strong>&rdquo;, analogous to the genetic code.</p>
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/categories/antibodies/histone-marks-illustration.png" /></p>
<p>Diagenode is proud to offer a large range of antibodies against histones and histone modifications. Our&nbsp; antibodies are highly specific and have been validated in many applications, including <strong>ChIP</strong> and <strong>ChIP-seq</strong>.</p>
<p>Diagenode&rsquo;s collection includes antibodies recognizing:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Histone H1 variants</strong></li>
<li><strong>Histone H2A, H2A variants and histone H2A</strong> <strong>modifications</strong> (serine phosphorylation, lysine acetylation, lysine ubiquitinylation)</li>
<li><strong>Histone H2B and H2B</strong> <strong>modifications </strong>(serine phosphorylation, lysine acetylation)</li>
<li><strong>Histone H3 and H3 modifications </strong>(lysine methylation (mono-, di- and tri-methylated), lysine acetylation, serine phosphorylation, threonine phosphorylation, arginine methylation (mono-methylated, symmetrically and asymmetrically di-methylated))</li>
<li><strong>Histone H4 and H4 modifications (</strong>lysine methylation (mono-, di- and tri-methylated), lysine acetylation, arginine methylation (mono-methylated and symmetrically di-methylated), serine phosphorylation )</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>HDAC's HAT's, HMT's and other</strong> <strong>enzymes</strong> which modify histones can be found in the category <a href="../categories/chromatin-modifying-proteins-histone-transferase">Histone modifying enzymes</a><br /></span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Diagenode&rsquo;s highly validated antibodies:</span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Highly sensitive and specific</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cost-effective (requires less antibody per reaction)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Batch-specific data is available on the website</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Expert technical support</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sample sizes available</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 100% satisfaction guarantee</span></li>
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			'description' => '<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">All Diagenode&rsquo;s antibodies are listed below. Please, use our Quick search field to find the antibody of interest by target name, application, purity.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Diagenode&rsquo;s highly validated antibodies:</span></p>
<ul>
<li>Highly sensitive and specific</li>
<li>Cost-effective (requires less antibody per reaction)</li>
<li>Batch-specific data is available on the website</li>
<li>Expert technical support</li>
<li>Sample sizes available</li>
<li>100% satisfaction guarantee</li>
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			'name' => 'ChIP-grade antibodies',
			'description' => '<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns"><center></center>
<p><br />Chromatin immunoprecipitation (<b>ChIP</b>) is a technique to study the associations of proteins with the specific genomic regions in intact cells. One of the most important steps of this protocol is the immunoprecipitation of targeted protein using the antibody specifically recognizing it. The quality of antibodies used in ChIP is essential for the success of the experiment. Diagenode offers extensively validated ChIP-grade antibodies, confirmed for their specificity, and high level of performance in ChIP. Each batch is validated, and batch-specific data are available on the website.</p>
<p></p>
</div>
</div>
<p><strong>ChIP results</strong> obtained with the antibody directed against H3K4me3 (Cat. No. <a href="../p/h3k4me3-polyclonal-antibody-premium-50-ug-50-ul">C15410003</a>).&nbsp;</p>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 medium-6 large-6 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410003-fig1-ChIP.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="315" />&nbsp;</div>
<div class="small-12 medium-6 large-6 columns">
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
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<p></p>
<p>Our aim at Diagenode is to offer the largest collection of highly specific <strong>ChIP-grade antibodies</strong>. We add new antibodies monthly. Find your ChIP-grade antibody in the list below and check more information about tested applications, extensive validation data, and product information.</p>',
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			'name' => 'Datasheet H3K27me3 C15410069',
			'description' => '<p><span>Polyclonal antibody raised in rabbit against against histone H3, trimethylated at lysine 27 (H3K27me3), using a KLH-conjugated synthetic peptide.</span></p>',
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			'type' => 'Datasheet',
			'url' => 'files/products/antibodies/Datasheet_H3K27me3_C15410069.pdf',
			'slug' => 'datasheet-h3k27me3-C15410069',
			'meta_keywords' => '',
			'meta_description' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-11-23 17:18:02',
			'created' => '2015-07-07 11:47:43',
			'ProductsDocument' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 1 => array(
			'id' => '38',
			'name' => 'Epigenetic Antibodies Brochure',
			'description' => '<p>More than in any other immuoprecipitation assays, quality antibodies are critical tools in many epigenetics experiments. Since 10 years, Diagenode has developed the most stringent quality production available on the market for antibodies exclusively focused on epigenetic uses. All our antibodies have been qualified to work in epigenetic applications.</p>',
			'image_id' => null,
			'type' => 'Brochure',
			'url' => 'files/brochures/Epigenetic_Antibodies_Brochure.pdf',
			'slug' => 'epigenetic-antibodies-brochure',
			'meta_keywords' => '',
			'meta_description' => '',
			'modified' => '2016-06-15 11:24:06',
			'created' => '2015-07-03 16:05:27',
			'ProductsDocument' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 2 => array(
			'id' => '11',
			'name' => 'Antibodies you can trust',
			'description' => '<p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Epigenetic research tools have evolved over time from endpoint PCR to qPCR to the analyses of large sets of genome-wide sequencing data. ChIP sequencing (ChIP-seq) has now become the gold standard method for chromatin studies, given the accuracy and coverage scale of the approach over other methods. Successful ChIP-seq, however, requires a higher level of experimental accuracy and consistency in all steps of ChIP than ever before. Particularly crucial is the quality of ChIP antibodies. </span></p>',
			'image_id' => null,
			'type' => 'Poster',
			'url' => 'files/posters/Antibodies_you_can_trust_Poster.pdf',
			'slug' => 'antibodies-you-can-trust-poster',
			'meta_keywords' => '',
			'meta_description' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-10-01 20:18:31',
			'created' => '2015-07-03 16:05:15',
			'ProductsDocument' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		)
	),
	'Feature' => array(),
	'Image' => array(
		(int) 0 => array(
			'id' => '1783',
			'name' => 'product/antibodies/chipseq-grade-ab-icon.png',
			'alt' => 'ChIP-seq Grade',
			'modified' => '2020-11-27 07:04:40',
			'created' => '2018-03-15 15:54:09',
			'ProductsImage' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		)
	),
	'Promotion' => array(),
	'Protocol' => array(),
	'Publication' => array(
		(int) 0 => array(
			'id' => '4952',
			'name' => 'Epigenetic alterations affecting hematopoietic regulatory networks as drivers of mixed myeloid/lymphoid leukemia',
			'authors' => 'Roger Mulet-Lazaro et al.',
			'description' => '<p><span>Leukemias with ambiguous lineage comprise several loosely defined entities, often without a clear mechanistic basis. Here, we extensively profile the epigenome and transcriptome of a subgroup of such leukemias with CpG Island Methylator Phenotype. These leukemias exhibit comparable hybrid myeloid/lymphoid epigenetic landscapes, yet heterogeneous genetic alterations, suggesting they are defined by their shared epigenetic profile rather than common genetic lesions. Gene expression enrichment reveals similarity with early T-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia and a lymphoid progenitor cell of origin. In line with this, integration of differential DNA methylation and gene expression shows widespread silencing of myeloid transcription factors. Moreover, binding sites for hematopoietic transcription factors, including CEBPA, SPI1 and LEF1, are uniquely inaccessible in these leukemias. Hypermethylation also results in loss of CTCF binding, accompanied by changes in chromatin interactions involving key transcription factors. In conclusion, epigenetic dysregulation, and not genetic lesions, explains the mixed phenotype of this group of leukemias with ambiguous lineage. The data collected here constitute a useful and comprehensive epigenomic reference for subsequent studies of acute myeloid leukemias, T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias and mixed-phenotype leukemias.</span></p>',
			'date' => '2024-07-07',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-49811-y',
			'doi' => 'https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-49811-y',
			'modified' => '2024-07-10 12:21:42',
			'created' => '2024-07-10 12:21:42',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 1 => array(
			'id' => '4945',
			'name' => 'Master corepressor inactivation through multivalent SLiM-induced polymerization mediated by the oncogene suppressor RAI2',
			'authors' => 'Goradia N. et al.',
			'description' => '<p><span>While the elucidation of regulatory mechanisms of folded proteins is facilitated due to their amenability to high-resolution structural characterization, investigation of these mechanisms in disordered proteins is more challenging due to their structural heterogeneity, which can be captured by a variety of biophysical approaches. Here, we used the transcriptional master corepressor CtBP, which binds the putative metastasis suppressor RAI2 through repetitive SLiMs, as a model system. Using cryo-electron microscopy embedded in an integrative structural biology approach, we show that RAI2 unexpectedly induces CtBP polymerization through filaments of stacked tetrameric CtBP layers. These filaments lead to RAI2-mediated CtBP nuclear foci and relieve its corepressor function in RAI2-expressing cancer cells. The impact of RAI2-mediated CtBP loss-of-function is illustrated by the analysis of a diverse cohort of prostate cancer patients, which reveals a substantial decrease in RAI2 in advanced treatment-resistant cancer subtypes. As RAI2-like SLiM motifs are found in a wide range of organisms, including pathogenic viruses, our findings serve as a paradigm for diverse functional effects through multivalent interaction-mediated polymerization by disordered proteins in healthy and diseased conditions.</span></p>',
			'date' => '2024-06-19',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-49488-3',
			'doi' => 'https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-49488-3',
			'modified' => '2024-06-24 17:11:37',
			'created' => '2024-06-24 17:11:37',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 2 => array(
			'id' => '4950',
			'name' => 'Master corepressor inactivation through multivalent SLiM-induced polymerization mediated by the oncogene suppressor RAI2',
			'authors' => 'Nishit Goradia et al.',
			'description' => '<p><span>While the elucidation of regulatory mechanisms of folded proteins is facilitated due to their amenability to high-resolution structural characterization, investigation of these mechanisms in disordered proteins is more challenging due to their structural heterogeneity, which can be captured by a variety of biophysical approaches. Here, we used the transcriptional master corepressor CtBP, which binds the putative metastasis suppressor RAI2 through repetitive SLiMs, as a model system. Using cryo-electron microscopy embedded in an integrative structural biology approach, we show that RAI2 unexpectedly induces CtBP polymerization through filaments of stacked tetrameric CtBP layers. These filaments lead to RAI2-mediated CtBP nuclear foci and relieve its corepressor function in RAI2-expressing cancer cells. The impact of RAI2-mediated CtBP loss-of-function is illustrated by the analysis of a diverse cohort of prostate cancer patients, which reveals a substantial decrease in RAI2 in advanced treatment-resistant cancer subtypes. As RAI2-like SLiM motifs are found in a wide range of organisms, including pathogenic viruses, our findings serve as a paradigm for diverse functional effects through multivalent interaction-mediated polymerization by disordered proteins in healthy and diseased conditions.</span></p>',
			'date' => '2024-06-19',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-49488-3',
			'doi' => ' https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-49488-3',
			'modified' => '2024-07-04 15:50:54',
			'created' => '2024-07-04 15:50:54',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 3 => array(
			'id' => '4791',
			'name' => 'Distinct regulation of EZH2 and its repressive H3K27me3 mark inPolyomavirus -positive and -negative Merkel cell carcinoma.',
			'authors' => 'Durand  M-A et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an aggressive skin cancer for which Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) integration and expression of viral oncogenes small T and Large T have been identified as major oncogenic determinants. Recently, a component of the PRC2 complex, the histone methyltransferase EZH2 that induces H3K27 tri-methylation as a repressive mark has been proposed as a potential therapeutic target in MCC. Since divergent results have been reported for the levels of EZH2 and H3K27me3, we analyzed these factors in a large MCC cohort to identify the molecular determinants of EZH2 activity in MCC and to establish MCC cell lines sensitivity to EZH2 inhibitors. Immunohistochemical expression of EZH2 was observed in 92\% of MCC tumors (156/170) with higher expression levels in virus-positive than virus-negative tumors (p= 0.026). For the latter, we demonstrated overexpression of EZHIP, a negative regulator of the PRC2 complex. In vitro, ectopic expression of the Large T antigen in fibroblasts led to the induction of EZH2 expression while knockdown of T antigens in MCC cell lines resulted in decreased EZH2 expression. EZH2 inhibition led to selective cytotoxicity on virus-positive MCC cell lines. This study highlights the distinct mechanisms of EZH2 induction between virus-negative and -positive MCC.</p>',
			'date' => '2023-04-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37037414',
			'doi' => '10.1016/j.jid.2023.02.038',
			'modified' => '2023-06-12 09:05:58',
			'created' => '2023-05-05 12:34:24',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 4 => array(
			'id' => '4605',
			'name' => 'Gene Regulatory Interactions at Lamina-Associated Domains',
			'authors' => 'Madsen-Østerbye  J. et al.',
			'description' => '<p>The nuclear lamina provides a repressive chromatin environment at the nuclear periphery. However, whereas most genes in lamina-associated domains (LADs) are inactive, over ten percent reside in local euchromatic contexts and are expressed. How these genes are regulated and whether they are able to interact with regulatory elements remain unclear. Here, we integrate publicly available enhancer-capture Hi-C data with our own chromatin state and transcriptomic datasets to show that inferred enhancers of active genes in LADs are able to form connections with other enhancers within LADs and outside LADs. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses show proximity changes between differentially expressed genes in LADs and distant enhancers upon the induction of adipogenic differentiation. We also provide evidence of involvement of lamin A/C, but not lamin B1, in repressing genes at the border of an in-LAD active region within a topological domain. Our data favor a model where the spatial topology of chromatin at the nuclear lamina is compatible with gene expression in this dynamic nuclear compartment.</p>',
			'date' => '2023-01-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fgenes14020334',
			'doi' => '10.3390/genes14020334',
			'modified' => '2023-04-04 08:57:32',
			'created' => '2023-02-21 09:59:46',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 5 => array(
			'id' => '4454',
			'name' => 'Histone lysine demethylase inhibition reprograms prostate cancermetabolism and mechanics.',
			'authors' => 'Chianese  Ugo and Papulino  Chiara and Passaro  Eugenia andEvers  Tom Mj and Babaei  Mehrad and Toraldo  Antonella andDe Marchi  Tommaso and Niméus  Emma and Carafa  Vincenzo andNicoletti  Maria Maddalena and Del Gaudio  Nunzio andIaccarino  Nunzia an',
			'description' => '<p>OBJECTIVE: Aberrant activity of androgen receptor (AR) is the primary cause underlying development and progression of prostate cancer (PCa) and castration-resistant PCa (CRPC). Androgen signaling regulates gene transcription and lipid metabolism, facilitating tumor growth and therapy resistance in early and advanced PCa. Although direct AR signaling inhibitors exist, AR expression and function can also be epigenetically regulated. Specifically, lysine (K)-specific demethylases (KDMs), which are often overexpressed in PCa and CRPC phenotypes, regulate the AR transcriptional program. METHODS: We investigated LSD1/UTX inhibition, two KDMs, in PCa and CRPC using a multi-omics approach. We first performed a mitochondrial stress test to evaluate respiratory capacity after treatment with MC3324, a dual KDM-inhibitor, and then carried out lipidomic, proteomic, and metabolic analyses. We also investigated mechanical cellular properties with acoustic force spectroscopy. RESULTS: MC3324 induced a global increase in H3K4me2 and H3K27me3 accompanied by significant growth arrest and apoptosis in androgen-responsive and -unresponsive PCa systems. LSD1/UTX inhibition downregulated AR at both transcriptional and non-transcriptional level, showing cancer selectivity, indicating its potential use in resistance to androgen deprivation therapy. Since MC3324 impaired metabolic activity, by modifying the protein and lipid content in PCa and CRPC cell lines. Epigenetic inhibition of LSD1/UTX disrupted mitochondrial ATP production and mediated lipid plasticity, which affected the phosphocholine class, an important structural element for the cell membrane in PCa and CRPC associated with changes in physical and mechanical properties of cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest a network in which epigenetics, hormone signaling, metabolite availability, lipid content, and mechano-metabolic process are closely related. This network may be able to identify additional hotspots for pharmacological intervention and underscores the key role of KDM-mediated epigenetic modulation in PCa and CRPC.</p>',
			'date' => '2022-08-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35944897',
			'doi' => '10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101561',
			'modified' => '2022-10-21 09:37:56',
			'created' => '2022-09-28 09:53:13',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 6 => array(
			'id' => '4514',
			'name' => 'Histone H3K36me2 and H3K36me3 form a chromatin platform essentialfor DNMT3A-dependent DNA methylation in mouse oocytes.',
			'authors' => 'Yano  Seiichi at al.',
			'description' => '<p>Establishment of the DNA methylation landscape of mammalian oocytes, mediated by the DNMT3A-DNMT3L complex, is crucial for reproduction and development. In mouse oocytes, high levels of DNA methylation occur exclusively in the transcriptionally active regions, with moderate to low levels of methylation in other regions. Histone H3K36me3 mediates the high levels of methylation in the transcribed regions; however, it is unknown which histone mark guides the methylation in the other regions. Here, we show that, in mouse oocytes, H3K36me2 is highly enriched in the X chromosome and is broadly distributed across all autosomes. Upon H3K36me2 depletion, DNA methylation in moderately methylated regions is selectively affected, and a methylation pattern unique to the X chromosome is switched to an autosome-like pattern. Furthermore, we find that simultaneous depletion of H3K36me2 and H3K36me3 results in global hypomethylation, comparable to that of DNMT3A depletion. Therefore, the two histone marks jointly provide the chromatin platform essential for guiding DNMT3A-dependent DNA methylation in mouse oocytes.</p>',
			'date' => '2022-08-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35922445',
			'doi' => '10.1038/s41467-022-32141-2',
			'modified' => '2022-11-24 08:41:31',
			'created' => '2022-11-15 09:26:20',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 7 => array(
			'id' => '4417',
			'name' => 'HOTAIR interacts with PRC2 complex regulating the regional preadipocytetranscriptome and human fat distribution.',
			'authors' => 'Kuo  Feng-Chih et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Mechanisms governing regional human adipose tissue (AT) development remain undefined. Here, we show that the long non-coding RNA HOTAIR (HOX transcript antisense RNA) is exclusively expressed in gluteofemoral AT, where it is essential for adipocyte development. We find that HOTAIR interacts with polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) and we identify core HOTAIR-PRC2 target genes involved in adipocyte lineage determination. Repression of target genes coincides with PRC2 promoter occupancy and H3K27 trimethylation. HOTAIR is also involved in modifying the gluteal adipocyte transcriptome through alternative splicing. Gluteal-specific expression of HOTAIR is maintained by defined regions of open chromatin across the HOTAIR promoter. HOTAIR expression levels can be modified by hormonal (estrogen, glucocorticoids) and genetic variation (rs1443512 is a HOTAIR eQTL associated with reduced gynoid fat mass). These data identify HOTAIR as a dynamic regulator of the gluteal adipocyte transcriptome and epigenome with functional importance for human regional AT development.</p>',
			'date' => '2022-07-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35905723',
			'doi' => '10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111136',
			'modified' => '2022-09-27 14:41:23',
			'created' => '2022-09-08 16:32:20',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 8 => array(
			'id' => '4220',
			'name' => 'Effects of GSK-J4 on JMJD3 Histone Demethylase in Mouse Prostate Cancer Xenografts',
			'authors' => 'Sanchez A. et al.',
			'description' => '<p><strong class="sub-title">Background/aim:<span>&nbsp;</span></strong>Histone methylation status is required to control gene expression. H3K27me3 is an epigenetic tri-methylation modification to histone H3 controlled by the demethylase JMJD3. JMJD3 is dysregulated in a wide range of cancers and has been shown to control the expression of a specific growth-modulatory gene signature, making it an interesting candidate to better understand prostate tumor progression in vivo. This study aimed to identify the impact of JMJD3 inhibition by its inhibitor, GSK4, on prostate tumor growth in vivo.</p>
<p><strong class="sub-title">Materials and methods:<span>&nbsp;</span></strong>Prostate cancer cell lines were implanted into Balb/c nude male mice. The effects of the selective JMJD3 inhibitor GSK-J4 on tumor growth were analyzed by bioluminescence assays and H3K27me3-regulated changes in gene expression were analyzed by ChIP-qPCR and RT-qPCR.</p>
<p><strong class="sub-title">Results:<span>&nbsp;</span></strong>JMJD3 inhibition contributed to an increase in tumor growth in androgen-independent (AR-) xenografts and a decrease in androgen-dependent (AR+). GSK-J4 treatment modulated H3K27me3 enrichment on the gene panel in DU-145-luc xenografts while it had little effect on PC3-luc and no effect on LNCaP-luc. Effects of JMJD3 inhibition affected the panel gene expression.</p>
<p><strong class="sub-title">Conclusion:<span>&nbsp;</span></strong>JMJD3 has a differential effect in prostate tumor progression according to AR status. Our results suggest that JMJD3 is able to play a role independently of its demethylase function in androgen-independent prostate cancer. The effects of GSK-J4 on AR+ prostate xenografts led to a decrease in tumor growth.</p>',
			'date' => '2022-05-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35430567/',
			'doi' => '10.21873/cgp.20324',
			'modified' => '2022-04-21 11:54:21',
			'created' => '2022-04-21 11:54:21',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 9 => array(
			'id' => '4221',
			'name' => 'Epigenetic Mechanisms Mediating Cell State Transitions in Chondrocytes',
			'authors' => 'Wuelling M. et al.',
			'description' => '<p><span>Epigenetic modifications play critical roles in regulating cell lineage differentiation, but the epigenetic mechanisms guiding specific differentiation steps within a cell lineage have rarely been investigated. To decipher such mechanisms, we used the defined transition from proliferating (PC) into hypertrophic chondrocytes (HC) during endochondral ossification as a model. We established a map of activating and repressive histone modifications for each cell type. ChromHMM state transition analysis and Pareto-based integration of differential levels of mRNA and epigenetic marks revealed that differentiation-associated gene repression is initiated by the addition of H3K27me3 to promoters still carrying substantial levels of activating marks. Moreover, the integrative analysis identified genes specifically expressed in cells undergoing the transition into hypertrophy. Investigation of enhancer profiles detected surprising differences in enhancer number, location, and transcription factor binding sites between the two closely related cell types. Furthermore, cell type-specific upregulation of gene expression was associated with increased numbers of H3K27ac peaks. Pathway analysis identified PC-specific enhancers associated with chondrogenic genes, whereas HC-specific enhancers mainly control metabolic pathways linking epigenetic signature to biological functions. Since HC-specific enhancers show a higher conservation in postnatal tissues, the switch to metabolic pathways seems to be a hallmark of differentiated tissues. Surprisingly, the analysis of H3K27ac levels at super-enhancers revealed a rapid adaption of H3K27ac occupancy to changes in gene expression, supporting the importance of enhancer modulation for acute alterations in gene expression. &copy; 2021 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).</span></p>',
			'date' => '2022-05-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33534175/',
			'doi' => '10.1002/jbmr.4263',
			'modified' => '2022-04-25 11:46:32',
			'created' => '2022-04-21 12:00:53',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 10 => array(
			'id' => '4227',
			'name' => 'Epigenetic integrity of paternal imprints enhances the developmental
potential of androgenetic haploid embryonic stem cells.',
			'authors' => 'Zhang, Hongling and Li, Yuanyuan and Ma, Yongjian and Lai,
Chongping and Yu, Qian and Shi, Guangyong and Li, Jinsong',
			'description' => 'The use of two inhibitors of Mek1/2 and Gsk3β (2i) promotes the
generation of mouse diploid and haploid embryonic stem cells (ESCs) from
the inner cell mass of biparental and uniparental blastocysts,
respectively. However, a system enabling long-term maintenance of
imprints in ESCs has proven challenging. Here, we report that the use
of a two-step a2i (alternative two inhibitors of Src and Gsk3β,
TSa2i) derivation/culture protocol results in the establishment of
androgenetic haploid ESCs (AG-haESCs) with stable DNA methylation
at paternal DMRs (differentially DNA methylated regions) up to passage
60 that can efficiently support generating mice upon oocyte injection. We
also show coexistence of H3K9me3 marks and ZFP57 bindings with intact
DMR methylations. Furthermore, we demonstrate that TSa2i-treated
AG-haESCs are a heterogeneous cell population regarding paternal DMR
methylation. Strikingly, AG-haESCs with late passages display
increased paternal-DMR methylations and improved developmental potential
compared to early-passage cells, in part through the enhanced proliferation
of H19-DMR hypermethylated cells. Together, we establish
AG-haESCs that can long-term maintain paternal imprints.',
			'date' => '2022-02-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13238-021-00890-3',
			'doi' => '10.1007/s13238-021-00890-3',
			'modified' => '2022-05-19 10:41:50',
			'created' => '2022-05-19 10:41:50',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 11 => array(
			'id' => '4367',
			'name' => 'Cell-type specific transcriptional networks in root xylem adjacent celllayers',
			'authors' => 'Asensi Fabado  Maria Amparo et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Transport of water, ions and signals from roots to leaves via the xylem vessels is essential for plant life and needs to be tightly regulated. The final composition of the transpiration stream before passage into the shoots is controlled by the xylem-adjacent cell layers, namely xylem parenchyma and pericycle, in the upper part of the root. To unravel regulatory networks in this strategically important location, we generated Arabidopsis lines expressing a nuclear tag under the control of the HKT1 promoter. HKT1 retrieves sodium from the xylem to prevent toxic levels in the shoot, and this function depends on its specific expression in upper root xylem-adjacent tissues. Based on FACS RNA-sequencing and INTACT ChIP-sequencing, we identified the gene repertoire that is preferentially expressed in the tagged cell types and discovered transcription factors experiencing cell-type specific loss of H3K27me3 demethylation. For one of these, ZAT6, we show that H3K27me3-demethylase REF6 is required for de-repression. Analysis of zat6 mutants revealed that ZAT6 activates a suite of cell-type specific downstream genes and restricts Na+ accumulation in the shoots. The combined Files open novel opportunities for &lsquo;bottom-up&rsquo; causal dissection of cell-type specific regulatory networks that control root-to-shoot communication under environmental challenge.</p>',
			'date' => '2022-02-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://doi.org/10.1101%2F2022.02.04.479129',
			'doi' => '10.1101/2022.02.04.479129',
			'modified' => '2022-08-04 16:17:32',
			'created' => '2022-08-04 14:55:36',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 12 => array(
			'id' => '4326',
			'name' => 'Loss of KMT2C reprograms the epigenomic landscape in hPSCsresulting in NODAL overexpression and a failure of hemogenic endotheliumspecification.',
			'authors' => 'Maurya Shailendra et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Germline or somatic variation in the family of KMT2 lysine methyltransferases have been associated with a variety of congenital disorders and cancers. Notably, -fusions are prevalent in 70\% of infant leukaemias but fail to phenocopy short latency leukaemogenesis in mammalian models, suggesting additional factors are necessary for transformation. Given the lack of additional somatic mutation, the role of epigenetic regulation in cell specification, and our prior results of germline variation in infant leukaemia patients, we hypothesized that germline dysfunction of KMT2C altered haematopoietic specification. In isogenic KO hPSCs, we found genome-wide differences in histone modifications at active and poised enhancers, leading to gene expression profiles akin to mesendoderm rather than mesoderm highlighted by a significant increase in NODAL expression and WNT inhibition, ultimately resulting in a lack of hemogenic endothelium specification. These unbiased multi-omic results provide new evidence for germline mechanisms increasing risk of early leukaemogenesis.</p>',
			'date' => '2022-01-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15592294.2021.1954780',
			'doi' => '10.1080/15592294.2021.1954780',
			'modified' => '2022-06-20 09:27:45',
			'created' => '2022-05-19 10:41:50',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 13 => array(
			'id' => '4409',
			'name' => 'Effects of GSK-J4 on JMJD3 Histone Demethylase in MouseProstate Cancer Xenografts.',
			'authors' => 'Sanchez  A. et al.',
			'description' => '<p>BACKGROUND/AIM: Histone methylation status is required to control gene expression. H3K27me3 is an epigenetic tri-methylation modification to histone H3 controlled by the demethylase JMJD3. JMJD3 is dysregulated in a wide range of cancers and has been shown to control the expression of a specific growth-modulatory gene signature, making it an interesting candidate to better understand prostate tumor progression in vivo. This study aimed to identify the impact of JMJD3 inhibition by its inhibitor, GSK4, on prostate tumor growth in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prostate cancer cell lines were implanted into Balb/c nude male mice. The effects of the selective JMJD3 inhibitor GSK-J4 on tumor growth were analyzed by bioluminescence assays and H3K27me3-regulated changes in gene expression were analyzed by ChIP-qPCR and RT-qPCR. RESULTS: JMJD3 inhibition contributed to an increase in tumor growth in androgen-independent (AR-) xenografts and a decrease in androgen-dependent (AR+). GSK-J4 treatment modulated H3K27me3 enrichment on the gene panel in DU-145-luc xenografts while it had little effect on PC3-luc and no effect on LNCaP-luc. Effects of JMJD3 inhibition affected the panel gene expression. CONCLUSION: JMJD3 has a differential effect in prostate tumor progression according to AR status. Our results suggest that JMJD3 is able to play a role independently of its demethylase function in androgen-independent prostate cancer. The effects of GSK-J4 on AR+ prostate xenografts led to a decrease in tumor growth.</p>',
			'date' => '2022-01-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35430567',
			'doi' => '10.21873/cgp.20324',
			'modified' => '2022-08-11 15:11:58',
			'created' => '2022-08-11 12:14:50',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 14 => array(
			'id' => '4540',
			'name' => 'Chemokine switch regulated by TGF-β1 in cancer-associated fibroblastsubsets determines the efficacy of chemo-immunotherapy.',
			'authors' => 'Vienot  A. et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Combining immunogenic cell death-inducing chemotherapies and PD-1 blockade can generate remarkable tumor responses. It is now well established that TGF-&beta;1 signaling is a major component of treatment resistance and contributes to the cancer-related immunosuppressive microenvironment. However, whether TGF-&beta;1 remains an obstacle to immune checkpoint inhibitor efficacy when immunotherapy is combined with chemotherapy is still to be determined. Several syngeneic murine models were used to investigate the role of TGF-&beta;1 neutralization on the combinations of immunogenic chemotherapy (FOLFOX: 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin) and anti-PD-1. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) and immune cells were isolated from CT26 and PancOH7 tumor-bearing mice treated with FOLFOX, anti-PD-1 &plusmn;&nbsp;anti-TGF-&beta;1 for bulk and single cell RNA sequencing and characterization. We showed that TGF-&beta;1 neutralization promotes the therapeutic efficacy of FOLFOX and anti-PD-1 combination and induces the recruitment of antigen-specific CD8&nbsp;T cells into the tumor. TGF-&beta;1 neutralization is required in addition to chemo-immunotherapy to promote inflammatory CAF infiltration, a chemokine production switch in CAF leading to decreased CXCL14 and increased CXCL9/10 production and subsequent antigen-specific T cell recruitment. The immune-suppressive effect of TGF-&beta;1 involves an epigenetic mechanism with chromatin remodeling of CXCL9 and CXCL10 promoters within CAF DNA in a G9a and EZH2-dependent fashion. Our results strengthen the role of TGF-&beta;1 in the organization of a tumor microenvironment enriched in myofibroblasts where chromatin remodeling prevents CXCL9/10 production and limits the efficacy of chemo-immunotherapy.</p>',
			'date' => '2022-01-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://doi.org/10.1080%2F2162402x.2022.2144669',
			'doi' => '10.1080/2162402X.2022.2144669',
			'modified' => '2022-11-25 09:01:57',
			'created' => '2022-11-24 08:49:52',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 15 => array(
			'id' => '4283',
			'name' => 'Coordination of EZH2 and SOX2 specifies human neural fate decision.',
			'authors' => 'Zhao Yuan et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Polycomb repressive complexes (PRCs) are essential in mouse gastrulation and specify neural ectoderm in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), but the underlying molecular basis remains unclear. Here in this study, by employing an array of different approaches, such as gene knock-out, RNA-seq, ChIP-seq, et al., we uncover that EZH2, an important PRC factor, specifies the normal neural fate decision through repressing the competing meso/endoderm program. EZH2 hESCs show an aberrant re-activation of meso/endoderm genes during neural induction. At the molecular level, EZH2 represses meso/endoderm genes while SOX2 activates the neural genes to coordinately specify the normal neural fate. Moreover, EZH2 also supports the proliferation of human neural progenitor cells (NPCs) through repressing the aberrant expression of meso/endoderm program during culture. Together, our findings uncover the coordination of epigenetic regulators such as EZH2 and lineage factors like SOX2 in normal neural fate decision.</p>',
			'date' => '2021-09-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34487238',
			'doi' => '10.1186/s13619-021-00092-6',
			'modified' => '2022-05-23 10:10:34',
			'created' => '2022-05-19 10:41:50',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 16 => array(
			'id' => '4170',
			'name' => 'A regulatory variant at 3q21.1 confers an increased pleiotropic risk forhyperglycemia and altered bone mineral density.',
			'authors' => 'Sinnott-Armstrong, Nasa et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Skeletal and glycemic traits have shared etiology, but the underlying genetic factors remain largely unknown. To identify genetic loci that may have pleiotropic effects, we studied Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) for bone mineral density and glycemic traits and identified a bivariate risk locus at 3q21. Using sequence and epigenetic modeling, we prioritized an adenylate cyclase 5 (ADCY5) intronic causal variant, rs56371916. This SNP changes the binding affinity of SREBP1 and leads to differential ADCY5 gene expression, altering the chromatin landscape from poised to repressed. These alterations result in bone- and type 2 diabetes-relevant cell-autonomous changes in lipid metabolism in osteoblasts and adipocytes. We validated our findings by directly manipulating the regulator SREBP1, the target gene ADCY5, and the variant rs56371916, which together imply a novel link between fatty acid oxidation and osteoblast differentiation. Our work, by systematic functional dissection of pleiotropic GWAS loci, represents a framework to uncover biological mechanisms affecting pleiotropic traits.</p>',
			'date' => '2021-03-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33513366',
			'doi' => '10.1016/j.cmet.2021.01.001',
			'modified' => '2021-12-21 15:55:36',
			'created' => '2021-12-06 15:53:19',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 17 => array(
			'id' => '4196',
			'name' => 'Functional annotations of three domestic animal genomes provide vitalresources for comparative and agricultural research.',
			'authors' => 'Kern C. et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Gene regulatory elements are central drivers of phenotypic variation and thus of critical importance towards understanding the genetics of complex traits. The Functional Annotation of Animal Genomes consortium was formed to collaboratively annotate the functional elements in animal genomes, starting with domesticated animals. Here we present an expansive collection of datasets from eight diverse tissues in three important agricultural species: chicken (Gallus gallus), pig (Sus scrofa), and cattle (Bos taurus). Comparative analysis of these datasets and those from the human and mouse Encyclopedia of DNA Elements projects reveal that a core set of regulatory elements are functionally conserved independent of divergence between species, and that tissue-specific transcription factor occupancy at regulatory elements and their predicted target genes are also conserved. These datasets represent a unique opportunity for the emerging field of comparative epigenomics, as well as the agricultural research community, including species that are globally important food resources.</p>',
			'date' => '2021-03-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-021-22100-8',
			'doi' => '10.1038/s41467-021-22100-8',
			'modified' => '2022-01-06 14:30:41',
			'created' => '2021-12-06 15:53:19',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 18 => array(
			'id' => '4127',
			'name' => 'The histone modification H3K4me3 is altered at the  locus in Alzheimer'sdisease brain.',
			'authors' => 'Smith, Adam et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Several epigenome-wide association studies of DNA methylation have highlighted altered DNA methylation in the gene in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain samples. However, no study has specifically examined histone modifications in the disease. We use chromatin immunoprecipitation-qPCR to quantify tri-methylation at histone 3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3) and 27 (H3K27me3) in the gene in entorhinal cortex from donors with high (n&nbsp;=&nbsp;59) or low (n&nbsp;=&nbsp;29) Alzheimer's disease&nbsp;pathology. We demonstrate decreased levels of H3K4me3, a marker of active gene transcription, with no change in H3K27me3, a marker of inactive genes. H3K4me3 is negatively correlated with DNA methylation in specific regions of the gene. Our study suggests that the gene shows altered epigenetic marks indicative of reduced gene activation in Alzheimer's disease.</p>',
			'date' => '2021-02-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33815817',
			'doi' => '10.2144/fsoa-2020-0161',
			'modified' => '2021-12-07 10:16:08',
			'created' => '2021-12-06 15:53:19',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 19 => array(
			'id' => '4168',
			'name' => 'The Essential Function of SETDB1 in Homologous Chromosome Pairing andSynapsis during Meiosis.',
			'authors' => 'Cheng, Ee-Chun et al.',
			'description' => '<p>SETDB1 is a histone-lysine N-methyltransferase critical for germline development. However, its function in early meiotic prophase I remains unknown. Here, we report that Setdb1 null spermatocytes display aberrant centromere clustering during leptotene, bouquet formation during zygotene, and subsequent failure in pairing and synapsis of homologous chromosomes, as well as compromised meiotic silencing of unsynapsed chromatin, which leads to meiotic arrest before pachytene and apoptosis of spermatocytes. H3K9me3 is enriched in centromeric or pericentromeric regions and is present in many sites throughout the genome, with a subset changed in the Setdb1 mutant. These observations indicate that SETDB1-mediated H3K9me3 is essential for the bivalent formation in early meiosis. Transcriptome analysis reveals the function of SETDB1 in repressing transposons and transposon-proximal genes and in regulating meiotic and somatic lineage genes. These findings highlight a mechanism in which SETDB1-mediated H3K9me3 during early meiosis ensures the formation of homologous bivalents and survival of spermatocytes.</p>',
			'date' => '2021-01-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33406415',
			'doi' => '10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108575',
			'modified' => '2021-12-21 15:48:52',
			'created' => '2021-12-06 15:53:19',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 20 => array(
			'id' => '4323',
			'name' => 'The tropical coral  displays an unusual chromatin structure and showshistone H3 clipping plasticity upon bleaching.',
			'authors' => 'Roquis D. et al. ',
			'description' => '<p>is a hermatypic coral with strong ecological importance. Anthropogenic disturbances and global warming are major threats that can induce coral bleaching, the disruption of the mutualistic symbiosis between the coral host and its endosymbiotic algae. Previous works have shown that somaclonal colonies display different levels of survival depending on the environmental conditions they previously faced. Epigenetic mechanisms are good candidates to explain this phenomenon. However, almost no work had been published on the epigenome, especially on histone modifications. In this study, we aim at providing the first insight into chromatin structure of this species. We aligned the amino acid sequence of core histones with histone sequences from various phyla. We developed a centri-filtration on sucrose gradient to separate chromatin from the host and the symbiont. The presence of histone H3 protein and specific histone modifications were then detected by western blot performed on histone extraction done from bleached and healthy corals. Finally, micrococcal nuclease (MNase) digestions were undertaken to study nucleosomal organization. The centri-filtration enabled coral chromatin isolation with less than 2\% of contamination by endosymbiont material. Histone sequences alignments with other species show that displays on average ~90\% of sequence similarities with mice and ~96\% with other corals. H3 detection by western blot showed that H3 is clipped in healthy corals while it appeared to be intact in bleached corals. MNase treatment failed to provide the usual mononucleosomal digestion, a feature shared with some cnidarian, but not all; suggesting an unusual chromatin structure. These results provide a first insight into the chromatin, nucleosome and histone structure of . The unusual patterns highlighted in this study and partly shared with other cnidarian will need to be further studied to better understand its role in corals.</p>',
			'date' => '2021-01-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://doi.org/10.12688%2Fwellcomeopenres.17058.1',
			'doi' => '10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17058.2',
			'modified' => '2022-08-02 17:04:56',
			'created' => '2022-05-19 10:41:50',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 21 => array(
			'id' => '4207',
			'name' => 'EZH2 and KDM6B Expressions Are Associated with Specific EpigeneticSignatures during EMT in Non Small Cell Lung Carcinomas.',
			'authors' => 'Lachat C. et al. ',
			'description' => '<p>The role of Epigenetics in Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) has recently emerged. Two epigenetic enzymes with paradoxical roles have previously been associated to EMT, EZH2 (Enhancer of Zeste 2 Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) Subunit), a lysine methyltranserase able to add the H3K27me3 mark, and the histone demethylase KDM6B (Lysine Demethylase 6B), which can remove the H3K27me3 mark. Nevertheless, it still remains unclear how these enzymes, with apparent opposite activities, could both promote EMT. In this study, we evaluated the function of these two enzymes using an EMT-inducible model, the lung cancer A549 cell line. ChIP-seq coupled with transcriptomic analysis showed that EZH2 and KDM6B were able to target and modulate the expression of different genes during EMT. Based on this analysis, we described INHBB, WTN5B, and ADAMTS6 as new EMT markers regulated by epigenetic modifications and directly implicated in EMT induction.</p>',
			'date' => '2020-12-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33291363',
			'doi' => '10.3390/cancers12123649',
			'modified' => '2022-01-13 14:50:18',
			'created' => '2021-12-06 15:53:19',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 22 => array(
			'id' => '4071',
			'name' => 'A histone H3.3K36M mutation in mice causes an imbalance of histonemodifications and defects in chondrocyte differentiation.',
			'authors' => 'Abe, Shusaku and Nagatomo, Hiroaki and Sasaki, Hiroyuki and Ishiuchi,Takashi',
			'description' => '<p>Histone lysine-to-methionine (K-to-M) mutations have been identified as driver mutations in human cancers. Interestingly, these 'oncohistone' mutations inhibit the activity of histone methyltransferases. Therefore, they can potentially be used as versatile tools to investigate the roles of histone modifications. In this study, we generated a genetically engineered mouse line in which an H3.3K36M mutation could be induced in the endogenous gene. Since H3.3K36M has been identified as a causative mutation of human chondroblastoma, we induced this mutation in the chondrocyte lineage in mouse embryonic limbs. We found that H3.3K36M causes a global reduction in H3K36me2 and defects in chondrocyte differentiation. Importantly, the reduction of H3K36me2 was accompanied by a collapse of normal H3K27me3 distribution. Furthermore, the changes in H3K27me3, especially the loss of H3K27me3 at gene regulatory elements, were associated with the mis-regulated expression of a set of genes important for limb development, including HoxA cluster genes. Thus, through the induction of the H3.3K36M mutation, we reveal the importance of maintaining the balance between H3K36me2 and H3K27me3 during chondrocyte differentiation and limb development.</p>',
			'date' => '2020-11-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33135541',
			'doi' => '10.1080/15592294.2020.1841873',
			'modified' => '2021-02-19 17:58:57',
			'created' => '2021-02-18 10:21:53',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 23 => array(
			'id' => '4210',
			'name' => 'Trans- and cis-acting effects of Firre on epigenetic features of theinactive X chromosome.',
			'authors' => 'Fang, He and Bonora, Giancarlo and Lewandowski, Jordan P and Thakur,Jitendra and Filippova, Galina N and Henikoff, Steven and Shendure, Jay andDuan, Zhijun and Rinn, John L and Deng, Xinxian and Noble, William S andDisteche, Christine M',
			'description' => '<p>Firre encodes a lncRNA involved in nuclear organization. Here, we show that Firre RNA expressed from the active X chromosome maintains histone H3K27me3 enrichment on the inactive X chromosome (Xi) in somatic cells. This trans-acting effect involves SUZ12, reflecting interactions between Firre RNA and components of the Polycomb repressive complexes. Without Firre RNA, H3K27me3 decreases on the Xi and the&nbsp;Xi-perinucleolar location is disrupted, possibly due to decreased CTCF binding on the Xi. We also observe widespread gene dysregulation, but not on the Xi. These effects are measurably rescued by ectopic expression of mouse or human Firre/FIRRE transgenes, supporting conserved trans-acting roles. We also find that the compact 3D structure of the Xi partly depends on the Firre locus and its RNA. In common lymphoid progenitors and T-cells Firre exerts a cis-acting effect on maintenance of H3K27me3 in a 26&thinsp;Mb region around the locus, demonstrating cell type-specific trans- and cis-acting roles of this lncRNA.</p>',
			'date' => '2020-11-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33247132',
			'doi' => '10.1038/s41467-020-19879-3',
			'modified' => '2022-01-13 15:03:45',
			'created' => '2021-12-06 15:53:19',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 24 => array(
			'id' => '4073',
			'name' => 'NSD1-deposited H3K36me2 directs de novo methylation in the mouse malegermline and counteracts Polycomb-associated silencing.',
			'authors' => 'Shirane, Kenjiro and Miura, Fumihito and Ito, Takashi and Lorincz, MatthewC',
			'description' => '<p>De novo DNA methylation (DNAme) in mammalian germ cells is dependent on DNMT3A and DNMT3L. However, oocytes and spermatozoa show distinct patterns of DNAme. In mouse oocytes, de novo DNAme requires the lysine methyltransferase (KMTase) SETD2, which deposits H3K36me3. We show here that SETD2 is dispensable for de novo DNAme in the male germline. Instead, the lysine methyltransferase NSD1, which broadly deposits H3K36me2 in euchromatic regions, plays a critical role in de novo DNAme in prospermatogonia, including at imprinted genes. However, males deficient in germline NSD1 show a more severe defect in spermatogenesis than Dnmt3l males. Notably, unlike DNMT3L, NSD1 safeguards a subset of genes against H3K27me3-associated transcriptional silencing. In contrast, H3K36me2 in oocytes is predominantly dependent on SETD2 and coincides with H3K36me3. Furthermore, females with NSD1-deficient oocytes are fertile. Thus, the sexually dimorphic pattern of DNAme in mature mouse gametes is orchestrated by distinct profiles of H3K36 methylation.</p>',
			'date' => '2020-10-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32929285',
			'doi' => '10.1038/s41588-020-0689-z',
			'modified' => '2021-02-19 18:02:40',
			'created' => '2021-02-18 10:21:53',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 25 => array(
			'id' => '4004',
			'name' => 'Distinct and temporary-restricted epigenetic mechanisms regulate human αβ and γδ T cell development ',
			'authors' => 'Roels J, Kuchmiy A, De Decker M, et al. ',
			'description' => '<p>The development of TCR&alpha;&beta; and TCR&gamma;&delta; T cells comprises a step-wise process in which regulatory events control differentiation and lineage outcome. To clarify these mechanisms, we employed RNA-sequencing, ATAC-sequencing and ChIPmentation on well-defined thymocyte subsets that represent the continuum of human T cell development. The chromatin accessibility dynamics show clear stage specificity and reveal that human T cell-lineage commitment is marked by GATA3- and BCL11B-dependent closing of PU.1 sites. A temporary increase in H3K27me3 without open chromatin modifications is unique for &beta;-selection, whereas emerging &gamma;&delta; T cells, which originate from common precursors of &beta;-selected cells, show large chromatin accessibility changes due to strong T cell receptor (TCR) signaling. Furthermore, we unravel distinct chromatin landscapes between CD4<sup>+</sup> and CD8<sup>+</sup> &alpha;&beta;-lineage cells that support their effector functions and reveal gene-specific mechanisms that define mature T cells. This resource provides a framework for studying gene regulatory mechanisms that drive normal and malignant human T cell development.</p>',
			'date' => '2020-07-27',
			'pmid' => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32719521/',
			'doi' => ' 10.1038/s41590-020-0747-9 ',
			'modified' => '2021-01-29 14:12:02',
			'created' => '2020-09-11 15:17:58',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 26 => array(
			'id' => '4032',
			'name' => 'MeCP2 regulates gene expression through recognition of H3K27me3.',
			'authors' => 'Lee, W and Kim, J and Yun, JM and Ohn, T and Gong, Q',
			'description' => '<p>MeCP2 plays a multifaceted role in gene expression regulation and chromatin organization. Interaction between MeCP2 and methylated DNA in the&nbsp;regulation of gene expression is well established. However, the widespread distribution of MeCP2 suggests it has additional interactions with chromatin. Here we demonstrate, by both biochemical and genomic analyses, that MeCP2 directly interacts with nucleosomes and its genomic distribution correlates with that of H3K27me3. In particular, the&nbsp;methyl-CpG-binding domain of MeCP2 shows preferential interactions with H3K27me3. We further observe that the impact of MeCP2 on transcriptional changes correlates with histone post-translational modification patterns. Our findings indicate that MeCP2 interacts with genomic loci via binding to DNA as well as histones, and that interaction between MeCP2 and histone proteins plays a key role in gene expression regulation.</p>',
			'date' => '2020-07-19',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/32561780',
			'doi' => '10.1038/s41467-020-16907-0',
			'modified' => '2020-12-16 18:05:17',
			'created' => '2020-10-12 14:54:59',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 27 => array(
			'id' => '3926',
			'name' => 'TET-Mediated Hypermethylation Primes SDH-Deficient Cells for HIF2α-Driven Mesenchymal Transition.',
			'authors' => 'Morin A, Goncalves J, Moog S, Castro-Vega LJ, Job S, Buffet A, Fontenille MJ, Woszczyk J, Gimenez-Roqueplo AP, Letouzé E, Favier J',
			'description' => '<p>Loss-of-function mutations in the SDHB subunit of&nbsp;succinate dehydrogenase predispose patients to aggressive tumors characterized by pseudohypoxic&nbsp;and hypermethylator phenotypes. The mechanisms leading to DNA hypermethylation and its contribution to SDH-deficient cancers remain undemonstrated. We examine the genome-wide distribution of 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine and&nbsp;their correlation with RNA expression in SDHB-deficient tumors and murine Sdhb cells. We report that DNA hypermethylation results from TET inhibition. Although it preferentially affects PRC2 targets and known developmental genes, PRC2 activity does not contribute to the DNA hypermethylator phenotype. We also prove, in&nbsp;vitro and in&nbsp;vivo, that TET silencing, although recapitulating the methylation profile of Sdhb cells, is not sufficient to drive their EMT-like phenotype, which requires additional HIF2&alpha; activation. Altogether, our findings reveal synergistic roles of TET repression and pseudohypoxia in the acquisition of metastatic traits, providing a rationale for targeting HIF2&alpha; and DNA methylation in SDH-associated malignancies.</p>',
			'date' => '2020-03-31',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/32234487',
			'doi' => '10.1016/j.celrep.2020.03.022',
			'modified' => '2020-08-17 10:50:11',
			'created' => '2020-08-10 12:12:25',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 28 => array(
			'id' => '3924',
			'name' => 'Alu retrotransposons modulate Nanog expression through dynamic changes in regional chromatin conformation via aryl hydrocarbon receptor.',
			'authors' => 'González-Rico FJ, Vicente-García C, Fernández A, Muñoz-Santos D, Montoliu L, Morales-Hernández A, Merino JM, Román AC, Fernández-Salguero PM',
			'description' => '<p>Transcriptional repression of Nanog is an important hallmark of stem cell differentiation. Chromatin modifications have been linked to the epigenetic profile of the Nanog gene, but whether chromatin organization actually plays a causal role in Nanog regulation is still unclear. Here, we report that the formation of a chromatin loop in the Nanog locus is concomitant to its transcriptional downregulation during human NTERA-2 cell differentiation. We found that two Alu elements flanking the Nanog gene were bound by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and the insulator protein CTCF during cell differentiation. Such binding altered the profile of repressive histone modifications near Nanog likely leading to gene insulation through the formation of a chromatin loop between the two Alu elements. Using a dCAS9-guided proteomic screening, we found that interaction of the histone methyltransferase PRMT1 and the chromatin assembly factor CHAF1B with the Alu elements flanking Nanog was required for chromatin loop formation and Nanog repression. Therefore, our results uncover a chromatin-driven, retrotransposon-regulated mechanism for the control of Nanog expression during cell differentiation.</p>',
			'date' => '2020-03-14',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/32169107',
			'doi' => '10.1186/s13072‑020‑00336‑w',
			'modified' => '2020-08-17 10:52:25',
			'created' => '2020-08-10 12:12:25',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 29 => array(
			'id' => '3873',
			'name' => 'Inhibition of methyltransferase activity of enhancer of zeste 2 leads to enhanced lipid accumulation and altered chromatin status in zebrafish.',
			'authors' => 'den Broeder MJ, Ballangby J, Kamminga LM, Aleström P, Legler J, Lindeman LC, Kamstra JH',
			'description' => '<p>BACKGROUND: Recent studies indicate that exposure to environmental chemicals may increase susceptibility to developing metabolic diseases. This susceptibility may in part be caused by changes to the epigenetic landscape which consequently affect gene expression and lead to changes in lipid metabolism. The epigenetic modifier enhancer of zeste 2 (Ezh2) is a histone H3K27 methyltransferase implicated to play a role in lipid metabolism and adipogenesis. In this study, we used the zebrafish (Danio rerio) to investigate the role of Ezh2 on lipid metabolism and chromatin status following developmental exposure to the Ezh1/2 inhibitor PF-06726304 acetate. We used the environmental chemical tributyltin (TBT) as a positive control, as this chemical is known to act on lipid metabolism via EZH-mediated pathways in mammals. RESULTS: Zebrafish embryos (0-5&nbsp;days post-fertilization, dpf) exposed to non-toxic concentrations of PF-06726304 acetate (5&nbsp;&mu;M) and TBT (1&nbsp;nM) exhibited increased lipid accumulation. Changes in chromatin were analyzed by the assay for transposase-accessible chromatin sequencing (ATAC-seq) at 50% epiboly (5.5 hpf). We observed 349 altered chromatin regions, predominantly located at H3K27me3 loci and mostly more open chromatin in the exposed samples. Genes associated to these loci were linked to metabolic pathways. In addition, a selection of genes involved in lipid homeostasis, adipogenesis and genes specifically targeted by PF-06726304 acetate via altered chromatin accessibility were differentially expressed after TBT and PF-06726304 acetate exposure at 5 dpf, but not at 50% epiboly stage. One gene, cebpa, did not show a change in chromatin, but did show a change in gene expression at 5 dpf. Interestingly, underlying H3K27me3 marks were significantly decreased at this locus at 50% epiboly. CONCLUSIONS: Here, we show for the first time the applicability of ATAC-seq as a tool to investigate toxicological responses in zebrafish. Our analysis indicates that Ezh2 inhibition leads to a partial primed state of chromatin linked to metabolic pathways which results in gene expression changes later in development, leading to enhanced lipid accumulation. Although ATAC-seq seems promising, our in-depth assessment of the cebpa locus indicates that we need to consider underlying epigenetic marks as well.</p>',
			'date' => '2020-02-12',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/32051014',
			'doi' => '10.1186/s13072-020-0329-y',
			'modified' => '2020-03-20 17:42:02',
			'created' => '2020-03-13 13:45:54',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 30 => array(
			'id' => '3856',
			'name' => 'Polycomb Group Proteins Regulate Chromatin Architecture in Mouse Oocytes and Early Embryos.',
			'authors' => 'Du Z, Zheng H, Kawamura YK, Zhang K, Gassler J, Powell S, Xu Q, Lin Z, Xu K, Zhou Q, Ozonov EA, Véron N, Huang B, Li L, Yu G, Liu L, Au Yeung WK, Wang P, Chang L, Wang Q, He A, Sun Y, Na J, Sun Q, Sasaki H, Tachibana K, Peters AHFM, Xie W',
			'description' => '<p>In mammals, chromatin organization undergoes drastic reorganization during oocyte development. However, the dynamics of three-dimensional chromatin structure in this process is poorly characterized. Using low-input Hi-C (genome-wide chromatin conformation capture), we found that a unique chromatin organization gradually appears during mouse oocyte growth. Oocytes at late stages show self-interacting, cohesin-independent compartmental domains marked by H3K27me3, therefore termed Polycomb-associating domains (PADs). PADs and inter-PAD (iPAD) regions form compartment-like structures with strong inter-domain interactions among nearby PADs. PADs disassemble upon meiotic resumption from diplotene arrest but briefly reappear on the maternal genome after fertilization. Upon maternal depletion of Eed, PADs are largely intact in oocytes, but their&nbsp;reestablishment after fertilization is compromised. By contrast, depletion of Polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1) proteins attenuates PADs in oocytes, which is associated with substantial gene de-repression in PADs. These data reveal a critical role of Polycomb in regulating chromatin architecture during mammalian oocyte growth and early development.</p>',
			'date' => '2020-02-04',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/31837995',
			'doi' => '10.1016/j.molcel.2019.11.011',
			'modified' => '2020-03-20 17:58:29',
			'created' => '2020-03-13 13:45:54',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 31 => array(
			'id' => '3840',
			'name' => 'Allelic H3K27me3 to allelic DNA methylation switch maintains noncanonical imprinting in extraembryonic cells',
			'authors' => 'Chen Zhiyuan, Yin Qiangzong, Inoue Azusa, Zhang Chunxia, Zhang Yi',
			'description' => '<p>Faithful maintenance of genomic imprinting is essential for mammalian development. While germline DNA methylation&ndash;dependent (canonical) imprinting is relatively stable during development, the recently found oocyte-derived H3K27me3-mediated noncanonical imprinting is mostly transient in early embryos, with some genes important for placental development maintaining imprinted expression in the extraembryonic lineage. How these noncanonical imprinted genes maintain their extraembryonic-specific imprinting is unknown. Here, we report that maintenance of noncanonical imprinting requires maternal allele&ndash;specific de novo DNA methylation [i.e., somatic differentially methylated regions (DMRs)] at implantation. The somatic DMRs are located at the gene promoters, with paternal allele&ndash;specific H3K4me3 established during preimplantation development. Genetic manipulation revealed that both maternal EED and zygotic DNMT3A/3B are required for establishing somatic DMRs and maintaining noncanonical imprinting. Thus, our study not only reveals the mechanism underlying noncanonical imprinting maintenance but also sheds light on how histone modifications in oocytes may shape somatic DMRs in postimplantation embryos.</p>',
			'date' => '2019-12-20',
			'pmid' => 'https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/12/eaay7246',
			'doi' => '10.1126/sciadv.aay7246',
			'modified' => '2020-02-20 11:16:43',
			'created' => '2020-02-13 10:02:44',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 32 => array(
			'id' => '3841',
			'name' => 'Inhibition of Histone Demethylases LSD1 and UTX Regulates ERα Signaling in Breast Cancer.',
			'authors' => 'Benedetti R, Dell'Aversana C, De Marchi T, Rotili D, Liu NQ, Novakovic B, Boccella S, Di Maro S, Cosconati S, Baldi A, Niméus E, Schultz J, Höglund U, Maione S, Papulino C, Chianese U, Iovino F, Federico A, Mai A, Stunnenberg HG, Nebbioso A, Altucci L',
			'description' => '<p>In breast cancer, Lysine-specific demethylase-1 (LSD1) and other lysine demethylases (KDMs), such as Lysine-specific demethylase 6A also known as Ubiquitously transcribed tetratricopeptide repeat, X chromosome (UTX), are co-expressed and co-localize with estrogen receptors (ERs), suggesting the potential use of hybrid (epi)molecules to target histone methylation and therefore regulate/redirect hormone receptor signaling. Here, we report on the biological activity of a dual-KDM inhibitor (MC3324), obtained by coupling the chemical properties of tranylcypromine, a known LSD1 inhibitor, with the 2OG competitive moiety developed for JmjC inhibition. MC3324 displays unique features not exhibited by the single moieties and well-characterized mono-pharmacological inhibitors. Inhibiting LSD1 and UTX, MC3324 induces significant growth arrest and apoptosis in hormone-responsive breast cancer model accompanied by a robust increase in H3K4me2 and H3K27me3. MC3324 down-regulates ER&alpha; in breast cancer at both transcriptional and non-transcriptional levels, mimicking the action of a selective endocrine receptor disruptor. MC3324 alters the histone methylation of ER&alpha;-regulated promoters, thereby affecting the transcription of genes involved in cell surveillance, hormone response, and death. MC3324 reduces cell proliferation in ex vivo breast cancers, as well as in breast models with acquired resistance to endocrine therapies. Similarly, MC3324 displays tumor-selective potential in vivo, in both xenograft mice and chicken embryo models, with no toxicity and good oral efficacy. This epigenetic multi-target approach is effective and may overcome potential mechanism(s) of resistance in breast cancer.</p>',
			'date' => '2019-12-16',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/31888209',
			'doi' => '10.3390/cancers11122027',
			'modified' => '2020-02-20 11:15:48',
			'created' => '2020-02-13 10:02:44',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 33 => array(
			'id' => '3762',
			'name' => 'Transit amplifying cells coordinate mouse incisor mesenchymal stem cell activation.',
			'authors' => 'Walker JV, Zhuang H, Singer D, Illsley CS, Kok WL, Sivaraj KK, Gao Y, Bolton C, Liu Y, Zhao M, Grayson PRC, Wang S, Karbanová J, Lee T, Ardu S, Lai Q, Liu J, Kassem M, Chen S, Yang K, Bai Y, Tredwin C, Zambon AC, Corbeil D, Adams R, Abdallah BM, Hu B',
			'description' => '<p>Stem cells (SCs) receive inductive cues from the surrounding microenvironment and cells. Limited molecular evidence has connected tissue-specific mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with mesenchymal transit amplifying cells (MTACs). Using mouse incisor as the model, we discover a population of MSCs neibouring to the MTACs and epithelial SCs. With Notch signaling as the key regulator, we disclose molecular proof and lineage tracing evidence showing the distinct MSCs contribute to incisor MTACs and the other mesenchymal cell lineages. MTACs can feedback and regulate the homeostasis and activation of CL-MSCs through Delta-like 1 homolog (Dlk1), which balances MSCs-MTACs number and the lineage differentiation. Dlk1's function on SCs priming and self-renewal depends on its biological forms and its gene expression is under dynamic epigenetic control. Our findings can be validated in clinical samples and applied to accelerate tooth wound healing, providing an intriguing insight of how to direct SCs towards tissue regeneration.</p>',
			'date' => '2019-08-09',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/31399601',
			'doi' => '10.1038/s41467-019-11611-0',
			'modified' => '2019-10-03 10:03:31',
			'created' => '2019-10-02 16:16:55',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 34 => array(
			'id' => '3718',
			'name' => 'The Toxoplasma effector TEEGR promotes parasite persistence by modulating NF-κB signalling via EZH2.',
			'authors' => 'Braun L, Brenier-Pinchart MP, Hammoudi PM, Cannella D, Kieffer-Jaquinod S, Vollaire J, Josserand V, Touquet B, Couté Y, Tardieux I, Bougdour A, Hakimi MA',
			'description' => '<p>The protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii has co-evolved with its homeothermic hosts (humans included) strategies that drive its quasi-asymptomatic persistence in hosts, hence optimizing the chance of transmission to new hosts. Persistence, which starts with a small subset of parasites that escape host immune killing and colonize the so-called immune privileged tissues where they differentiate into a low replicating stage, is driven by the interleukin 12 (IL-12)-interferon-&gamma; (IFN-&gamma;) axis. Recent characterization of a family of Toxoplasma effectors that are delivered into the host cell, in which they rewire the host cell gene expression, has allowed the identification of regulators of the IL-12-IFN-&gamma; axis, including repressors. We now report on the dense granule-resident effector, called TEEGR (Toxoplasma E2F4-associated EZH2-inducing gene regulator) that counteracts the nuclear factor-&kappa;B (NF-&kappa;B) signalling pathway. Once exported into the host cell, TEEGR ends up in the nucleus where it not only complexes with the E2F3 and E2F4 host transcription factors to induce gene expression, but also promotes shaping of a non-permissive chromatin through its capacity to switch on EZH2. Remarkably, EZH2 fosters the epigenetic silencing of a subset of NF-&kappa;B-regulated cytokines, thereby strongly contributing to the host immune equilibrium that influences the host immune response and promotes parasite persistence in mice.</p>',
			'date' => '2019-07-01',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/31036909',
			'doi' => '10.1038/s41564-019-0431-8',
			'modified' => '2019-07-04 18:09:37',
			'created' => '2019-07-04 10:42:34',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 35 => array(
			'id' => '3732',
			'name' => 'Kdm6b regulates context-dependent hematopoietic stem cell self-renewal and leukemogenesis.',
			'authors' => 'Mallaney C, Ostrander EL, Celik H, Kramer AC, Martens A, Kothari A, Koh WK, Haussler E, Iwamori N, Gontarz P, Zhang B, Challen GA',
			'description' => '<p>The histone demethylase KDM6B (JMJD3) is upregulated in blood disorders, suggesting that it may have important pathogenic functions. Here we examined the function of Kdm6b in hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) to evaluate its potential as a therapeutic target. Loss of Kdm6b lead to depletion of phenotypic and functional HSCs in adult mice, and Kdm6b is necessary for HSC self-renewal in response to inflammatory and proliferative stress. Loss of Kdm6b leads to a pro-differentiation poised state in HSCs due to the increased expression of the AP-1 transcription factor complex (Fos and Jun) and immediate early response (IER) genes. These gene expression changes occurred independently of chromatin modifications. Targeting AP-1 restored function of Kdm6b-deficient HSCs, suggesting that Kdm6b regulates this complex during HSC stress response. We also show Kdm6b supports developmental context-dependent leukemogenesis for T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) and M5 acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Kdm6b is required for effective fetal-derived T-ALL and adult-derived AML, but not vice versa. These studies identify a crucial role for Kdm6b in regulating HSC self-renewal in different contexts, and highlight the potential of KDM6B as a therapeutic target in different hematopoietic malignancies.</p>',
			'date' => '2019-04-01',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/30936419',
			'doi' => '10.1038/s41375-019-0462-4',
			'modified' => '2019-08-07 09:14:05',
			'created' => '2019-07-31 13:35:50',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 36 => array(
			'id' => '3675',
			'name' => 'H3K27me3 is an epigenetic barrier while KDM6A overexpression improves nuclear reprogramming efficiency.',
			'authors' => 'Zhou C, Wang Y, Zhang J, Su J, An Q, Liu X, Zhang M, Wang Y, Liu J, Zhang Y',
			'description' => '<p>Aberrant epigenetic reprogramming is a major factor of developmental failure of cloned embryos. Histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3), a histone mark for transcriptional repression, plays important roles in mammalian embryonic development and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) generation. The global loss of H3K27me3 marks may facilitate iPSC generation in mice and humans. However, the H3K27me3 level and its role in bovine somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) reprogramming remain poorly understood. Here, we show that SCNT embryos exhibit global H3K27me3 hypermethylation from the 2- to 8-cell stage and that its removal by ectopically expressed H3K27me3 lysine demethylase (KDM)6A greatly improves nuclear reprogramming efficiency. In contrast, H3K27me3 reduction by H3K27me3 methylase enhancer of zeste 2 polycomb repressive complex knockdown or donor cell treatment with the enhancer of zeste 2 polycomb repressive complex-selective inhibitor GSK343 suppressed blastocyst formation by SCNT embryos. KDM6A overexpression enhanced the transcription of genes involved in cell adhesion and cellular metabolism and X-linked genes. Furthermore, we identified methyl-CpG-binding domain protein 3-like 2, which was reactivated by KDM6A, as a factor that is required for effective reprogramming in bovines. These results show that H3K27me3 functions as an epigenetic barrier and that KDM6A overexpression improves SCNT efficiency by facilitating transcriptional reprogramming.-Zhou, C., Wang, Y., Zhang, J., Su, J., An, Q., Liu, X., Zhang, M., Wang, Y., Liu, J., Zhang, Y. H3K27me3 is an epigenetic barrier while KDM6A overexpression improves nuclear reprogramming efficiency.</p>',
			'date' => '2019-03-01',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/30673507',
			'doi' => '10.1096/fj.201801887R',
			'modified' => '2019-07-01 11:24:26',
			'created' => '2019-06-21 14:55:31',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 37 => array(
			'id' => '3629',
			'name' => 'Comprehensive Analysis of Chromatin States in Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor Identifies Diverging Roles for SWI/SNF and Polycomb in Gene Regulation.',
			'authors' => 'Erkek S, Johann PD, Finetti MA, Drosos Y, Chou HC, Zapatka M, Sturm D, Jones DTW, Korshunov A, Rhyzova M, Wolf S, Mallm JP, Beck K, Witt O, Kulozik AE, Frühwald MC, Northcott PA, Korbel JO, Lichter P, Eils R, Gajjar A, Roberts CWM, Williamson D, Hasselbla',
			'description' => '<p>Biallelic inactivation of SMARCB1, encoding a member of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex, is the hallmark genetic aberration of atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors (ATRT). Here, we report how loss of SMARCB1 affects the epigenome in these tumors. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) on primary tumors for a series of active and repressive histone marks, we identified the chromatin states differentially represented in ATRTs compared with other brain tumors and non-neoplastic brain. Re-expression of SMARCB1 in ATRT cell lines enabled confirmation of our genome-wide findings for the chromatin states. Additional generation of ChIP-seq data for SWI/SNF and Polycomb group proteins and the transcriptional repressor protein REST determined differential dependencies of SWI/SNF and Polycomb complexes in regulation of diverse gene sets in ATRTs.</p>',
			'date' => '2019-01-14',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/30595504',
			'doi' => '10.1016/j.ccell.2018.11.014',
			'modified' => '2019-05-08 12:27:57',
			'created' => '2019-04-25 11:11:44',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 38 => array(
			'id' => '3686',
			'name' => 'Gamma radiation induces locus specific changes to histone modification enrichment in zebrafish and Atlantic salmon.',
			'authors' => 'Lindeman LC, Kamstra JH, Ballangby J, Hurem S, Martín LM, Brede DA, Teien HC, Oughton DH, Salbu B, Lyche JL, Aleström P',
			'description' => '<p>Ionizing radiation is a recognized genotoxic agent, however, little is known about the role of the functional form of DNA in these processes. Post translational modifications on histone proteins control the organization of chromatin and hence control transcriptional responses that ultimately affect the phenotype. The purpose of this study was to investigate effects on chromatin caused by ionizing radiation in fish. Direct exposure of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos to gamma radiation (10.9 mGy/h for 3h) induced hyper-enrichment of H3K4me3 at the genes hnf4a, gmnn and vegfab. A similar relative hyper-enrichment was seen at the hnf4a loci of irradiated Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) embryos (30 mGy/h for 10 days). At the selected genes in ovaries of adult zebrafish irradiated during gametogenesis (8.7 and 53 mGy/h for 27 days), a reduced enrichment of H3K4me3 was observed, which was correlated with reduced levels of histone H3 was observed. F1 embryos of the exposed parents showed hyper-methylation of H3K4me3, H3K9me3 and H3K27me3 on the same three loci, while these differences were almost negligible in F2 embryos. Our results from three selected loci suggest that ionizing radiation can affect chromatin structure and organization, and that these changes can be detected in F1 offspring, but not in subsequent generations.</p>',
			'date' => '2019-01-01',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/30759148',
			'doi' => '10.1371/journal.pone.0212123',
			'modified' => '2019-06-28 13:57:39',
			'created' => '2019-06-21 14:55:31',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 39 => array(
			'id' => '3607',
			'name' => 'Mutant p63 Affects Epidermal Cell Identity through Rewiring the Enhancer Landscape.',
			'authors' => 'Qu J, Tanis SEJ, Smits JPH, Kouwenhoven EN, Oti M, van den Bogaard EH, Logie C, Stunnenberg HG, van Bokhoven H, Mulder KW, Zhou H',
			'description' => '<p>Transcription factor p63 is a key regulator of epidermal keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation. Mutations in the p63 DNA-binding domain are associated with ectrodactyly, ectodermal dysplasia, and cleft lip/palate (EEC) syndrome. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of these mutations remains unclear. Here, we characterized the transcriptome and epigenome of p63 mutant keratinocytes derived from EEC patients. The transcriptome of p63 mutant keratinocytes deviated from the normal epidermal cell identity. Epigenomic analyses showed an altered enhancer landscape in p63 mutant keratinocytes contributed by loss of p63-bound active enhancers and unexpected gain of enhancers. The gained enhancers were frequently bound by deregulated transcription factors such as RUNX1. Reversing RUNX1 overexpression partially rescued deregulated gene expression and the altered enhancer landscape. Our findings identify a disease mechanism whereby mutant p63 rewires the enhancer landscape and affects epidermal cell identity, consolidating the pivotal role of p63 in controlling the enhancer landscape of epidermal keratinocytes.</p>',
			'date' => '2018-12-18',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/30566872',
			'doi' => '10.1016/j.celrep.2018.11.039',
			'modified' => '2019-04-17 14:51:18',
			'created' => '2019-04-16 12:25:30',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 40 => array(
			'id' => '3635',
			'name' => 'TIP60: an actor in acetylation of H3K4 and tumor development in breast cancer.',
			'authors' => 'Judes G, Dubois L, Rifaï K, Idrissou M, Mishellany F, Pajon A, Besse S, Daures M, Degoul F, Bignon YJ, Penault-Llorca F, Bernard-Gallon D',
			'description' => '<p>AIM: The acetyltransferase TIP60 is reported to be downregulated in several cancers, in particular breast cancer, but the molecular mechanisms resulting from its alteration are still unclear. MATERIALS &amp; METHODS: In breast tumors, H3K4ac enrichment and its link with TIP60 were evaluated by chromatin immunoprecipitation-qPCR and re-chromatin immunoprecipitation techniques. To assess the biological roles of TIP60 in breast cancer, two cell lines of breast cancer, MDA-MB-231 (ER-) and MCF-7 (ER+) were transfected with shRNA specifically targeting TIP60 and injected to athymic Balb-c mice. RESULTS: We identified a potential target of TIP60, H3K4. We show that an underexpression of TIP60 could contribute to a reduction of H3K4 acetylation in breast cancer. An increase in tumor development was noted in sh-TIP60 MDA-MB-231 xenografts and a slowdown of tumor growth in sh-TIP60 MCF-7 xenografts. CONCLUSION: This is evidence that the underexpression of TIP60 observed in breast cancer can promote the tumorigenesis of ER-negative tumors.</p>',
			'date' => '2018-11-01',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/30324811',
			'doi' => '10.2217/epi-2018-0004',
			'modified' => '2019-06-07 10:29:04',
			'created' => '2019-06-06 12:11:18',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 41 => array(
			'id' => '3556',
			'name' => 'PWWP2A binds distinct chromatin moieties and interacts with an MTA1-specific core NuRD complex.',
			'authors' => 'Link S, Spitzer RMM, Sana M, Torrado M, Völker-Albert MC, Keilhauer EC, Burgold T, Pünzeler S, Low JKK, Lindström I, Nist A, Regnard C, Stiewe T, Hendrich B, Imhof A, Mann M, Mackay JP, Bartkuhn M, Hake SB',
			'description' => '<p>Chromatin structure and function is regulated by reader proteins recognizing histone modifications and/or histone variants. We recently identified that PWWP2A tightly binds to H2A.Z-containing nucleosomes and is involved in mitotic progression and cranial-facial development. Here, using in vitro assays, we show that distinct domains of PWWP2A mediate binding to free linker DNA as well as H3K36me3 nucleosomes. In vivo, PWWP2A strongly recognizes H2A.Z-containing regulatory regions and weakly binds H3K36me3-containing gene bodies. Further, PWWP2A binds to an MTA1-specific subcomplex of the NuRD complex (M1HR), which consists solely of MTA1, HDAC1, and RBBP4/7, and excludes CHD, GATAD2 and MBD proteins. Depletion of PWWP2A leads to an increase of acetylation levels on H3K27 as well as H2A.Z, presumably by impaired chromatin recruitment of M1HR. Thus, this study identifies PWWP2A as a complex chromatin-binding protein that serves to direct the deacetylase complex M1HR to H2A.Z-containing chromatin, thereby promoting changes in histone acetylation levels.</p>',
			'date' => '2018-10-16',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/30327463',
			'doi' => '10.1038/s41467-018-06665-5',
			'modified' => '2019-07-22 09:17:39',
			'created' => '2019-03-21 14:12:08',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 42 => array(
			'id' => '3553',
			'name' => 'Accurate annotation of accessible chromatin in mouse and human primordial germ cells.',
			'authors' => 'Li J, Shen S, Chen J, Liu W, Li X, Zhu Q, Wang B, Chen X, Wu L, Wang M, Gu L, Wang H, Yin J, Jiang C, Gao S',
			'description' => '<p>Extensive and accurate chromatin remodeling is essential during primordial germ cell (PGC) development for the perpetuation of genetic information across generations. Here, we report that distal cis-regulatory elements (CREs) marked by DNase I-hypersensitive sites (DHSs) show temporally restricted activities during mouse and human PGC development. Using DHS maps as proxy, we accurately locate the genome-wide binding sites of pluripotency transcription factors in mouse PGCs. Unexpectedly, we found that mouse female meiotic recombination hotspots can be captured by DHSs, and for the first time, we identified 12,211 recombination hotspots in mouse female PGCs. In contrast to that of meiotic female PGCs, the chromatin of mitotic-arrested male PGCs&nbsp;is permissive through nuclear transcription factor Y (NFY) binding in the distal regulatory regions. Furthermore, we examined the evolutionary pressure on PGC CREs, and comparative genomic analysis revealed that mouse and human PGC CREs are evolutionarily conserved and show strong conservation across the vertebrate tree outside the mammals. Therefore, our results reveal unique, temporally accessible chromatin configurations during mouse and human PGC development.</p>',
			'date' => '2018-10-10',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.org/30305709',
			'doi' => '10.1038/s41422-018-0096-5',
			'modified' => '2019-03-25 11:04:31',
			'created' => '2019-03-21 14:12:08',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 43 => array(
			'id' => '3616',
			'name' => 'Loss of H3K27me3 Imprinting in Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Embryos Disrupts Post-Implantation Development.',
			'authors' => 'Matoba S, Wang H, Jiang L, Lu F, Iwabuchi KA, Wu X, Inoue K, Yang L, Press W, Lee JT, Ogura A, Shen L, Zhang Y',
			'description' => '<p>Animal cloning can be achieved through somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), although the live birth rate is relatively low. Recent studies have identified H3K9me3 in donor cells and abnormal Xist activation as epigenetic barriers that impede SCNT. Here we overcome these barriers using a combination of Xist knockout donor cells and overexpression of Kdm4 to achieve more than 20% efficiency of mouse SCNT. However, post-implantation defects and abnormal placentas were still observed, indicating that additional epigenetic barriers impede SCNT cloning. Comparative DNA methylome analysis of IVF and SCNT blastocysts identified abnormally methylated regions in SCNT embryos despite successful global reprogramming of the methylome. Strikingly, allelic transcriptomic and ChIP-seq analyses of pre-implantation SCNT embryos revealed complete loss of H3K27me3 imprinting, which may account for the postnatal developmental defects observed in SCNT embryos. Together, these results provide an efficient method for mouse cloning while&nbsp;paving the way for further improving SCNT efficiency.</p>',
			'date' => '2018-09-06',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/30033120',
			'doi' => '10.1016/j.stem.2018.06.008',
			'modified' => '2019-04-17 15:31:14',
			'created' => '2019-04-16 13:01:51',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 44 => array(
			'id' => '3402',
			'name' => 'Polycomb repressive complex 1 shapes the nucleosome landscape but not accessibility at target genes.',
			'authors' => 'King HW, Fursova NA, Blackledge NP, Klose RJ',
			'description' => '<p>Polycomb group (PcG) proteins are transcriptional repressors that play important roles in regulating gene expression during animal development. In vitro experiments have shown that PcG protein complexes can compact chromatin to limit the activity of chromatin remodeling enzymes and access of the transcriptional machinery to DNA. In fitting with these ideas, gene promoters associated with PcG proteins have been reported to be less accessible than other gene promoters. However, it remains largely untested in vivo whether PcG proteins define chromatin accessibility or other chromatin features. To address this important question, we examine the chromatin accessibility and nucleosome landscape at PcG protein-bound promoters in mouse embryonic stem cells using the assay for transposase accessible chromatin (ATAC)-seq. Combined with genetic ablation strategies, we unexpectedly discover that although PcG protein-occupied gene promoters exhibit reduced accessibility, this does not rely on PcG proteins. Instead, the Polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1) appears to play a unique role in driving elevated nucleosome occupancy and decreased nucleosomal spacing in Polycomb chromatin domains. Our new genome-scale observations argue, in contrast to the prevailing view, that PcG proteins do not significantly affect chromatin accessibility and highlight an underappreciated complexity in the relationship between chromatin accessibility, the nucleosome landscape, and PcG-mediated transcriptional repression.</p>',
			'date' => '2018-08-28',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/30154222',
			'doi' => '10.1101/gr.237180.118.',
			'modified' => '2018-11-09 11:29:13',
			'created' => '2018-11-08 12:59:45',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 45 => array(
			'id' => '3551',
			'name' => 'HIV-2/SIV viral protein X counteracts HUSH repressor complex.',
			'authors' => 'Ghina Chougui, Soundasse Munir-Matloob, Roy Matkovic, Michaël M Martin, Marina Morel, Hichem Lahouassa, Marjorie Leduc, Bertha Cecilia Ramirez, Lucie Etienne   and Florence Margottin-Goguet',
			'description' => '<p>To evade host immune defences, human immunodeficiency viruses 1 and 2 (HIV-1 and HIV-2) have evolved auxiliary proteins that target cell restriction factors. Viral protein X (Vpx) from the HIV-2/SIVsmm lineage enhances viral infection by antagonizing SAMHD1 (refs ), but this antagonism is not sufficient to explain all Vpx phenotypes. Here, through a proteomic screen, we identified another Vpx target-HUSH (TASOR, MPP8 and periphilin)-a complex involved in position-effect variegation. HUSH downregulation by Vpx is observed in primary cells and HIV-2-infected cells. Vpx binds HUSH and induces its proteasomal degradation through the recruitment of the DCAF1 ubiquitin ligase adaptor, independently from SAMHD1 antagonism. As a consequence, Vpx is able to reactivate HIV latent proviruses, unlike Vpx mutants, which are unable to induce HUSH degradation. Although antagonism of human HUSH is not conserved among all lentiviral lineages including HIV-1, it is a feature of viral protein R (Vpr) from simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) of African green monkeys and from the divergent SIV of l'Hoest's monkey, arguing in favour of an ancient lentiviral species-specific vpx/vpr gene function. Altogether, our results suggest the HUSH complex as a restriction factor, active in primary CD4 T cells and counteracted by Vpx, therefore providing a molecular link between intrinsic immunity and epigenetic control.</p>',
			'date' => '2018-08-01',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/29891865',
			'doi' => '10.1038/s41564-018-0179-6',
			'modified' => '2019-02-28 10:20:23',
			'created' => '2019-02-27 12:54:44',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 46 => array(
			'id' => '3586',
			'name' => 'The transcriptional factor ZEB1 represses Syndecan 1 expression in prostate cancer.',
			'authors' => 'Farfán N, Ocarez N, Castellón EA, Mejía N, de Herreros AG, Contreras HR',
			'description' => '<p>Syndecan 1 (SDC-1) is a cell surface proteoglycan with a significant role in cell adhesion, maintaining epithelial integrity. SDC1 expression is inversely related to aggressiveness in prostate cancer (PCa). During epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), loss of epithelial markers is mediated by transcriptional repressors such as SNAIL, SLUG, or ZEB1/2 that bind to E-box promoter sequences of specific genes. The effect of these repressors on SDC-1 expression remains unknown. Here, we demonstrated that SNAIL, SLUG and ZEB1 expressions are increased in advanced PCa, contrarily to SDC-1. SNAIL, SLUG and ZEB1 also showed an inversion to SDC-1 in prostate cell lines. ZEB1, but not SNAIL or SLUG, represses SDC-1 as demonstrated by experiments of ectopic expression in epithelial prostate cell lines. Inversely, expression of ZEB1 shRNA in PCa cell line increased SDC-1 expression. The effect of ZEB1 is transcriptional since ectopic expression of this gene represses SDC-1 promoter activity and ZEB1 binds to the SDC-1 promoter as detected by ChIP assays. An epigenetic mark associated to transcription repression H3K27me3 was bound to the same sites that ZEB1. In conclusion, this study identifies ZEB1 as a key repressor of SDC-1 during PCa progression and point to ZEB1 as a potentially diagnostic marker for PCa.</p>',
			'date' => '2018-07-31',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/30065348',
			'doi' => '10.1038/s41598-018-29829-1',
			'modified' => '2019-04-17 15:32:57',
			'created' => '2019-04-16 12:25:30',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 47 => array(
			'id' => '3381',
			'name' => 'TSPYL2 Regulates the Expression of EZH2 Target Genes in Neurons',
			'authors' => 'Hang Liu et al.',
			'description' => '<p><em class="EmphasisTypeItalic ">Testis-specific protein</em>, <em class="EmphasisTypeItalic ">Y-encoded-like 2</em> (TSPYL2) is an X-linked gene in the locus for several neurodevelopmental disorders. We have previously shown that <em class="EmphasisTypeItalic ">Tspyl2</em> knockout mice had impaired learning and sensorimotor gating, and TSPYL2 facilitates the expression of <em class="EmphasisTypeItalic ">Grin2a</em> and <em class="EmphasisTypeItalic ">Grin2b</em> through interaction with CREB-binding protein. To identify other genes regulated by TSPYL2, here, we showed that <em class="EmphasisTypeItalic ">Tspyl2</em> knockout mice had an increased level of H3K27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) in the hippocampus, and TSPYL2 interacted with the H3K27 methyltransferase enhancer of zeste 2 (EZH2). We performed chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-sequencing in primary hippocampal neurons and divided all Refseq genes by k-mean clustering into four clusters from highest level of H3K27me3 to unmarked. We confirmed that mutant neurons had an increased level of H3K27me3 in cluster 1 genes, which consist of known EZH2 target genes important in development. We detected significantly reduced expression of genes including <em class="EmphasisTypeItalic ">Gbx2</em> and <em class="EmphasisTypeItalic ">Prss16</em> from cluster 1 and <em class="EmphasisTypeItalic ">Acvrl1</em>, <em class="EmphasisTypeItalic ">Bdnf</em>, <em class="EmphasisTypeItalic ">Egr3</em>, <em class="EmphasisTypeItalic ">Grin2c</em>, and <em class="EmphasisTypeItalic ">Igf1</em> from cluster 2 in the mutant. In support of a dynamic role of EZH2 in repressing marked synaptic genes, the specific EZH2 inhibitor GSK126 significantly upregulated, while the demethylase inhibitor GSKJ4 downregulated the expression of <em class="EmphasisTypeItalic ">Egr3</em> and <em class="EmphasisTypeItalic ">Grin2c</em>. GSK126 also upregulated the expression of <em class="EmphasisTypeItalic ">Bdnf</em> in mutant primary neurons. Finally, ChIP showed that hemagglutinin-tagged TSPYL2 co-existed with EZH2 in target promoters in neuroblastoma cells. Taken together, our data suggest that TSPYL2 is recruited to promoters of specific EZH2 target genes in neurons, and enhances their expression for proper neuronal maturation and function.</p>',
			'date' => '2018-07-26',
			'pmid' => 'https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12035-018-1238-y',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2018-07-31 10:01:24',
			'created' => '2018-07-31 10:01:24',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 48 => array(
			'id' => '3519',
			'name' => 'Forskolin Sensitizes Human Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells to H3K27me2/3 Demethylases GSKJ4 Inhibitor via Protein Kinase A.',
			'authors' => 'Illiano M, Conte M, Sapio L, Nebbioso A, Spina A, Altucci L, Naviglio S',
			'description' => '<p>Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive hematological malignancy occurring very often in older adults, with poor prognosis depending on both rapid disease progression and drug resistance occurrence. Therefore, new therapeutic approaches are demanded. Epigenetic marks play a relevant role in AML. GSKJ4 is a novel inhibitor of the histone demethylases JMJD3 and UTX. To note GSKJ4 has been recently shown to act as a potent small molecule inhibitor of the proliferation in many cancer cell types. On the other hand, forskolin, a natural cAMP raising compound, used for a long time in traditional medicine and considered safe also in recent studies, is emerging as a very interesting molecule for possible use in cancer therapy. Here, we investigate the effects of forskolin on the sensitivity of human leukemia U937 cells to GSKJ4 through flow cytometry-based assays (cell-cycle progression and cell death), cell number counting, and immunoblotting experiments. We provide evidence that forskolin markedly potentiates GSKJ4-induced antiproliferative effects by apoptotic cell death induction, accompanied by a dramatic BCL2 protein down-regulation as well as caspase 3 activation and PARP protein cleavage. Comparable effects are observed with the phosphodiesterase inhibitor IBMX and 8-Br-cAMP analogous, but not by using 8-pCPT-2'-O-Me-cAMP Epac activator. Moreover, the forskolin-induced enhancement of sensitivity to GSKJ4 is counteracted by pre-treatment with Protein Kinase A (PKA) inhibitors. Altogether, our data strongly suggest that forskolin sensitizes U937 cells to GSKJ4 inhibitor via a cAMP/PKA-mediated mechanism. Our findings provide initial evidence of anticancer activity induced by forskolin/GSKJ4 combination in leukemia cells and underline the potential for use of forskolin and GSKJ4 in the development of innovative and effective therapeutic approaches for AML treatment.</p>',
			'date' => '2018-07-20',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/30079022',
			'doi' => '10.3389/fphar.2018.00792',
			'modified' => '2019-02-28 10:23:58',
			'created' => '2019-02-27 12:54:44',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 49 => array(
			'id' => '3425',
			'name' => 'HMGB2 Loss upon Senescence Entry Disrupts Genomic Organization and Induces CTCF Clustering across Cell Types.',
			'authors' => 'Zirkel A, Nikolic M, Sofiadis K, Mallm JP, Brackley CA, Gothe H, Drechsel O, Becker C, Altmüller J, Josipovic N, Georgomanolis T, Brant L, Franzen J, Koker M, Gusmao EG, Costa IG, Ullrich RT, Wagner W, Roukos V, Nürnberg P, Marenduzzo D, Rippe K, Papanton',
			'description' => '<p>Processes like cellular senescence are characterized by complex events giving rise to heterogeneous cell populations. However, the early molecular events driving this cascade remain elusive. We hypothesized that senescence entry is triggered by an early&nbsp;disruption of the cells' three-dimensional (3D) genome organization. To test this, we combined Hi-C, single-cell and population transcriptomics, imaging, and in silico modeling of three distinct cells types entering senescence. Genes involved in DNA conformation maintenance are suppressed upon senescence entry across all cell types. We show that nuclear depletion of the abundant HMGB2 protein occurs early on the path to senescence and coincides with the dramatic spatial clustering of CTCF. Knocking down HMGB2 suffices for senescence-induced CTCF clustering and for loop reshuffling, while ectopically expressing HMGB2 rescues these effects. Our data suggest that HMGB2-mediated genomic reorganization constitutes a primer for the ensuing senescent program.</p>',
			'date' => '2018-05-17',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/29706538',
			'doi' => '10.1016/j.molcel.2018.03.030',
			'modified' => '2018-12-31 11:48:40',
			'created' => '2018-12-04 09:51:07',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 50 => array(
			'id' => '3589',
			'name' => 'A new metabolic gene signature in prostate cancer regulated by JMJD3 and EZH2.',
			'authors' => 'Daures M, Idrissou M, Judes G, Rifaï K, Penault-Llorca F, Bignon YJ, Guy L, Bernard-Gallon D',
			'description' => '<p>Histone methylation is essential for gene expression control. Trimethylated lysine 27 of histone 3 (H3K27me3) is controlled by the balance between the activities of JMJD3 demethylase and EZH2 methyltransferase. This epigenetic mark has been shown to be deregulated in prostate cancer, and evidence shows H3K27me3 enrichment on gene promoters in prostate cancer. To study the impact of this enrichment, a transcriptomic analysis with TaqMan Low Density Array (TLDA) of several genes was studied on prostate biopsies divided into three clinical grades: normal ( = 23) and two tumor groups that differed in their aggressiveness (Gleason score &le; 7 ( = 20) and &gt;7 ( = 19)). ANOVA demonstrated that expression of the gene set was upregulated in tumors and correlated with Gleason score, thus discriminating between the three clinical groups. Six genes involved in key cellular processes stood out: , , , , and . Chromatin immunoprecipitation demonstrated collocation of EZH2 and JMJD3 on gene promoters that was dependent on disease stage. Gene set expression was also evaluated on prostate cancer cell lines (DU 145, PC-3 and LNCaP) treated with an inhibitor of JMJD3 (GSK-J4) or EZH2 (DZNeP) to study their involvement in gene regulation. Results showed a difference in GSK-J4 sensitivity under PTEN status of cell lines and an opposite gene expression profile according to androgen status of cells. In summary, our data describe the impacts of JMJD3 and EZH2 on a new gene signature involved in prostate cancer that may help identify diagnostic and therapeutic targets in prostate cancer.</p>',
			'date' => '2018-05-04',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/29805743',
			'doi' => '10.18632/oncotarget.25182',
			'modified' => '2019-04-17 15:21:33',
			'created' => '2019-04-16 12:25:30',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 51 => array(
			'id' => '3309',
			'name' => 'GATA2/3-TFAP2A/C transcription factor network couples human pluripotent stem cell differentiation to trophectoderm with repression of pluripotency',
			'authors' => 'Krendl C. et al.',
			'description' => '<p>To elucidate the molecular basis of BMP4-induced differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) toward progeny with trophectoderm characteristics, we produced transcriptome, epigenome H3K4me3, H3K27me3, and CpG methylation maps of trophoblast progenitors, purified using the surface marker APA. We combined them with the temporally resolved transcriptome of the preprogenitor phase and of single APA+ cells. This revealed a circuit of bivalent TFAP2A, TFAP2C, GATA2, and GATA3 transcription factors, coined collectively the "trophectoderm four" (TEtra), which are also present in human trophectoderm in vivo. At the onset of differentiation, the TEtra factors occupy multiple sites in epigenetically inactive placental genes and in <i>OCT4</i> Functional manipulation of <i>GATA3</i> and <i>TFAP2A</i> indicated that they directly couple trophoblast-specific gene induction with suppression of pluripotency. In accordance, knocking down <i>GATA3</i> in primate embryos resulted in a failure to form trophectoderm. The discovery of the TEtra circuit indicates how trophectoderm commitment is regulated in human embryogenesis.</p>',
			'date' => '2017-11-07',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29078328',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2018-01-04 10:23:33',
			'created' => '2018-01-04 10:23:33',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 52 => array(
			'id' => '3299',
			'name' => 'Rapid Communication: The correlation between histone modifications and expression of key genes involved in accumulation of adipose tissue in the pig.',
			'authors' => 'Kociucka B. et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Histone modification is a well-known epigenetic mechanism involved in regulation of gene expression; however, it has been poorly studied in adipose tissues of the pig. Understanding the molecular background of adipose tissue development and function is essential for improving production efficiency and meat quality. The objective of this study was to identify the association between histone modification and the transcript level of genes important for lipid droplet formation and metabolism. Histone modifications at the promoter regions of 6 genes (, , , , , and ) were analyzed using a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. Two modifications involved in activation of gene expression (acetylation of H3 histone at lysine 9 and methylation of H3 histone at lysine 4) as well as methylation of H3 histone at lysine 27, which is known to be related to gene repression, were examined. The level of histone modification was compared with transcript abundance determined using real-time PCR in tissue samples (subcutaneous fat, visceral fat, and longissimus dorsi muscle) derived from 3 pig breeds significantly differing in fatness traits (Polish Large White, Duroc, and Pietrain). Transcript levels were found to be correlated with histone modifications characteristic to active loci in 4 of 6 genes. A positive correlation between histone H3 lysine 9 acetylation modification and the transcript level of ( = 0.53, &lt; 4.8 &times; 10), ( = 0.34, &lt; 0.02), and ( = 0.43, &lt; 1.0 &times; 10) genes was observed. The histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation modification correlated with transcripts of ( = 0.64, &lt; 4.6 &times; 10) and ( = 0.37, &lt; 0.01) genes. No correlation was found between transcript level of all studied genes and histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation level. This is the first study on histone modifications in porcine adipose tissues. We confirmed the relationship between histone modifications and expression of key genes for adipose tissue accumulation in the pig. Epigenetic modulation of the transcriptional profile of these genes (e.g., through nutritional factors) may improve porcine fatness traits in future.</p>',
			'date' => '2017-10-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29108067',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2017-12-05 10:39:56',
			'created' => '2017-12-05 09:31:02',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 53 => array(
			'id' => '3290',
			'name' => 'Genomic imprinting of Xist by maternal H3K27me3',
			'authors' => 'Azusa Inoue, Lan Jiang, Falong Lu, and Yi Zhang ',
			'description' => '<p>Maternal imprinting at the <em>Xist</em> gene is essential to achieve paternal allele-specific imprinted X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) in female mammals. However, the mechanism underlying <em>Xist</em> imprinting is unclear. Here we show that the <em>Xist</em> locus is coated with a broad H3K27me3 domain that is established during oocyte growth and persists through preimplantation development in mice. Loss of maternal H3K27me3 induces maternal <em>Xist</em> expression and maternal XCI in preimplantation embryos. Our study thus identifies maternal H3K27me3 as the imprinting mark of <em>Xist</em>.</p>',
			'date' => '2017-09-28',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29089420?dopt=Abstract',
			'doi' => '10.1101/gad.304113.117',
			'modified' => '2018-01-30 21:10:37',
			'created' => '2017-11-12 07:16:58',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 54 => array(
			'id' => '3276',
			'name' => 'DNA methylation of intragenic CpG islands depends on their transcriptional activity during differentiation and disease',
			'authors' => 'Jeziorska D.M. et al.',
			'description' => '<p>The human genome contains &sim;30,000 CpG islands (CGIs). While CGIs associated with promoters nearly always remain unmethylated, many of the &sim;9,000 CGIs lying within gene bodies become methylated during development and differentiation. Both promoter and intragenic CGIs may also become abnormally methylated as a result of genome rearrangements and in malignancy. The epigenetic mechanisms by which some CGIs become methylated but others, in the same cell, remain unmethylated in these situations are poorly understood. Analyzing specific loci and using a genome-wide analysis, we show that transcription running across CGIs, associated with specific chromatin modifications, is required for DNA methyltransferase 3B (DNMT3B)-mediated DNA methylation of many naturally occurring intragenic CGIs. Importantly, we also show that a subgroup of intragenic CGIs is not sensitive to this process of transcription-mediated methylation and that this correlates with their individual intrinsic capacity to initiate transcription in vivo. We propose a general model of how transcription could act as a primary determinant of the patterns of CGI methylation in normal development and differentiation, and in human disease.</p>',
			'date' => '2017-09-05',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28827334',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2017-10-16 10:16:06',
			'created' => '2017-10-16 10:16:06',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 55 => array(
			'id' => '3257',
			'name' => 'A lipodystrophy-causing lamin A mutant alters conformation and epigenetic regulation of the anti-adipogenic MIR335 locus',
			'authors' => 'Oldenburg A. et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Mutations in the <i>Lamin A/C</i> (<i>LMNA</i>) gene-encoding nuclear LMNA cause laminopathies, which include partial lipodystrophies associated with metabolic syndromes. The lipodystrophy-associated LMNA p.R482W mutation is known to impair adipogenic differentiation, but the mechanisms involved are unclear. We show in this study that the lamin A p.R482W hot spot mutation prevents adipogenic gene expression by epigenetically deregulating long-range enhancers of the anti-adipogenic <i>MIR335</i> microRNA gene in human adipocyte progenitor cells. The R482W mutation results in a loss of function of differentiation-dependent lamin A binding to the <i>MIR335</i> locus. This impairs H3K27 methylation and instead favors H3K27 acetylation on <i>MIR335</i> enhancers. The lamin A mutation further promotes spatial clustering of <i>MIR335</i> enhancer and promoter elements along with overexpression of the <i>MIR355</i> gene after adipogenic induction. Our results link a laminopathy-causing lamin A mutation to an unsuspected deregulation of chromatin states and spatial conformation of an miRNA locus critical for adipose progenitor cell fate.</p>',
			'date' => '2017-09-04',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28751304',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2017-10-05 11:08:52',
			'created' => '2017-10-05 11:08:52',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 56 => array(
			'id' => '3222',
			'name' => 'DNMT and HDAC inhibitors induce cryptic transcription start sites encoded in long terminal repeats',
			'authors' => 'Brocks D. et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Several mechanisms of action have been proposed for DNA methyltransferase and histone deacetylase inhibitors (DNMTi and HDACi), primarily based on candidate-gene approaches. However, less is known about their genome-wide transcriptional and epigenomic consequences. By mapping global transcription start site (TSS) and chromatin dynamics, we observed the cryptic transcription of thousands of treatment-induced non-annotated TSSs (TINATs) following DNMTi and HDACi treatment. The resulting transcripts frequently splice into protein-coding exons and encode truncated or chimeric ORFs translated into products with predicted abnormal or immunogenic functions. TINAT transcription after DNMTi treatment coincided with DNA hypomethylation and gain of classical promoter histone marks, while HDACi specifically induced a subset of TINATs in association with H2AK9ac, H3K14ac, and H3K23ac. Despite this mechanistic difference, both inhibitors convergently induced transcription from identical sites, as we found TINATs to be encoded in solitary long terminal repeats of the ERV9/LTR12 family, which are epigenetically repressed in virtually all normal cells.</p>',
			'date' => '2017-06-12',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28604729',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2017-08-18 14:14:48',
			'created' => '2017-08-18 14:14:48',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 57 => array(
			'id' => '3189',
			'name' => 'H2A monoubiquitination in Arabidopsis thaliana is generally independent of LHP1 and PRC2 activity',
			'authors' => 'Zhou Y. et al.',
			'description' => '<div class="">
<h4>BACKGROUND:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="BACKGROUND" nlmcategory="BACKGROUND">Polycomb group complexes PRC1 and PRC2 repress gene expression at the chromatin level in eukaryotes. The classic recruitment model of Polycomb group complexes in which PRC2-mediated H3K27 trimethylation recruits PRC1 for H2A monoubiquitination was recently challenged by data showing that PRC1 activity can also recruit PRC2. However, the prevalence of these two mechanisms is unknown, especially in plants as H2AK121ub marks were examined at only a handful of Polycomb group targets.</abstracttext></p>
<h4>RESULTS:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="RESULTS" nlmcategory="RESULTS">By using genome-wide analyses, we show that H2AK121ub marks are surprisingly widespread in Arabidopsis thaliana, often co-localizing with H3K27me3 but also occupying a set of transcriptionally active genes devoid of H3K27me3. Furthermore, by profiling H2AK121ub and H3K27me3 marks in atbmi1a/b/c, clf/swn, and lhp1 mutants we found that PRC2 activity is not required for H2AK121ub marking at most genes. In contrast, loss of AtBMI1 function impacts the incorporation of H3K27me3 marks at most Polycomb group targets.</abstracttext></p>
<h4>CONCLUSIONS:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="CONCLUSIONS" nlmcategory="CONCLUSIONS">Our findings show the relationship between H2AK121ub and H3K27me3 marks across the A. thaliana genome and unveil that ubiquitination by PRC1 is largely independent of PRC2 activity in plants, while the inverse is true for H3K27 trimethylation.</abstracttext></p>
</div>',
			'date' => '2017-04-12',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28403905',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2017-06-15 10:13:22',
			'created' => '2017-06-15 10:13:22',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 58 => array(
			'id' => '3172',
			'name' => 'Decoupling of DNA methylation and activity of intergenic LINE-1 promoters in colorectal cancer',
			'authors' => 'Vafadar-Isfahani N. et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Hypomethylation of LINE-1 repeats in cancer has been proposed as the main mechanism behind their activation; this assumption, however, was based on findings from early studies that were biased toward young and transpositionally active elements. Here, we investigate the relationship between methylation of 2 intergenic, transpositionally inactive LINE-1 elements and expression of the LINE-1 chimeric transcript (LCT) 13 and LCT14 driven by their antisense promoters (L1-ASP). Our data from DNA modification, expression, and 5'RACE analyses suggest that colorectal cancer methylation in the regions analyzed is not always associated with LCT repression. Consistent with this, in HCT116 colorectal cancer cells lacking DNA methyltransferases DNMT1 or DNMT3B, LCT13 expression decreases, while cells lacking both DNMTs or treated with the DNMT inhibitor 5-azacytidine (5-aza) show no change in LCT13 expression. Interestingly, levels of the H4K20me3 histone modification are inversely associated with LCT13 and LCT14 expression. Moreover, at these LINE-1s, H4K20me3 levels rather than DNA methylation seem to be good predictor of their sensitivity to 5-aza treatment. Therefore, by studying individual LINE-1 promoters we have shown that in some cases these promoters can be active without losing methylation; in addition, we provide evidence that other factors (e.g., H4K20me3 levels) play prominent roles in their regulation.</p>',
			'date' => '2017-03-16',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28300471',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2017-05-10 16:26:24',
			'created' => '2017-05-10 16:26:24',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 59 => array(
			'id' => '3134',
			'name' => 'HMCan-diff: a method to detect changes in histone modifications in cells with different genetic characteristics',
			'authors' => 'Ashoor H. et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Comparing histone modification profiles between cancer and normal states, or across different tumor samples, can provide insights into understanding cancer initiation, progression and response to therapy. ChIP-seq histone modification data of cancer samples are distorted by copy number variation innate to any cancer cell. We present HMCan-diff, the first method designed to analyze ChIP-seq data to detect changes in histone modifications between two cancer samples of different genetic backgrounds, or between a cancer sample and a normal control. HMCan-diff explicitly corrects for copy number bias, and for other biases in the ChIP-seq data, which significantly improves prediction accuracy compared to methods that do not consider such corrections. On in silico simulated ChIP-seq data generated using genomes with differences in copy number profiles, HMCan-diff shows a much better performance compared to other methods that have no correction for copy number bias. Additionally, we benchmarked HMCan-diff on four experimental datasets, characterizing two histone marks in two different scenarios. We correlated changes in histone modifications between a cancer and a normal control sample with changes in gene expression. On all experimental datasets, HMCan-diff demonstrated better performance compared to the other methods.</p>',
			'date' => '2017-01-03',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28053124',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2017-03-07 17:25:32',
			'created' => '2017-03-07 17:25:32',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 60 => array(
			'id' => '3089',
			'name' => 'Jarid2 binds mono-ubiquitylated H2A lysine 119 to mediate crosstalk between Polycomb complexes PRC1 and PRC2',
			'authors' => 'Cooper S. et al.',
			'description' => '<p>The Polycomb repressive complexes PRC1 and PRC2 play a central role in developmental gene regulation in multicellular organisms. PRC1 and PRC2 modify chromatin by catalysing histone H2A lysine 119 ubiquitylation (H2AK119u1), and H3 lysine 27 methylation (H3K27me3), respectively. Reciprocal crosstalk between these modifications is critical for the formation of stable Polycomb domains at target gene loci. While the molecular mechanism for recognition of H3K27me3 by PRC1 is well defined, the interaction of PRC2 with H2AK119u1 is poorly understood. Here we demonstrate a critical role for the PRC2 cofactor Jarid2 in mediating the interaction of PRC2 with H2AK119u1. We identify a ubiquitin interaction motif at the amino-terminus of Jarid2, and demonstrate that this domain facilitates PRC2 localization to H2AK119u1 both <i>in vivo</i> and <i>in vitro</i>. Our findings ascribe a critical function to Jarid2 and define a key mechanism that links PRC1 and PRC2 in the establishment of Polycomb domains.</p>',
			'date' => '2016-11-28',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms13661',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2017-01-02 12:03:16',
			'created' => '2017-01-02 12:03:16',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 61 => array(
			'id' => '3114',
			'name' => 'Iterative Fragmentation Improves the Detection of ChIP-seq Peaks for Inactive Histone Marks',
			'authors' => 'Laczik M. et al.',
			'description' => '<p>As chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) sequencing is becoming the dominant technique for studying chromatin modifications, new protocols surface to improve the method. Bioinformatics is also essential to analyze and understand the results, and precise analysis helps us to identify the effects of protocol optimizations. We applied iterative sonication - sending the fragmented DNA after ChIP through additional round(s) of shearing - to a number of samples, testing the effects on different histone marks, aiming to uncover potential benefits of inactive histone marks specifically. We developed an analysis pipeline that utilizes our unique, enrichment-type specific approach to peak calling. With the help of this pipeline, we managed to accurately describe the advantages and disadvantages of the iterative refragmentation technique, and we successfully identified possible fields for its applications, where it enhances the results greatly. In addition to the resonication protocol description, we provide guidelines for peak calling optimization and a freely implementable pipeline for data analysis.</p>',
			'date' => '2016-10-25',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27812282',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2017-01-17 16:07:44',
			'created' => '2017-01-17 16:07:44',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 62 => array(
			'id' => '3054',
			'name' => 'Overexpression of histone demethylase Fbxl10 leads to enhanced migration in mouse embryonic fibroblasts.',
			'authors' => 'Rohde M. et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Cell migration is a central process in the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms. Tissue formation during embryonic development, wound healing, immune responses and invasive tumors all require the orchestrated movement of cells to specific locations. Histone demethylase proteins alter transcription by regulating the chromatin state at specific gene loci. FBXL10 is a conserved and ubiquitously expressed member of the JmjC domain-containing histone demethylase family and is implicated in the demethylation of H3K4me3 and H3K36me2 and thereby removing active chromatin marks. However, the physiological role of FBXL10 in vivo remains largely unknown. Therefore, we established an inducible gain of function model to analyze the role of Fbxl10 and compared wild-type with Fbxl10 overexpressing mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). Our study shows that overexpression of Fbxl10 in MEFs doesn't influence the proliferation capability but leads to an enhanced migration capacity in comparison to wild-type MEFs. Transcriptome and ChIP-seq experiments demonstrated that Fbxl10 binds to genes involved in migration like Areg, Mdk, Lmnb1, Thbs1, Mgp and Cxcl12. Taken together, our results strongly suggest that Fbxl10 plays a critical role in migration by binding to the promoter region of migration-associated genes and thereby might influences cell behaviour to a possibly more aggressive phenotype.</p>',
			'date' => '2016-09-17',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27646113',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2016-10-24 14:35:45',
			'created' => '2016-10-24 14:35:45',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 63 => array(
			'id' => '3051',
			'name' => 'Allelic reprogramming of the histone modification H3K4me3 in early mammalian development',
			'authors' => 'Zhang B et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Histone modifications are fundamental epigenetic regulators that control many crucial cellular processes<sup><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v537/n7621/full/nature19361.html#ref1" title="Kouzarides, T. Chromatin modifications and their function. Cell 128, 693&ndash;705 (2007)" id="ref-link-39">1</a></sup>. However, whether these marks can be passed on from mammalian gametes to the next generation is a long-standing question that remains unanswered. Here, by developing a highly sensitive approach, STAR ChIP&ndash;seq, we provide a panoramic view of the landscape of H3K4me3, a histone hallmark for transcription initiation<sup><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v537/n7621/full/nature19361.html#ref2" title="Ruthenburg, A. J., Allis, C. D. &amp; Wysocka, J. Methylation of lysine 4 on histone H3: intricacy of writing and reading a single epigenetic mark. Mol. Cell 25, 15&ndash;30 (2007)" id="ref-link-40">2</a></sup>, from developing gametes to post-implantation embryos. We find that upon fertilization, extensive reprogramming occurs on the paternal genome, as H3K4me3 peaks are depleted in zygotes but are readily observed after major zygotic genome activation at the late two-cell stage. On the maternal genome, we unexpectedly find a non-canonical form of H3K4me3 (ncH3K4me3) in full-grown and mature oocytes, which exists as broad peaks at promoters and a large number of distal loci. Such broad H3K4me3 peaks are in contrast to the typical sharp H3K4me3 peaks restricted to CpG-rich regions of promoters. Notably, ncH3K4me3 in oocytes overlaps almost exclusively with partially methylated DNA domains. It is then inherited in pre-implantation embryos, before being erased in the late two-cell embryos, when canonical H3K4me3 starts to be established. The removal of ncH3K4me3 requires zygotic transcription but is independent of DNA replication-mediated passive dilution. Finally, downregulation of H3K4me3 in full-grown oocytes by overexpression of the H3K4me3 demethylase KDM5B is associated with defects in genome silencing. Taken together, these data unveil inheritance and highly dynamic reprogramming of the epigenome in early mammalian development.</p>',
			'date' => '2016-09-14',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v537/n7621/full/nature19361.html',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2016-10-24 14:10:07',
			'created' => '2016-10-24 14:10:07',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 64 => array(
			'id' => '3033',
			'name' => 'Fumarate is an epigenetic modifier that elicits epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition',
			'authors' => 'Sciacovelli M et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Mutations of the tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme fumarate hydratase cause hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer<sup><a href="http://www.nature.com.proxy.library.uu.nl/nature/journal/v537/n7621/full/nature19353.html#ref1" title="Tomlinson, I. P. et al. Germline mutations in FH predispose to dominantly inherited uterine fibroids, skin leiomyomata and papillary renal cell cancer. Nat. Genet. 30, 406&ndash;410 (2002)" id="ref-link-5">1</a></sup>. Fumarate hydratase-deficient renal cancers are highly aggressive and metastasize even when small, leading to a very poor clinical outcome<sup><a href="http://www.nature.com.proxy.library.uu.nl/nature/journal/v537/n7621/full/nature19353.html#ref2" title="Schmidt, L. S. &amp; Linehan, W. M. Hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma. Int. J. Nephrol. Renovasc. Dis. 7, 253&ndash;260 (2014)" id="ref-link-6">2</a></sup>. Fumarate, a small molecule metabolite that accumulates in fumarate hydratase-deficient cells, plays a key role in cell transformation, making it a <i>bona fide</i> oncometabolite<sup><a href="http://www.nature.com.proxy.library.uu.nl/nature/journal/v537/n7621/full/nature19353.html#ref3" title="Yang, M., Soga, T., Pollard, P. J. &amp; Adam, J. The emerging role of fumarate as an oncometabolite. Front Oncol. 2, 85 (2012)" id="ref-link-7">3</a></sup>. Fumarate has been shown to inhibit &alpha;-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases that are involved in DNA and histone demethylation<sup><a href="http://www.nature.com.proxy.library.uu.nl/nature/journal/v537/n7621/full/nature19353.html#ref4" title="Laukka, T. et al. Fumarate and succinate regulate expression of hypoxia-inducible genes via TET enzymes. J. Biol. Chem. 291, 4256&ndash;4265 (2016)" id="ref-link-8">4</a>, <a href="http://www.nature.com.proxy.library.uu.nl/nature/journal/v537/n7621/full/nature19353.html#ref5" title="Xiao, M. et al. Inhibition of &alpha;-KG-dependent histone and DNA demethylases by fumarate and succinate that are accumulated in mutations of FH and SDH tumor suppressors. Genes Dev. 26, 1326&ndash;1338 (2012)" id="ref-link-9">5</a></sup>. However, the link between fumarate accumulation, epigenetic changes, and tumorigenesis is unclear. Here we show that loss of fumarate hydratase and the subsequent accumulation of fumarate in mouse and human cells elicits an epithelial-to-mesenchymal-transition (EMT), a phenotypic switch associated with cancer initiation, invasion, and metastasis<sup><a href="http://www.nature.com.proxy.library.uu.nl/nature/journal/v537/n7621/full/nature19353.html#ref6" title="De Craene, B. &amp; Berx, G. Regulatory networks defining EMT during cancer initiation and progression. Nat. Rev. Cancer 13, 97&ndash;110 (2013)" id="ref-link-10">6</a></sup>. We demonstrate that fumarate inhibits Tet-mediated demethylation of a regulatory region of the antimetastatic miRNA cluster<sup><a href="http://www.nature.com.proxy.library.uu.nl/nature/journal/v537/n7621/full/nature19353.html#ref6" title="De Craene, B. &amp; Berx, G. Regulatory networks defining EMT during cancer initiation and progression. Nat. Rev. Cancer 13, 97&ndash;110 (2013)" id="ref-link-11">6</a></sup> <i>mir-200ba429</i>, leading to the expression of EMT-related transcription factors and enhanced migratory properties. These epigenetic and phenotypic changes are recapitulated by the incubation of fumarate hydratase-proficient cells with cell-permeable fumarate. Loss of fumarate hydratase is associated with suppression of miR-200 and the EMT signature in renal cancer and is associated with poor clinical outcome. These results imply that loss of fumarate hydratase and fumarate accumulation contribute to the aggressive features of fumarate hydratase-deficient tumours.</p>',
			'date' => '2016-08-31',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v537/n7621/full/nature19353.html',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2016-09-23 10:44:15',
			'created' => '2016-09-23 10:44:15',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 65 => array(
			'id' => '2988',
			'name' => 'H3K4 acetylation, H3K9 acetylation and H3K27 methylation in breast tumor molecular subtypes',
			'authors' => 'Judes G et al.',
			'description' => '<div class="">
<h4>AIM:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="AIM" nlmcategory="OBJECTIVE">Here, we investigated how the St Gallen breast molecular subtypes displayed distinct histone H3 profiles.</abstracttext></p>
<h4>PATIENTS &amp; METHODS:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="PATIENTS &amp; METHODS" nlmcategory="METHODS">192 breast tumors divided into five St Gallen molecular subtypes (luminal A, luminal B HER2-, luminal B HER2+, HER2+ and basal-like) were evaluated for their histone H3 modifications on gene promoters.</abstracttext></p>
<h4>RESULTS:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="RESULTS" nlmcategory="RESULTS">ANOVA analysis allowed to identify specific H3 signatures according to three groups of genes: hormonal receptor genes (ERS1, ERS2, PGR), genes modifying histones (EZH2, P300, SRC3) and tumor suppressor gene (BRCA1). A similar profile inside high-risk cancers (luminal B [HER2+], HER2+ and basal-like) compared with low-risk cancers including luminal A and luminal B (HER2-) were demonstrated.</abstracttext></p>
<h4>CONCLUSION:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="CONCLUSION" nlmcategory="CONCLUSIONS">The H3 modifications might contribute to clarify the differences between breast cancer subtypes.</abstracttext></p>
</div>',
			'date' => '2016-07-18',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27424567',
			'doi' => '10.2217/epi-2016-0015',
			'modified' => '2016-07-28 10:36:20',
			'created' => '2016-07-28 10:36:20',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 66 => array(
			'id' => '2980',
			'name' => 'Epigenetic Modifications with DZNep, NaBu and SAHA in Luminal and Mesenchymal-like Breast Cancer Subtype Cells',
			'authors' => 'Dagdemir A et al.',
			'description' => '<h4>BACKGROUND/AIM:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="BACKGROUND/AIM" nlmcategory="OBJECTIVE">Numerous studies have shown that breast cancer and epigenetic mechanisms have a very powerful interactive relation. The MCF7 cell line, representative of luminal subtype and the MDA-MB 231 cell line representative of mesenchymal-like subtype were treated respectively with a Histone Methyl Transferase Inhibitors (HMTi), 3-Deazaneplanocin hydrochloride (DZNep), two histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi), sodium butyrate (NaBu), and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) for 48 h.</abstracttext></p>
<h4>MATERIALS AND METHODS:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="MATERIALS AND METHODS" nlmcategory="METHODS">Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) was used to observe HDACis (SAHA and NaBu) and HMTi (DZNep) impact on histones and more specifically on H3K27me3, H3K9ac and H3K4ac marks with Q-PCR analysis of BRCA1, SRC3 and P300 genes. Furthermore, the HDACi and HMTi effects on mRNA and protein expression of BRCA1, SRC3 and P300 genes were checked. In addition, statistical analyses were used.</abstracttext></p>
<h4>RESULTS:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="RESULTS" nlmcategory="RESULTS">In the MCF7 luminal subtype with positive ER, H3k4ac was significantly increased on BRCA1 with SAHA. On the contrary, in the MDA-MB 231 breast cancer cell line, representative of mesenchymal-like subtype with negative estrogen receptor, HDACis had no effect. Also, DZNEP decreased significantly H3K27me3 on BRCA1 in MDA-MB 231. Besides, on SRC3, a significant increase for H3K4ac was obtained in MCF7 treated with SAHA. And DZNEP had no effect in MCF7. Also, in MDA-MB 231 treated with DZNEP, H3K27me3 significantly decreased on SRC3 while H3K4ac was significantly increased in MDA-MB-231 treated with SAHA or NaBu for P300.</abstracttext></p>
<h4>CONCLUSION:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="CONCLUSION" nlmcategory="CONCLUSIONS">Luminal and mesenchymal-like breast cancer subtype cell lines seemed to act differently to HDACis (SAHA and NaBu) or HMTi (DZNEP) treatments.</abstracttext></p>',
			'date' => '2016-07-01',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27365379',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2016-07-12 12:50:21',
			'created' => '2016-07-12 12:46:04',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 67 => array(
			'id' => '2982',
			'name' => 'Molecular and Epigenetic Biomarkers in Luminal Androgen Receptor: A Triple Negative Breast Cancer Subtype',
			'authors' => 'Judes G et al.',
			'description' => '',
			'date' => '2016-06-21',
			'pmid' => 'http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/omi.2016.0029',
			'doi' => '10.1089/omi.2016.0029',
			'modified' => '2016-07-13 10:02:46',
			'created' => '2016-07-13 10:02:46',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 68 => array(
			'id' => '2908',
			'name' => 'Frequency and mitotic heritability of epimutations in Schistosoma mansoni',
			'authors' => 'Roquis D, Rognon A, Chaparro C, Boissier J, Arancibia N, Cosseau C, Parrinello H, Grunau C',
			'description' => '<p>Schistosoma mansoni is a parasitic platyhelminth responsible for intestinal bilharzia. It has a complex life cycle, infecting a freshwater snail of the Biomphalaria genus, and then a mammalian host. Schistosoma mansoni adapts rapidly to new (allopatric) strains of its intermediate host. To study the importance of epimutations in this process, we infected sympatric and allopatric mollusc strains with parasite clones. ChIP-Seq was carried out on four histone modifications (H3K4me3, H3K27me3, H3K27ac and H4K20me1) in parallel with genomewide DNA resequencing (i) on parasite larvae shed by the infected snails and (ii) on adult worms that had developed from the larvae. No change in single nucleotide polymorphisms and no mobilization of transposable elements were observed, but 58-105 copy number variations (CNVs) within the parasite clones in different molluscs were detected. We also observed that the allopatric environment induces three types of chromatin structure changes: (i) host-induced changes on larvae epigenomes in 51 regions of the genome that are independent of the parasites' genetic background, (ii) spontaneous changes (not related to experimental condition or genotype of the parasite) at 64 locations and (iii) 64 chromatin structure differences dependent on the parasite genotype. Up to 45% of the spontaneous, but none of the host-induced chromatin structure changes were transmitted to adults. In our model, the environment induces epigenetic changes at specific loci but only spontaneous epimutations are mitotically heritable and have therefore the potential to contribute to transgenerational inheritance. We also show that CNVs are the only source of genetic variation and occur at the same order of magnitude as epimutations.</p>',
			'date' => '2016-04-01',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26826554',
			'doi' => '10.1111/mec.13555',
			'modified' => '2016-05-09 22:47:10',
			'created' => '2016-05-09 22:47:10',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 69 => array(
			'id' => '2835',
			'name' => 'BPA-Induced Deregulation Of Epigenetic Patterns: Effects On Female Zebrafish Reproduction',
			'authors' => 'Santangeli S, Maradonna F, Gioacchini G, Cobellis G, Piccinetti CC, Dalla Valle L, Carnevali O',
			'description' => '<p>Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the commonest Endocrine Disruptor Compounds worldwide. It interferes with vertebrate reproduction, possibly by inducing deregulation of epigenetic mechanisms. To determine its effects on female reproductive physiology and investigate whether changes in the expression levels of genes related to reproduction are caused by histone modifications, BPA concentrations consistent with environmental exposure were administered to zebrafish for three weeks. Effects on oocyte growth and maturation, autophagy and apoptosis processes, histone modifications, and DNA methylation were assessed by Real-Time PCR (qPCR), histology, and chromatin immunoprecipitation combined with qPCR analysis (ChIP-qPCR). The results showed that 5&thinsp;&mu;g/L BPA down-regulated oocyte maturation-promoting signals, likely through changes in the chromatin structure mediated by histone modifications, and promoted apoptosis in mature follicles. These data indicate that the negative effects of BPA on the female reproductive system may be due to its upstream ability to deregulate epigenetic mechanism.</p>',
			'date' => '2016-02-25',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.nature.com/articles/srep21982',
			'doi' => '10.1038/srep21982',
			'modified' => '2016-03-03 14:03:07',
			'created' => '2016-03-03 14:03:07',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 70 => array(
			'id' => '2824',
			'name' => 'The JMJD3 Histone Demethylase and the EZH2 Histone Methyltransferase in Prostate Cancer',
			'authors' => 'Daures M, Ngollo M, Judes G, Rifaï K, Kemeny JL, Penault-Llorca F, Bignon YJ, Guy L, Bernard-Gallon D',
			'description' => '<p>Prostate cancer is themost common cancer in men. It has been clearly established that genetic and epigenetic alterations of histone 3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) are common events in prostate cancer. This mark is deregulated in prostate cancer (Ngollo et al., 2014). Furthermore, H3K27me3 levels are determined by the balance between activities of histone methyltransferase EZH2 (enhancer of zeste homolog 2) and histone demethylase JMJD3 (jumonji domain containing 3). It is well known that EZH2 is upregulated in prostate cancer (Varambally et al., 2002) but only one study has shown overexpression of JMJD3 at the protein level in prostate cancer (Xiang et al., 2007).&nbsp; <br />Here, the analysis of JMJD3 and EZH2 were performed at mRNA and protein levels in prostate cancer cell lines (LNCaP and PC-3), normal cell line (PWR-1E), and as well as prostate biopsies.</p>',
			'date' => '2016-02-12',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26871869',
			'doi' => '10.1089/omi.2015.0113',
			'modified' => '2016-02-17 11:42:08',
			'created' => '2016-02-17 11:39:07',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 71 => array(
			'id' => '2909',
			'name' => 'Epigenetic priming of inflammatory response genes by high glucose in adipose progenitor cells',
			'authors' => 'Rønningen T, Shah A, Reiner AH, Collas P, Moskaug JØ',
			'description' => '<p>Cellular metabolism confers wide-spread epigenetic modifications required for regulation of transcriptional networks that determine cellular states. Mesenchymal stromal cells are responsive to metabolic cues including circulating glucose levels and modulate inflammatory responses. We show here that long term exposure of undifferentiated human adipose tissue stromal cells (ASCs) to high glucose upregulates a subset of inflammation response (IR) genes and alters their promoter histone methylation patterns in a manner consistent with transcriptional de-repression. Modeling of chromatin states from combinations of histone modifications in nearly 500 IR genes unveil three overarching chromatin configurations reflecting repressive, active, and potentially active states in promoter and enhancer elements. Accordingly, we show that adipogenic differentiation in high glucose predominantly upregulates IR genes. Our results indicate that elevated extracellular glucose levels sensitize in ASCs an IR gene expression program which is exacerbated during adipocyte differentiation. We propose that high glucose exposure conveys an epigenetic 'priming' of IR genes, favoring a transcriptional inflammatory response upon adipogenic stimulation. Chromatin alterations at IR genes by high glucose exposure may play a role in the etiology of metabolic diseases.</p>',
			'date' => '2015-11-27',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26462465',
			'doi' => '10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.10.030',
			'modified' => '2016-05-09 22:54:48',
			'created' => '2016-05-09 22:54:48',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 72 => array(
			'id' => '2948',
			'name' => 'Selective targeting of the BRG/PB1 bromodomains impairs embryonic and trophoblast stem cell maintenance',
			'authors' => 'Fedorov O et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Mammalian SWI/SNF [also called Brg/Brahma-associated factors (BAFs)] are evolutionarily conserved chromatin-remodeling complexes regulating gene transcription programs during development and stem cell differentiation. BAF complexes contain an ATP (adenosine 5'-triphosphate)-driven remodeling enzyme (either BRG1 or BRM) and multiple protein interaction domains including bromodomains, an evolutionary conserved acetyl lysine-dependent protein interaction motif that recruits transcriptional regulators to acetylated chromatin. We report a potent and cell active protein interaction inhibitor, PFI-3, that selectively binds to essential BAF bromodomains. The high specificity of PFI-3 was achieved on the basis of a novel binding mode of a salicylic acid head group that led to the replacement of water molecules typically maintained in other bromodomain inhibitor complexes. We show that exposure of embryonic stem cells to PFI-3 led to deprivation of stemness and deregulated lineage specification. Furthermore, differentiation of trophoblast stem cells in the presence of PFI-3 was markedly enhanced. The data present a key function of BAF bromodomains in stem cell maintenance and differentiation, introducing a novel versatile chemical probe for studies on acetylation-dependent cellular processes controlled by BAF remodeling complexes.</p>',
			'date' => '2015-11-13',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26702435',
			'doi' => ' 10.1126/sciadv.1500723',
			'modified' => '2016-06-09 11:12:09',
			'created' => '2016-06-09 11:12:09',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 73 => array(
			'id' => '2878',
			'name' => 'The Epigenome of Schistosoma mansoni Provides Insight about How Cercariae Poise Transcription until Infection',
			'authors' => 'Roquis D, Lepesant JM, Picard MA, Freitag M, Parrinello H, Groth M4, Emans R, Cosseau C, Grunau C',
			'description' => '<div class="">
<h4>BACKGROUND:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="BACKGROUND" nlmcategory="BACKGROUND">Chromatin structure can control gene expression and can define specific transcription states. For example, bivalent methylation of histone H3K4 and H3K27 is linked to poised transcription in vertebrate embryonic stem cells (ESC). It allows them to rapidly engage specific developmental pathways. We reasoned that non-vertebrate metazoans that encounter a similar developmental constraint (i.e. to quickly start development into a new phenotype) might use a similar system. Schistosomes are parasitic platyhelminthes that are characterized by passage through two hosts: a mollusk as intermediate host and humans or rodents as definitive host. During its development, the parasite undergoes drastic changes, most notable immediately after infection of the definitive host, i.e. during the transition from the free-swimming cercariae into adult worms.</abstracttext></p>
<h4>METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS" nlmcategory="RESULTS">We used Chromatin Immunoprecipitation followed by massive parallel sequencing (ChIP-Seq) to analyze genome-wide chromatin structure of S. mansoni on the level of histone modifications (H3K4me3, H3K27me3, H3K9me3, and H3K9ac) in cercariae, schistosomula and adults (available at http://genome.univ-perp.fr). We saw striking differences in chromatin structure between the developmental stages, but most importantly we found that cercariae possess a specific combination of marks at the transcription start sites (TSS) that has similarities to a structure found in ESC. We demonstrate that in cercariae no transcription occurs, and we provide evidences that cercariae do not possess large numbers of canonical stem cells.</abstracttext></p>
<h4>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE" nlmcategory="CONCLUSIONS">We describe here a broad view on the epigenome of a metazoan parasite. Most notably, we find bivalent histone H3 methylation in cercariae. Methylation of H3K27 is removed during transformation into schistosomula (and stays absent in adults) and transcription is activated. In addition, shifts of H3K9 methylation and acetylation occur towards upstream and downstream of the transcriptional start site (TSS). We conclude that specific H3 modifications are a phylogenetically older and probably more general mechanism, i.e. not restricted to stem cells, to poise transcription. Since adult couples must form to cause the disease symptoms, changes in histone modifications appear to be crucial for pathogenesis and represent therefore a therapeutic target.</abstracttext></p>
</div>',
			'date' => '2015-08-25',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26305466',
			'doi' => '10.1371/journal.pntd.0003853',
			'modified' => '2016-03-30 12:10:13',
			'created' => '2016-03-30 12:10:13',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 74 => array(
			'id' => '2612',
			'name' => 'Deciphering the role of Polycomb Repressive Complex 1 (PRC1) variants in regulating the acquisition of flowering competence in Arabidopsis.',
			'authors' => 'Pico S, Ortiz-Marchena MI, Merini W, Calonje M',
			'description' => 'Polycomb Group (PcG) proteins play important roles in regulating developmental phase transitions in plants; however, little is known about the role the PcG machinery in regulating the transition from juvenile to adult phase. Here, we show that Arabidopsis BMI1 (AtBMI1) PRC1 components participate in the repression of miR156. Loss of AtBMI1 function leads to upregulation of pri-MIR156A/C at the time the levels of miR156 should decline, resulting in an extended juvenile phase and delayed flowering. Conversely, the PRC1 component EMBRYONIC FLOWER (EMF1) participates in the regulation of SPL and MIR172 genes. Accordingly, plants impaired in EMF1 function displayed misexpression of these genes early in development, which contributes to a CONSTANS (CO)-independent upregulation of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) leading to the earliest flowering phenotype described in Arabidopsis. Our findings show how the different regulatory roles of two functional PRC1 variants coordinate the acquisition of flowering competence and help to reach the threshold of FT necessary to flower. Furthermore, we show how two central regulatory mechanisms, such as PcG and miRNA, assemble to achieve a developmental outcome.',
			'date' => '2015-04-20',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25897002',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:05',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:05',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 75 => array(
			'id' => '2560',
			'name' => 'An ultra-low-input native ChIP-seq protocol for genome-wide profiling of rare cell populations.',
			'authors' => 'Brind'Amour J, Liu S, Hudson M, Chen C, Karimi MM, Lorincz MC',
			'description' => 'Combined chromatin immunoprecipitation and next-generation sequencing (ChIP-seq) has enabled genome-wide epigenetic profiling of numerous cell lines and tissue types. A major limitation of ChIP-seq, however, is the large number of cells required to generate high-quality data sets, precluding the study of rare cell populations. Here, we present an ultra-low-input micrococcal nuclease-based native ChIP (ULI-NChIP) and sequencing method to generate genome-wide histone mark profiles with high resolution from as few as 10(3) cells. We demonstrate that ULI-NChIP-seq generates high-quality maps of covalent histone marks from 10(3) to 10(6) embryonic stem cells. Subsequently, we show that ULI-NChIP-seq H3K27me3 profiles generated from E13.5 primordial germ cells isolated from single male and female embryos show high similarity to recent data sets generated using 50-180 × more material. Finally, we identify sexually dimorphic H3K27me3 enrichment at specific genic promoters, thereby illustrating the utility of this method for generating high-quality and -complexity libraries from rare cell populations.',
			'date' => '2015-01-21',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25607992',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:04',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:04',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 76 => array(
			'id' => '2119',
			'name' => 'Exposure to Hycanthone alters chromatin structure around specific gene functions and specific repeats in Schistosoma mansoni',
			'authors' => 'Roquis D, Lepesant JM, Villafan E, Vieira C, Cosseau C, Grunau C',
			'description' => 'Schistosoma mansoni is a parasitic plathyhelminth responsible for intestinal schistosomiasis (or bilharziasis), a disease affecting 67 million people worldwide and causing an important economic burden. The schistosomicides hycanthone, and its later proxy oxamniquine, were widely used for treatments in endemic areas during the 20th century. Recently, the mechanism of action, as well as the genetic origin of a stably and Mendelian inherited resistance for both drugs was elucidated in two strains. However, several observations suggested early on that alternative mechanisms might exist, by which resistance could be induced for these two drugs in sensitive lines of schistosomes. This induced resistance appeared rapidly, within the first generation, but was metastable (not stably inherited). Epigenetic inheritance could explain such a phenomenon and we therefore re-analyzed the historical data with our current knowledge of epigenetics. In addition, we performed new experiments such as ChIP-seq on hycanthone treated worms. We found distinct chromatin structure changes between sensitive worms and induced resistant worms from the same strain. No specific pathway was discovered, but genes in which chromatin structure modification were observed are mostly associated with transport and catabolism, which makes sense in the context of the elimination of the drug. Specific differences were observed in the repetitive compartment of the genome. We finally describe what types of experiments are needed to understand the complexity of heritability that can be based on genetic and/or epigenetic mechanisms for drug resistance in schistosomes. ',
			'date' => '2014-06-18',
			'pmid' => 'http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fgene.2014.00207/abstract',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:03',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:03',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 77 => array(
			'id' => '2068',
			'name' => 'Targeting Polycomb to Pericentric Heterochromatin in Embryonic Stem Cells Reveals a Role for H2AK119u1 in PRC2 Recruitment.',
			'authors' => 'Cooper S, Dienstbier M, Hassan R, Schermelleh L, Sharif J, Blackledge NP, De Marco V, Elderkin S, Koseki H, Klose R, Heger A, Brockdorff N',
			'description' => 'The mechanisms by which the major Polycomb group (PcG) complexes PRC1 and PRC2 are recruited to target sites in vertebrate cells are not well understood. Building on recent studies that determined a reciprocal relationship between DNA methylation and Polycomb activity, we demonstrate that, in methylation-deficient embryonic stem cells (ESCs), CpG density combined with antagonistic effects of H3K9me3 and H3K36me3 redirects PcG complexes to pericentric heterochromatin and gene-rich domains. Surprisingly, we find that PRC1-linked H2A monoubiquitylation is sufficient to recruit PRC2 to chromatin in vivo, suggesting a mechanism through which recognition of unmethylated CpG determines the localization of both PRC1 and PRC2 at canonical and atypical target sites. We discuss our data in light of emerging evidence suggesting that PcG recruitment is a default state at licensed chromatin sites, mediated by interplay between CpG hypomethylation and counteracting H3 tail modifications.',
			'date' => '2014-06-12',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24857660',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:02',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:02',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 78 => array(
			'id' => '2065',
			'name' => 'Variant PRC1 Complex-Dependent H2A Ubiquitylation Drives PRC2 Recruitment and Polycomb Domain Formation.',
			'authors' => 'Blackledge NP, Farcas AM, Kondo T, King HW, McGouran JF, Hanssen LL, Ito S, Cooper S, Kondo K, Koseki Y, Ishikura T, Long HK, Sheahan TW, Brockdorff N, Kessler BM, Koseki H, Klose RJ',
			'description' => 'Chromatin modifying activities inherent to polycomb repressive complexes PRC1 and PRC2 play an essential role in gene regulation, cellular differentiation, and development. However, the mechanisms by which these complexes recognize their target sites and function together to form repressive chromatin domains remain poorly understood. Recruitment of PRC1 to target sites has been proposed to occur through a hierarchical process, dependent on prior nucleation of PRC2 and placement of H3K27me3. Here, using a de novo targeting assay in mouse embryonic stem cells we unexpectedly discover that PRC1-dependent H2AK119ub1 leads to recruitment of PRC2 and H3K27me3 to effectively initiate a polycomb domain. This activity is restricted to variant PRC1 complexes, and genetic ablation experiments reveal that targeting of the variant PCGF1/PRC1 complex by KDM2B to CpG islands is required for normal polycomb domain formation and mouse development. These observations provide a surprising PRC1-dependent logic for PRC2 occupancy at target sites in vivo.',
			'date' => '2014-06-05',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24856970',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:02',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:02',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 79 => array(
			'id' => '2050',
			'name' => 'Ezh2 regulates transcriptional and posttranslational expression of T-bet and promotes Th1 cell responses mediating aplastic anemia in mice.',
			'authors' => 'Tong Q, He S, Xie F, Mochizuki K, Liu Y, Mochizuki I, Meng L, Sun H, Zhang Y, Guo Y, Hexner E, Zhang Y',
			'description' => 'Acquired aplastic anemia (AA) is a potentially fatal bone marrow (BM) failure syndrome. IFN-γ-producing Th1 CD4(+) T cells mediate the immune destruction of hematopoietic cells, and they are central to the pathogenesis. However, the molecular events that control the development of BM-destructive Th1 cells remain largely unknown. Ezh2 is a chromatin-modifying enzyme that regulates multiple cellular processes primarily by silencing gene expression. We recently reported that Ezh2 is crucial for inflammatory T cell responses after allogeneic BM transplantation. To elucidate whether Ezh2 mediates pathogenic Th1 responses in AA and the mechanism of Ezh2 action in regulating Th1 cells, we studied the effects of Ezh2 inhibition in CD4(+) T cells using a mouse model of human AA. Conditionally deleting Ezh2 in mature T cells dramatically reduced the production of BM-destructive Th1 cells in vivo, decreased BM-infiltrating Th1 cells, and rescued mice from BM failure. Ezh2 inhibition resulted in significant decrease in the expression of Tbx21 and Stat4, which encode transcription factors T-bet and STAT4, respectively. Introduction of T-bet but not STAT4 into Ezh2-deficient T cells fully rescued their differentiation into Th1 cells mediating AA. Ezh2 bound to the Tbx21 promoter in Th1 cells and directly activated Tbx21 transcription. Unexpectedly, Ezh2 was also required to prevent proteasome-mediated degradation of T-bet protein in Th1 cells. Our results demonstrate that Ezh2 promotes the generation of BM-destructive Th1 cells through a mechanism of transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of T-bet. These results also highlight the therapeutic potential of Ezh2 inhibition in reducing AA and other autoimmune diseases.',
			'date' => '2014-06-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24760151',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:02',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:02',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 80 => array(
			'id' => '2027',
			'name' => 'Nitric oxide-induced neuronal to glial lineage fate-change depends on NRSF/REST function in neural progenitor cells.',
			'authors' => 'Bergsland M, Covacu R, Perez Estrada C, Svensson M, Brundin L',
			'description' => 'Degeneration of CNS tissue commonly occurs during neuroinflammatory conditions, such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and neurotrauma. During such conditions, neural stem/progenitor cell (NPC) populations have been suggested to provide new cells to degenerated areas. In the normal brain, NPCs from the SVZ generate neurons that settle in the olfactory bulb or striatum. However, during neuroinflammatory conditions NPCs migrate toward the site of injury to form oligodendrocytes and astrocytes, whereas newly formed neurons are less abundant. Thus, the specific NPC lineage fate decisions appear to respond to signals from the local environment. The instructive signals from inflammation have been suggested to rely on excessive levels of the free radical nitric oxide (NO), which is an essential component of the innate immune response, as NO promotes neuronal to glial cell fate conversion of differentiating rat NPCs in vitro. Here we demonstrate that the NO-induced neuronal to glial fate conversion is dependent on the transcription factor NRSF/REST. Chromatin modification status of a number of neuronal and glial lineage restricted genes was altered upon NO-exposure. These changes coincided with gene expression alterations, demonstrating a global shift towards glial potential. Interestingly, by blocking the function of NRSF/REST, alterations in chromatin modifications were lost and the NO-induced neuronal to glial switch was suppressed. This implicates NRSF/REST as a key factor in the NPC-specific response to innate immunity and suggests a novel mechanism by which signaling from inflamed tissue promotes the formation of glial cells. Stem Cells 2014.',
			'date' => '2014-05-08',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24807147',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:02',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:02',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 81 => array(
			'id' => '1938',
			'name' => 'Polycomb binding precedes early-life stress responsive DNA methylation at the Avp enhancer.',
			'authors' => 'Murgatroyd C, Spengler D',
			'description' => 'Early-life stress (ELS) in mice causes sustained hypomethylation at the downstream Avp enhancer, subsequent overexpression of hypothalamic Avp and increased stress responsivity. The sequence of events leading to Avp enhancer methylation is presently unknown. Here, we used an embryonic stem cell-derived model of hypothalamic-like differentiation together with in vivo experiments to show that binding of polycomb complexes (PcG) preceded the emergence of ELS-responsive DNA methylation and correlated with gene silencing. At the same time, PcG occupancy associated with the presence of Tet proteins preventing DNA methylation. Early hypothalamic-like differentiation triggered PcG eviction, DNA-methyltransferase recruitment and enhancer methylation. Concurrently, binding of the Methyl-CpG-binding and repressor protein MeCP2 increased at the enhancer although Avp expression during later stages of differentiation and the perinatal period continued to increase. Overall, we provide evidence of a new role of PcG proteins in priming ELS-responsive DNA methylation at the Avp enhancer prior to epigenetic programming consistent with the idea that PcG proteins are part of a flexible silencing system during neuronal development.',
			'date' => '2014-03-05',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24599304',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:02',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:02',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 82 => array(
			'id' => '1890',
			'name' => 'Epigenetics of prostate cancer: distribution of histone H3K27me3 biomarkers in peri-tumoral tissue.',
			'authors' => 'Ngollo M, Dagdemir A, Judes G, Kemeny JL, Penault-Llorca F, Boiteux JP, Lebert A, Bignon YJ, Guy L, Bernard-Gallon D',
			'description' => '<p>Prostate cancer is the second most common cause of cancer and the sixth leading cause of cancer fatalities in men world- wide (Ferlay et al., 2010). Genetic abnormalities and mutations are primary causative factors, but epigenetic mechanisms are now recognized as playing a key role in prostate cancer de- velopment. Epigenetics is defined as the study of mitotically and/or meiotically heritable changes in gene function that do not involve a change in DNA sequence (Dupont et al., 2009).</p>',
			'date' => '2014-03-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24517089',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2016-05-04 14:16:29',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:02',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 83 => array(
			'id' => '1910',
			'name' => 'Epigenomic alterations define lethal CIMP-positive ependymomas of infancy.',
			'authors' => 'Mack SC, Witt H, Piro RM, Gu L, Zuyderduyn S, Stütz AM, Wang X, Gallo M, Garzia L, Zayne K, Zhang X, Ramaswamy V, Jäger N, Jones DT, Sill M, Pugh TJ, Ryzhova M, Wani KM, Shih DJ, Head R, Remke M, Bailey SD, Zichner T, Faria CC, Barszczyk M, Stark S, Seker',
			'description' => 'Ependymomas are common childhood brain tumours that occur throughout the nervous system, but are most common in the paediatric hindbrain. Current standard therapy comprises surgery and radiation, but not cytotoxic chemotherapy as it does not further increase survival. Whole-genome and whole-exome sequencing of 47 hindbrain ependymomas reveals an extremely low mutation rate, and zero significant recurrent somatic single nucleotide variants. Although devoid of recurrent single nucleotide variants and focal copy number aberrations, poor-prognosis hindbrain ependymomas exhibit a CpG island methylator phenotype. Transcriptional silencing driven by CpG methylation converges exclusively on targets of the Polycomb repressive complex 2 which represses expression of differentiation genes through trimethylation of H3K27. CpG island methylator phenotype-positive hindbrain ependymomas are responsive to clinical drugs that target either DNA or H3K27 methylation both in vitro and in vivo. We conclude that epigenetic modifiers are the first rational therapeutic candidates for this deadly malignancy, which is epigenetically deregulated but genetically bland.',
			'date' => '2014-02-27',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24553142',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:02',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:02',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 84 => array(
			'id' => '1793',
			'name' => 'A novel microscopy-based high-throughput screening method to identify proteins that regulate global histone modification levels.',
			'authors' => 'Baas R, Lelieveld D, van Teeffelen H, Lijnzaad P, Castelijns B, van Schaik FM, Vermeulen M, Egan DA, Timmers HT, de Graaf P',
			'description' => '<p>Posttranslational modifications of histones play an important role in the regulation of gene expression and chromatin structure in eukaryotes. The balance between chromatin factors depositing (writers) and removing (erasers) histone marks regulates the steady-state levels of chromatin modifications. Here we describe a novel microscopy-based screening method to identify proteins that regulate histone modification levels in a high-throughput fashion. We named our method CROSS, for Chromatin Regulation Ontology SiRNA Screening. CROSS is based on an siRNA library targeting the expression of 529 proteins involved in chromatin regulation. As a proof of principle, we used CROSS to identify chromatin factors involved in histone H3 methylation on either lysine-4 or lysine-27. Furthermore, we show that CROSS can be used to identify chromatin factors that affect growth in cancer cell lines. Taken together, CROSS is a powerful method to identify the writers and erasers of novel and known chromatin marks and facilitates the identification of drugs targeting epigenetic modifications.</p>',
			'date' => '2014-02-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24334265',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2016-04-12 09:46:40',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:01',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 85 => array(
			'id' => '1845',
			'name' => 'SUPT6H controls estrogen receptor activity and cellular differentiation by multiple epigenomic mechanisms.',
			'authors' => 'Bedi U, Scheel AH, Hennion M, Begus-Nahrmann Y, Rüschoff J, Johnsen SA',
			'description' => 'The estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) is the central transcriptional regulator of ductal mammary epithelial lineage specification and is an important prognostic marker in human breast cancer. Although antiestrogen therapies are initially highly effective at treating ERα-positive tumors, a large number of tumors progress to a refractory, more poorly differentiated phenotype accompanied by reduced survival. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the progression from estrogen-dependent to hormone-resistant breast cancer may uncover new targets for treatment and the discovery of new predictive markers. Recent studies have uncovered an important role for transcriptional elongation and chromatin modifications in controlling ERα activity and estrogen responsiveness. The human Suppressor of Ty Homologue-6 (SUPT6H) is a histone chaperone that links transcriptional elongation to changes in chromatin structure. We show that SUPT6H is required for estrogen-regulated transcription and the maintenance of chromatin structure in breast cancer cells, possibly in part through interaction with RNF40 and regulation of histone H2B monoubiquitination (H2Bub1). Moreover, we demonstrate that SUPT6H protein levels decrease with malignancy in breast cancer. Consistently, SUPT6H, similar to H2Bub1, is required for cellular differentiation and suppression of the repressive histone mark H3K27me3 on lineage-specific genes. Together, these data identify SUPT6H as a new epigenetic regulator of ERα activity and cellular differentiation.Oncogene advance online publication, 20 January 2014; doi:10.1038/onc.2013.558.',
			'date' => '2014-01-20',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24441044',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:01',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:01',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 86 => array(
			'id' => '1933',
			'name' => 'A key role for EZH2 in epigenetic silencing of HOX genes in mantle cell lymphoma.',
			'authors' => 'Kanduri M, Sander B, Ntoufa S, Papakonstantinou N, Sutton LA, Stamatopoulos K, Kanduri C, Rosenquist R',
			'description' => 'The chromatin modifier EZH2 is overexpressed and associated with inferior outcome in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). Recently, we demonstrated preferential DNA methylation of HOX genes in MCL compared with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), despite these genes not being expressed in either entity. Since EZH2 has been shown to regulate HOX gene expression, to gain further insight into its possible role in differential silencing of HOX genes in MCL vs. CLL, we performed detailed epigenetic characterization using representative cell lines and primary samples. We observed significant overexpression of EZH2 in MCL vs. CLL. Chromatin immune precipitation (ChIP) assays revealed that EZH2 catalyzed repressive H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3), which was sufficient to silence HOX genes in CLL, whereas in MCL H3K27me3 is accompanied by DNA methylation for a more stable repression. More importantly, hypermethylation of the HOX genes in MCL resulted from EZH2 overexpression and subsequent recruitment of the DNA methylation machinery onto HOX gene promoters. The importance of EZH2 upregulation in this process was further underscored by siRNA transfection and EZH2 inhibitor experiments. Altogether, these observations implicate EZH2 in the long-term silencing of HOX genes in MCL, and allude to its potential as a therapeutic target with clinical impact.',
			'date' => '2013-12-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24107828',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:02',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:02',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 87 => array(
			'id' => '1661',
			'name' => 'Targeted disruption of hotair leads to homeotic transformation and gene derepression.',
			'authors' => 'Li L, Liu B, Wapinski OL, Tsai MC, Qu K, Zhang J, Carlson JC, Lin M, Fang F, Gupta RA, Helms JA, Chang HY',
			'description' => 'Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are thought to be prevalent regulators of gene expression, but the consequences of lncRNA inactivation in vivo are mostly unknown. Here, we show that targeted deletion of mouse Hotair lncRNA leads to derepression of hundreds of genes, resulting in homeotic transformation of the spine and malformation of metacarpal-carpal bones. RNA sequencing and conditional inactivation reveal an ongoing requirement of Hotair to repress HoxD genes and several imprinted loci such as Dlk1-Meg3 and Igf2-H19 without affecting imprinting choice. Hotair binds to both Polycomb repressive complex 2, which methylates histone H3 at lysine 27 (H3K27), and Lsd1 complex, which demethylates histone H3 at lysine 4 (H3K4) in vivo. Hotair inactivation causes H3K4me3 gain and, to a lesser extent, H3K27me3 loss at target genes. These results reveal the function and mechanisms of Hotair lncRNA in enforcing a silent chromatin state at Hox and additional genes.',
			'date' => '2013-10-17',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24075995',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:01',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:01',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 88 => array(
			'id' => '1482',
			'name' => 'VAL- and AtBMI1-Mediated H2Aub Initiate the Switch from Embryonic to Postgerminative Growth in Arabidopsis.',
			'authors' => 'Yang C, Bratzel F, Hohmann N, Koch M, Turck F, Calonje M',
			'description' => 'Plant B3-domain transcription factors have an important role in regulating seed development, in particular seed maturation and germination [1]. Among the B3 factors, the AFL (ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE3 [ABI3], FUSCA3 [FUS3], and LEAFY COTYLEDON2 [LEC2]) proteins activate the seed maturation program in a complex network, while the VAL (VP1/ABI3-LIKE) 1/2/3 proteins suppress AFL action in order to initiate germination and vegetative development through an as yet unknown mechanism [2, 3]. In addition, the AFL genes and LEAFY COTYLEDON1 (LEC1) [4], referred as seed maturation genes, are epigenetically repressed after germination by the Polycomb group (PcG) machinery via its histone-modifying activities: the histone H3 lysine 27 trimethyltransferase activity of the PcG repressive complex 2 (PRC2) and the E3 H2A monoubiquitin ligase activity of the PRC1 [5-9]. Both histone modifications are required for the repression [7-12]; however, the underlying mechanism is far from clear, because the localization and the role of H2Aub marks are still unknown. In this work, we demonstrate that VAL proteins and AtBMI1-mediated H2Aub initiate repression of seed maturation genes. After the initial off switch, the repression is maintained by PRC2-mediated H3K27me3. Our results indicate that the regulation of seed maturation genes does not follow the classic hierarchical model proposed for animal PcG-mediated repression [13], since the PRC1 activity is required for the H3K27me3 modification of these genes. Furthermore, we show different mechanisms to achieve PcG repression in plants, as the repression of genes involved in other processes has different requirements for H2Aub and H3K27me3 marking.',
			'date' => '2013-07-22',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23810531',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:00',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:00',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 89 => array(
			'id' => '1512',
			'name' => 'Disease-Related Growth Factor and Embryonic Signaling Pathways Modulate an Enhancer of TCF21 Expression at the 6q23.2 Coronary Heart Disease Locus.',
			'authors' => 'Miller CL, Anderson DR, Kundu RK, Raiesdana A, Nürnberg ST, Diaz R, Cheng K, Leeper NJ, Chen CH, Chang IS, Schadt EE, Hsiung CA, Assimes TL, Quertermous T',
			'description' => 'Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of mortality in both developed and developing countries worldwide. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have now identified 46 independent susceptibility loci for CHD, however, the biological and disease-relevant mechanisms for these associations remain elusive. The large-scale meta-analysis of GWAS recently identified in Caucasians a CHD-associated locus at chromosome 6q23.2, a region containing the transcription factor TCF21 gene. TCF21 (Capsulin/Pod1/Epicardin) is a member of the basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor family, and regulates cell fate decisions and differentiation in the developing coronary vasculature. Herein, we characterize a cis-regulatory mechanism by which the lead polymorphism rs12190287 disrupts an atypical activator protein 1 (AP-1) element, as demonstrated by allele-specific transcriptional regulation, transcription factor binding, and chromatin organization, leading to altered TCF21 expression. Further, this element is shown to mediate signaling through platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFR-β) and Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) pathways. A second disease allele identified in East Asians also appears to disrupt an AP-1-like element. Thus, both disease-related growth factor and embryonic signaling pathways may regulate CHD risk through two independent alleles at TCF21.',
			'date' => '2013-07-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23874238',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:00',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:00',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 90 => array(
			'id' => '1332',
			'name' => 'Passaging Techniques and ROCK Inhibitor Exert Reversible Effects on Morphology and Pluripotency Marker Gene Expression of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Lines.',
			'authors' => 'Holm F, Nikdin H, Kjartansdóttir KR, Gaudenzi G, Fried K, Aspenström P, Hermanson O, Bergström-Tengzelius R',
			'description' => 'Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are known for their potential usage in regenerative medicine, but also for handling sensitivity. Much effort has been put into optimizing the culture methods of hESCs. It has been shown that the use of Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase inhibitor (ROCKi) decreases the cellular stress response and the apoptotic cell death in hESC cultures that have been passaged enzymatically. These observations sparked a wide use of ROCKi in hESC cultures. We and others, however, noted that cells passaged enzymatically with the use of ROCKi had a different morphology compared to cells passaged mechanically. Here we show that hESCs that were enzymatically passaged displayed alterations in the nuclear size compared to cultures that were mechanically passaged. Notably, a dramatically decreased expression of the genes encoding common pluripotency markers, such as OCT4/POU5F1 and NANOG were revealed in enzymatically passaged hESCs compared to mechanically passaged, while such differences were not significant when assessing protein levels. The differences in gene expression did not correlate strongly with commonly analyzed histone modifications (H3K4me3, H3K9me3, H3K27me3, and H4K16ac) on the promoters of these genes. Surprisingly, the effects of enzymatic passaging were at least in part reversible as the gene expression profile of enzymatically passaged hESCs that were transferred back to mechanical passaging, showed no significant difference compared to those hESCs that were continuously passaged mechanically. Our results suggest that enzymatic passaging influences parameters associated with hESC characteristics, and emphasizes the importance of using cells handled in the same manner when comparing results both within and between projects.',
			'date' => '2013-07-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23421967',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:00',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:00',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 91 => array(
			'id' => '1425',
			'name' => 'Expression of a large LINE-1-driven antisense RNA is linked to epigenetic silencing of the metastasis suppressor gene TFPI-2 in cancer.',
			'authors' => 'Cruickshanks HA, Vafadar-Isfahani N, Dunican DS, Lee A, Sproul D, Lund JN, Meehan RR, Tufarelli C',
			'description' => 'LINE-1 retrotransposons are abundant repetitive elements of viral origin, which in normal cells are kept quiescent through epigenetic mechanisms. Activation of LINE-1 occurs frequently in cancer and can enable LINE-1 mobilization but also has retrotransposition-independent consequences. We previously reported that in cancer, aberrantly active LINE-1 promoters can drive transcription of flanking unique sequences giving rise to LINE-1 chimeric transcripts (LCTs). Here, we show that one such LCT, LCT13, is a large transcript (>300 kb) running antisense to the metastasis-suppressor gene TFPI-2. We have modelled antisense RNA expression at TFPI-2 in transgenic mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells and demonstrate that antisense RNA induces silencing and deposition of repressive histone modifications implying a causal link. Consistent with this, LCT13 expression in breast and colon cancer cell lines is associated with silencing and repressive chromatin at TFPI-2. Furthermore, we detected LCT13 transcripts in 56% of colorectal tumours exhibiting reduced TFPI-2 expression. Our findings implicate activation of LINE-1 elements in subsequent epigenetic remodelling of surrounding genes, thus hinting a novel retrotransposition-independent role for LINE-1 elements in malignancy.',
			'date' => '2013-05-23',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23703216',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:00',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:00',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 92 => array(
			'id' => '1497',
			'name' => 'Histone lysine trimethylation or acetylation can be modulated by phytoestrogen, estrogen or anti-HDAC in breast cancer cell lines.',
			'authors' => 'Dagdemir A, Durif J, Ngollo M, Bignon YJ, Bernard-Gallon D',
			'description' => '<p>AIM: The isoflavones genistein, daidzein and equol (daidzein metabolite) have been reported to interact with epigenetic modifications, specifically hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes. The objective of this study was to analyze and understand the mechanisms by which phytoestrogens act on chromatin in breast cancer cell lines. MATERIALS &amp; METHODS: Two breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7 and MDA-MB 231, were treated with genistein (18.5 &micro;M), daidzein (78.5 &micro;M), equol (12.8 &micro;M), 17&beta;-estradiol (10 nM) and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (1 &micro;M) for 48 h. A control with untreated cells was performed. 17&beta;-estradiol and an anti-HDAC were used to compare their actions with phytoestrogens. The chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with quantitative PCR was used to follow soy phytoestrogen effects on H3 and H4 histones on H3K27me3, H3K9me3, H3K4me3, H4K8ac and H3K4ac marks, and we selected six genes (EZH2, BRCA1, ER&alpha;, ER&beta;, SRC3 and P300) for analysis. RESULTS: Soy phytoestrogens induced a decrease in trimethylated marks and an increase in acetylating marks studied at six selected genes. CONCLUSION: We demonstrated that soy phytoestrogens tend to modify transcription through the demethylation and acetylation of histones in breast cancer cell lines.</p>',
			'date' => '2013-02-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23414320',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2016-05-03 12:17:35',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:00',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 93 => array(
			'id' => '1179',
			'name' => 'Epigenetic Regulation of Nestin Expression During Neurogenic Differentiation of Adipose Tissue Stem Cells.',
			'authors' => 'Boulland JL, Mastrangelopoulou M, Boquest AC, Jakobsen R, Noer A, Glover JC, Collas P.',
			'description' => 'Adipose-tissue-derived stem cells (ASCs) have received considerable attention due to their easy access, expansion potential, and differentiation capacity. ASCs are believed to have the potential to differentiate into neurons. However, the mechanisms by which this may occur remain largely unknown. Here, we show that culturing ASCs under active proliferation conditions greatly improves their propensity to differentiate toward osteogenic, adipogenic, and neurogenic lineages. Neurogenic-induced ASCs express early neurogenic genes as well as markers of mature neurons, including voltage-gated ion channels. Nestin, highly expressed in neural progenitors, is upregulated by mitogenic stimulation of ASCs, and as in neural progenitors, then repressed during neurogenic differentiation. Nestin gene (NES) expression under these conditions appears to be regulated by epigenetic mechanisms. The neural-specific, but not muscle-specific, enhancer regions of NES are DNA demethylated by mitogenic stimulation, and remethylated upon neurogenic differentiation. We observe dynamic changes in histone H3K4, H3K9, and H3K27 methylation on the NES locus before and during neurogenic differentiation that are consistent with epigenetic processes involved in the regulation of NES expression. We suggest that ASCs are epigenetically prepatterned to differentiate toward a neural lineage and that this prepatterning is enhanced by demethylation of critical NES enhancer elements upon mitogenic stimulation preceding neurogenic differentiation. Our findings provide molecular evidence that the differentiation repertoire of ASCs may extend beyond mesodermal lineages.',
			'date' => '2012-12-21',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23140086',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:38:59',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:38:59',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 94 => array(
			'id' => '1078',
			'name' => 'New partners in regulation of gene expression: the enhancer of trithorax and polycomb corto interacts with methylated ribosomal protein l12 via its chromodomain.',
			'authors' => 'Coléno-Costes A, Jang SM, de Vanssay A, Rougeot J, Bouceba T, Randsholt NB, Gibert JM, Le Crom S, Mouchel-Vielh E, Bloyer S, Peronnet F',
			'description' => 'Chromodomains are found in many regulators of chromatin structure, and most of them recognize methylated lysines on histones. Here, we investigate the role of the Drosophila melanogaster protein Corto's chromodomain. The Enhancer of Trithorax and Polycomb Corto is involved in both silencing and activation of gene expression. Over-expression of the Corto chromodomain (CortoCD) in transgenic flies shows that it is a chromatin-targeting module, critical for Corto function. Unexpectedly, mass spectrometry analysis reveals that polypeptides pulled down by CortoCD from nuclear extracts correspond to ribosomal proteins. Furthermore, real-time interaction analyses demonstrate that CortoCD binds with high affinity RPL12 tri-methylated on lysine 3. Corto and RPL12 co-localize with active epigenetic marks on polytene chromosomes, suggesting that both are involved in fine-tuning transcription of genes in open chromatin. RNA-seq based transcriptomes of wing imaginal discs over-expressing either CortoCD or RPL12 reveal that both factors deregulate large sets of common genes, which are enriched in heat-response and ribosomal protein genes, suggesting that they could be implicated in dynamic coordination of ribosome biogenesis. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments show that Corto and RPL12 bind hsp70 and are similarly recruited on gene body after heat shock. Hence, Corto and RPL12 could be involved together in regulation of gene transcription. We discuss whether pseudo-ribosomal complexes composed of various ribosomal proteins might participate in regulation of gene expression in connection with chromatin regulators.',
			'date' => '2012-10-11',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23071455',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:38:59',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:38:59',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 95 => array(
			'id' => '979',
			'name' => 'Multigenerational epigenetic adaptation of the hepatic wound-healing response.',
			'authors' => 'Zeybel M, Hardy T, Wong YK, Mathers JC, Fox CR, Gackowska A, Oakley F, Burt AD, Wilson CL, Anstee QM, Barter MJ, Masson S, Elsharkawy AM, Mann DA, Mann J',
			'description' => 'We investigated whether ancestral liver damage leads to heritable reprogramming of hepatic wound healing in male rats. We found that a history of liver damage corresponds with transmission of an epigenetic suppressive adaptation of the fibrogenic component of wound healing to the male F(1) and F(2) generations. Underlying this adaptation was less generation of liver myofibroblasts, higher hepatic expression of the antifibrogenic factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ) and lower expression of the profibrogenic factor transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) compared to rats without this adaptation. Remodeling of DNA methylation and histone acetylation underpinned these alterations in gene expression. Sperm from rats with liver fibrosis were enriched for the histone variant H2A.Z and trimethylation of histone H3 at Lys27 (H3K27me3) at PPAR-γ chromatin. These modifications to the sperm chromatin were transmittable by adaptive serum transfer from fibrotic rats to naive rats and similar modifications were induced in mesenchymal stem cells exposed to conditioned media from cultured rat or human myofibroblasts. Thus, it is probable that a myofibroblast-secreted soluble factor stimulates heritable epigenetic signatures in sperm so that the resulting offspring better adapt to future fibrogenic hepatic insults. Adding possible relevance to humans, we found that people with mild liver fibrosis have hypomethylation of the PPARG promoter compared to others with severe fibrosis.',
			'date' => '2012-09-02',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22941276',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:38:59',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:38:59',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 96 => array(
			'id' => '930',
			'name' => 'The H3K4me3 histone demethylase Fbxl10 is a regulator of chemokine expression, cellular morphology and the metabolome of fibroblasts',
			'authors' => 'Janzer A, Stamm K, Becker A, Zimmer A, Buettner R, Kirfel J',
			'description' => 'Fbxl10 (Jhdm1b/Kdm2b) is a conserved and ubiquitously expressed member of the JHDM (JmjC-domain-containing histone demethy-lase) family. Fbxl10 was implicated in the demethylation of H3K4me3 or H3K36me2 thereby removing active chromatin marks and inhibiting gene transcription. Apart from the JmjC domain, Fbxl10 consists of a CxxC domain, a PHD domain and a Fbox domain. By purifying the JmjC and the PHD domain of Fbxl10 and using different approaches we were able to characterize the properties of these domains in vitro. Our results suggest that Fbxl10 is rather a H3K4me3 than a H3K36me2 histone demethylase. The PHD domain exerts a dual function in binding H3K4me3 and H3K36me2 and exhibiting E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. We generated mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) stably over-expressing Fbxl10. These cells reveal an increase in cell size but no changes in proliferation, mitosis or apoptosis. Using a microarray approach we were able to identify potentially new target genes for Fbxl10 including chemokines, the non-coding RNA Xist, and proteins involved in metabolic processes. Additionally, we found that Fbxl10 is recruited to the promoters of Ccl7, Xist, Crabp2 and RipK3. Promoter occupancy by Fbxl10 was accompanied by reduced levels of H3K4me3 but unchanged levels of H3K36me2. Furthermore, knockdown of Fbxl10 using small interfering RNA approaches, showed inverse regulation of Fbxl10 target genes. In summary, our data reveal a regulatory role of Fbxl10 in cell morphology, chemokine expression and the metabolic control of fibroblasts. ',
			'date' => '2012-07-23',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22825849',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:38:58',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:38:58',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 97 => array(
			'id' => '1204',
			'name' => 'The histone H2B monoubiquitination regulatory pathway is required for differentiation of multipotent stem cells.',
			'authors' => 'Karpiuk O, Najafova Z, Kramer F, Hennion M, Galonska C, König A, Snaidero N, Vogel T, Shchebet A, Begus-Nahrmann Y, Kassem M, Simons M, Shcherbata H, Beissbarth T, Johnsen SA',
			'description' => 'Extensive changes in posttranslational histone modifications accompany the rewiring of the transcriptional program during stem cell differentiation. However, the mechanisms controlling the changes in specific chromatin modifications and their function during differentiation remain only poorly understood. We show that histone H2B monoubiquitination (H2Bub1) significantly increases during differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and various lineage-committed precursor cells and in diverse organisms. Furthermore, the H2B ubiquitin ligase RNF40 is required for the induction of differentiation markers and transcriptional reprogramming of hMSCs. This function is dependent upon CDK9 and the WAC adaptor protein, which are required for H2B monoubiquitination. Finally, we show that RNF40 is required for the resolution of the H3K4me3/H3K27me3 bivalent poised state on lineage-specific genes during the transition from an inactive to an active chromatin conformation. Thus, these data indicate that H2Bub1 is required for maintaining multipotency of hMSCs and plays a central role in controlling stem cell differentiation.',
			'date' => '2012-06-08',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22681891',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:38:59',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:38:59',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 98 => array(
			'id' => '792',
			'name' => 'Intronic RNAs mediate EZH2 regulation of epigenetic targets.',
			'authors' => 'Guil S, Soler M, Portela A, Carrère J, Fonalleras E, Gómez A, Villanueva A, Esteller M',
			'description' => 'Epigenetic deregulation at a number of genomic loci is one of the hallmarks of cancer. A role for some RNA molecules in guiding repressive polycomb complex PRC2 to specific chromatin regions has been proposed. Here we use an in vivo cross-linking method to detect and identify direct PRC2-RNA interactions in human cancer cells, revealing a number of intronic RNA sequences capable of binding to the core component EZH2 and regulating the transcriptional output of its genomic counterpart. Overexpression of EZH2-bound intronic RNA for the H3K4 methyltransferase gene SMYD3 is concomitant with an increase in EZH2 occupancy throughout the corresponding genomic fragment and is sufficient to reduce levels of the endogenous transcript and protein, resulting in reduced growth capability in cell culture and animal models. These findings reveal the role of intronic RNAs in fine-tuning gene expression regulation at the level of transcriptional control.',
			'date' => '2012-06-03',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22659877',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:38:58',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:38:58',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 99 => array(
			'id' => '1229',
			'name' => 'Chromatin structural changes around satellite repeats on the female sex chromosome in Schistosoma mansoni and their possible role in sex chromosome emergence.',
			'authors' => 'Lepesant JM, Cosseau C, Boissier J, Freitag M, Portela J, Climent D, Perrin C, Zerlotini A, Grunau C',
			'description' => 'BACKGROUND: In the leuphotrochozoan parasitic platyhelminth Schistosoma mansoni, male individuals are homogametic (ZZ) whereas females are heterogametic (ZW). To elucidate the mechanisms that led to the emergence of sex chromosomes, we compared the genomic sequence and the chromatin structure of male and female individuals. As for many eukaryotes, the lower estimate for the repeat content is 40%, with an unknown proportion of domesticated repeats. We used massive sequencing to de novo assemble all repeats, and identify unambiguously Z-specific, W-specific and pseudoautosomal regions of the S. mansoni sex chromosomes. RESULTS: We show that 70 to 90% of S. mansoni W and Z are pseudoautosomal. No female-specific gene could be identified. Instead, the W-specific region is composed almost entirely of 36 satellite repeat families, of which 33 were previously unknown. Transcription and chromatin status of female-specific repeats are stage-specific: for those repeats that are transcribed, transcription is restricted to the larval stages lacking sexual dimorphism. In contrast, in the sexually dimorphic adult stage of the life cycle, no transcription occurs. In addition, the euchromatic character of histone modifications around the W-specific repeats decreases during the life cycle. Recombination repression occurs in this region even if homologous sequences are present on both the Z and W chromosomes. CONCLUSION: Our study provides for the first time evidence for the hypothesis that, at least in organisms with a ZW type of sex chromosomes, repeat-induced chromatin structure changes could indeed be the initial event in sex chromosome emergence.',
			'date' => '2012-02-29',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22377319',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:38:59',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:38:59',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 100 => array(
			'id' => '919',
			'name' => 'Prepatterning of developmental gene expression by modified histones before zygotic genome activation.',
			'authors' => 'Lindeman LC, Andersen IS, Reiner AH, Li N, Aanes H, Østrup O, Winata C, Mathavan S, Müller F, Aleström P, Collas P',
			'description' => 'A hallmark of anamniote vertebrate development is a window of embryonic transcription-independent cell divisions before onset of zygotic genome activation (ZGA). Chromatin determinants of ZGA are unexplored; however, marking of developmental genes by modified histones in sperm suggests a predictive role of histone marks for ZGA. In zebrafish, pre-ZGA development for ten cell cycles provides an opportunity to examine whether genomic enrichment in modified histones is present before initiation of transcription. By profiling histone H3 trimethylation on all zebrafish promoters before and after ZGA, we demonstrate here an epigenetic prepatterning of developmental gene expression. This involves pre-ZGA marking of transcriptionally inactive genes involved in homeostatic and developmental regulation by permissive H3K4me3 with or without repressive H3K9me3 or H3K27me3. Our data suggest that histone modifications are instructive for the developmental gene expression program.',
			'date' => '2011-12-13',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22137762',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:38:58',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:38:58',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 101 => array(
			'id' => '350',
			'name' => 'Silencing of Kruppel-like factor 2 by the histone methyltransferase EZH2 in human cancer.',
			'authors' => 'Taniguchi H, Jacinto FV, Villanueva A, Fernandez AF, Yamamoto H, Carmona FJ, Puertas S, Marquez VE, Shinomura Y, Imai K, Esteller M',
			'description' => '<p>The Kruppel-like factor (KLF) proteins are multitasked transcriptional regulators with an expanding tumor suppressor function. KLF2 is one of the prominent members of the family because of its diminished expression in malignancies and its growth-inhibitory, pro-apoptotic and anti-angiogenic roles. In this study, we show that epigenetic silencing of KLF2 occurs in cancer cells through direct transcriptional repression mediated by the Polycomb group protein Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 (EZH2). Binding of EZH2 to the 5'-end of KLF2 is also associated with a gain of trimethylated lysine 27 histone H3 and a depletion of phosphorylated serine 2 of RNA polymerase. Upon depletion of EZH2 by RNA interference, short hairpin RNA or use of the small molecule 3-Deazaneplanocin A, the expression of KLF2 was restored. The transfection of KLF2 in cells with EZH2-associated silencing showed a significant anti-tumoral effect, both in culture and in xenografted nude mice. In this last setting, KLF2 transfection was also associated with decreased dissemination and lower mortality rate. In EZH2-depleted cells, which characteristically have lower tumorigenicity, the induction of KLF2 depletion 'rescued' partially the oncogenic phenotype, suggesting that KLF2 repression has an important role in EZH2 oncogenesis. Most importantly, the translation of the described results to human primary samples demonstrated that patients with prostate or breast tumors with low levels of KLF2 and high expression of EZH2 had a shorter overall survival.Oncogene advance online publication, 5 September 2011; doi:10.1038/onc.2011.387.</p>',
			'date' => '2011-09-05',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21892211',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2016-04-08 09:54:37',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:38:57',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		)
	),
	'Testimonial' => array(
		(int) 0 => array(
			'id' => '46',
			'name' => 'Ermelinda Lomazzo',
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />ChIP assays were performed using human K562 cells, the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the "iDeal ChIP-seq" kit (Cat. No. C01010051), using sheared chromatin from 1 million (figure A) or 100,000 cells (figure B). The indicated amounts of antibody were used per ChIP experiment. IgG (1 &micro;g/IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers specific for the promoter of the active genes GAPDH and EIF4A2, used as negative controls, and TSH2B and MYT1, used as positive controls. The figure shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis).</small></p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 2. ChIP-seq results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />ChIP was performed on sheared chromatin from 100,000 K562 cells using 1 &micro;g of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) as described above. The IP'd DNA was subsequently analysed on an Illumina Genome Analyzer. Library preparation, cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. The 36 bp tags were aligned to the human genome using the ELAND algorithm. Figure 2A and B show the signal distribution in two regions surrounding the MYT1 and TSH2B positive control genes, respectively. The position of the PCR amplicon, used for ChIP-qPCR is indicated with an arrow. Figure 2C and D show the signal distribution in two 3 Mb regions from chromosome 11 and 22.</small></p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 3. Determination of the antibody titer</strong><br />To determine the titer of the antibody, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069). The antigen used was a peptide containing the histone modification of interest. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution (Figure 3), the titer of the antibody was estimated to be &gt;1:1,000,000.</small></p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 4. Cross reactivity test of the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />To test the cross reactivity of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069), a Dot Blot analysis was performed with peptides containing other modifications or unmodified sequences of histone H3 and H4. One hundred to 0.2 pmol of the respective peptides were spotted on a membrane. The antibody was used at a dilution of 1:20,000. Figure 4A shows a high specificity of the antibody for the modification of interest.</small></p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 5. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />Western blot was performed on whole cell (40 &micro;g, lane 1) and histone extracts (15 &micro;g, lane 2) from HeLa cells, and on 1 &micro;g of recombinant histone H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 (lane 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively) using the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069). The antibody was diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is shown on the right, the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 6. Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 10&rsquo; and blocked with PBS/TX-100 containing 5% normal goat serum and 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labeled with the H3K27me3 antibody (left) diluted 1:500 in blocking solution followed by an anti-rabbit antibody conjugated to Alexa488. The middle panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of the two stainings is shown on the right.</small></p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />ChIP assays were performed using human K562 cells, the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the "iDeal ChIP-seq" kit (Cat. No. C01010051), using sheared chromatin from 1 million (figure A) or 100,000 cells (figure B). The indicated amounts of antibody were used per ChIP experiment. IgG (1 &micro;g/IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers specific for the promoter of the active genes GAPDH and EIF4A2, used as negative controls, and TSH2B and MYT1, used as positive controls. The figure shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis).</small></p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 2. ChIP-seq results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />ChIP was performed on sheared chromatin from 100,000 K562 cells using 1 &micro;g of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) as described above. The IP'd DNA was subsequently analysed on an Illumina Genome Analyzer. Library preparation, cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. The 36 bp tags were aligned to the human genome using the ELAND algorithm. Figure 2A and B show the signal distribution in two regions surrounding the MYT1 and TSH2B positive control genes, respectively. The position of the PCR amplicon, used for ChIP-qPCR is indicated with an arrow. Figure 2C and D show the signal distribution in two 3 Mb regions from chromosome 11 and 22.</small></p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 3. Determination of the antibody titer</strong><br />To determine the titer of the antibody, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069). The antigen used was a peptide containing the histone modification of interest. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution (Figure 3), the titer of the antibody was estimated to be &gt;1:1,000,000.</small></p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 4. Cross reactivity test of the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />To test the cross reactivity of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069), a Dot Blot analysis was performed with peptides containing other modifications or unmodified sequences of histone H3 and H4. One hundred to 0.2 pmol of the respective peptides were spotted on a membrane. The antibody was used at a dilution of 1:20,000. Figure 4A shows a high specificity of the antibody for the modification of interest.</small></p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 5. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />Western blot was performed on whole cell (40 &micro;g, lane 1) and histone extracts (15 &micro;g, lane 2) from HeLa cells, and on 1 &micro;g of recombinant histone H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 (lane 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively) using the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069). The antibody was diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is shown on the right, the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
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	'meta_description' => 'H3K27me3  (Histone H3 trimethylated at lysine 27) Polyclonal Antibody  validated  in ChIP-seq, ChIP-qPCR, ELISA, WB, DB and IF. Batch-specific data available on the website. Sample size available.',
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	'created' => '2018-01-08 13:18:27',
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$testimonials = '<blockquote><p><span>I have extensively used the antibodies against the histone modifications <a href="../p/h3k4me3-monoclonal-antibody-classic-50-ug-50-ul">H3K4me3</a>, <a href="../p/h3k27me3-polyclonal-antibody-classic-50-mg-34-ml">H3k27me3</a>, <a href="../p/h3k9ac-polyclonal-antibody-classic-50-ug-37-ul">H3K9ac</a>, <a href="../p/h4k8ac-polyclonal-antibody-classic-50-mg-41-ml">H4k8ac</a> and <a href="../p/h3k18ac-polyclonal-antibody-classic-50-mg-62-ml">H3K18ac</a> provided by Diagenode. The high level of specificity and selectivity of these antibodies in mouse brain samples, confirmed by using several negative and positive controls run in parallel with mouse brain tissue samples, ensured successful and reproducible results. I have been a Diagenode costumer for over one year now and I am extremely satisfied with the efficiency of the Bioruptor Pico for chromatin shearing as well as all of the ChIP materials (i.e., <a href="../categories/antibodies">antibodies</a>, blocking peptides, primer pairs for qPCR) provided by this company. Many thanks.</span></p><cite>Dr. Ermelinda Lomazzo, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, AG Prof. Beat Lutz. University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany</cite></blockquote>
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	'name' => 'Ermelinda Lomazzo',
	'description' => '<p><span>I have extensively used the antibodies against the histone modifications <a href="../p/h3k4me3-monoclonal-antibody-classic-50-ug-50-ul">H3K4me3</a>, <a href="../p/h3k27me3-polyclonal-antibody-classic-50-mg-34-ml">H3k27me3</a>, <a href="../p/h3k9ac-polyclonal-antibody-classic-50-ug-37-ul">H3K9ac</a>, <a href="../p/h4k8ac-polyclonal-antibody-classic-50-mg-41-ml">H4k8ac</a> and <a href="../p/h3k18ac-polyclonal-antibody-classic-50-mg-62-ml">H3K18ac</a> provided by Diagenode. The high level of specificity and selectivity of these antibodies in mouse brain samples, confirmed by using several negative and positive controls run in parallel with mouse brain tissue samples, ensured successful and reproducible results. I have been a Diagenode costumer for over one year now and I am extremely satisfied with the efficiency of the Bioruptor Pico for chromatin shearing as well as all of the ChIP materials (i.e., <a href="../categories/antibodies">antibodies</a>, blocking peptides, primer pairs for qPCR) provided by this company. Many thanks.</span></p>',
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$related = array(
	'id' => '2270',
	'antibody_id' => '109',
	'name' => 'H3K27ac Antibody',
	'description' => '<p><span>Polyclonal antibody raised in rabbit against the region of histone <strong>H3 containing the acetylated lysine 27</strong> (<strong>H3K27ac</strong>), using a KLH-conjugated synthetic peptide.</span></p>',
	'label1' => 'Validation Data',
	'info1' => '<div class="row">
<div class="small-6 columns">A.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410196-ChIP-Fig1a.png" width="356" /><br /> B.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410196-ChIP-Fig1b.png" width="356" /></div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27ac</strong></p>
<p>Figure 1A ChIP assays were performed using human HeLa cells, the Diagenode antibody against H3K27ac (Cat. No. C15410196) and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the &ldquo;Auto Histone ChIP-seq&rdquo; kit on the IP-Star automated system, using sheared chromatin from 1,000,000 cells. A titration consisting of 1, 2, 5 and 10 &micro;g of antibody per ChIP experiment was analyzed. IgG (2 &micro;g/IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers for the promoters of the active EIF4A2 and ACTB genes, used as positive controls, and for the inactive TSH2B and MYT1 genes, used as negative controls.</p>
<p>Figure 1B ChIP assays were performed using human K562 cells, the Diagenode antibody against H3K27ac (Cat. No. C15410196)and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the &ldquo;iDeal ChIP-seq&rdquo; kit (Cat. No. C01010051), using sheared chromatin from 100,000 cells. A titration consisting of 0.2, 0.5, 1 and 2 &micro;g of antibody per ChIP experiment was analyzed. IgG (1 &micro;g/IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers for the promoters of the active GAPDH and EIF4A2 genes, used as positive controls, and for the coding regions of the inactive MB and MYT1 genes, used as negative controls. Figure 1 shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis)</p>
</div>
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<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns"><center>
<p>A.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410196-ChIP-Fig2a.png" /></p>
</center><center>
<p>B.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410196-ChIP-Fig2b.png" /></p>
</center><center>
<p>C.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410196-ChIP-Fig2c.png" /></p>
</center></div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><strong>Figure 2. ChIP-seq results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27ac</strong></p>
<p>ChIP was performed on sheared chromatin from 100,000 K562 cells using 1 &micro;g of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27ac (Cat. No. C15410196<span class="label-primary"></span>) as described above. The IP&rsquo;d DNA was subsequently analysed on an Illumina Genome Analyzer. Library preparation, cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer&rsquo;s instructions. The 36 bp tags were aligned to the human genome using the ELAND algorithm. Figure 2A shows the peak distribution along the complete human X-chromosome. Figure 2 B and C show the peak distribution in two regions surrounding the EIF4A2 and GAPDH positive control genes, respectively. The position of the PCR amplicon, used for validating the ChIP assay is indicated with an arrow.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns"><center><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410196-fig3.jpg" /></center></div>
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<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><strong>Figure 3. Cut&amp;Tag results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27ac</strong></p>
<p>CUT&amp;TAG (Kaya-Okur, H.S., Nat Commun 10, 1930, 2019) was performed on 50,000 K562 cells using 1 &micro;g of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27ac (cat. No. C15410196) and the Diagenode pA-Tn5 transposase (C01070001). The libraries were subsequently analysed on an Illumina NextSeq 500 sequencer (2x75 paired-end reads) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The tags were aligned to the human genome (hg19) using the BWA algorithm. Figure 3 shows the peak distribution in 2 genomic regions surrounding the EIF2S3 gene on the X-chromosome and the CCT5 gene on chromosome 5 (figure 3A and B, respectively).</p>
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<p><strong>Figure 4. Determination of the antibody titer</strong></p>
<p>To determine the titer of the antibody, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27ac (Cat. No. C15410196<span class="label-primary"></span>). The antigen used was a peptide containing the histone modification of interest. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution (Figure 4), the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1:8,300.</p>
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<p><strong>Figure 5. Cross reactivity tests using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27ac</strong><br />To test the cross reactivity of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27ac (Cat. No. C15410196<span class="label-primary"></span>), a Dot Blot analysis was performed with peptides containing other histone modifications and the unmodified H3K27. One hundred to 0.2 pmol of the respective peptides were spotted on a membrane. The antibody was used at a dilution of 1:20,000. Figure 5 shows a high specificity of the antibody for the modification of interest.</p>
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<p><strong>Figure 6. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27ac</strong><br />Western blot was performed on whole cell (25 &micro;g, lane 1) and histone extracts (15 &micro;g, lane 2) from HeLa cells, and on 1 &micro;g of recombinant histone H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 (lane 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively) using the Diagenode antibody against H3K27ac (Cat. No. C1541196). The antibody was diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</p>
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<p><strong>Figure 7. Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27ac</strong></p>
<p>HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against H3K27ac (Cat. No. C15410196<span class="label-primary"></span>) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 10&rsquo; and blocked with PBS/ TX-100 containing 5% normal goat serum and 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labeled with the H3K27ac antibody (top) diluted 1:500 in blocking solution followed by an anti-rabbit antibody conjugated to Alexa488. The middle panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of the two stainings is shown at the bottom.</p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />ChIP assays were performed using human K562 cells, the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the "iDeal ChIP-seq" kit (Cat. No. C01010051), using sheared chromatin from 1 million (figure A) or 100,000 cells (figure B). The indicated amounts of antibody were used per ChIP experiment. IgG (1 &micro;g/IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers specific for the promoter of the active genes GAPDH and EIF4A2, used as negative controls, and TSH2B and MYT1, used as positive controls. The figure shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis).</small></p>
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<p>A. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP-seq-A.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody ChIP-seq Grade" caption="false" width="893" height="272" /></p>
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<p>B. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP-seq-B.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody for ChIP-seq assay" caption="false" width="893" height="261" /></p>
<p>C. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP-seq-C.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody Validated in ChIP-seq" caption="false" width="893" height="191" /></p>
<p>D. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP-seq-D.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody for ChIP-seq" caption="false" width="893" height="211" /></p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 2. ChIP-seq results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />ChIP was performed on sheared chromatin from 100,000 K562 cells using 1 &micro;g of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) as described above. The IP'd DNA was subsequently analysed on an Illumina Genome Analyzer. Library preparation, cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. The 36 bp tags were aligned to the human genome using the ELAND algorithm. Figure 2A and B show the signal distribution in two regions surrounding the MYT1 and TSH2B positive control genes, respectively. The position of the PCR amplicon, used for ChIP-qPCR is indicated with an arrow. Figure 2C and D show the signal distribution in two 3 Mb regions from chromosome 11 and 22.</small></p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 3. Determination of the antibody titer</strong><br />To determine the titer of the antibody, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069). The antigen used was a peptide containing the histone modification of interest. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution (Figure 3), the titer of the antibody was estimated to be &gt;1:1,000,000.</small></p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 4. Cross reactivity test of the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />To test the cross reactivity of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069), a Dot Blot analysis was performed with peptides containing other modifications or unmodified sequences of histone H3 and H4. One hundred to 0.2 pmol of the respective peptides were spotted on a membrane. The antibody was used at a dilution of 1:20,000. Figure 4A shows a high specificity of the antibody for the modification of interest.</small></p>
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<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-WB.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody Validation in Western Blot " caption="false" width="432" height="300" /></p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 5. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />Western blot was performed on whole cell (40 &micro;g, lane 1) and histone extracts (15 &micro;g, lane 2) from HeLa cells, and on 1 &micro;g of recombinant histone H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 (lane 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively) using the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069). The antibody was diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is shown on the right, the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
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<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-IF.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody Validation in Immunofluorescence " caption="false" width="700" height="171" /></p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 6. Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 10&rsquo; and blocked with PBS/TX-100 containing 5% normal goat serum and 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labeled with the H3K27me3 antibody (left) diluted 1:500 in blocking solution followed by an anti-rabbit antibody conjugated to Alexa488. The middle panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of the two stainings is shown on the right.</small></p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />ChIP assays were performed using human K562 cells, the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the "iDeal ChIP-seq" kit (Cat. No. C01010051), using sheared chromatin from 1 million (figure A) or 100,000 cells (figure B). The indicated amounts of antibody were used per ChIP experiment. IgG (1 &micro;g/IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers specific for the promoter of the active genes GAPDH and EIF4A2, used as negative controls, and TSH2B and MYT1, used as positive controls. The figure shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis).</small></p>
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<p>A. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP-seq-A.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody ChIP-seq Grade" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
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<p>B. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP-seq-B.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody for ChIP-seq assay" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
<p>C. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP-seq-C.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody Validated in ChIP-seq" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
<p>D. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP-seq-D.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody for ChIP-seq" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 2. ChIP-seq results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />ChIP was performed on sheared chromatin from 100,000 K562 cells using 1 &micro;g of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) as described above. The IP'd DNA was subsequently analysed on an Illumina Genome Analyzer. Library preparation, cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. The 36 bp tags were aligned to the human genome using the ELAND algorithm. Figure 2A and B show the signal distribution in two regions surrounding the MYT1 and TSH2B positive control genes, respectively. The position of the PCR amplicon, used for ChIP-qPCR is indicated with an arrow. Figure 2C and D show the signal distribution in two 3 Mb regions from chromosome 11 and 22.</small></p>
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<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ELISA.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody ELISA Validation " caption="false" width="448" height="394" /></p>
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<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><small> <strong>Figure 3. Determination of the antibody titer</strong><br />To determine the titer of the antibody, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069). The antigen used was a peptide containing the histone modification of interest. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution (Figure 3), the titer of the antibody was estimated to be &gt;1:1,000,000.</small></p>
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<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-dotblot.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody Dot Blot Validation " style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
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<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><small> <strong>Figure 4. Cross reactivity test of the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />To test the cross reactivity of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069), a Dot Blot analysis was performed with peptides containing other modifications or unmodified sequences of histone H3 and H4. One hundred to 0.2 pmol of the respective peptides were spotted on a membrane. The antibody was used at a dilution of 1:20,000. Figure 4A shows a high specificity of the antibody for the modification of interest.</small></p>
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<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-WB.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody Validation in Western Blot " style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
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<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><small> <strong>Figure 5. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />Western blot was performed on whole cell (40 &micro;g, lane 1) and histone extracts (15 &micro;g, lane 2) from HeLa cells, and on 1 &micro;g of recombinant histone H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 (lane 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively) using the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069). The antibody was diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is shown on the right, the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
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<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-IF.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody Validation in Immunofluorescence " style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 6. Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 10&rsquo; and blocked with PBS/TX-100 containing 5% normal goat serum and 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labeled with the H3K27me3 antibody (left) diluted 1:500 in blocking solution followed by an anti-rabbit antibody conjugated to Alexa488. The middle panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of the two stainings is shown on the right.</small></p>
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<td>ChIP/ChIP-seq&nbsp;<sup>*</sup></td>
<td>1 &micro;g/ChIP</td>
<td>Fig 1, 2</td>
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<tr>
<td>ELISA</td>
<td>1:5,000</td>
<td>Fig 3</td>
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<td>Dot Blotting</td>
<td>1:20,000</td>
<td>Fig 4</td>
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<tr>
<td>Western Blotting</td>
<td>1:1,000</td>
<td>Fig 5</td>
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<td>Immunofluorescence</td>
<td>1:500</td>
<td>Fig 6</td>
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<p></p>
<p><small><sup>*</sup> Please note that the optimal antibody amount per IP should be determined by the end-user. We recommend testing 1-5 &micro;g per IP.</small></p>',
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />ChIP assays were performed using human K562 cells, the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the "iDeal ChIP-seq" kit (Cat. No. C01010051), using sheared chromatin from 1 million (figure A) or 100,000 cells (figure B). The indicated amounts of antibody were used per ChIP experiment. IgG (1 &micro;g/IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers specific for the promoter of the active genes GAPDH and EIF4A2, used as negative controls, and TSH2B and MYT1, used as positive controls. The figure shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis).</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p>A. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP-seq-A.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody ChIP-seq Grade" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
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<p>B. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP-seq-B.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody for ChIP-seq assay" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
<p>C. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP-seq-C.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody Validated in ChIP-seq" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
<p>D. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP-seq-D.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody for ChIP-seq" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><small> <strong>Figure 2. ChIP-seq results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />ChIP was performed on sheared chromatin from 100,000 K562 cells using 1 &micro;g of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) as described above. The IP'd DNA was subsequently analysed on an Illumina Genome Analyzer. Library preparation, cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. The 36 bp tags were aligned to the human genome using the ELAND algorithm. Figure 2A and B show the signal distribution in two regions surrounding the MYT1 and TSH2B positive control genes, respectively. The position of the PCR amplicon, used for ChIP-qPCR is indicated with an arrow. Figure 2C and D show the signal distribution in two 3 Mb regions from chromosome 11 and 22.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="extra-spaced"></div>
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<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ELISA.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody ELISA Validation " caption="false" width="448" height="394" /></p>
</div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><small> <strong>Figure 3. Determination of the antibody titer</strong><br />To determine the titer of the antibody, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069). The antigen used was a peptide containing the histone modification of interest. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution (Figure 3), the titer of the antibody was estimated to be &gt;1:1,000,000.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-dotblot.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody Dot Blot Validation " style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
</div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><small> <strong>Figure 4. Cross reactivity test of the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />To test the cross reactivity of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069), a Dot Blot analysis was performed with peptides containing other modifications or unmodified sequences of histone H3 and H4. One hundred to 0.2 pmol of the respective peptides were spotted on a membrane. The antibody was used at a dilution of 1:20,000. Figure 4A shows a high specificity of the antibody for the modification of interest.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-WB.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody Validation in Western Blot " style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
</div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><small> <strong>Figure 5. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />Western blot was performed on whole cell (40 &micro;g, lane 1) and histone extracts (15 &micro;g, lane 2) from HeLa cells, and on 1 &micro;g of recombinant histone H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 (lane 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively) using the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069). The antibody was diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is shown on the right, the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-IF.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody Validation in Immunofluorescence " style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><small> <strong>Figure 6. Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 10&rsquo; and blocked with PBS/TX-100 containing 5% normal goat serum and 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labeled with the H3K27me3 antibody (left) diluted 1:500 in blocking solution followed by an anti-rabbit antibody conjugated to Alexa488. The middle panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of the two stainings is shown on the right.</small></p>
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		'label2' => 'Target Description',
		'info2' => '<p>Histones are the main constituents of the protein part of chromosomes of eukaryotic cells. They are rich in the amino acids arginine and lysine and have been greatly conserved during evolution. Histones pack the DNA into tight masses of chromatin. Two core histones of each class H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assemble and are wrapped by 146 base pairs of DNA to form one octameric nucleosome. Histone tails undergo numerous post-translational modifications, which either directly or indirectly alter chromatin structure to facilitate transcriptional activation or repression or other nuclear processes. In addition to the genetic code, combinations of the different histone modifications reveal the so-called &ldquo;histone code&rdquo;. Histone methylation and demethylation is dynamically regulated by respectively histone methyl transferases and histone demethylases. Trimethylation of histone H3K27 is associated with gene repression.</p>
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		'format' => '50 μg',
		'catalog_number' => 'C15410069',
		'old_catalog_number' => 'pAb-069-050',
		'sf_code' => 'C15410069-D001-000581',
		'type' => 'FRE',
		'search_order' => '03-Antibody',
		'price_EUR' => '380',
		'price_USD' => '380',
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		'price_CNY' => '0',
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		'slug' => 'h3k27me3-polyclonal-antibody-classic-50-mg-34-ml',
		'meta_title' => 'H3K27me3 polyclonal antibody - Classic',
		'meta_keywords' => '',
		'meta_description' => 'H3K27me3 polyclonal antibody - Classic',
		'modified' => '2024-01-16 14:58:45',
		'created' => '2015-06-29 14:08:20',
		'locale' => 'jpn'
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	'Antibody' => array(
		'host' => '*****',
		'id' => '69',
		'name' => 'H3K27me3 polyclonal antibody',
		'description' => 'Histones are the main constituents of the protein part of chromosomes of eukaryotic cells. They are rich in the amino acids arginine and lysine and have been greatly conserved during evolution. Histones pack the DNA into tight masses of chromatin. Two core histones of each class H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assemble and are wrapped by 146 base pairs of DNA to form one octameric nucleosome. Histone tails undergo numerous post-translational modifications, which either directly or indirectly alter chromatin structure to facilitate transcriptional activation or repression or other nuclear processes. In addition to the genetic code, combinations of the different histone modifications reveal the so-called “histone code”. Histone methylation and demethylation is dynamically regulated by respectively histone methyl transferases and histone demethylases. Trimethylation of histone H3K27 is associated with gene repression.',
		'clonality' => '',
		'isotype' => '',
		'lot' => 'A1818P',
		'concentration' => '1.6 &micro;g/&micro;l',
		'reactivity' => 'Human, mouse, rat, pig, zebrafish, Drosophila, Schistosoma, Arabidopsis, cow',
		'type' => 'Polyclonal ChIP grade / ChIP-seq grade',
		'purity' => 'Affinity purified polyclonal antibody.',
		'classification' => '',
		'application_table' => '<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Applications</th>
<th>Suggested dilution</th>
<th>References</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>ChIP/ChIP-seq&nbsp;<sup>*</sup></td>
<td>1 &micro;g/ChIP</td>
<td>Fig 1, 2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ELISA</td>
<td>1:5,000</td>
<td>Fig 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Dot Blotting</td>
<td>1:20,000</td>
<td>Fig 4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Western Blotting</td>
<td>1:1,000</td>
<td>Fig 5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Immunofluorescence</td>
<td>1:500</td>
<td>Fig 6</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>
<p><small><sup>*</sup> Please note that the optimal antibody amount per IP should be determined by the end-user. We recommend testing 1-5 &micro;g per IP.</small></p>',
		'storage_conditions' => 'Store at -20°C; for long storage, store at -80°C. Avoid multiple freeze-thaw cycles.',
		'storage_buffer' => 'PBS containing 0.05% azide and 0.05% ProClin 300.',
		'precautions' => 'This product is for research use only. Not for use in diagnostic or therapeutic procedures.',
		'uniprot_acc' => '',
		'slug' => '',
		'meta_keywords' => '',
		'meta_description' => '',
		'modified' => '2019-10-29 13:09:43',
		'created' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
		'select_label' => '69 - H3K27me3 polyclonal antibody (A1818P - 1.6 &micro;g/&micro;l - Human, mouse, rat, pig, zebrafish, Drosophila, Schistosoma, Arabidopsis, cow - Affinity purified polyclonal antibody. - Rabbit)'
	),
	'Slave' => array(
		(int) 0 => array(
			'id' => '239',
			'name' => 'C15410069',
			'product_id' => '2231',
			'modified' => '2018-01-08 13:18:45',
			'created' => '2018-01-08 13:18:45'
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	),
	'Group' => array(
		'Group' => array(
			'id' => '239',
			'name' => 'C15410069',
			'product_id' => '2231',
			'modified' => '2018-01-08 13:18:45',
			'created' => '2018-01-08 13:18:45'
		),
		'Master' => array(
			'id' => '2231',
			'antibody_id' => '69',
			'name' => 'H3K27me3 Antibody',
			'description' => '<p><span>Polyclonal antibody raised in rabbit against against histone <strong>H3, trimethylated at lysine 27</strong> (<strong>H3K27me3</strong>), using a KLH-conjugated synthetic peptide.</span></p>',
			'label1' => 'Validation Data',
			'info1' => '<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns"><center><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody for ChIP " style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></center></div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><small> <strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />ChIP assays were performed using human K562 cells, the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the "iDeal ChIP-seq" kit (Cat. No. C01010051), using sheared chromatin from 1 million (figure A) or 100,000 cells (figure B). The indicated amounts of antibody were used per ChIP experiment. IgG (1 &micro;g/IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers specific for the promoter of the active genes GAPDH and EIF4A2, used as negative controls, and TSH2B and MYT1, used as positive controls. The figure shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis).</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p>A. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP-seq-A.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody ChIP-seq Grade" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
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<p>B. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP-seq-B.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody for ChIP-seq assay" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
<p>C. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP-seq-C.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody Validated in ChIP-seq" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
<p>D. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP-seq-D.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody for ChIP-seq" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><small> <strong>Figure 2. ChIP-seq results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />ChIP was performed on sheared chromatin from 100,000 K562 cells using 1 &micro;g of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) as described above. The IP'd DNA was subsequently analysed on an Illumina Genome Analyzer. Library preparation, cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. The 36 bp tags were aligned to the human genome using the ELAND algorithm. Figure 2A and B show the signal distribution in two regions surrounding the MYT1 and TSH2B positive control genes, respectively. The position of the PCR amplicon, used for ChIP-qPCR is indicated with an arrow. Figure 2C and D show the signal distribution in two 3 Mb regions from chromosome 11 and 22.</small></p>
</div>
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<div class="extra-spaced"></div>
<div class="extra-spaced"></div>
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<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ELISA.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody ELISA Validation " caption="false" width="448" height="394" /></p>
</div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><small> <strong>Figure 3. Determination of the antibody titer</strong><br />To determine the titer of the antibody, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069). The antigen used was a peptide containing the histone modification of interest. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution (Figure 3), the titer of the antibody was estimated to be &gt;1:1,000,000.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-dotblot.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody Dot Blot Validation " style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
</div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><small> <strong>Figure 4. Cross reactivity test of the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />To test the cross reactivity of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069), a Dot Blot analysis was performed with peptides containing other modifications or unmodified sequences of histone H3 and H4. One hundred to 0.2 pmol of the respective peptides were spotted on a membrane. The antibody was used at a dilution of 1:20,000. Figure 4A shows a high specificity of the antibody for the modification of interest.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-WB.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody Validation in Western Blot " style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
</div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><small> <strong>Figure 5. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />Western blot was performed on whole cell (40 &micro;g, lane 1) and histone extracts (15 &micro;g, lane 2) from HeLa cells, and on 1 &micro;g of recombinant histone H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 (lane 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively) using the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069). The antibody was diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is shown on the right, the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-IF.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody Validation in Immunofluorescence " style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><small> <strong>Figure 6. Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 10&rsquo; and blocked with PBS/TX-100 containing 5% normal goat serum and 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labeled with the H3K27me3 antibody (left) diluted 1:500 in blocking solution followed by an anti-rabbit antibody conjugated to Alexa488. The middle panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of the two stainings is shown on the right.</small></p>
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			'label2' => 'Target Description',
			'info2' => '<p>Histones are the main constituents of the protein part of chromosomes of eukaryotic cells. They are rich in the amino acids arginine and lysine and have been greatly conserved during evolution. Histones pack the DNA into tight masses of chromatin. Two core histones of each class H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assemble and are wrapped by 146 base pairs of DNA to form one octameric nucleosome. Histone tails undergo numerous post-translational modifications, which either directly or indirectly alter chromatin structure to facilitate transcriptional activation or repression or other nuclear processes. In addition to the genetic code, combinations of the different histone modifications reveal the so-called &ldquo;histone code&rdquo;. Histone methylation and demethylation is dynamically regulated by respectively histone methyl transferases and histone demethylases. Trimethylation of histone H3K27 is associated with gene repression.</p>
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			'format' => '50 μg',
			'catalog_number' => 'C15410069',
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			'sf_code' => 'C15410069-D001-000581',
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			'search_order' => '03-Antibody',
			'price_EUR' => '380',
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			'slug' => 'h3k27me3-polyclonal-antibody-classic-50-mg-34-ml',
			'meta_title' => 'H3K27me3 Antibody - ChIP-seq Grade (C15410069) | Diagenode',
			'meta_keywords' => '',
			'meta_description' => 'H3K27me3 (Histone H3 trimethylated at lysine 27) Polyclonal Antibody validated  in ChIP-seq, ChIP-qPCR, ELISA, DB, WB and IF. Batch-specific data available on the website. Sample size available.',
			'modified' => '2024-01-16 14:58:45',
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			'antibody_id' => null,
			'name' => 'iDeal ChIP-seq kit for Histones',
			'description' => '<p><a href="https://www.diagenode.com/files/products/kits/ideal-chipseq-for-histones-complete-manual.pdf"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/buttons/bt-manual.png" /></a></p>
<p>Don&rsquo;t risk wasting your precious sequencing samples. Diagenode&rsquo;s validated <strong>iDeal ChIP-seq kit for Histones</strong> has everything you need for a successful start-to-finish <strong>ChIP of histones prior to Next-Generation Sequencing</strong>. The complete kit contains all buffers and reagents for cell lysis, chromatin shearing, immunoprecipitation and DNA purification. In addition, unlike competing solutions, the kit contains positive and negative control antibodies (H3K4me3 and IgG, respectively) as well as positive and negative control PCR primers pairs (GAPDH TSS and Myoglobin exon 2, respectively) for your convenience and a guarantee of optimal results. The kit has been validated on multiple histone marks.</p>
<p>&nbsp;The &nbsp;iDeal ChIP-seq kit for Histones<strong> </strong>is perfect for <strong>cells</strong> (<strong>100,000 cells</strong> to <strong>1,000,000 cells</strong> per IP) and has been validated for <strong>tissues</strong> (<strong>1.5 mg</strong> to <strong>5 mg</strong> of tissue per IP).</p>
<p>&nbsp;The iDeal ChIP-seq kit is the only kit on the market validated for the major sequencing systems. Our expertise in ChIP-seq tools allows reproducible and efficient results every time.</p>
<p></p>
<p>&nbsp;<strong></strong></p>
<p></p>',
			'label1' => 'Characteristics',
			'info1' => '<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Highly <strong>optimized</strong> protocol for ChIP-seq from cells and tissues</li>
<li><strong>Validated</strong> for ChIP-seq with multiple histones marks</li>
<li>Most <strong>complete</strong> kit available (covers all steps, including the control antibodies and primers)</li>
<li>Optimized chromatin preparation in combination with the Bioruptor ensuring the best <strong>epitope integrity</strong></li>
<li>Magnetic beads make ChIP easy, fast and more <strong>reproducible</strong></li>
<li>Combination with Diagenode ChIP-seq antibodies provides high yields with excellent <strong>specificity</strong> and <strong>sensitivity</strong></li>
<li>Purified DNA suitable for any downstream application</li>
<li>Easy-to-follow protocol</li>
</ul>
<p>Note: to obtain optimal results, this kit should be used in combination with the DiaMag1.5 - magnetic rack.</p>
<h3>ChIP-seq on cells</h3>
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/kits/iDeal-kit-C01010053-figure-1.jpg" alt="Figure 1A" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
<p><strong>Figure 1A. The high consistency of the iDeal ChIP-seq kit on the Ion Torrent&trade; PGM&trade; (Life Technologies) and GAIIx (Illumina<sup>&reg;</sup>)</strong><br /> ChIP was performed on sheared chromatin from 1 million HelaS3 cells using the iDeal ChIP-seq kit and 1 &micro;g of H3K4me3 positive control antibody. Two different biological samples have been analyzed using two different sequencers - GAIIx (Illumina<sup>&reg;</sup>) and PGM&trade; (Ion Torrent&trade;). The expected ChIP-seq profile for H3K4me3 on the GAPDH promoter region has been obtained.<br /> Image A shows a several hundred bp along chr12 with high similarity of read distribution despite the radically different sequencers. Image B is a close capture focusing on the GAPDH that shows that even the peak structure is similar.</p>
<p class="text-center"><strong>Perfect match between ChIP-seq data obtained with the iDeal ChIP-seq workflow and reference dataset</strong></p>
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/kits/perfect-match-between-chipseq-data.png" alt="Figure 1B" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
<p><strong>Figure 1B.</strong> The ChIP-seq dataset from this experiment has been compared with a reference dataset from the Broad Institute. We observed a perfect match between the top 40% of Diagenode peaks and the reference dataset. Based on the NIH Encode project criterion, ChIP-seq results are considered reproducible between an original and reproduced dataset if the top 40% of peaks have at least an 80% overlap ratio with the compared dataset.</p>
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/kits/iDeal-kit-C01010053-figure-2.jpg" alt="Figure 2" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
<p><strong>Figure 2. Efficient and easy chromatin shearing using the Bioruptor<sup>&reg;</sup> and Shearing buffer iS1 from the iDeal ChIP-seq kit</strong><br /> Chromatin from 1 million of Hela cells was sheared using the Bioruptor<sup>&reg;</sup> combined with the Bioruptor<sup>&reg;</sup> Water cooler (Cat No. BioAcc-cool) during 3 rounds of 10 cycles of 30 seconds &ldquo;ON&rdquo; / 30 seconds &ldquo;OFF&rdquo; at HIGH power setting (position H). Diagenode 1.5 ml TPX tubes (Cat No. M-50001) were used for chromatin shearing. Samples were gently vortexed before and after performing each sonication round (rounds of 10 cycles), followed by a short centrifugation at 4&deg;C to recover the sample volume at the bottom of the tube. The sheared chromatin was then decross-linked as described in the kit manual and analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis.</p>
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/kits/iDeal-kit-C01010053-figure-3.jpg" alt="Figure 3" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="264" height="320" /></p>
<p><strong>Figure 3. Validation of ChIP by qPCR: reliable results using Diagenode&rsquo;s ChIP-seq grade H3K4me3 antibody, isotype control and sets of validated primers</strong><br /> Specific enrichment on positive loci (GAPDH, EIF4A2, c-fos promoter regions) comparing to no enrichment on negative loci (TSH2B promoter region and Myoglobin exon 2) was detected by qPCR. Samples were prepared using the Diagenode iDeal ChIP-seq kit. Diagenode ChIP-seq grade antibody against H3K4me3 and the corresponding isotype control IgG were used for immunoprecipitation. qPCR amplification was performed with sets of validated primers.</p>
<h3>ChIP-seq on tissue</h3>
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/kits/ideal-figure-h3k4me3.jpg" alt="Figure 4A" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
<p><strong>Figure 4A.</strong> Chromatin Immunoprecipitation has been performed using chromatin from mouse liver tissue, the iDeal ChIP-seq kit for Histones and the Diagenode ChIP-seq-grade H3K4me3 (Cat. No. C15410003) antibody. The IP'd DNA was subsequently analysed on an Illumina&reg; HiSeq. Library preparation, cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. This figure shows the peak distribution in a region surrounding the GAPDH positive control gene.</p>
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/kits/match-of-the-top40-peaks-2.png" alt="Figure 4B" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="700" height="280" /></p>
<p><strong>Figure 4B.</strong> The ChIP-seq dataset from this experiment has been compared with a reference dataset from the Broad Institute. We observed a perfect match between the top 40% of Diagenode peaks and the reference dataset. Based on the NIH Encode project criterion, ChIP-seq results are considered reproducible between an original and reproduced dataset if the top 40% of peaks have at least an 80% overlap ratio with the compared dataset.</p>',
			'label2' => 'Species, cell lines, tissues tested',
			'info2' => '<p>The iDeal ChIP-seq Kit for Histones is compatible with a broad variety of cell lines, tissues and species - some examples are shown below. Other species / cell lines / tissues can be used with this kit.</p>
<p><u>Cell lines:</u></p>
<p>Human: A549, A673, CD8+ T, Blood vascular endothelial cells, Lymphatic endothelial cells, fibroblasts, K562, MDA-MB231</p>
<p>Pig: Alveolar macrophages</p>
<p>Mouse: C2C12, primary HSPC, synovial fibroblasts, HeLa-S3, FACS sorted cells from embryonic kidneys, macrophages, mesodermal cells, myoblasts, NPC, salivary glands, spermatids, spermatocytes, skeletal muscle stem cells, stem cells, Th2</p>
<p>Hamster: CHO</p>
<p>Other cell lines / species: compatible, not tested</p>
<p><u>Tissues</u></p>
<p>Bee &ndash; brain</p>
<p>Daphnia &ndash; whole animal</p>
<p>Horse &ndash; brain, heart, lamina, liver, lung, skeletal muscles, ovary</p>
<p>Human &ndash; Erwing sarcoma tumor samples</p>
<p>Other tissues: compatible, not tested</p>
<p>Did you use the iDeal ChIP-seq for Histones Kit on other cell line / tissue / species? <a href="mailto:agnieszka.zelisko@diagenode.com?subject=Species, cell lines, tissues tested with the iDeal ChIP-seq Kit for TF&amp;body=Dear Customer,%0D%0A%0D%0APlease, leave below your feedback about the iDeal ChIP-seq for Transcription Factors (cell / tissue type, species, other information...).%0D%0A%0D%0AThank you for sharing with us your experience !%0D%0A%0D%0ABest regards,%0D%0A%0D%0AAgnieszka Zelisko-Schmidt, PhD">Let us know!</a></p>',
			'label3' => '  Additional solutions compatible with iDeal ChIP-seq Kit for Histones',
			'info3' => '<p><a href="../p/chromatin-shearing-optimization-kit-low-sds-100-million-cells">Chromatin EasyShear Kit - Ultra Low SDS </a>optimizes chromatin shearing, a critical step for ChIP.</p>
<p>&nbsp;The <a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/categories/library-preparation-for-ChIP-seq">MicroPlex Library Preparation Kit </a>provides easy and optimal &nbsp;library preparation of ChIPed samples.</p>
<p><a href="../categories/chip-seq-grade-antibodies">ChIP-seq grade anti-histone antibodies</a> provide high yields with excellent specificity and sensitivity.</p>
<p>&nbsp;Plus, for our IP-Star Automation users for automated ChIP, check out our <a href="../p/auto-ideal-chip-seq-kit-for-histones-x24-24-rxns">automated</a> version of this kit.</p>',
			'format' => '4 chrom. prep./24 IPs',
			'catalog_number' => 'C01010051',
			'old_catalog_number' => 'AB-001-0024',
			'sf_code' => 'C01010051-',
			'type' => 'RFR',
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			'price_EUR' => '915',
			'price_USD' => '1130',
			'price_GBP' => '840',
			'price_JPY' => '143335',
			'price_CNY' => '',
			'price_AUD' => '2825',
			'country' => 'ALL',
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			'last_datasheet_update' => '0000-00-00',
			'slug' => 'ideal-chip-seq-kit-x24-24-rxns',
			'meta_title' => 'iDeal ChIP-seq kit x24',
			'meta_keywords' => '',
			'meta_description' => 'iDeal ChIP-seq kit x24',
			'modified' => '2023-04-20 16:00:20',
			'created' => '2015-06-29 14:08:20',
			'ProductsRelated' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Image' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
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		),
		(int) 1 => array(
			'id' => '1927',
			'antibody_id' => null,
			'name' => 'MicroPlex Library Preparation Kit v2 (12 indexes)',
			'description' => '<p><a href="https://www.diagenode.com/files/products/kits/MicroPlex-Libary-Prep-Kit-v2-manual.pdf"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/buttons/bt-manual.png" /></a></p>
<p><span><strong>Specifically optimized for ChIP-seq</strong></span><br /><br /><span>The MicroPlex Library Preparation&trade; kit is the only kit on the market which is validated for ChIP-seq and which allows the preparation of indexed libraries from just picogram inputs. In combination with the&nbsp;</span><a href="./true-microchip-kit-x16-16-rxns">True MicroChIP kit</a><span>, it allows for performing ChIP-seq on as few as 10,000 cells. Less input, fewer steps, fewer supplies, faster time to results!&nbsp;</span></p>
<p>The MicroPlex v2 kit (Cat. No. C05010012) contains all necessary reagents including single indexes for multiplexing up to 12 samples using single barcoding. For higher multiplexing (using dual indexes) check <a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/p/microplex-lib-prep-kit-v3-48-rxns">MicroPlex Library Preparation Kits v3</a>.</p>',
			'label1' => 'Characteristics',
			'info1' => '<ul>
<li><strong>1 tube, 2 hours, 3 steps</strong> protocol</li>
<li><strong>Input: </strong>50 pg &ndash; 50 ng</li>
<li><strong>Reduce potential bias</strong> - few PCR amplification cycles needed</li>
<li><strong>High sensitivity ChIP-seq</strong> - low PCR duplication rate</li>
<li><strong>Great multiplexing flexibility</strong> with 12 barcodes (8 nt) included</li>
<li><strong>Validated with the <a href="https://www.diagenode.com/p/sx-8g-ip-star-compact-automated-system-1-unit" title="IP-Star Automated System">IP-Star<sup>&reg;</sup> Automated Platform</a></strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>How it works</h3>
<center><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/kits/microplex-method-overview-v2.png" /></center>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0;"><small><strong>Microplex workflow - protocol with single indexes</strong><br />An input of 50 pg to 50 ng of fragmented dsDNA is converted into sequencing-ready libraries for Illumina&reg; NGS platforms using a fast and simple 3-step protocol</small></p>
<ul class="accordion" data-accordion="" id="readmore" style="margin-left: 0;">
<li class="accordion-navigation"><a href="#first" style="background: #ffffff; padding: 0rem; margin: 0rem; color: #13b2a2;"><small>Read more about MicroPlex workflow</small></a>
<div id="first" class="content">
<p><small><strong>Step 1. Template Preparation</strong> provides efficient repair of the fragmented double-stranded DNA input.</small></p>
<p><small>In this step, the DNA is repaired and yields molecules with blunt ends.</small></p>
<p><small><strong>Step 2. Library Synthesis.</strong> enables ligation of MicroPlex patented stem- loop adapters.</small></p>
<p><small>In the next step, stem-loop adaptors with blocked 5&rsquo; ends are ligated with high efficiency to the 5&rsquo; end of the genomic DNA, leaving a nick at the 3&rsquo; end. The adaptors cannot ligate to each other and do not have single- strand tails, both of which contribute to non-specific background found with many other NGS preparations.</small></p>
<p><small><strong>Step 3. Library Amplification</strong> enables extension of the template, cleavage of the stem-loop adaptors, and amplification of the library. Illumina- compatible indexes are also introduced using a high-fidelity, highly- processive, low-bias DNA polymerase.</small></p>
<p><small>In the final step, the 3&rsquo; ends of the genomic DNA are extended to complete library synthesis and Illumina-compatible indexes are added through a high-fidelity amplification. Any remaining free adaptors are destroyed. Hands-on time and the risk of contamination are minimized by using a single tube and eliminating intermediate purifications.</small></p>
<p><small>Obtained libraries are purified, quantified and sized. The libraries pooling can be performed as well before sequencing.</small></p>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<p></p>
<h3>Reliable detection of enrichments in ChIP-seq</h3>
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/kits/microplex-library-prep-kit-figure-a.png" alt="Reliable detection of enrichments in ChIP-seq figure 1" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
<p><strong>Figure A.</strong> ChIP has been peformed with H3K4me3 antibody, amplification of 17 pg of DNA ChIP'd from 10.000 cells and amplification of 35 pg of DNA ChIP'd from 100.000 cells (control experiment). The IP'd DNA was amplified and transformed into a sequencing-ready preparation for the Illumina plateform with the MicroPlex Library Preparation kit. The library was then analysed on an Illumina<sup>&reg;</sup> Genome Analyzer. Cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions.</p>
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/kits/microplex-library-prep-kit-figure-b.png" alt="Reliable detection of enrichments in ChIP-seq figure 2" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
<p><strong>Figure B.</strong> We observed a perfect match between the top 40% of True MicroChIP peaks and the reference dataset. Based on the NIH Encode project criterion, ChIP-seq results are considered reproducible between an original and reproduced dataset if the top 40% of peaks have at least an 80% overlap ratio with the compared dataset.</p>',
			'label2' => '',
			'info2' => '',
			'label3' => '',
			'info3' => '',
			'format' => '12 rxns',
			'catalog_number' => 'C05010012',
			'old_catalog_number' => 'C05010010',
			'sf_code' => 'C05010012-',
			'type' => 'FRE',
			'search_order' => '04-undefined',
			'price_EUR' => '935',
			'price_USD' => '1215',
			'price_GBP' => '835',
			'price_JPY' => '146470',
			'price_CNY' => '',
			'price_AUD' => '3038',
			'country' => 'ALL',
			'except_countries' => 'None',
			'quote' => false,
			'in_stock' => false,
			'featured' => false,
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			'online' => true,
			'master' => true,
			'last_datasheet_update' => '0000-00-00',
			'slug' => 'microplex-library-preparation-kit-v2-x12-12-indices-12-rxns',
			'meta_title' => 'MicroPlex Library Preparation Kit v2 x12 (12 indices)',
			'meta_keywords' => '',
			'meta_description' => 'MicroPlex Library Preparation Kit v2 x12 (12 indices)',
			'modified' => '2023-04-20 15:01:16',
			'created' => '2015-06-29 14:08:20',
			'ProductsRelated' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Image' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 2 => array(
			'id' => '1856',
			'antibody_id' => null,
			'name' => 'True MicroChIP-seq Kit',
			'description' => '<p><a href="https://www.diagenode.com/files/products/kits/truemicrochipseq-kit-manual.pdf"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/buttons/bt-manual.png" /></a></p>
<p>The <b>True </b><b>MicroChIP-seq</b><b> kit </b>provides a robust ChIP protocol suitable for the investigation of histone modifications within chromatin from as few as <b>10 000 cells</b>, including <b>FACS sorted cells</b>. The kit can be used for chromatin preparation for downstream ChIP-qPCR or ChIP-seq analysis. The <b>complete kit</b> contains everything you need for start-to-finish ChIP including all validated buffers and reagents for chromatin shearing, immunoprecipitation and DNA purification for exceptional <strong>ChIP-qPCR</strong> or <strong>ChIP-seq</strong> results. In addition, positive control antibodies and negative control PCR primers are included for your convenience and assurance of result sensitivity and specificity.</p>
<p>The True MicroChIP-seq kit offers unique benefits:</p>
<ul>
<li>An <b>optimized chromatin preparation </b>protocol compatible with low number of cells (<b>10.000</b>) in combination with the Bioruptor&trade; shearing device</li>
<li>Most <b>complete kit </b>available (covers all steps and includes control antibodies and primers)</li>
<li><b>Magnetic beads </b>make ChIP easy, fast, and more reproducible</li>
<li>MicroChIP DiaPure columns (included in the kit) enable the <b>maximum recovery </b>of immunoprecipitation DNA suitable for any downstream application</li>
<li><b>Excellent </b><b>ChIP</b><b>-seq </b>result when combined with <a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/categories/library-preparation-for-ChIP-seq">MicroPlex</a><a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/categories/library-preparation-for-ChIP-seq"> Library Preparation kit </a>adapted for low input</li>
</ul>
<p>For fast ChIP-seq on low input &ndash; check out Diagenode&rsquo;s <a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/p/uchipmentation-for-histones-24-rxns">&micro;</a><a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/p/uchipmentation-for-histones-24-rxns">ChIPmentation</a><a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/p/uchipmentation-for-histones-24-rxns"> for histones</a>.</p>
<p><sub>The True MicroChIP-seq kit, Cat. No. C01010132 is an upgraded version of the kit True MicroChIP, Cat. No. C01010130, with the new validated protocols (e.g. FACS sorted cells) and MicroChIP DiaPure columns included in the kit.</sub></p>',
			'label1' => 'Characteristics',
			'info1' => '<ul>
<li><b>Revolutionary:</b> Only 10,000 cells needed for complete ChIP-seq procedure</li>
<li><b>Validated on</b> studies for histone marks</li>
<li><b>Automated protocol </b>for the IP-Star<sup>&reg;</sup> Compact Automated Platform available</li>
</ul>
<p></p>
<p>The True MicroChIP-seq kit protocol has been optimized for the use of 10,000 - 100,000 cells per immunoprecipitation reaction. Regarding chromatin immunoprecipitation, three protocol variants have been optimized:<br />starting with a batch, starting with an individual sample and starting with the FACS-sorted cells.</p>
<div><button id="readmorebtn" style="background-color: #b02736; color: white; border-radius: 5px; border: none; padding: 5px;">Show Workflow</button></div>
<p><br /> <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/kits/workflow-microchip.png" id="workflowchip" class="hidden" width="600px" /></p>
<p>
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<div class="carrousel" style="background-position: center;">
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<div class="row" style="background: rgba(255,255,255,0.1);">
<div class="large-12 columns truemicro-slider" id="truemicro-slider">
<div>
<h3>High efficiency ChIP on 10,000 cells</h3>
<div class="large-10 small-12 medium-10 large-centered medium-centered small-centered columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/kits/true-micro-chip-histone-results.png" width="800px" /></div>
<div class="large-10 small-12 medium-10 large-centered medium-centered small-centered columns"><center>
<p><small><strong>Figure 1.&nbsp;</strong>ChIP efficiency on 10,000 cells. ChIP was performed on human Hela cells using the Diagenode antibodies <a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/p/h3k4me3-polyclonal-antibody-premium-50-ug-50-ul">H3K4me3</a> (Cat. No. C15410003), <a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/p/h3k27ac-polyclonal-antibody-classic-50-mg-42-ml">H3K27ac</a> (C15410174), <a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/p/h3k9me3-polyclonal-antibody-classic-50-ug">H3K9me3</a> (C15410056) and <a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/p/h3k27me3-polyclonal-antibody-classic-50-mg-34-ml">H3K27me3</a> (C15410069). Sheared chromatin from 10,000 cells and 0.1 &micro;g (H3K27ac), 0.25 &micro;g (H3K4me3 and H3K27me3) or 0.5 &micro;g (H3K9me3) of the antibody were used per IP. Corresponding amount of IgG was used as control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers for corresponding positive and negative loci. Figure shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis).</small></p>
</center></div>
</div>
<div>
<h3>True MicroChIP-seq protocol in a combination with MicroPlex library preparation kit results in reliable and accurate sequencing data</h3>
<div class="large-10 small-12 medium-10 large-centered medium-centered small-centered columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/kits/fig2-truemicro.jpg" alt="True MicroChip results" width="800px" /></div>
<div class="large-10 small-12 medium-10 large-centered medium-centered small-centered columns"><center>
<p><small><strong>Figure 2.</strong> Integrative genomics viewer (IGV) visualization of ChIP-seq experiments using 50.000 of K562 cells. ChIP has been performed accordingly to True MicroChIP protocol followed by the library preparation using MicroPlex Library Preparation Kit (C05010001). The above figure shows the peaks from ChIP-seq experiments using the following antibodies: H3K4me1 (C15410194), H3K9/14ac (C15410200), H3K27ac (C15410196) and H3K36me3 (C15410192).</small></p>
</center></div>
</div>
<div>
<h3>Successful chromatin profiling from 10.000 of FACS-sorted cells</h3>
<div class="large-10 small-12 medium-10 large-centered medium-centered small-centered columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/kits/fig3ab-truemicro.jpg" alt="small non coding RNA" width="800px" /></div>
<div class="large-10 small-12 medium-10 large-centered medium-centered small-centered columns"><center>
<p><small><strong>Figure 3.</strong> (A) Integrative genomics viewer (IGV) visualization of ChIP-seq experiments and heatmap 3kb upstream and downstream of the TSS (B) for H3K4me3. ChIP has been performed using 10.000 of FACS-sorted cells (K562) and H3K4me3 antibody (C15410003) accordingly to True MicroChIP protocol followed by the library preparation using MicroPlex Library Preparation Kit (C05010001). Data were compared to ENCODE standards.</small></p>
</center></div>
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<p>
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			'label2' => 'Additional solutions compatible with the True MicroChIP-seq Kit',
			'info2' => '<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The <a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/p/chromatin-shearing-optimization-kit-high-sds-100-million-cells">Chromatin EasyShear Kit &ndash; High SDS</a></span><span style="font-weight: 400;">&nbsp;Recommended for the optimizing chromatin shearing.</span></p>
<p><a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/categories/chip-seq-grade-antibodies"><span style="font-weight: 400;">ChIP-seq grade antibodies</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> for high yields, specificity, and sensitivity.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Check the list of available </span><a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/categories/primer-pairs"><span style="font-weight: 400;">primer pairs</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> designed for high specificity to specific genomic regions.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">For library preparation of immunoprecipitated samples we recommend to use the </span><b>&nbsp;</b><a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/categories/library-preparation-for-ChIP-seq"><span style="font-weight: 400;">MicroPlex Library Preparation Kit</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> - validated for library preparation from picogram inputs.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">For IP-Star Automation users, check out the </span><a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/p/auto-true-microchip-kit-16-rxns"><span style="font-weight: 400;">automated version</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> of this kit.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Application note: </span><a href="https://www.diagenode.com/files/application_notes/Diagenode_AATI_Joint.pdf"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Best Workflow Practices for ChIP-seq Analysis with Small Samples</span></a></p>
<p></p>',
			'label3' => 'Species, cell lines, tissues tested',
			'info3' => '<p>The True MicroChIP-seq kit is compatible with a broad variety of cell lines, tissues and species - some examples are shown below. Other species / cell lines / tissues can be used with this kit.</p>
<p><strong>Cell lines:</strong></p>
<p>Bovine: blastocysts,<br />Drosophila: embryos, salivary glands<br />Human: EndoC-ẞH1 cells, HeLa cells, PBMC, urothelial cells<br />Mouse: adipocytes, B cells, blastocysts, pre-B cells, BMDM cells, chondrocytes, embryonic stem cells, KH2 cells, LSK cells, macrophages, MEP cells, microglia, NK cells, oocytes, pancreatic cells, P19Cl6 cells, RPE cells,</p>
<p>Other cell lines / species: compatible, not tested</p>
<p><strong>Tissues:</strong></p>
<p>Horse: adipose tissue</p>
<p>Mice: intestine tissue</p>
<p>Other tissues: not tested</p>',
			'format' => '20 rxns',
			'catalog_number' => 'C01010132',
			'old_catalog_number' => 'C01010130',
			'sf_code' => 'C01010132-',
			'type' => 'RFR',
			'search_order' => '04-undefined',
			'price_EUR' => '625',
			'price_USD' => '680',
			'price_GBP' => '575',
			'price_JPY' => '97905',
			'price_CNY' => '',
			'price_AUD' => '1700',
			'country' => 'ALL',
			'except_countries' => 'None',
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			'slug' => 'true-microchip-kit-x16-16-rxns',
			'meta_title' => 'True MicroChIP-seq Kit | Diagenode C01010132',
			'meta_keywords' => '',
			'meta_description' => 'True MicroChIP-seq Kit provides a robust ChIP protocol suitable for the investigation of histone modifications within chromatin from as few as 10 000 cells, including FACS sorted cells. Compatible with ChIP-qPCR as well as ChIP-seq.',
			'modified' => '2023-04-20 16:06:10',
			'created' => '2015-06-29 14:08:20',
			'ProductsRelated' => array(
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			'Image' => array(
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		),
		(int) 3 => array(
			'id' => '2173',
			'antibody_id' => '115',
			'name' => 'H3K4me3 Antibody',
			'description' => '<p><span>Polyclonal antibody raised in rabbit against the region of histone <strong>H3 containing the trimethylated lysine 4</strong> (<strong>H3K4me3</strong>), using a KLH-conjugated synthetic peptide.</span></p>',
			'label1' => 'Validation data',
			'info1' => '<div class="row">
<div class="small-6 columns"><center><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410003-fig1-ChIP.jpg" /></center></div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K4me3</strong><br />ChIP assays were performed using human K562 cells, the Diagenode antibody against H3K4me3 (cat. No. C15410003) and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the iDeal ChIP-seq kit (cat. No. C01010051), using sheared chromatin from 500,000 cells. A titration consisting of 0.5, 1, 2 and 5 &micro;g of antibody per ChIP experiment was analyzed. IgG (1 &micro;g/IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers specific for the promoter of the active genes GAPDH and EIF4A2, used as positive controls, and for the inactive MYOD1 gene and the Sat2 satellite repeat, used as negative controls. Figure 1 shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis). </small></p>
</div>
</div>
<p></p>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns"><center>A.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410003-fig2a-ChIP-seq.jpg" width="800" /></center><center>B.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410003-fig2b-ChIP-seq.jpg" width="800" /></center><center>C.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410003-fig2c-ChIP-seq.jpg" width="800" /></center><center>D.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410003-fig2d-ChIP-seq.jpg" width="800" /></center></div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 2. ChIP-seq results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K4me3</strong><br />ChIP was performed on sheared chromatin from 1 million HeLaS3 cells using 1 &micro;g of the Diagenode antibody against H3K4me3 (cat. No. C15410003) as described above. The IP'd DNA was subsequently analysed on an Illumina Genome Analyzer. Library preparation, cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. The 36 bp tags were aligned to the human genome using the ELAND algorithm. Figure 2 shows the peak distribution along the complete sequence and a 600 kb region of the X-chromosome (figure 2A and B) and in two regions surrounding the GAPDH and EIF4A2 positive control genes, respectively (figure 2C and D). These results clearly show an enrichment of the H3K4 trimethylation at the promoters of active genes.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns"><center>A.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410003-cuttag-a.png" width="800" /></center></div>
<div class="small-12 columns"><center>B.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410003-cuttag-b.png" width="800" /></center></div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 3. Cut&amp;Tag results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K4me3</strong><br />CUT&amp;TAG (Kaya-Okur, H.S., Nat Commun 10, 1930, 2019) was performed on 50,000 K562 cells using 0.5 &micro;g of the Diagenode antibody against H3K4me3 (cat. No. C15410003) and the Diagenode pA-Tn5 transposase (C01070001). The libraries were subsequently analysed on an Illumina NextSeq 500 sequencer (2x75 paired-end reads) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The tags were aligned to the human genome (hg19) using the BWA algorithm. Figure 3 shows the peak distribution in 2 genomic regions surrounding the FOS gene on chromosome 14 and the ACTB gene on chromosome 7 (figure 3A and B, respectively).</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-6 columns"><center><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410003-fig3-ELISA.jpg" width="350" /></center><center></center><center></center><center></center><center></center></div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 4. Determination of the antibody titer</strong><br />To determine the titer of the antibody, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode antibody against H3K4me3 (cat. No. C15410003). The antigen used was a peptide containing the histone modification of interest. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution (Figure 4), the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1:11,000.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-6 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410003-fig4-DB.jpg" /></div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 5. Cross reactivity tests using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K4me3</strong><br />To test the cross reactivity of the Diagenode antibody against H3K4me3 (cat. No. C15410003), a Dot Blot analysis was performed with peptides containing other histone modifications and the unmodified H3K4. One hundred to 0.2 pmol of the respective peptides were spotted on a membrane. The antibody was used at a dilution of 1:2,000. Figure 5A shows a high specificity of the antibody for the modification of interest.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-4 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410003-fig5-WB.jpg" /></div>
<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 6. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K4me3</strong><br />Western blot was performed on whole cell extracts (40 &micro;g, lane 1) from HeLa cells, and on 1 &micro;g of recombinant histone H3 (lane 2) using the Diagenode antibody against H3K4me3 (cat. No. C15410003). The antibody was diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns"><center><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410003-fig6-if.jpg" /></center></div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 7. Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K4me3</strong><br />HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against H3K4me3 (cat. No. C15410003) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 20&rsquo; and blocked with PBS/TX-100 containing 5% normal goat serum. The cells were immunofluorescently labelled with the H3K4me3 antibody (left) diluted 1:200 in blocking solution followed by an anti-rabbit antibody conjugated to Alexa568 or with DAPI (middle), which specifically labels DNA. The right picture shows a merge of both stainings.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
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			'label2' => 'Target Description',
			'info2' => '<p>Histones are the main constituents of the protein part of chromosomes of eukaryotic cells. They are rich in the amino acids arginine and lysine and have been greatly conserved during evolution. Histones pack the DNA into tight masses of chromatin. Two core histones of each class H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assemble and are wrapped by 146 base pairs of DNA to form one octameric nucleosome. Histone tails undergo numerous post-translational modifications, which either directly or indirectly alter chromatin structure to facilitate transcriptional activation or repression or other nuclear processes. In addition to the genetic code, combinations of the different histone modifications reveal the so-called "histone code". Histone methylation and demethylation is dynamically regulated by respectively histone methyl transferases and histone demethylases. Methylation of histone H3K4 is associated with activation of gene transcription.</p>
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			'info3' => '<p></p>
<script src="chrome-extension://hhojmcideegachlhfgfdhailpfhgknjm/web_accessible_resources/index.js"></script>',
			'format' => '50 µg',
			'catalog_number' => 'C15410003',
			'old_catalog_number' => 'pAb-003-050',
			'sf_code' => 'C15410003-D001-000581',
			'type' => 'FRE',
			'search_order' => '03-Antibody',
			'price_EUR' => '480',
			'price_USD' => '470',
			'price_GBP' => '430',
			'price_JPY' => '75190',
			'price_CNY' => '',
			'price_AUD' => '1175',
			'country' => 'ALL',
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			'last_datasheet_update' => 'January 8, 2021',
			'slug' => 'h3k4me3-polyclonal-antibody-premium-50-ug-50-ul',
			'meta_title' => 'H3K4me3 Antibody - ChIP-seq Grade (C15410003) | Diagenode',
			'meta_keywords' => '',
			'meta_description' => 'H3K4me3 (Histone H3 trimethylated at lysine 4) Polyclonal Antibody validated  in ChIP-seq, ChIP-qPCR, CUT&Tag, ELISA, DB, WB and IF. Specificity confirmed by Peptide array. Batch-specific data available on the website. Sample size available.',
			'modified' => '2024-11-19 16:51:19',
			'created' => '2015-06-29 14:08:20',
			'ProductsRelated' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Image' => array(
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		),
		(int) 4 => array(
			'id' => '2264',
			'antibody_id' => '121',
			'name' => 'H3K9me3 Antibody',
			'description' => '<p><span>Polyclonal antibody raised in rabbit against the region of histone<strong> H3 containing the trimethylated lysine 9</strong> (<strong>H3K9me3</strong>), using a KLH-conjugated synthetic peptide.</span></p>',
			'label1' => 'Validation Data',
			'info1' => '<div class="row">
<div class="small-6 columns"><center><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410193-ChIP-Fig1.png" /></center></div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K9me3</strong><br />ChIP assays were performed using human HeLa cells, the Diagenode antibody against H3K9me3 (cat. No. C15410193) and optimized PCR primer sets for qPCR. ChIP was performed on sheared chromatin from 1 million HeLaS3 cells using the &ldquo;iDeal ChIP-seq&rdquo; kit (cat. No. C01010051). A titration of the antibody consisting of 0.5, 1, 2, and 5 &micro;g per ChIP experiment was analysed. IgG (1 &micro;g/IP) was used as negative IP control. QPCR was performed with primers for the heterochromatin marker Sat2 and for the ZNF510 gene, used as positive controls, and for the promoters of the active EIF4A2 and GAPDH genes, used as negative controls. Figure 1 shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis).</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns"><center>A.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410193-ChIP-Fig2a.png" width="700" /></center><center>B.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410193-ChIP-Fig2b.png" width="700" /></center><center>C.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410193-ChIP-Fig2c.png" width="700" /></center><center>D.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410193-ChIP-Fig2d.png" width="700" /></center></div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 2. ChIP-seq results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K9me3</strong><br />ChIP was performed with 0.5 &micro;g of the Diagenode antibody against H3K9me3 (cat. No. C15410193) on sheared chromatin from 1,000,000 HeLa cells using the &ldquo;iDeal ChIP-seq&rdquo; kit as described above. The IP'd DNA was subsequently analysed on an Illumina HiSeq 2000. Library preparation, cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. The 50 bp tags were aligned to the human genome using the BWA algorithm. Figure 2A shows the signal distribution along the long arm of chromosome 19 and a zoomin to an enriched region containing several ZNF repeat genes. The arrows indicate two satellite repeat regions which exhibit a stronger signal. Figures 2B, 2C and 2D show the enrichment along the ZNF510 positive control target and at the H19 and KCNQ1 imprinted genes.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns"><center>A.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410193-CT-Fig3a.png" width="700" /></center><center>B.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410193-CT-Fig3b.png" width="700" /></center></div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 3. Cut&amp;Tag results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K9me3</strong><br />CUT&amp;TAG (Kaya-Okur, H.S., Nat Commun 10, 1930, 2019) was performed on 50,000 K562 cells using 1 &micro;g of the Diagenode antibody against H3K9me3 (cat. No. C15410193) and the Diagenode pA-Tn5 transposase (C01070001). The libraries were subsequently analysed on an Illumina NextSeq 500 sequencer (2x75 paired-end reads) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The tags were aligned to the human genome (hg19) using the BWA algorithm. Figure 3 shows the peak distribution in a genomic regions on chromosome 1 containing several ZNF repeat genes and in a genomic region surrounding the KCNQ1 imprinting control gene on chromosome 11 (figure 3A and B, respectively).</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-6 columns"><center><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410193-Elisa-Fig4.png" /></center></div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 4. Determination of the antibody titer</strong><br />To determine the titer of the antibody, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the antibody directed against human H3K9me3 (cat. No. C15410193) in antigen coated wells. The antigen used was a peptide containing the histone modification of interest. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution (Figure 4), the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1:87,000.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-4 columns"><center><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410193-DB-Fig5.png" /></center></div>
<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 5. Cross reactivity tests using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K9me3</strong><br />A Dot Blot analysis was performed to test the cross reactivity of the Diagenode antibody against H3K9me3 (cat. No. C15410193) with peptides containing other modifications and unmodified sequences of histone H3 and H4. One hundred to 0.2 pmol of the peptide containing the respective histone modification were spotted on a membrane. The antibody was used at a dilution of 1:20,000. Figure 5 shows a high specificity of the antibody for the modification of interest.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-4 columns"><center><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410193-WB-Fig6.png" /></center></div>
<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 6. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K9me3</strong><br />Western blot was performed on whole cell (25 &micro;g, lane 1) and histone extracts (15 &micro;g, lane 2) from HeLa cells, and on 1 &micro;g of recombinant histone H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 (lane 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively) using the Diagenode antibody against H3K9me3 (cat. No. C15410193). The antibody was diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns"><center><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410193-IF-Fig7.png" /></center></div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 7. Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K9me3</strong><br />HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against H3K9me3 (cat. No. C15410193) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 10&rsquo; and blocked with PBS/TX-100 containing 5% normal goat serum and 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labelled with the H3K9me3 antibody (middle) diluted 1:500 in blocking solution followed by an anti-rabbit antibody conjugated to Alexa488. The left panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of both stainings is shown on the right.</small></p>
</div>
</div>',
			'label2' => 'Target Description',
			'info2' => '<p>Histones are the main constituents of the protein part of chromosomes of eukaryotic cells. They are rich in the amino acids arginine and lysine and have been greatly conserved during evolution. Histones pack the DNA into tight masses of chromatin. Two core histones of each class H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assemble and are wrapped by 146 base pairs of DNA to form one octameric nucleosome. Histone tails undergo numerous post-translational modifications, which either directly or indirectly alter chromatin structure to facilitate transcriptional activation or repression or other nuclear processes. In addition to the genetic code, combinations of the different histone modifications reveal the so-called &ldquo;histone code&rdquo;. Histone methylation and demethylation is dynamically regulated by respectively histone methyl transferases and histone demethylases. Trimethylation of histone H3K9 is associated with inactive genomic regions, satellite repeats and ZNF gene repeats.</p>',
			'label3' => '',
			'info3' => '',
			'format' => '50 μg',
			'catalog_number' => 'C15410193',
			'old_catalog_number' => 'pAb-193-050',
			'sf_code' => 'C15410193-D001-000581',
			'type' => 'FRE',
			'search_order' => '03-Antibody',
			'price_EUR' => '480',
			'price_USD' => '470',
			'price_GBP' => '430',
			'price_JPY' => '75190',
			'price_CNY' => '0',
			'price_AUD' => '1175',
			'country' => 'ALL',
			'except_countries' => 'None',
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			'in_stock' => false,
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			'online' => true,
			'master' => true,
			'last_datasheet_update' => 'December 12, 2017',
			'slug' => 'h3k9me3-polyclonal-antibody-premium-50-mg',
			'meta_title' => 'H3K9me3 Antibody - ChIP-seq Grade (C15410193) | Diagenode',
			'meta_keywords' => '',
			'meta_description' => 'H3K9me3  (Histone H3 trimethylated at lysine 9) Polyclonal Antibody validated  in ChIP-seq, ChIP-qPCR, CUT&Tag, ELISA, DB, WB and IF. Specificity confirmed by Peptide array assay. Batch-specific data available on the website. Sample size available.',
			'modified' => '2021-10-20 09:55:53',
			'created' => '2015-06-29 14:08:20',
			'ProductsRelated' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
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			'Image' => array(
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		),
		(int) 5 => array(
			'id' => '2270',
			'antibody_id' => '109',
			'name' => 'H3K27ac Antibody',
			'description' => '<p><span>Polyclonal antibody raised in rabbit against the region of histone <strong>H3 containing the acetylated lysine 27</strong> (<strong>H3K27ac</strong>), using a KLH-conjugated synthetic peptide.</span></p>',
			'label1' => 'Validation Data',
			'info1' => '<div class="row">
<div class="small-6 columns">A.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410196-ChIP-Fig1a.png" width="356" /><br /> B.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410196-ChIP-Fig1b.png" width="356" /></div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27ac</strong></p>
<p>Figure 1A ChIP assays were performed using human HeLa cells, the Diagenode antibody against H3K27ac (Cat. No. C15410196) and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the &ldquo;Auto Histone ChIP-seq&rdquo; kit on the IP-Star automated system, using sheared chromatin from 1,000,000 cells. A titration consisting of 1, 2, 5 and 10 &micro;g of antibody per ChIP experiment was analyzed. IgG (2 &micro;g/IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers for the promoters of the active EIF4A2 and ACTB genes, used as positive controls, and for the inactive TSH2B and MYT1 genes, used as negative controls.</p>
<p>Figure 1B ChIP assays were performed using human K562 cells, the Diagenode antibody against H3K27ac (Cat. No. C15410196)and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the &ldquo;iDeal ChIP-seq&rdquo; kit (Cat. No. C01010051), using sheared chromatin from 100,000 cells. A titration consisting of 0.2, 0.5, 1 and 2 &micro;g of antibody per ChIP experiment was analyzed. IgG (1 &micro;g/IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers for the promoters of the active GAPDH and EIF4A2 genes, used as positive controls, and for the coding regions of the inactive MB and MYT1 genes, used as negative controls. Figure 1 shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis)</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="extra-spaced"></div>
<div class="extra-spaced"></div>
<div class="extra-spaced"></div>
<div class="extra-spaced"></div>
<div class="extra-spaced"></div>
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<div class="extra-spaced"></div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns"><center>
<p>A.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410196-ChIP-Fig2a.png" /></p>
</center><center>
<p>B.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410196-ChIP-Fig2b.png" /></p>
</center><center>
<p>C.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410196-ChIP-Fig2c.png" /></p>
</center></div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><strong>Figure 2. ChIP-seq results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27ac</strong></p>
<p>ChIP was performed on sheared chromatin from 100,000 K562 cells using 1 &micro;g of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27ac (Cat. No. C15410196<span class="label-primary"></span>) as described above. The IP&rsquo;d DNA was subsequently analysed on an Illumina Genome Analyzer. Library preparation, cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer&rsquo;s instructions. The 36 bp tags were aligned to the human genome using the ELAND algorithm. Figure 2A shows the peak distribution along the complete human X-chromosome. Figure 2 B and C show the peak distribution in two regions surrounding the EIF4A2 and GAPDH positive control genes, respectively. The position of the PCR amplicon, used for validating the ChIP assay is indicated with an arrow.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns"><center><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410196-fig3.jpg" /></center></div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><strong>Figure 3. Cut&amp;Tag results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27ac</strong></p>
<p>CUT&amp;TAG (Kaya-Okur, H.S., Nat Commun 10, 1930, 2019) was performed on 50,000 K562 cells using 1 &micro;g of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27ac (cat. No. C15410196) and the Diagenode pA-Tn5 transposase (C01070001). The libraries were subsequently analysed on an Illumina NextSeq 500 sequencer (2x75 paired-end reads) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The tags were aligned to the human genome (hg19) using the BWA algorithm. Figure 3 shows the peak distribution in 2 genomic regions surrounding the EIF2S3 gene on the X-chromosome and the CCT5 gene on chromosome 5 (figure 3A and B, respectively).</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-6 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410196-ELISA-Fig3.png" /></div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><strong>Figure 4. Determination of the antibody titer</strong></p>
<p>To determine the titer of the antibody, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27ac (Cat. No. C15410196<span class="label-primary"></span>). The antigen used was a peptide containing the histone modification of interest. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution (Figure 4), the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1:8,300.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-4 columns"><center><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410196-DB-Fig4.png" /></center></div>
<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><strong>Figure 5. Cross reactivity tests using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27ac</strong><br />To test the cross reactivity of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27ac (Cat. No. C15410196<span class="label-primary"></span>), a Dot Blot analysis was performed with peptides containing other histone modifications and the unmodified H3K27. One hundred to 0.2 pmol of the respective peptides were spotted on a membrane. The antibody was used at a dilution of 1:20,000. Figure 5 shows a high specificity of the antibody for the modification of interest.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-4 columns"><center><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410196-WB-Fig5.png" /></center></div>
<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><strong>Figure 6. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27ac</strong><br />Western blot was performed on whole cell (25 &micro;g, lane 1) and histone extracts (15 &micro;g, lane 2) from HeLa cells, and on 1 &micro;g of recombinant histone H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 (lane 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively) using the Diagenode antibody against H3K27ac (Cat. No. C1541196). The antibody was diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-4 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410196-IF-Fig6.png" /></div>
<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><strong>Figure 7. Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27ac</strong></p>
<p>HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against H3K27ac (Cat. No. C15410196<span class="label-primary"></span>) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 10&rsquo; and blocked with PBS/ TX-100 containing 5% normal goat serum and 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labeled with the H3K27ac antibody (top) diluted 1:500 in blocking solution followed by an anti-rabbit antibody conjugated to Alexa488. The middle panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of the two stainings is shown at the bottom.</p>
</div>
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			'info2' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Histones are the main constituents of the protein part of chromosomes of eukaryotic cells. They are rich in the amino acids arginine and lysine and have been greatly conserved during evolution. Histones pack the DNA into tight masses of chromatin. Two core histones of each class H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assemble and are wrapped by 146 base pairs of DNA to form one octameric nucleosome. Histone tails undergo numerous post-translational modifications, which either directly or indirectly alter chromatin structure to facilitate transcriptional activation or repression or other nuclear processes. In addition to the genetic code, combinations of the different histone modifications reveal the so-called &ldquo;histone code&rdquo;. Histone methylation and demethylation is dynamically regulated by respectively histone methyl transferases and histone demethylases. Acetylation of histone H3K27 is associated with active promoters and enhancers.</p>',
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			'description' => '<p><strong>Western blot</strong> : The quality of antibodies used in this technique is crucial for correct and specific protein identification. Diagenode offers huge selection of highly sensitive and specific western blot-validated antibodies.</p>
<p>Learn more about: <a href="https://www.diagenode.com/applications/western-blot">Loading control, MW marker visualization</a><em>. <br /></em></p>
<p><em></em>Check our selection of antibodies validated in Western blot.</p>',
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<p>Diagenode offers huge selection of highly sensitive antibodies validated in IF.</p>
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200229-IF.jpg" alt="" height="245" width="256" /></p>
<p><sup><strong>Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against CRISPR/Cas9</strong></sup></p>
<p><sup>HeLa cells transfected with a Cas9 expression vector (left) or untransfected cells (right) were fixed in methanol at -20&deg;C, permeabilized with acetone at -20&deg;C and blocked with PBS containing 2% BSA. The cells were stained with the Cas9 C-terminal antibody (Cat. No. C15200229) diluted 1:400, followed by incubation with an anti-mouse secondary antibody coupled to AF488. The bottom images show counter-staining of the nuclei with Hoechst 33342.</sup></p>
<h5><sup>Check our selection of antibodies validated in IF.</sup></h5>',
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			'meta_description' => 'Diagenode offers a wide range of antibodies and technical support for ChIP Sequencing applications',
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			'meta_description' => 'Diagenode offers a wide range of antibodies and technical support for ChIP-qPCR applications',
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			'description' => '<p><b>Unparalleled ChIP-Seq results with the most rigorously validated antibodies</b></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Diagenode provides leading solutions for epigenetic research. Because ChIP-seq is a widely-used technique, we validate our antibodies in ChIP and ChIP-seq experiments (in addition to conventional methods like Western blot, Dot blot, ELISA, and immunofluorescence) to provide the highest quality antibody. We standardize our validation and production to guarantee high product quality without technical bias. Diagenode guarantees ChIP-seq grade antibody performance under our suggested conditions.</span></p>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 medium-9 large-9 columns">
<p><strong>ChIP-seq profile</strong> of active (H3K4me3 and H3K36me3) and inactive (H3K27me3) marks using Diagenode antibodies.</p>
<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/categories/antibodies/chip-seq-grade-antibodies.png" /></div>
<div class="small-12 medium-3 large-3 columns">
<p><small> ChIP was performed on sheared chromatin from 100,000 K562 cells using iDeal ChIP-seq kit for Histones (cat. No. C01010051) with 1 &micro;g of the Diagenode antibodies against H3K27me3 (cat. No. C15410195) and H3K4me3 (cat. No. C15410003), and 0.5 &micro;g of the antibody against H3K36me3 (cat. No. C15410192). The IP'd DNA was subsequently analysed on an Illumina Genome Analyzer. Library preparation, cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. The 36 bp tags were aligned to the human genome using the ELAND algorithm. The figure shows the signal distribution along the complete sequence of human chromosome 3, a zoomin to a 10 Mb region and a further zoomin to a 1.5 Mb region. </small></p>
</div>
</div>
<p>Diagenode&rsquo;s highly validated antibodies:</p>
<ul>
<li>Highly sensitive and specific</li>
<li>Cost-effective (requires less antibody per reaction)</li>
<li>Batch-specific data is available on the website</li>
<li>Expert technical support</li>
<li>Sample sizes available</li>
<li>100% satisfaction guarantee</li>
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			'name' => 'Histone antibodies',
			'description' => '<p>Histones are the main protein components of chromatin involved in the compaction of DNA into nucleosomes, the basic units of chromatin. A <strong>nucleosome</strong> consists of one pair of each of the core histones (<strong>H2A</strong>, <strong>H2B</strong>, <strong>H3</strong> and <strong>H4</strong>) forming an octameric structure wrapped by 146 base pairs of DNA. The different nucleosomes are linked by the linker histone<strong> H1, </strong>allowing for further condensation of chromatin.</p>
<p>The core histones have a globular structure with large unstructured N-terminal tails protruding from the nucleosome.&nbsp; They can undergo to multiple post-translational modifications (PTM), mainly at the N-terminal tails. These <strong>post-translational modifications </strong>include&nbsp; methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitinylation, citrullination, sumoylation, deamination and crotonylation.&nbsp; The most well characterized PTMs are <strong>methylation,</strong> <strong>acetylation and phosphorylation</strong>. Histone methylation occurs mainly on lysine (K) residues, which can be mono-, di- or tri-methylated, and on arginines (R), which can be mono-methylated and symmetrically or asymmetrically di-methylated. Histone acetylation occurs on lysines and histone phosphorylation mainly on serines (S), threonines (T) and tyrosines (Y).</p>
<p>The PTMs of the different residues are involved in numerous processes such as DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosome condensation. They influence the chromatin organization and can be positively or negatively associated with gene expression. Trimethylation of H3K4, H3K36 and H3K79, and lysine acetylation generally result in an open chromatin configuration (figure below) and are therefore associated with <strong>euchromatin</strong> and gene activation. Trimethylation of H3K9, K3K27 and H4K20, on the other hand, is enriched in <strong>heterochromatin </strong>and associated with gene silencing. The combination of different histone modifications is called the "<strong>histone code</strong>&rdquo;, analogous to the genetic code.</p>
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/categories/antibodies/histone-marks-illustration.png" /></p>
<p>Diagenode is proud to offer a large range of antibodies against histones and histone modifications. Our&nbsp; antibodies are highly specific and have been validated in many applications, including <strong>ChIP</strong> and <strong>ChIP-seq</strong>.</p>
<p>Diagenode&rsquo;s collection includes antibodies recognizing:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Histone H1 variants</strong></li>
<li><strong>Histone H2A, H2A variants and histone H2A</strong> <strong>modifications</strong> (serine phosphorylation, lysine acetylation, lysine ubiquitinylation)</li>
<li><strong>Histone H2B and H2B</strong> <strong>modifications </strong>(serine phosphorylation, lysine acetylation)</li>
<li><strong>Histone H3 and H3 modifications </strong>(lysine methylation (mono-, di- and tri-methylated), lysine acetylation, serine phosphorylation, threonine phosphorylation, arginine methylation (mono-methylated, symmetrically and asymmetrically di-methylated))</li>
<li><strong>Histone H4 and H4 modifications (</strong>lysine methylation (mono-, di- and tri-methylated), lysine acetylation, arginine methylation (mono-methylated and symmetrically di-methylated), serine phosphorylation )</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>HDAC's HAT's, HMT's and other</strong> <strong>enzymes</strong> which modify histones can be found in the category <a href="../categories/chromatin-modifying-proteins-histone-transferase">Histone modifying enzymes</a><br /></span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Diagenode&rsquo;s highly validated antibodies:</span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Highly sensitive and specific</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cost-effective (requires less antibody per reaction)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Batch-specific data is available on the website</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Expert technical support</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sample sizes available</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 100% satisfaction guarantee</span></li>
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			'description' => '<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">All Diagenode&rsquo;s antibodies are listed below. Please, use our Quick search field to find the antibody of interest by target name, application, purity.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Diagenode&rsquo;s highly validated antibodies:</span></p>
<ul>
<li>Highly sensitive and specific</li>
<li>Cost-effective (requires less antibody per reaction)</li>
<li>Batch-specific data is available on the website</li>
<li>Expert technical support</li>
<li>Sample sizes available</li>
<li>100% satisfaction guarantee</li>
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			'name' => 'ChIP-grade antibodies',
			'description' => '<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns"><center></center>
<p><br />Chromatin immunoprecipitation (<b>ChIP</b>) is a technique to study the associations of proteins with the specific genomic regions in intact cells. One of the most important steps of this protocol is the immunoprecipitation of targeted protein using the antibody specifically recognizing it. The quality of antibodies used in ChIP is essential for the success of the experiment. Diagenode offers extensively validated ChIP-grade antibodies, confirmed for their specificity, and high level of performance in ChIP. Each batch is validated, and batch-specific data are available on the website.</p>
<p></p>
</div>
</div>
<p><strong>ChIP results</strong> obtained with the antibody directed against H3K4me3 (Cat. No. <a href="../p/h3k4me3-polyclonal-antibody-premium-50-ug-50-ul">C15410003</a>).&nbsp;</p>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 medium-6 large-6 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410003-fig1-ChIP.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="315" />&nbsp;</div>
<div class="small-12 medium-6 large-6 columns">
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
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<p></p>
<p>Our aim at Diagenode is to offer the largest collection of highly specific <strong>ChIP-grade antibodies</strong>. We add new antibodies monthly. Find your ChIP-grade antibody in the list below and check more information about tested applications, extensive validation data, and product information.</p>',
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			'name' => 'Datasheet H3K27me3 C15410069',
			'description' => '<p><span>Polyclonal antibody raised in rabbit against against histone H3, trimethylated at lysine 27 (H3K27me3), using a KLH-conjugated synthetic peptide.</span></p>',
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			'type' => 'Datasheet',
			'url' => 'files/products/antibodies/Datasheet_H3K27me3_C15410069.pdf',
			'slug' => 'datasheet-h3k27me3-C15410069',
			'meta_keywords' => '',
			'meta_description' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-11-23 17:18:02',
			'created' => '2015-07-07 11:47:43',
			'ProductsDocument' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 1 => array(
			'id' => '38',
			'name' => 'Epigenetic Antibodies Brochure',
			'description' => '<p>More than in any other immuoprecipitation assays, quality antibodies are critical tools in many epigenetics experiments. Since 10 years, Diagenode has developed the most stringent quality production available on the market for antibodies exclusively focused on epigenetic uses. All our antibodies have been qualified to work in epigenetic applications.</p>',
			'image_id' => null,
			'type' => 'Brochure',
			'url' => 'files/brochures/Epigenetic_Antibodies_Brochure.pdf',
			'slug' => 'epigenetic-antibodies-brochure',
			'meta_keywords' => '',
			'meta_description' => '',
			'modified' => '2016-06-15 11:24:06',
			'created' => '2015-07-03 16:05:27',
			'ProductsDocument' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 2 => array(
			'id' => '11',
			'name' => 'Antibodies you can trust',
			'description' => '<p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Epigenetic research tools have evolved over time from endpoint PCR to qPCR to the analyses of large sets of genome-wide sequencing data. ChIP sequencing (ChIP-seq) has now become the gold standard method for chromatin studies, given the accuracy and coverage scale of the approach over other methods. Successful ChIP-seq, however, requires a higher level of experimental accuracy and consistency in all steps of ChIP than ever before. Particularly crucial is the quality of ChIP antibodies. </span></p>',
			'image_id' => null,
			'type' => 'Poster',
			'url' => 'files/posters/Antibodies_you_can_trust_Poster.pdf',
			'slug' => 'antibodies-you-can-trust-poster',
			'meta_keywords' => '',
			'meta_description' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-10-01 20:18:31',
			'created' => '2015-07-03 16:05:15',
			'ProductsDocument' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		)
	),
	'Feature' => array(),
	'Image' => array(
		(int) 0 => array(
			'id' => '1783',
			'name' => 'product/antibodies/chipseq-grade-ab-icon.png',
			'alt' => 'ChIP-seq Grade',
			'modified' => '2020-11-27 07:04:40',
			'created' => '2018-03-15 15:54:09',
			'ProductsImage' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		)
	),
	'Promotion' => array(),
	'Protocol' => array(),
	'Publication' => array(
		(int) 0 => array(
			'id' => '4952',
			'name' => 'Epigenetic alterations affecting hematopoietic regulatory networks as drivers of mixed myeloid/lymphoid leukemia',
			'authors' => 'Roger Mulet-Lazaro et al.',
			'description' => '<p><span>Leukemias with ambiguous lineage comprise several loosely defined entities, often without a clear mechanistic basis. Here, we extensively profile the epigenome and transcriptome of a subgroup of such leukemias with CpG Island Methylator Phenotype. These leukemias exhibit comparable hybrid myeloid/lymphoid epigenetic landscapes, yet heterogeneous genetic alterations, suggesting they are defined by their shared epigenetic profile rather than common genetic lesions. Gene expression enrichment reveals similarity with early T-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia and a lymphoid progenitor cell of origin. In line with this, integration of differential DNA methylation and gene expression shows widespread silencing of myeloid transcription factors. Moreover, binding sites for hematopoietic transcription factors, including CEBPA, SPI1 and LEF1, are uniquely inaccessible in these leukemias. Hypermethylation also results in loss of CTCF binding, accompanied by changes in chromatin interactions involving key transcription factors. In conclusion, epigenetic dysregulation, and not genetic lesions, explains the mixed phenotype of this group of leukemias with ambiguous lineage. The data collected here constitute a useful and comprehensive epigenomic reference for subsequent studies of acute myeloid leukemias, T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias and mixed-phenotype leukemias.</span></p>',
			'date' => '2024-07-07',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-49811-y',
			'doi' => 'https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-49811-y',
			'modified' => '2024-07-10 12:21:42',
			'created' => '2024-07-10 12:21:42',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 1 => array(
			'id' => '4945',
			'name' => 'Master corepressor inactivation through multivalent SLiM-induced polymerization mediated by the oncogene suppressor RAI2',
			'authors' => 'Goradia N. et al.',
			'description' => '<p><span>While the elucidation of regulatory mechanisms of folded proteins is facilitated due to their amenability to high-resolution structural characterization, investigation of these mechanisms in disordered proteins is more challenging due to their structural heterogeneity, which can be captured by a variety of biophysical approaches. Here, we used the transcriptional master corepressor CtBP, which binds the putative metastasis suppressor RAI2 through repetitive SLiMs, as a model system. Using cryo-electron microscopy embedded in an integrative structural biology approach, we show that RAI2 unexpectedly induces CtBP polymerization through filaments of stacked tetrameric CtBP layers. These filaments lead to RAI2-mediated CtBP nuclear foci and relieve its corepressor function in RAI2-expressing cancer cells. The impact of RAI2-mediated CtBP loss-of-function is illustrated by the analysis of a diverse cohort of prostate cancer patients, which reveals a substantial decrease in RAI2 in advanced treatment-resistant cancer subtypes. As RAI2-like SLiM motifs are found in a wide range of organisms, including pathogenic viruses, our findings serve as a paradigm for diverse functional effects through multivalent interaction-mediated polymerization by disordered proteins in healthy and diseased conditions.</span></p>',
			'date' => '2024-06-19',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-49488-3',
			'doi' => 'https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-49488-3',
			'modified' => '2024-06-24 17:11:37',
			'created' => '2024-06-24 17:11:37',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 2 => array(
			'id' => '4950',
			'name' => 'Master corepressor inactivation through multivalent SLiM-induced polymerization mediated by the oncogene suppressor RAI2',
			'authors' => 'Nishit Goradia et al.',
			'description' => '<p><span>While the elucidation of regulatory mechanisms of folded proteins is facilitated due to their amenability to high-resolution structural characterization, investigation of these mechanisms in disordered proteins is more challenging due to their structural heterogeneity, which can be captured by a variety of biophysical approaches. Here, we used the transcriptional master corepressor CtBP, which binds the putative metastasis suppressor RAI2 through repetitive SLiMs, as a model system. Using cryo-electron microscopy embedded in an integrative structural biology approach, we show that RAI2 unexpectedly induces CtBP polymerization through filaments of stacked tetrameric CtBP layers. These filaments lead to RAI2-mediated CtBP nuclear foci and relieve its corepressor function in RAI2-expressing cancer cells. The impact of RAI2-mediated CtBP loss-of-function is illustrated by the analysis of a diverse cohort of prostate cancer patients, which reveals a substantial decrease in RAI2 in advanced treatment-resistant cancer subtypes. As RAI2-like SLiM motifs are found in a wide range of organisms, including pathogenic viruses, our findings serve as a paradigm for diverse functional effects through multivalent interaction-mediated polymerization by disordered proteins in healthy and diseased conditions.</span></p>',
			'date' => '2024-06-19',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-49488-3',
			'doi' => ' https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-49488-3',
			'modified' => '2024-07-04 15:50:54',
			'created' => '2024-07-04 15:50:54',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 3 => array(
			'id' => '4791',
			'name' => 'Distinct regulation of EZH2 and its repressive H3K27me3 mark inPolyomavirus -positive and -negative Merkel cell carcinoma.',
			'authors' => 'Durand  M-A et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an aggressive skin cancer for which Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) integration and expression of viral oncogenes small T and Large T have been identified as major oncogenic determinants. Recently, a component of the PRC2 complex, the histone methyltransferase EZH2 that induces H3K27 tri-methylation as a repressive mark has been proposed as a potential therapeutic target in MCC. Since divergent results have been reported for the levels of EZH2 and H3K27me3, we analyzed these factors in a large MCC cohort to identify the molecular determinants of EZH2 activity in MCC and to establish MCC cell lines sensitivity to EZH2 inhibitors. Immunohistochemical expression of EZH2 was observed in 92\% of MCC tumors (156/170) with higher expression levels in virus-positive than virus-negative tumors (p= 0.026). For the latter, we demonstrated overexpression of EZHIP, a negative regulator of the PRC2 complex. In vitro, ectopic expression of the Large T antigen in fibroblasts led to the induction of EZH2 expression while knockdown of T antigens in MCC cell lines resulted in decreased EZH2 expression. EZH2 inhibition led to selective cytotoxicity on virus-positive MCC cell lines. This study highlights the distinct mechanisms of EZH2 induction between virus-negative and -positive MCC.</p>',
			'date' => '2023-04-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37037414',
			'doi' => '10.1016/j.jid.2023.02.038',
			'modified' => '2023-06-12 09:05:58',
			'created' => '2023-05-05 12:34:24',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 4 => array(
			'id' => '4605',
			'name' => 'Gene Regulatory Interactions at Lamina-Associated Domains',
			'authors' => 'Madsen-Østerbye  J. et al.',
			'description' => '<p>The nuclear lamina provides a repressive chromatin environment at the nuclear periphery. However, whereas most genes in lamina-associated domains (LADs) are inactive, over ten percent reside in local euchromatic contexts and are expressed. How these genes are regulated and whether they are able to interact with regulatory elements remain unclear. Here, we integrate publicly available enhancer-capture Hi-C data with our own chromatin state and transcriptomic datasets to show that inferred enhancers of active genes in LADs are able to form connections with other enhancers within LADs and outside LADs. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses show proximity changes between differentially expressed genes in LADs and distant enhancers upon the induction of adipogenic differentiation. We also provide evidence of involvement of lamin A/C, but not lamin B1, in repressing genes at the border of an in-LAD active region within a topological domain. Our data favor a model where the spatial topology of chromatin at the nuclear lamina is compatible with gene expression in this dynamic nuclear compartment.</p>',
			'date' => '2023-01-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fgenes14020334',
			'doi' => '10.3390/genes14020334',
			'modified' => '2023-04-04 08:57:32',
			'created' => '2023-02-21 09:59:46',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 5 => array(
			'id' => '4454',
			'name' => 'Histone lysine demethylase inhibition reprograms prostate cancermetabolism and mechanics.',
			'authors' => 'Chianese  Ugo and Papulino  Chiara and Passaro  Eugenia andEvers  Tom Mj and Babaei  Mehrad and Toraldo  Antonella andDe Marchi  Tommaso and Niméus  Emma and Carafa  Vincenzo andNicoletti  Maria Maddalena and Del Gaudio  Nunzio andIaccarino  Nunzia an',
			'description' => '<p>OBJECTIVE: Aberrant activity of androgen receptor (AR) is the primary cause underlying development and progression of prostate cancer (PCa) and castration-resistant PCa (CRPC). Androgen signaling regulates gene transcription and lipid metabolism, facilitating tumor growth and therapy resistance in early and advanced PCa. Although direct AR signaling inhibitors exist, AR expression and function can also be epigenetically regulated. Specifically, lysine (K)-specific demethylases (KDMs), which are often overexpressed in PCa and CRPC phenotypes, regulate the AR transcriptional program. METHODS: We investigated LSD1/UTX inhibition, two KDMs, in PCa and CRPC using a multi-omics approach. We first performed a mitochondrial stress test to evaluate respiratory capacity after treatment with MC3324, a dual KDM-inhibitor, and then carried out lipidomic, proteomic, and metabolic analyses. We also investigated mechanical cellular properties with acoustic force spectroscopy. RESULTS: MC3324 induced a global increase in H3K4me2 and H3K27me3 accompanied by significant growth arrest and apoptosis in androgen-responsive and -unresponsive PCa systems. LSD1/UTX inhibition downregulated AR at both transcriptional and non-transcriptional level, showing cancer selectivity, indicating its potential use in resistance to androgen deprivation therapy. Since MC3324 impaired metabolic activity, by modifying the protein and lipid content in PCa and CRPC cell lines. Epigenetic inhibition of LSD1/UTX disrupted mitochondrial ATP production and mediated lipid plasticity, which affected the phosphocholine class, an important structural element for the cell membrane in PCa and CRPC associated with changes in physical and mechanical properties of cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest a network in which epigenetics, hormone signaling, metabolite availability, lipid content, and mechano-metabolic process are closely related. This network may be able to identify additional hotspots for pharmacological intervention and underscores the key role of KDM-mediated epigenetic modulation in PCa and CRPC.</p>',
			'date' => '2022-08-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35944897',
			'doi' => '10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101561',
			'modified' => '2022-10-21 09:37:56',
			'created' => '2022-09-28 09:53:13',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 6 => array(
			'id' => '4514',
			'name' => 'Histone H3K36me2 and H3K36me3 form a chromatin platform essentialfor DNMT3A-dependent DNA methylation in mouse oocytes.',
			'authors' => 'Yano  Seiichi at al.',
			'description' => '<p>Establishment of the DNA methylation landscape of mammalian oocytes, mediated by the DNMT3A-DNMT3L complex, is crucial for reproduction and development. In mouse oocytes, high levels of DNA methylation occur exclusively in the transcriptionally active regions, with moderate to low levels of methylation in other regions. Histone H3K36me3 mediates the high levels of methylation in the transcribed regions; however, it is unknown which histone mark guides the methylation in the other regions. Here, we show that, in mouse oocytes, H3K36me2 is highly enriched in the X chromosome and is broadly distributed across all autosomes. Upon H3K36me2 depletion, DNA methylation in moderately methylated regions is selectively affected, and a methylation pattern unique to the X chromosome is switched to an autosome-like pattern. Furthermore, we find that simultaneous depletion of H3K36me2 and H3K36me3 results in global hypomethylation, comparable to that of DNMT3A depletion. Therefore, the two histone marks jointly provide the chromatin platform essential for guiding DNMT3A-dependent DNA methylation in mouse oocytes.</p>',
			'date' => '2022-08-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35922445',
			'doi' => '10.1038/s41467-022-32141-2',
			'modified' => '2022-11-24 08:41:31',
			'created' => '2022-11-15 09:26:20',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 7 => array(
			'id' => '4417',
			'name' => 'HOTAIR interacts with PRC2 complex regulating the regional preadipocytetranscriptome and human fat distribution.',
			'authors' => 'Kuo  Feng-Chih et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Mechanisms governing regional human adipose tissue (AT) development remain undefined. Here, we show that the long non-coding RNA HOTAIR (HOX transcript antisense RNA) is exclusively expressed in gluteofemoral AT, where it is essential for adipocyte development. We find that HOTAIR interacts with polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) and we identify core HOTAIR-PRC2 target genes involved in adipocyte lineage determination. Repression of target genes coincides with PRC2 promoter occupancy and H3K27 trimethylation. HOTAIR is also involved in modifying the gluteal adipocyte transcriptome through alternative splicing. Gluteal-specific expression of HOTAIR is maintained by defined regions of open chromatin across the HOTAIR promoter. HOTAIR expression levels can be modified by hormonal (estrogen, glucocorticoids) and genetic variation (rs1443512 is a HOTAIR eQTL associated with reduced gynoid fat mass). These data identify HOTAIR as a dynamic regulator of the gluteal adipocyte transcriptome and epigenome with functional importance for human regional AT development.</p>',
			'date' => '2022-07-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35905723',
			'doi' => '10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111136',
			'modified' => '2022-09-27 14:41:23',
			'created' => '2022-09-08 16:32:20',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 8 => array(
			'id' => '4220',
			'name' => 'Effects of GSK-J4 on JMJD3 Histone Demethylase in Mouse Prostate Cancer Xenografts',
			'authors' => 'Sanchez A. et al.',
			'description' => '<p><strong class="sub-title">Background/aim:<span>&nbsp;</span></strong>Histone methylation status is required to control gene expression. H3K27me3 is an epigenetic tri-methylation modification to histone H3 controlled by the demethylase JMJD3. JMJD3 is dysregulated in a wide range of cancers and has been shown to control the expression of a specific growth-modulatory gene signature, making it an interesting candidate to better understand prostate tumor progression in vivo. This study aimed to identify the impact of JMJD3 inhibition by its inhibitor, GSK4, on prostate tumor growth in vivo.</p>
<p><strong class="sub-title">Materials and methods:<span>&nbsp;</span></strong>Prostate cancer cell lines were implanted into Balb/c nude male mice. The effects of the selective JMJD3 inhibitor GSK-J4 on tumor growth were analyzed by bioluminescence assays and H3K27me3-regulated changes in gene expression were analyzed by ChIP-qPCR and RT-qPCR.</p>
<p><strong class="sub-title">Results:<span>&nbsp;</span></strong>JMJD3 inhibition contributed to an increase in tumor growth in androgen-independent (AR-) xenografts and a decrease in androgen-dependent (AR+). GSK-J4 treatment modulated H3K27me3 enrichment on the gene panel in DU-145-luc xenografts while it had little effect on PC3-luc and no effect on LNCaP-luc. Effects of JMJD3 inhibition affected the panel gene expression.</p>
<p><strong class="sub-title">Conclusion:<span>&nbsp;</span></strong>JMJD3 has a differential effect in prostate tumor progression according to AR status. Our results suggest that JMJD3 is able to play a role independently of its demethylase function in androgen-independent prostate cancer. The effects of GSK-J4 on AR+ prostate xenografts led to a decrease in tumor growth.</p>',
			'date' => '2022-05-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35430567/',
			'doi' => '10.21873/cgp.20324',
			'modified' => '2022-04-21 11:54:21',
			'created' => '2022-04-21 11:54:21',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 9 => array(
			'id' => '4221',
			'name' => 'Epigenetic Mechanisms Mediating Cell State Transitions in Chondrocytes',
			'authors' => 'Wuelling M. et al.',
			'description' => '<p><span>Epigenetic modifications play critical roles in regulating cell lineage differentiation, but the epigenetic mechanisms guiding specific differentiation steps within a cell lineage have rarely been investigated. To decipher such mechanisms, we used the defined transition from proliferating (PC) into hypertrophic chondrocytes (HC) during endochondral ossification as a model. We established a map of activating and repressive histone modifications for each cell type. ChromHMM state transition analysis and Pareto-based integration of differential levels of mRNA and epigenetic marks revealed that differentiation-associated gene repression is initiated by the addition of H3K27me3 to promoters still carrying substantial levels of activating marks. Moreover, the integrative analysis identified genes specifically expressed in cells undergoing the transition into hypertrophy. Investigation of enhancer profiles detected surprising differences in enhancer number, location, and transcription factor binding sites between the two closely related cell types. Furthermore, cell type-specific upregulation of gene expression was associated with increased numbers of H3K27ac peaks. Pathway analysis identified PC-specific enhancers associated with chondrogenic genes, whereas HC-specific enhancers mainly control metabolic pathways linking epigenetic signature to biological functions. Since HC-specific enhancers show a higher conservation in postnatal tissues, the switch to metabolic pathways seems to be a hallmark of differentiated tissues. Surprisingly, the analysis of H3K27ac levels at super-enhancers revealed a rapid adaption of H3K27ac occupancy to changes in gene expression, supporting the importance of enhancer modulation for acute alterations in gene expression. &copy; 2021 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).</span></p>',
			'date' => '2022-05-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33534175/',
			'doi' => '10.1002/jbmr.4263',
			'modified' => '2022-04-25 11:46:32',
			'created' => '2022-04-21 12:00:53',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 10 => array(
			'id' => '4227',
			'name' => 'Epigenetic integrity of paternal imprints enhances the developmental
potential of androgenetic haploid embryonic stem cells.',
			'authors' => 'Zhang, Hongling and Li, Yuanyuan and Ma, Yongjian and Lai,
Chongping and Yu, Qian and Shi, Guangyong and Li, Jinsong',
			'description' => 'The use of two inhibitors of Mek1/2 and Gsk3β (2i) promotes the
generation of mouse diploid and haploid embryonic stem cells (ESCs) from
the inner cell mass of biparental and uniparental blastocysts,
respectively. However, a system enabling long-term maintenance of
imprints in ESCs has proven challenging. Here, we report that the use
of a two-step a2i (alternative two inhibitors of Src and Gsk3β,
TSa2i) derivation/culture protocol results in the establishment of
androgenetic haploid ESCs (AG-haESCs) with stable DNA methylation
at paternal DMRs (differentially DNA methylated regions) up to passage
60 that can efficiently support generating mice upon oocyte injection. We
also show coexistence of H3K9me3 marks and ZFP57 bindings with intact
DMR methylations. Furthermore, we demonstrate that TSa2i-treated
AG-haESCs are a heterogeneous cell population regarding paternal DMR
methylation. Strikingly, AG-haESCs with late passages display
increased paternal-DMR methylations and improved developmental potential
compared to early-passage cells, in part through the enhanced proliferation
of H19-DMR hypermethylated cells. Together, we establish
AG-haESCs that can long-term maintain paternal imprints.',
			'date' => '2022-02-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13238-021-00890-3',
			'doi' => '10.1007/s13238-021-00890-3',
			'modified' => '2022-05-19 10:41:50',
			'created' => '2022-05-19 10:41:50',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 11 => array(
			'id' => '4367',
			'name' => 'Cell-type specific transcriptional networks in root xylem adjacent celllayers',
			'authors' => 'Asensi Fabado  Maria Amparo et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Transport of water, ions and signals from roots to leaves via the xylem vessels is essential for plant life and needs to be tightly regulated. The final composition of the transpiration stream before passage into the shoots is controlled by the xylem-adjacent cell layers, namely xylem parenchyma and pericycle, in the upper part of the root. To unravel regulatory networks in this strategically important location, we generated Arabidopsis lines expressing a nuclear tag under the control of the HKT1 promoter. HKT1 retrieves sodium from the xylem to prevent toxic levels in the shoot, and this function depends on its specific expression in upper root xylem-adjacent tissues. Based on FACS RNA-sequencing and INTACT ChIP-sequencing, we identified the gene repertoire that is preferentially expressed in the tagged cell types and discovered transcription factors experiencing cell-type specific loss of H3K27me3 demethylation. For one of these, ZAT6, we show that H3K27me3-demethylase REF6 is required for de-repression. Analysis of zat6 mutants revealed that ZAT6 activates a suite of cell-type specific downstream genes and restricts Na+ accumulation in the shoots. The combined Files open novel opportunities for &lsquo;bottom-up&rsquo; causal dissection of cell-type specific regulatory networks that control root-to-shoot communication under environmental challenge.</p>',
			'date' => '2022-02-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://doi.org/10.1101%2F2022.02.04.479129',
			'doi' => '10.1101/2022.02.04.479129',
			'modified' => '2022-08-04 16:17:32',
			'created' => '2022-08-04 14:55:36',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 12 => array(
			'id' => '4326',
			'name' => 'Loss of KMT2C reprograms the epigenomic landscape in hPSCsresulting in NODAL overexpression and a failure of hemogenic endotheliumspecification.',
			'authors' => 'Maurya Shailendra et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Germline or somatic variation in the family of KMT2 lysine methyltransferases have been associated with a variety of congenital disorders and cancers. Notably, -fusions are prevalent in 70\% of infant leukaemias but fail to phenocopy short latency leukaemogenesis in mammalian models, suggesting additional factors are necessary for transformation. Given the lack of additional somatic mutation, the role of epigenetic regulation in cell specification, and our prior results of germline variation in infant leukaemia patients, we hypothesized that germline dysfunction of KMT2C altered haematopoietic specification. In isogenic KO hPSCs, we found genome-wide differences in histone modifications at active and poised enhancers, leading to gene expression profiles akin to mesendoderm rather than mesoderm highlighted by a significant increase in NODAL expression and WNT inhibition, ultimately resulting in a lack of hemogenic endothelium specification. These unbiased multi-omic results provide new evidence for germline mechanisms increasing risk of early leukaemogenesis.</p>',
			'date' => '2022-01-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15592294.2021.1954780',
			'doi' => '10.1080/15592294.2021.1954780',
			'modified' => '2022-06-20 09:27:45',
			'created' => '2022-05-19 10:41:50',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 13 => array(
			'id' => '4409',
			'name' => 'Effects of GSK-J4 on JMJD3 Histone Demethylase in MouseProstate Cancer Xenografts.',
			'authors' => 'Sanchez  A. et al.',
			'description' => '<p>BACKGROUND/AIM: Histone methylation status is required to control gene expression. H3K27me3 is an epigenetic tri-methylation modification to histone H3 controlled by the demethylase JMJD3. JMJD3 is dysregulated in a wide range of cancers and has been shown to control the expression of a specific growth-modulatory gene signature, making it an interesting candidate to better understand prostate tumor progression in vivo. This study aimed to identify the impact of JMJD3 inhibition by its inhibitor, GSK4, on prostate tumor growth in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prostate cancer cell lines were implanted into Balb/c nude male mice. The effects of the selective JMJD3 inhibitor GSK-J4 on tumor growth were analyzed by bioluminescence assays and H3K27me3-regulated changes in gene expression were analyzed by ChIP-qPCR and RT-qPCR. RESULTS: JMJD3 inhibition contributed to an increase in tumor growth in androgen-independent (AR-) xenografts and a decrease in androgen-dependent (AR+). GSK-J4 treatment modulated H3K27me3 enrichment on the gene panel in DU-145-luc xenografts while it had little effect on PC3-luc and no effect on LNCaP-luc. Effects of JMJD3 inhibition affected the panel gene expression. CONCLUSION: JMJD3 has a differential effect in prostate tumor progression according to AR status. Our results suggest that JMJD3 is able to play a role independently of its demethylase function in androgen-independent prostate cancer. The effects of GSK-J4 on AR+ prostate xenografts led to a decrease in tumor growth.</p>',
			'date' => '2022-01-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35430567',
			'doi' => '10.21873/cgp.20324',
			'modified' => '2022-08-11 15:11:58',
			'created' => '2022-08-11 12:14:50',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 14 => array(
			'id' => '4540',
			'name' => 'Chemokine switch regulated by TGF-β1 in cancer-associated fibroblastsubsets determines the efficacy of chemo-immunotherapy.',
			'authors' => 'Vienot  A. et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Combining immunogenic cell death-inducing chemotherapies and PD-1 blockade can generate remarkable tumor responses. It is now well established that TGF-&beta;1 signaling is a major component of treatment resistance and contributes to the cancer-related immunosuppressive microenvironment. However, whether TGF-&beta;1 remains an obstacle to immune checkpoint inhibitor efficacy when immunotherapy is combined with chemotherapy is still to be determined. Several syngeneic murine models were used to investigate the role of TGF-&beta;1 neutralization on the combinations of immunogenic chemotherapy (FOLFOX: 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin) and anti-PD-1. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) and immune cells were isolated from CT26 and PancOH7 tumor-bearing mice treated with FOLFOX, anti-PD-1 &plusmn;&nbsp;anti-TGF-&beta;1 for bulk and single cell RNA sequencing and characterization. We showed that TGF-&beta;1 neutralization promotes the therapeutic efficacy of FOLFOX and anti-PD-1 combination and induces the recruitment of antigen-specific CD8&nbsp;T cells into the tumor. TGF-&beta;1 neutralization is required in addition to chemo-immunotherapy to promote inflammatory CAF infiltration, a chemokine production switch in CAF leading to decreased CXCL14 and increased CXCL9/10 production and subsequent antigen-specific T cell recruitment. The immune-suppressive effect of TGF-&beta;1 involves an epigenetic mechanism with chromatin remodeling of CXCL9 and CXCL10 promoters within CAF DNA in a G9a and EZH2-dependent fashion. Our results strengthen the role of TGF-&beta;1 in the organization of a tumor microenvironment enriched in myofibroblasts where chromatin remodeling prevents CXCL9/10 production and limits the efficacy of chemo-immunotherapy.</p>',
			'date' => '2022-01-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://doi.org/10.1080%2F2162402x.2022.2144669',
			'doi' => '10.1080/2162402X.2022.2144669',
			'modified' => '2022-11-25 09:01:57',
			'created' => '2022-11-24 08:49:52',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 15 => array(
			'id' => '4283',
			'name' => 'Coordination of EZH2 and SOX2 specifies human neural fate decision.',
			'authors' => 'Zhao Yuan et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Polycomb repressive complexes (PRCs) are essential in mouse gastrulation and specify neural ectoderm in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), but the underlying molecular basis remains unclear. Here in this study, by employing an array of different approaches, such as gene knock-out, RNA-seq, ChIP-seq, et al., we uncover that EZH2, an important PRC factor, specifies the normal neural fate decision through repressing the competing meso/endoderm program. EZH2 hESCs show an aberrant re-activation of meso/endoderm genes during neural induction. At the molecular level, EZH2 represses meso/endoderm genes while SOX2 activates the neural genes to coordinately specify the normal neural fate. Moreover, EZH2 also supports the proliferation of human neural progenitor cells (NPCs) through repressing the aberrant expression of meso/endoderm program during culture. Together, our findings uncover the coordination of epigenetic regulators such as EZH2 and lineage factors like SOX2 in normal neural fate decision.</p>',
			'date' => '2021-09-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34487238',
			'doi' => '10.1186/s13619-021-00092-6',
			'modified' => '2022-05-23 10:10:34',
			'created' => '2022-05-19 10:41:50',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 16 => array(
			'id' => '4170',
			'name' => 'A regulatory variant at 3q21.1 confers an increased pleiotropic risk forhyperglycemia and altered bone mineral density.',
			'authors' => 'Sinnott-Armstrong, Nasa et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Skeletal and glycemic traits have shared etiology, but the underlying genetic factors remain largely unknown. To identify genetic loci that may have pleiotropic effects, we studied Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) for bone mineral density and glycemic traits and identified a bivariate risk locus at 3q21. Using sequence and epigenetic modeling, we prioritized an adenylate cyclase 5 (ADCY5) intronic causal variant, rs56371916. This SNP changes the binding affinity of SREBP1 and leads to differential ADCY5 gene expression, altering the chromatin landscape from poised to repressed. These alterations result in bone- and type 2 diabetes-relevant cell-autonomous changes in lipid metabolism in osteoblasts and adipocytes. We validated our findings by directly manipulating the regulator SREBP1, the target gene ADCY5, and the variant rs56371916, which together imply a novel link between fatty acid oxidation and osteoblast differentiation. Our work, by systematic functional dissection of pleiotropic GWAS loci, represents a framework to uncover biological mechanisms affecting pleiotropic traits.</p>',
			'date' => '2021-03-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33513366',
			'doi' => '10.1016/j.cmet.2021.01.001',
			'modified' => '2021-12-21 15:55:36',
			'created' => '2021-12-06 15:53:19',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 17 => array(
			'id' => '4196',
			'name' => 'Functional annotations of three domestic animal genomes provide vitalresources for comparative and agricultural research.',
			'authors' => 'Kern C. et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Gene regulatory elements are central drivers of phenotypic variation and thus of critical importance towards understanding the genetics of complex traits. The Functional Annotation of Animal Genomes consortium was formed to collaboratively annotate the functional elements in animal genomes, starting with domesticated animals. Here we present an expansive collection of datasets from eight diverse tissues in three important agricultural species: chicken (Gallus gallus), pig (Sus scrofa), and cattle (Bos taurus). Comparative analysis of these datasets and those from the human and mouse Encyclopedia of DNA Elements projects reveal that a core set of regulatory elements are functionally conserved independent of divergence between species, and that tissue-specific transcription factor occupancy at regulatory elements and their predicted target genes are also conserved. These datasets represent a unique opportunity for the emerging field of comparative epigenomics, as well as the agricultural research community, including species that are globally important food resources.</p>',
			'date' => '2021-03-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-021-22100-8',
			'doi' => '10.1038/s41467-021-22100-8',
			'modified' => '2022-01-06 14:30:41',
			'created' => '2021-12-06 15:53:19',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 18 => array(
			'id' => '4127',
			'name' => 'The histone modification H3K4me3 is altered at the  locus in Alzheimer'sdisease brain.',
			'authors' => 'Smith, Adam et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Several epigenome-wide association studies of DNA methylation have highlighted altered DNA methylation in the gene in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain samples. However, no study has specifically examined histone modifications in the disease. We use chromatin immunoprecipitation-qPCR to quantify tri-methylation at histone 3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3) and 27 (H3K27me3) in the gene in entorhinal cortex from donors with high (n&nbsp;=&nbsp;59) or low (n&nbsp;=&nbsp;29) Alzheimer's disease&nbsp;pathology. We demonstrate decreased levels of H3K4me3, a marker of active gene transcription, with no change in H3K27me3, a marker of inactive genes. H3K4me3 is negatively correlated with DNA methylation in specific regions of the gene. Our study suggests that the gene shows altered epigenetic marks indicative of reduced gene activation in Alzheimer's disease.</p>',
			'date' => '2021-02-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33815817',
			'doi' => '10.2144/fsoa-2020-0161',
			'modified' => '2021-12-07 10:16:08',
			'created' => '2021-12-06 15:53:19',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 19 => array(
			'id' => '4168',
			'name' => 'The Essential Function of SETDB1 in Homologous Chromosome Pairing andSynapsis during Meiosis.',
			'authors' => 'Cheng, Ee-Chun et al.',
			'description' => '<p>SETDB1 is a histone-lysine N-methyltransferase critical for germline development. However, its function in early meiotic prophase I remains unknown. Here, we report that Setdb1 null spermatocytes display aberrant centromere clustering during leptotene, bouquet formation during zygotene, and subsequent failure in pairing and synapsis of homologous chromosomes, as well as compromised meiotic silencing of unsynapsed chromatin, which leads to meiotic arrest before pachytene and apoptosis of spermatocytes. H3K9me3 is enriched in centromeric or pericentromeric regions and is present in many sites throughout the genome, with a subset changed in the Setdb1 mutant. These observations indicate that SETDB1-mediated H3K9me3 is essential for the bivalent formation in early meiosis. Transcriptome analysis reveals the function of SETDB1 in repressing transposons and transposon-proximal genes and in regulating meiotic and somatic lineage genes. These findings highlight a mechanism in which SETDB1-mediated H3K9me3 during early meiosis ensures the formation of homologous bivalents and survival of spermatocytes.</p>',
			'date' => '2021-01-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33406415',
			'doi' => '10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108575',
			'modified' => '2021-12-21 15:48:52',
			'created' => '2021-12-06 15:53:19',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 20 => array(
			'id' => '4323',
			'name' => 'The tropical coral  displays an unusual chromatin structure and showshistone H3 clipping plasticity upon bleaching.',
			'authors' => 'Roquis D. et al. ',
			'description' => '<p>is a hermatypic coral with strong ecological importance. Anthropogenic disturbances and global warming are major threats that can induce coral bleaching, the disruption of the mutualistic symbiosis between the coral host and its endosymbiotic algae. Previous works have shown that somaclonal colonies display different levels of survival depending on the environmental conditions they previously faced. Epigenetic mechanisms are good candidates to explain this phenomenon. However, almost no work had been published on the epigenome, especially on histone modifications. In this study, we aim at providing the first insight into chromatin structure of this species. We aligned the amino acid sequence of core histones with histone sequences from various phyla. We developed a centri-filtration on sucrose gradient to separate chromatin from the host and the symbiont. The presence of histone H3 protein and specific histone modifications were then detected by western blot performed on histone extraction done from bleached and healthy corals. Finally, micrococcal nuclease (MNase) digestions were undertaken to study nucleosomal organization. The centri-filtration enabled coral chromatin isolation with less than 2\% of contamination by endosymbiont material. Histone sequences alignments with other species show that displays on average ~90\% of sequence similarities with mice and ~96\% with other corals. H3 detection by western blot showed that H3 is clipped in healthy corals while it appeared to be intact in bleached corals. MNase treatment failed to provide the usual mononucleosomal digestion, a feature shared with some cnidarian, but not all; suggesting an unusual chromatin structure. These results provide a first insight into the chromatin, nucleosome and histone structure of . The unusual patterns highlighted in this study and partly shared with other cnidarian will need to be further studied to better understand its role in corals.</p>',
			'date' => '2021-01-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://doi.org/10.12688%2Fwellcomeopenres.17058.1',
			'doi' => '10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17058.2',
			'modified' => '2022-08-02 17:04:56',
			'created' => '2022-05-19 10:41:50',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 21 => array(
			'id' => '4207',
			'name' => 'EZH2 and KDM6B Expressions Are Associated with Specific EpigeneticSignatures during EMT in Non Small Cell Lung Carcinomas.',
			'authors' => 'Lachat C. et al. ',
			'description' => '<p>The role of Epigenetics in Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) has recently emerged. Two epigenetic enzymes with paradoxical roles have previously been associated to EMT, EZH2 (Enhancer of Zeste 2 Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) Subunit), a lysine methyltranserase able to add the H3K27me3 mark, and the histone demethylase KDM6B (Lysine Demethylase 6B), which can remove the H3K27me3 mark. Nevertheless, it still remains unclear how these enzymes, with apparent opposite activities, could both promote EMT. In this study, we evaluated the function of these two enzymes using an EMT-inducible model, the lung cancer A549 cell line. ChIP-seq coupled with transcriptomic analysis showed that EZH2 and KDM6B were able to target and modulate the expression of different genes during EMT. Based on this analysis, we described INHBB, WTN5B, and ADAMTS6 as new EMT markers regulated by epigenetic modifications and directly implicated in EMT induction.</p>',
			'date' => '2020-12-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33291363',
			'doi' => '10.3390/cancers12123649',
			'modified' => '2022-01-13 14:50:18',
			'created' => '2021-12-06 15:53:19',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 22 => array(
			'id' => '4071',
			'name' => 'A histone H3.3K36M mutation in mice causes an imbalance of histonemodifications and defects in chondrocyte differentiation.',
			'authors' => 'Abe, Shusaku and Nagatomo, Hiroaki and Sasaki, Hiroyuki and Ishiuchi,Takashi',
			'description' => '<p>Histone lysine-to-methionine (K-to-M) mutations have been identified as driver mutations in human cancers. Interestingly, these 'oncohistone' mutations inhibit the activity of histone methyltransferases. Therefore, they can potentially be used as versatile tools to investigate the roles of histone modifications. In this study, we generated a genetically engineered mouse line in which an H3.3K36M mutation could be induced in the endogenous gene. Since H3.3K36M has been identified as a causative mutation of human chondroblastoma, we induced this mutation in the chondrocyte lineage in mouse embryonic limbs. We found that H3.3K36M causes a global reduction in H3K36me2 and defects in chondrocyte differentiation. Importantly, the reduction of H3K36me2 was accompanied by a collapse of normal H3K27me3 distribution. Furthermore, the changes in H3K27me3, especially the loss of H3K27me3 at gene regulatory elements, were associated with the mis-regulated expression of a set of genes important for limb development, including HoxA cluster genes. Thus, through the induction of the H3.3K36M mutation, we reveal the importance of maintaining the balance between H3K36me2 and H3K27me3 during chondrocyte differentiation and limb development.</p>',
			'date' => '2020-11-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33135541',
			'doi' => '10.1080/15592294.2020.1841873',
			'modified' => '2021-02-19 17:58:57',
			'created' => '2021-02-18 10:21:53',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 23 => array(
			'id' => '4210',
			'name' => 'Trans- and cis-acting effects of Firre on epigenetic features of theinactive X chromosome.',
			'authors' => 'Fang, He and Bonora, Giancarlo and Lewandowski, Jordan P and Thakur,Jitendra and Filippova, Galina N and Henikoff, Steven and Shendure, Jay andDuan, Zhijun and Rinn, John L and Deng, Xinxian and Noble, William S andDisteche, Christine M',
			'description' => '<p>Firre encodes a lncRNA involved in nuclear organization. Here, we show that Firre RNA expressed from the active X chromosome maintains histone H3K27me3 enrichment on the inactive X chromosome (Xi) in somatic cells. This trans-acting effect involves SUZ12, reflecting interactions between Firre RNA and components of the Polycomb repressive complexes. Without Firre RNA, H3K27me3 decreases on the Xi and the&nbsp;Xi-perinucleolar location is disrupted, possibly due to decreased CTCF binding on the Xi. We also observe widespread gene dysregulation, but not on the Xi. These effects are measurably rescued by ectopic expression of mouse or human Firre/FIRRE transgenes, supporting conserved trans-acting roles. We also find that the compact 3D structure of the Xi partly depends on the Firre locus and its RNA. In common lymphoid progenitors and T-cells Firre exerts a cis-acting effect on maintenance of H3K27me3 in a 26&thinsp;Mb region around the locus, demonstrating cell type-specific trans- and cis-acting roles of this lncRNA.</p>',
			'date' => '2020-11-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33247132',
			'doi' => '10.1038/s41467-020-19879-3',
			'modified' => '2022-01-13 15:03:45',
			'created' => '2021-12-06 15:53:19',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 24 => array(
			'id' => '4073',
			'name' => 'NSD1-deposited H3K36me2 directs de novo methylation in the mouse malegermline and counteracts Polycomb-associated silencing.',
			'authors' => 'Shirane, Kenjiro and Miura, Fumihito and Ito, Takashi and Lorincz, MatthewC',
			'description' => '<p>De novo DNA methylation (DNAme) in mammalian germ cells is dependent on DNMT3A and DNMT3L. However, oocytes and spermatozoa show distinct patterns of DNAme. In mouse oocytes, de novo DNAme requires the lysine methyltransferase (KMTase) SETD2, which deposits H3K36me3. We show here that SETD2 is dispensable for de novo DNAme in the male germline. Instead, the lysine methyltransferase NSD1, which broadly deposits H3K36me2 in euchromatic regions, plays a critical role in de novo DNAme in prospermatogonia, including at imprinted genes. However, males deficient in germline NSD1 show a more severe defect in spermatogenesis than Dnmt3l males. Notably, unlike DNMT3L, NSD1 safeguards a subset of genes against H3K27me3-associated transcriptional silencing. In contrast, H3K36me2 in oocytes is predominantly dependent on SETD2 and coincides with H3K36me3. Furthermore, females with NSD1-deficient oocytes are fertile. Thus, the sexually dimorphic pattern of DNAme in mature mouse gametes is orchestrated by distinct profiles of H3K36 methylation.</p>',
			'date' => '2020-10-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32929285',
			'doi' => '10.1038/s41588-020-0689-z',
			'modified' => '2021-02-19 18:02:40',
			'created' => '2021-02-18 10:21:53',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 25 => array(
			'id' => '4004',
			'name' => 'Distinct and temporary-restricted epigenetic mechanisms regulate human αβ and γδ T cell development ',
			'authors' => 'Roels J, Kuchmiy A, De Decker M, et al. ',
			'description' => '<p>The development of TCR&alpha;&beta; and TCR&gamma;&delta; T cells comprises a step-wise process in which regulatory events control differentiation and lineage outcome. To clarify these mechanisms, we employed RNA-sequencing, ATAC-sequencing and ChIPmentation on well-defined thymocyte subsets that represent the continuum of human T cell development. The chromatin accessibility dynamics show clear stage specificity and reveal that human T cell-lineage commitment is marked by GATA3- and BCL11B-dependent closing of PU.1 sites. A temporary increase in H3K27me3 without open chromatin modifications is unique for &beta;-selection, whereas emerging &gamma;&delta; T cells, which originate from common precursors of &beta;-selected cells, show large chromatin accessibility changes due to strong T cell receptor (TCR) signaling. Furthermore, we unravel distinct chromatin landscapes between CD4<sup>+</sup> and CD8<sup>+</sup> &alpha;&beta;-lineage cells that support their effector functions and reveal gene-specific mechanisms that define mature T cells. This resource provides a framework for studying gene regulatory mechanisms that drive normal and malignant human T cell development.</p>',
			'date' => '2020-07-27',
			'pmid' => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32719521/',
			'doi' => ' 10.1038/s41590-020-0747-9 ',
			'modified' => '2021-01-29 14:12:02',
			'created' => '2020-09-11 15:17:58',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 26 => array(
			'id' => '4032',
			'name' => 'MeCP2 regulates gene expression through recognition of H3K27me3.',
			'authors' => 'Lee, W and Kim, J and Yun, JM and Ohn, T and Gong, Q',
			'description' => '<p>MeCP2 plays a multifaceted role in gene expression regulation and chromatin organization. Interaction between MeCP2 and methylated DNA in the&nbsp;regulation of gene expression is well established. However, the widespread distribution of MeCP2 suggests it has additional interactions with chromatin. Here we demonstrate, by both biochemical and genomic analyses, that MeCP2 directly interacts with nucleosomes and its genomic distribution correlates with that of H3K27me3. In particular, the&nbsp;methyl-CpG-binding domain of MeCP2 shows preferential interactions with H3K27me3. We further observe that the impact of MeCP2 on transcriptional changes correlates with histone post-translational modification patterns. Our findings indicate that MeCP2 interacts with genomic loci via binding to DNA as well as histones, and that interaction between MeCP2 and histone proteins plays a key role in gene expression regulation.</p>',
			'date' => '2020-07-19',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/32561780',
			'doi' => '10.1038/s41467-020-16907-0',
			'modified' => '2020-12-16 18:05:17',
			'created' => '2020-10-12 14:54:59',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 27 => array(
			'id' => '3926',
			'name' => 'TET-Mediated Hypermethylation Primes SDH-Deficient Cells for HIF2α-Driven Mesenchymal Transition.',
			'authors' => 'Morin A, Goncalves J, Moog S, Castro-Vega LJ, Job S, Buffet A, Fontenille MJ, Woszczyk J, Gimenez-Roqueplo AP, Letouzé E, Favier J',
			'description' => '<p>Loss-of-function mutations in the SDHB subunit of&nbsp;succinate dehydrogenase predispose patients to aggressive tumors characterized by pseudohypoxic&nbsp;and hypermethylator phenotypes. The mechanisms leading to DNA hypermethylation and its contribution to SDH-deficient cancers remain undemonstrated. We examine the genome-wide distribution of 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine and&nbsp;their correlation with RNA expression in SDHB-deficient tumors and murine Sdhb cells. We report that DNA hypermethylation results from TET inhibition. Although it preferentially affects PRC2 targets and known developmental genes, PRC2 activity does not contribute to the DNA hypermethylator phenotype. We also prove, in&nbsp;vitro and in&nbsp;vivo, that TET silencing, although recapitulating the methylation profile of Sdhb cells, is not sufficient to drive their EMT-like phenotype, which requires additional HIF2&alpha; activation. Altogether, our findings reveal synergistic roles of TET repression and pseudohypoxia in the acquisition of metastatic traits, providing a rationale for targeting HIF2&alpha; and DNA methylation in SDH-associated malignancies.</p>',
			'date' => '2020-03-31',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/32234487',
			'doi' => '10.1016/j.celrep.2020.03.022',
			'modified' => '2020-08-17 10:50:11',
			'created' => '2020-08-10 12:12:25',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 28 => array(
			'id' => '3924',
			'name' => 'Alu retrotransposons modulate Nanog expression through dynamic changes in regional chromatin conformation via aryl hydrocarbon receptor.',
			'authors' => 'González-Rico FJ, Vicente-García C, Fernández A, Muñoz-Santos D, Montoliu L, Morales-Hernández A, Merino JM, Román AC, Fernández-Salguero PM',
			'description' => '<p>Transcriptional repression of Nanog is an important hallmark of stem cell differentiation. Chromatin modifications have been linked to the epigenetic profile of the Nanog gene, but whether chromatin organization actually plays a causal role in Nanog regulation is still unclear. Here, we report that the formation of a chromatin loop in the Nanog locus is concomitant to its transcriptional downregulation during human NTERA-2 cell differentiation. We found that two Alu elements flanking the Nanog gene were bound by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and the insulator protein CTCF during cell differentiation. Such binding altered the profile of repressive histone modifications near Nanog likely leading to gene insulation through the formation of a chromatin loop between the two Alu elements. Using a dCAS9-guided proteomic screening, we found that interaction of the histone methyltransferase PRMT1 and the chromatin assembly factor CHAF1B with the Alu elements flanking Nanog was required for chromatin loop formation and Nanog repression. Therefore, our results uncover a chromatin-driven, retrotransposon-regulated mechanism for the control of Nanog expression during cell differentiation.</p>',
			'date' => '2020-03-14',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/32169107',
			'doi' => '10.1186/s13072‑020‑00336‑w',
			'modified' => '2020-08-17 10:52:25',
			'created' => '2020-08-10 12:12:25',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 29 => array(
			'id' => '3873',
			'name' => 'Inhibition of methyltransferase activity of enhancer of zeste 2 leads to enhanced lipid accumulation and altered chromatin status in zebrafish.',
			'authors' => 'den Broeder MJ, Ballangby J, Kamminga LM, Aleström P, Legler J, Lindeman LC, Kamstra JH',
			'description' => '<p>BACKGROUND: Recent studies indicate that exposure to environmental chemicals may increase susceptibility to developing metabolic diseases. This susceptibility may in part be caused by changes to the epigenetic landscape which consequently affect gene expression and lead to changes in lipid metabolism. The epigenetic modifier enhancer of zeste 2 (Ezh2) is a histone H3K27 methyltransferase implicated to play a role in lipid metabolism and adipogenesis. In this study, we used the zebrafish (Danio rerio) to investigate the role of Ezh2 on lipid metabolism and chromatin status following developmental exposure to the Ezh1/2 inhibitor PF-06726304 acetate. We used the environmental chemical tributyltin (TBT) as a positive control, as this chemical is known to act on lipid metabolism via EZH-mediated pathways in mammals. RESULTS: Zebrafish embryos (0-5&nbsp;days post-fertilization, dpf) exposed to non-toxic concentrations of PF-06726304 acetate (5&nbsp;&mu;M) and TBT (1&nbsp;nM) exhibited increased lipid accumulation. Changes in chromatin were analyzed by the assay for transposase-accessible chromatin sequencing (ATAC-seq) at 50% epiboly (5.5 hpf). We observed 349 altered chromatin regions, predominantly located at H3K27me3 loci and mostly more open chromatin in the exposed samples. Genes associated to these loci were linked to metabolic pathways. In addition, a selection of genes involved in lipid homeostasis, adipogenesis and genes specifically targeted by PF-06726304 acetate via altered chromatin accessibility were differentially expressed after TBT and PF-06726304 acetate exposure at 5 dpf, but not at 50% epiboly stage. One gene, cebpa, did not show a change in chromatin, but did show a change in gene expression at 5 dpf. Interestingly, underlying H3K27me3 marks were significantly decreased at this locus at 50% epiboly. CONCLUSIONS: Here, we show for the first time the applicability of ATAC-seq as a tool to investigate toxicological responses in zebrafish. Our analysis indicates that Ezh2 inhibition leads to a partial primed state of chromatin linked to metabolic pathways which results in gene expression changes later in development, leading to enhanced lipid accumulation. Although ATAC-seq seems promising, our in-depth assessment of the cebpa locus indicates that we need to consider underlying epigenetic marks as well.</p>',
			'date' => '2020-02-12',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/32051014',
			'doi' => '10.1186/s13072-020-0329-y',
			'modified' => '2020-03-20 17:42:02',
			'created' => '2020-03-13 13:45:54',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 30 => array(
			'id' => '3856',
			'name' => 'Polycomb Group Proteins Regulate Chromatin Architecture in Mouse Oocytes and Early Embryos.',
			'authors' => 'Du Z, Zheng H, Kawamura YK, Zhang K, Gassler J, Powell S, Xu Q, Lin Z, Xu K, Zhou Q, Ozonov EA, Véron N, Huang B, Li L, Yu G, Liu L, Au Yeung WK, Wang P, Chang L, Wang Q, He A, Sun Y, Na J, Sun Q, Sasaki H, Tachibana K, Peters AHFM, Xie W',
			'description' => '<p>In mammals, chromatin organization undergoes drastic reorganization during oocyte development. However, the dynamics of three-dimensional chromatin structure in this process is poorly characterized. Using low-input Hi-C (genome-wide chromatin conformation capture), we found that a unique chromatin organization gradually appears during mouse oocyte growth. Oocytes at late stages show self-interacting, cohesin-independent compartmental domains marked by H3K27me3, therefore termed Polycomb-associating domains (PADs). PADs and inter-PAD (iPAD) regions form compartment-like structures with strong inter-domain interactions among nearby PADs. PADs disassemble upon meiotic resumption from diplotene arrest but briefly reappear on the maternal genome after fertilization. Upon maternal depletion of Eed, PADs are largely intact in oocytes, but their&nbsp;reestablishment after fertilization is compromised. By contrast, depletion of Polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1) proteins attenuates PADs in oocytes, which is associated with substantial gene de-repression in PADs. These data reveal a critical role of Polycomb in regulating chromatin architecture during mammalian oocyte growth and early development.</p>',
			'date' => '2020-02-04',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/31837995',
			'doi' => '10.1016/j.molcel.2019.11.011',
			'modified' => '2020-03-20 17:58:29',
			'created' => '2020-03-13 13:45:54',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 31 => array(
			'id' => '3840',
			'name' => 'Allelic H3K27me3 to allelic DNA methylation switch maintains noncanonical imprinting in extraembryonic cells',
			'authors' => 'Chen Zhiyuan, Yin Qiangzong, Inoue Azusa, Zhang Chunxia, Zhang Yi',
			'description' => '<p>Faithful maintenance of genomic imprinting is essential for mammalian development. While germline DNA methylation&ndash;dependent (canonical) imprinting is relatively stable during development, the recently found oocyte-derived H3K27me3-mediated noncanonical imprinting is mostly transient in early embryos, with some genes important for placental development maintaining imprinted expression in the extraembryonic lineage. How these noncanonical imprinted genes maintain their extraembryonic-specific imprinting is unknown. Here, we report that maintenance of noncanonical imprinting requires maternal allele&ndash;specific de novo DNA methylation [i.e., somatic differentially methylated regions (DMRs)] at implantation. The somatic DMRs are located at the gene promoters, with paternal allele&ndash;specific H3K4me3 established during preimplantation development. Genetic manipulation revealed that both maternal EED and zygotic DNMT3A/3B are required for establishing somatic DMRs and maintaining noncanonical imprinting. Thus, our study not only reveals the mechanism underlying noncanonical imprinting maintenance but also sheds light on how histone modifications in oocytes may shape somatic DMRs in postimplantation embryos.</p>',
			'date' => '2019-12-20',
			'pmid' => 'https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/12/eaay7246',
			'doi' => '10.1126/sciadv.aay7246',
			'modified' => '2020-02-20 11:16:43',
			'created' => '2020-02-13 10:02:44',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 32 => array(
			'id' => '3841',
			'name' => 'Inhibition of Histone Demethylases LSD1 and UTX Regulates ERα Signaling in Breast Cancer.',
			'authors' => 'Benedetti R, Dell'Aversana C, De Marchi T, Rotili D, Liu NQ, Novakovic B, Boccella S, Di Maro S, Cosconati S, Baldi A, Niméus E, Schultz J, Höglund U, Maione S, Papulino C, Chianese U, Iovino F, Federico A, Mai A, Stunnenberg HG, Nebbioso A, Altucci L',
			'description' => '<p>In breast cancer, Lysine-specific demethylase-1 (LSD1) and other lysine demethylases (KDMs), such as Lysine-specific demethylase 6A also known as Ubiquitously transcribed tetratricopeptide repeat, X chromosome (UTX), are co-expressed and co-localize with estrogen receptors (ERs), suggesting the potential use of hybrid (epi)molecules to target histone methylation and therefore regulate/redirect hormone receptor signaling. Here, we report on the biological activity of a dual-KDM inhibitor (MC3324), obtained by coupling the chemical properties of tranylcypromine, a known LSD1 inhibitor, with the 2OG competitive moiety developed for JmjC inhibition. MC3324 displays unique features not exhibited by the single moieties and well-characterized mono-pharmacological inhibitors. Inhibiting LSD1 and UTX, MC3324 induces significant growth arrest and apoptosis in hormone-responsive breast cancer model accompanied by a robust increase in H3K4me2 and H3K27me3. MC3324 down-regulates ER&alpha; in breast cancer at both transcriptional and non-transcriptional levels, mimicking the action of a selective endocrine receptor disruptor. MC3324 alters the histone methylation of ER&alpha;-regulated promoters, thereby affecting the transcription of genes involved in cell surveillance, hormone response, and death. MC3324 reduces cell proliferation in ex vivo breast cancers, as well as in breast models with acquired resistance to endocrine therapies. Similarly, MC3324 displays tumor-selective potential in vivo, in both xenograft mice and chicken embryo models, with no toxicity and good oral efficacy. This epigenetic multi-target approach is effective and may overcome potential mechanism(s) of resistance in breast cancer.</p>',
			'date' => '2019-12-16',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/31888209',
			'doi' => '10.3390/cancers11122027',
			'modified' => '2020-02-20 11:15:48',
			'created' => '2020-02-13 10:02:44',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 33 => array(
			'id' => '3762',
			'name' => 'Transit amplifying cells coordinate mouse incisor mesenchymal stem cell activation.',
			'authors' => 'Walker JV, Zhuang H, Singer D, Illsley CS, Kok WL, Sivaraj KK, Gao Y, Bolton C, Liu Y, Zhao M, Grayson PRC, Wang S, Karbanová J, Lee T, Ardu S, Lai Q, Liu J, Kassem M, Chen S, Yang K, Bai Y, Tredwin C, Zambon AC, Corbeil D, Adams R, Abdallah BM, Hu B',
			'description' => '<p>Stem cells (SCs) receive inductive cues from the surrounding microenvironment and cells. Limited molecular evidence has connected tissue-specific mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with mesenchymal transit amplifying cells (MTACs). Using mouse incisor as the model, we discover a population of MSCs neibouring to the MTACs and epithelial SCs. With Notch signaling as the key regulator, we disclose molecular proof and lineage tracing evidence showing the distinct MSCs contribute to incisor MTACs and the other mesenchymal cell lineages. MTACs can feedback and regulate the homeostasis and activation of CL-MSCs through Delta-like 1 homolog (Dlk1), which balances MSCs-MTACs number and the lineage differentiation. Dlk1's function on SCs priming and self-renewal depends on its biological forms and its gene expression is under dynamic epigenetic control. Our findings can be validated in clinical samples and applied to accelerate tooth wound healing, providing an intriguing insight of how to direct SCs towards tissue regeneration.</p>',
			'date' => '2019-08-09',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/31399601',
			'doi' => '10.1038/s41467-019-11611-0',
			'modified' => '2019-10-03 10:03:31',
			'created' => '2019-10-02 16:16:55',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 34 => array(
			'id' => '3718',
			'name' => 'The Toxoplasma effector TEEGR promotes parasite persistence by modulating NF-κB signalling via EZH2.',
			'authors' => 'Braun L, Brenier-Pinchart MP, Hammoudi PM, Cannella D, Kieffer-Jaquinod S, Vollaire J, Josserand V, Touquet B, Couté Y, Tardieux I, Bougdour A, Hakimi MA',
			'description' => '<p>The protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii has co-evolved with its homeothermic hosts (humans included) strategies that drive its quasi-asymptomatic persistence in hosts, hence optimizing the chance of transmission to new hosts. Persistence, which starts with a small subset of parasites that escape host immune killing and colonize the so-called immune privileged tissues where they differentiate into a low replicating stage, is driven by the interleukin 12 (IL-12)-interferon-&gamma; (IFN-&gamma;) axis. Recent characterization of a family of Toxoplasma effectors that are delivered into the host cell, in which they rewire the host cell gene expression, has allowed the identification of regulators of the IL-12-IFN-&gamma; axis, including repressors. We now report on the dense granule-resident effector, called TEEGR (Toxoplasma E2F4-associated EZH2-inducing gene regulator) that counteracts the nuclear factor-&kappa;B (NF-&kappa;B) signalling pathway. Once exported into the host cell, TEEGR ends up in the nucleus where it not only complexes with the E2F3 and E2F4 host transcription factors to induce gene expression, but also promotes shaping of a non-permissive chromatin through its capacity to switch on EZH2. Remarkably, EZH2 fosters the epigenetic silencing of a subset of NF-&kappa;B-regulated cytokines, thereby strongly contributing to the host immune equilibrium that influences the host immune response and promotes parasite persistence in mice.</p>',
			'date' => '2019-07-01',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/31036909',
			'doi' => '10.1038/s41564-019-0431-8',
			'modified' => '2019-07-04 18:09:37',
			'created' => '2019-07-04 10:42:34',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 35 => array(
			'id' => '3732',
			'name' => 'Kdm6b regulates context-dependent hematopoietic stem cell self-renewal and leukemogenesis.',
			'authors' => 'Mallaney C, Ostrander EL, Celik H, Kramer AC, Martens A, Kothari A, Koh WK, Haussler E, Iwamori N, Gontarz P, Zhang B, Challen GA',
			'description' => '<p>The histone demethylase KDM6B (JMJD3) is upregulated in blood disorders, suggesting that it may have important pathogenic functions. Here we examined the function of Kdm6b in hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) to evaluate its potential as a therapeutic target. Loss of Kdm6b lead to depletion of phenotypic and functional HSCs in adult mice, and Kdm6b is necessary for HSC self-renewal in response to inflammatory and proliferative stress. Loss of Kdm6b leads to a pro-differentiation poised state in HSCs due to the increased expression of the AP-1 transcription factor complex (Fos and Jun) and immediate early response (IER) genes. These gene expression changes occurred independently of chromatin modifications. Targeting AP-1 restored function of Kdm6b-deficient HSCs, suggesting that Kdm6b regulates this complex during HSC stress response. We also show Kdm6b supports developmental context-dependent leukemogenesis for T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) and M5 acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Kdm6b is required for effective fetal-derived T-ALL and adult-derived AML, but not vice versa. These studies identify a crucial role for Kdm6b in regulating HSC self-renewal in different contexts, and highlight the potential of KDM6B as a therapeutic target in different hematopoietic malignancies.</p>',
			'date' => '2019-04-01',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/30936419',
			'doi' => '10.1038/s41375-019-0462-4',
			'modified' => '2019-08-07 09:14:05',
			'created' => '2019-07-31 13:35:50',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 36 => array(
			'id' => '3675',
			'name' => 'H3K27me3 is an epigenetic barrier while KDM6A overexpression improves nuclear reprogramming efficiency.',
			'authors' => 'Zhou C, Wang Y, Zhang J, Su J, An Q, Liu X, Zhang M, Wang Y, Liu J, Zhang Y',
			'description' => '<p>Aberrant epigenetic reprogramming is a major factor of developmental failure of cloned embryos. Histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3), a histone mark for transcriptional repression, plays important roles in mammalian embryonic development and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) generation. The global loss of H3K27me3 marks may facilitate iPSC generation in mice and humans. However, the H3K27me3 level and its role in bovine somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) reprogramming remain poorly understood. Here, we show that SCNT embryos exhibit global H3K27me3 hypermethylation from the 2- to 8-cell stage and that its removal by ectopically expressed H3K27me3 lysine demethylase (KDM)6A greatly improves nuclear reprogramming efficiency. In contrast, H3K27me3 reduction by H3K27me3 methylase enhancer of zeste 2 polycomb repressive complex knockdown or donor cell treatment with the enhancer of zeste 2 polycomb repressive complex-selective inhibitor GSK343 suppressed blastocyst formation by SCNT embryos. KDM6A overexpression enhanced the transcription of genes involved in cell adhesion and cellular metabolism and X-linked genes. Furthermore, we identified methyl-CpG-binding domain protein 3-like 2, which was reactivated by KDM6A, as a factor that is required for effective reprogramming in bovines. These results show that H3K27me3 functions as an epigenetic barrier and that KDM6A overexpression improves SCNT efficiency by facilitating transcriptional reprogramming.-Zhou, C., Wang, Y., Zhang, J., Su, J., An, Q., Liu, X., Zhang, M., Wang, Y., Liu, J., Zhang, Y. H3K27me3 is an epigenetic barrier while KDM6A overexpression improves nuclear reprogramming efficiency.</p>',
			'date' => '2019-03-01',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/30673507',
			'doi' => '10.1096/fj.201801887R',
			'modified' => '2019-07-01 11:24:26',
			'created' => '2019-06-21 14:55:31',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 37 => array(
			'id' => '3629',
			'name' => 'Comprehensive Analysis of Chromatin States in Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor Identifies Diverging Roles for SWI/SNF and Polycomb in Gene Regulation.',
			'authors' => 'Erkek S, Johann PD, Finetti MA, Drosos Y, Chou HC, Zapatka M, Sturm D, Jones DTW, Korshunov A, Rhyzova M, Wolf S, Mallm JP, Beck K, Witt O, Kulozik AE, Frühwald MC, Northcott PA, Korbel JO, Lichter P, Eils R, Gajjar A, Roberts CWM, Williamson D, Hasselbla',
			'description' => '<p>Biallelic inactivation of SMARCB1, encoding a member of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex, is the hallmark genetic aberration of atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors (ATRT). Here, we report how loss of SMARCB1 affects the epigenome in these tumors. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) on primary tumors for a series of active and repressive histone marks, we identified the chromatin states differentially represented in ATRTs compared with other brain tumors and non-neoplastic brain. Re-expression of SMARCB1 in ATRT cell lines enabled confirmation of our genome-wide findings for the chromatin states. Additional generation of ChIP-seq data for SWI/SNF and Polycomb group proteins and the transcriptional repressor protein REST determined differential dependencies of SWI/SNF and Polycomb complexes in regulation of diverse gene sets in ATRTs.</p>',
			'date' => '2019-01-14',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/30595504',
			'doi' => '10.1016/j.ccell.2018.11.014',
			'modified' => '2019-05-08 12:27:57',
			'created' => '2019-04-25 11:11:44',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 38 => array(
			'id' => '3686',
			'name' => 'Gamma radiation induces locus specific changes to histone modification enrichment in zebrafish and Atlantic salmon.',
			'authors' => 'Lindeman LC, Kamstra JH, Ballangby J, Hurem S, Martín LM, Brede DA, Teien HC, Oughton DH, Salbu B, Lyche JL, Aleström P',
			'description' => '<p>Ionizing radiation is a recognized genotoxic agent, however, little is known about the role of the functional form of DNA in these processes. Post translational modifications on histone proteins control the organization of chromatin and hence control transcriptional responses that ultimately affect the phenotype. The purpose of this study was to investigate effects on chromatin caused by ionizing radiation in fish. Direct exposure of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos to gamma radiation (10.9 mGy/h for 3h) induced hyper-enrichment of H3K4me3 at the genes hnf4a, gmnn and vegfab. A similar relative hyper-enrichment was seen at the hnf4a loci of irradiated Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) embryos (30 mGy/h for 10 days). At the selected genes in ovaries of adult zebrafish irradiated during gametogenesis (8.7 and 53 mGy/h for 27 days), a reduced enrichment of H3K4me3 was observed, which was correlated with reduced levels of histone H3 was observed. F1 embryos of the exposed parents showed hyper-methylation of H3K4me3, H3K9me3 and H3K27me3 on the same three loci, while these differences were almost negligible in F2 embryos. Our results from three selected loci suggest that ionizing radiation can affect chromatin structure and organization, and that these changes can be detected in F1 offspring, but not in subsequent generations.</p>',
			'date' => '2019-01-01',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/30759148',
			'doi' => '10.1371/journal.pone.0212123',
			'modified' => '2019-06-28 13:57:39',
			'created' => '2019-06-21 14:55:31',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 39 => array(
			'id' => '3607',
			'name' => 'Mutant p63 Affects Epidermal Cell Identity through Rewiring the Enhancer Landscape.',
			'authors' => 'Qu J, Tanis SEJ, Smits JPH, Kouwenhoven EN, Oti M, van den Bogaard EH, Logie C, Stunnenberg HG, van Bokhoven H, Mulder KW, Zhou H',
			'description' => '<p>Transcription factor p63 is a key regulator of epidermal keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation. Mutations in the p63 DNA-binding domain are associated with ectrodactyly, ectodermal dysplasia, and cleft lip/palate (EEC) syndrome. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of these mutations remains unclear. Here, we characterized the transcriptome and epigenome of p63 mutant keratinocytes derived from EEC patients. The transcriptome of p63 mutant keratinocytes deviated from the normal epidermal cell identity. Epigenomic analyses showed an altered enhancer landscape in p63 mutant keratinocytes contributed by loss of p63-bound active enhancers and unexpected gain of enhancers. The gained enhancers were frequently bound by deregulated transcription factors such as RUNX1. Reversing RUNX1 overexpression partially rescued deregulated gene expression and the altered enhancer landscape. Our findings identify a disease mechanism whereby mutant p63 rewires the enhancer landscape and affects epidermal cell identity, consolidating the pivotal role of p63 in controlling the enhancer landscape of epidermal keratinocytes.</p>',
			'date' => '2018-12-18',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/30566872',
			'doi' => '10.1016/j.celrep.2018.11.039',
			'modified' => '2019-04-17 14:51:18',
			'created' => '2019-04-16 12:25:30',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 40 => array(
			'id' => '3635',
			'name' => 'TIP60: an actor in acetylation of H3K4 and tumor development in breast cancer.',
			'authors' => 'Judes G, Dubois L, Rifaï K, Idrissou M, Mishellany F, Pajon A, Besse S, Daures M, Degoul F, Bignon YJ, Penault-Llorca F, Bernard-Gallon D',
			'description' => '<p>AIM: The acetyltransferase TIP60 is reported to be downregulated in several cancers, in particular breast cancer, but the molecular mechanisms resulting from its alteration are still unclear. MATERIALS &amp; METHODS: In breast tumors, H3K4ac enrichment and its link with TIP60 were evaluated by chromatin immunoprecipitation-qPCR and re-chromatin immunoprecipitation techniques. To assess the biological roles of TIP60 in breast cancer, two cell lines of breast cancer, MDA-MB-231 (ER-) and MCF-7 (ER+) were transfected with shRNA specifically targeting TIP60 and injected to athymic Balb-c mice. RESULTS: We identified a potential target of TIP60, H3K4. We show that an underexpression of TIP60 could contribute to a reduction of H3K4 acetylation in breast cancer. An increase in tumor development was noted in sh-TIP60 MDA-MB-231 xenografts and a slowdown of tumor growth in sh-TIP60 MCF-7 xenografts. CONCLUSION: This is evidence that the underexpression of TIP60 observed in breast cancer can promote the tumorigenesis of ER-negative tumors.</p>',
			'date' => '2018-11-01',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/30324811',
			'doi' => '10.2217/epi-2018-0004',
			'modified' => '2019-06-07 10:29:04',
			'created' => '2019-06-06 12:11:18',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 41 => array(
			'id' => '3556',
			'name' => 'PWWP2A binds distinct chromatin moieties and interacts with an MTA1-specific core NuRD complex.',
			'authors' => 'Link S, Spitzer RMM, Sana M, Torrado M, Völker-Albert MC, Keilhauer EC, Burgold T, Pünzeler S, Low JKK, Lindström I, Nist A, Regnard C, Stiewe T, Hendrich B, Imhof A, Mann M, Mackay JP, Bartkuhn M, Hake SB',
			'description' => '<p>Chromatin structure and function is regulated by reader proteins recognizing histone modifications and/or histone variants. We recently identified that PWWP2A tightly binds to H2A.Z-containing nucleosomes and is involved in mitotic progression and cranial-facial development. Here, using in vitro assays, we show that distinct domains of PWWP2A mediate binding to free linker DNA as well as H3K36me3 nucleosomes. In vivo, PWWP2A strongly recognizes H2A.Z-containing regulatory regions and weakly binds H3K36me3-containing gene bodies. Further, PWWP2A binds to an MTA1-specific subcomplex of the NuRD complex (M1HR), which consists solely of MTA1, HDAC1, and RBBP4/7, and excludes CHD, GATAD2 and MBD proteins. Depletion of PWWP2A leads to an increase of acetylation levels on H3K27 as well as H2A.Z, presumably by impaired chromatin recruitment of M1HR. Thus, this study identifies PWWP2A as a complex chromatin-binding protein that serves to direct the deacetylase complex M1HR to H2A.Z-containing chromatin, thereby promoting changes in histone acetylation levels.</p>',
			'date' => '2018-10-16',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/30327463',
			'doi' => '10.1038/s41467-018-06665-5',
			'modified' => '2019-07-22 09:17:39',
			'created' => '2019-03-21 14:12:08',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 42 => array(
			'id' => '3553',
			'name' => 'Accurate annotation of accessible chromatin in mouse and human primordial germ cells.',
			'authors' => 'Li J, Shen S, Chen J, Liu W, Li X, Zhu Q, Wang B, Chen X, Wu L, Wang M, Gu L, Wang H, Yin J, Jiang C, Gao S',
			'description' => '<p>Extensive and accurate chromatin remodeling is essential during primordial germ cell (PGC) development for the perpetuation of genetic information across generations. Here, we report that distal cis-regulatory elements (CREs) marked by DNase I-hypersensitive sites (DHSs) show temporally restricted activities during mouse and human PGC development. Using DHS maps as proxy, we accurately locate the genome-wide binding sites of pluripotency transcription factors in mouse PGCs. Unexpectedly, we found that mouse female meiotic recombination hotspots can be captured by DHSs, and for the first time, we identified 12,211 recombination hotspots in mouse female PGCs. In contrast to that of meiotic female PGCs, the chromatin of mitotic-arrested male PGCs&nbsp;is permissive through nuclear transcription factor Y (NFY) binding in the distal regulatory regions. Furthermore, we examined the evolutionary pressure on PGC CREs, and comparative genomic analysis revealed that mouse and human PGC CREs are evolutionarily conserved and show strong conservation across the vertebrate tree outside the mammals. Therefore, our results reveal unique, temporally accessible chromatin configurations during mouse and human PGC development.</p>',
			'date' => '2018-10-10',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.org/30305709',
			'doi' => '10.1038/s41422-018-0096-5',
			'modified' => '2019-03-25 11:04:31',
			'created' => '2019-03-21 14:12:08',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 43 => array(
			'id' => '3616',
			'name' => 'Loss of H3K27me3 Imprinting in Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Embryos Disrupts Post-Implantation Development.',
			'authors' => 'Matoba S, Wang H, Jiang L, Lu F, Iwabuchi KA, Wu X, Inoue K, Yang L, Press W, Lee JT, Ogura A, Shen L, Zhang Y',
			'description' => '<p>Animal cloning can be achieved through somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), although the live birth rate is relatively low. Recent studies have identified H3K9me3 in donor cells and abnormal Xist activation as epigenetic barriers that impede SCNT. Here we overcome these barriers using a combination of Xist knockout donor cells and overexpression of Kdm4 to achieve more than 20% efficiency of mouse SCNT. However, post-implantation defects and abnormal placentas were still observed, indicating that additional epigenetic barriers impede SCNT cloning. Comparative DNA methylome analysis of IVF and SCNT blastocysts identified abnormally methylated regions in SCNT embryos despite successful global reprogramming of the methylome. Strikingly, allelic transcriptomic and ChIP-seq analyses of pre-implantation SCNT embryos revealed complete loss of H3K27me3 imprinting, which may account for the postnatal developmental defects observed in SCNT embryos. Together, these results provide an efficient method for mouse cloning while&nbsp;paving the way for further improving SCNT efficiency.</p>',
			'date' => '2018-09-06',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/30033120',
			'doi' => '10.1016/j.stem.2018.06.008',
			'modified' => '2019-04-17 15:31:14',
			'created' => '2019-04-16 13:01:51',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 44 => array(
			'id' => '3402',
			'name' => 'Polycomb repressive complex 1 shapes the nucleosome landscape but not accessibility at target genes.',
			'authors' => 'King HW, Fursova NA, Blackledge NP, Klose RJ',
			'description' => '<p>Polycomb group (PcG) proteins are transcriptional repressors that play important roles in regulating gene expression during animal development. In vitro experiments have shown that PcG protein complexes can compact chromatin to limit the activity of chromatin remodeling enzymes and access of the transcriptional machinery to DNA. In fitting with these ideas, gene promoters associated with PcG proteins have been reported to be less accessible than other gene promoters. However, it remains largely untested in vivo whether PcG proteins define chromatin accessibility or other chromatin features. To address this important question, we examine the chromatin accessibility and nucleosome landscape at PcG protein-bound promoters in mouse embryonic stem cells using the assay for transposase accessible chromatin (ATAC)-seq. Combined with genetic ablation strategies, we unexpectedly discover that although PcG protein-occupied gene promoters exhibit reduced accessibility, this does not rely on PcG proteins. Instead, the Polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1) appears to play a unique role in driving elevated nucleosome occupancy and decreased nucleosomal spacing in Polycomb chromatin domains. Our new genome-scale observations argue, in contrast to the prevailing view, that PcG proteins do not significantly affect chromatin accessibility and highlight an underappreciated complexity in the relationship between chromatin accessibility, the nucleosome landscape, and PcG-mediated transcriptional repression.</p>',
			'date' => '2018-08-28',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/30154222',
			'doi' => '10.1101/gr.237180.118.',
			'modified' => '2018-11-09 11:29:13',
			'created' => '2018-11-08 12:59:45',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 45 => array(
			'id' => '3551',
			'name' => 'HIV-2/SIV viral protein X counteracts HUSH repressor complex.',
			'authors' => 'Ghina Chougui, Soundasse Munir-Matloob, Roy Matkovic, Michaël M Martin, Marina Morel, Hichem Lahouassa, Marjorie Leduc, Bertha Cecilia Ramirez, Lucie Etienne   and Florence Margottin-Goguet',
			'description' => '<p>To evade host immune defences, human immunodeficiency viruses 1 and 2 (HIV-1 and HIV-2) have evolved auxiliary proteins that target cell restriction factors. Viral protein X (Vpx) from the HIV-2/SIVsmm lineage enhances viral infection by antagonizing SAMHD1 (refs ), but this antagonism is not sufficient to explain all Vpx phenotypes. Here, through a proteomic screen, we identified another Vpx target-HUSH (TASOR, MPP8 and periphilin)-a complex involved in position-effect variegation. HUSH downregulation by Vpx is observed in primary cells and HIV-2-infected cells. Vpx binds HUSH and induces its proteasomal degradation through the recruitment of the DCAF1 ubiquitin ligase adaptor, independently from SAMHD1 antagonism. As a consequence, Vpx is able to reactivate HIV latent proviruses, unlike Vpx mutants, which are unable to induce HUSH degradation. Although antagonism of human HUSH is not conserved among all lentiviral lineages including HIV-1, it is a feature of viral protein R (Vpr) from simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) of African green monkeys and from the divergent SIV of l'Hoest's monkey, arguing in favour of an ancient lentiviral species-specific vpx/vpr gene function. Altogether, our results suggest the HUSH complex as a restriction factor, active in primary CD4 T cells and counteracted by Vpx, therefore providing a molecular link between intrinsic immunity and epigenetic control.</p>',
			'date' => '2018-08-01',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/29891865',
			'doi' => '10.1038/s41564-018-0179-6',
			'modified' => '2019-02-28 10:20:23',
			'created' => '2019-02-27 12:54:44',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 46 => array(
			'id' => '3586',
			'name' => 'The transcriptional factor ZEB1 represses Syndecan 1 expression in prostate cancer.',
			'authors' => 'Farfán N, Ocarez N, Castellón EA, Mejía N, de Herreros AG, Contreras HR',
			'description' => '<p>Syndecan 1 (SDC-1) is a cell surface proteoglycan with a significant role in cell adhesion, maintaining epithelial integrity. SDC1 expression is inversely related to aggressiveness in prostate cancer (PCa). During epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), loss of epithelial markers is mediated by transcriptional repressors such as SNAIL, SLUG, or ZEB1/2 that bind to E-box promoter sequences of specific genes. The effect of these repressors on SDC-1 expression remains unknown. Here, we demonstrated that SNAIL, SLUG and ZEB1 expressions are increased in advanced PCa, contrarily to SDC-1. SNAIL, SLUG and ZEB1 also showed an inversion to SDC-1 in prostate cell lines. ZEB1, but not SNAIL or SLUG, represses SDC-1 as demonstrated by experiments of ectopic expression in epithelial prostate cell lines. Inversely, expression of ZEB1 shRNA in PCa cell line increased SDC-1 expression. The effect of ZEB1 is transcriptional since ectopic expression of this gene represses SDC-1 promoter activity and ZEB1 binds to the SDC-1 promoter as detected by ChIP assays. An epigenetic mark associated to transcription repression H3K27me3 was bound to the same sites that ZEB1. In conclusion, this study identifies ZEB1 as a key repressor of SDC-1 during PCa progression and point to ZEB1 as a potentially diagnostic marker for PCa.</p>',
			'date' => '2018-07-31',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/30065348',
			'doi' => '10.1038/s41598-018-29829-1',
			'modified' => '2019-04-17 15:32:57',
			'created' => '2019-04-16 12:25:30',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 47 => array(
			'id' => '3381',
			'name' => 'TSPYL2 Regulates the Expression of EZH2 Target Genes in Neurons',
			'authors' => 'Hang Liu et al.',
			'description' => '<p><em class="EmphasisTypeItalic ">Testis-specific protein</em>, <em class="EmphasisTypeItalic ">Y-encoded-like 2</em> (TSPYL2) is an X-linked gene in the locus for several neurodevelopmental disorders. We have previously shown that <em class="EmphasisTypeItalic ">Tspyl2</em> knockout mice had impaired learning and sensorimotor gating, and TSPYL2 facilitates the expression of <em class="EmphasisTypeItalic ">Grin2a</em> and <em class="EmphasisTypeItalic ">Grin2b</em> through interaction with CREB-binding protein. To identify other genes regulated by TSPYL2, here, we showed that <em class="EmphasisTypeItalic ">Tspyl2</em> knockout mice had an increased level of H3K27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) in the hippocampus, and TSPYL2 interacted with the H3K27 methyltransferase enhancer of zeste 2 (EZH2). We performed chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-sequencing in primary hippocampal neurons and divided all Refseq genes by k-mean clustering into four clusters from highest level of H3K27me3 to unmarked. We confirmed that mutant neurons had an increased level of H3K27me3 in cluster 1 genes, which consist of known EZH2 target genes important in development. We detected significantly reduced expression of genes including <em class="EmphasisTypeItalic ">Gbx2</em> and <em class="EmphasisTypeItalic ">Prss16</em> from cluster 1 and <em class="EmphasisTypeItalic ">Acvrl1</em>, <em class="EmphasisTypeItalic ">Bdnf</em>, <em class="EmphasisTypeItalic ">Egr3</em>, <em class="EmphasisTypeItalic ">Grin2c</em>, and <em class="EmphasisTypeItalic ">Igf1</em> from cluster 2 in the mutant. In support of a dynamic role of EZH2 in repressing marked synaptic genes, the specific EZH2 inhibitor GSK126 significantly upregulated, while the demethylase inhibitor GSKJ4 downregulated the expression of <em class="EmphasisTypeItalic ">Egr3</em> and <em class="EmphasisTypeItalic ">Grin2c</em>. GSK126 also upregulated the expression of <em class="EmphasisTypeItalic ">Bdnf</em> in mutant primary neurons. Finally, ChIP showed that hemagglutinin-tagged TSPYL2 co-existed with EZH2 in target promoters in neuroblastoma cells. Taken together, our data suggest that TSPYL2 is recruited to promoters of specific EZH2 target genes in neurons, and enhances their expression for proper neuronal maturation and function.</p>',
			'date' => '2018-07-26',
			'pmid' => 'https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12035-018-1238-y',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2018-07-31 10:01:24',
			'created' => '2018-07-31 10:01:24',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 48 => array(
			'id' => '3519',
			'name' => 'Forskolin Sensitizes Human Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells to H3K27me2/3 Demethylases GSKJ4 Inhibitor via Protein Kinase A.',
			'authors' => 'Illiano M, Conte M, Sapio L, Nebbioso A, Spina A, Altucci L, Naviglio S',
			'description' => '<p>Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive hematological malignancy occurring very often in older adults, with poor prognosis depending on both rapid disease progression and drug resistance occurrence. Therefore, new therapeutic approaches are demanded. Epigenetic marks play a relevant role in AML. GSKJ4 is a novel inhibitor of the histone demethylases JMJD3 and UTX. To note GSKJ4 has been recently shown to act as a potent small molecule inhibitor of the proliferation in many cancer cell types. On the other hand, forskolin, a natural cAMP raising compound, used for a long time in traditional medicine and considered safe also in recent studies, is emerging as a very interesting molecule for possible use in cancer therapy. Here, we investigate the effects of forskolin on the sensitivity of human leukemia U937 cells to GSKJ4 through flow cytometry-based assays (cell-cycle progression and cell death), cell number counting, and immunoblotting experiments. We provide evidence that forskolin markedly potentiates GSKJ4-induced antiproliferative effects by apoptotic cell death induction, accompanied by a dramatic BCL2 protein down-regulation as well as caspase 3 activation and PARP protein cleavage. Comparable effects are observed with the phosphodiesterase inhibitor IBMX and 8-Br-cAMP analogous, but not by using 8-pCPT-2'-O-Me-cAMP Epac activator. Moreover, the forskolin-induced enhancement of sensitivity to GSKJ4 is counteracted by pre-treatment with Protein Kinase A (PKA) inhibitors. Altogether, our data strongly suggest that forskolin sensitizes U937 cells to GSKJ4 inhibitor via a cAMP/PKA-mediated mechanism. Our findings provide initial evidence of anticancer activity induced by forskolin/GSKJ4 combination in leukemia cells and underline the potential for use of forskolin and GSKJ4 in the development of innovative and effective therapeutic approaches for AML treatment.</p>',
			'date' => '2018-07-20',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/30079022',
			'doi' => '10.3389/fphar.2018.00792',
			'modified' => '2019-02-28 10:23:58',
			'created' => '2019-02-27 12:54:44',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 49 => array(
			'id' => '3425',
			'name' => 'HMGB2 Loss upon Senescence Entry Disrupts Genomic Organization and Induces CTCF Clustering across Cell Types.',
			'authors' => 'Zirkel A, Nikolic M, Sofiadis K, Mallm JP, Brackley CA, Gothe H, Drechsel O, Becker C, Altmüller J, Josipovic N, Georgomanolis T, Brant L, Franzen J, Koker M, Gusmao EG, Costa IG, Ullrich RT, Wagner W, Roukos V, Nürnberg P, Marenduzzo D, Rippe K, Papanton',
			'description' => '<p>Processes like cellular senescence are characterized by complex events giving rise to heterogeneous cell populations. However, the early molecular events driving this cascade remain elusive. We hypothesized that senescence entry is triggered by an early&nbsp;disruption of the cells' three-dimensional (3D) genome organization. To test this, we combined Hi-C, single-cell and population transcriptomics, imaging, and in silico modeling of three distinct cells types entering senescence. Genes involved in DNA conformation maintenance are suppressed upon senescence entry across all cell types. We show that nuclear depletion of the abundant HMGB2 protein occurs early on the path to senescence and coincides with the dramatic spatial clustering of CTCF. Knocking down HMGB2 suffices for senescence-induced CTCF clustering and for loop reshuffling, while ectopically expressing HMGB2 rescues these effects. Our data suggest that HMGB2-mediated genomic reorganization constitutes a primer for the ensuing senescent program.</p>',
			'date' => '2018-05-17',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/29706538',
			'doi' => '10.1016/j.molcel.2018.03.030',
			'modified' => '2018-12-31 11:48:40',
			'created' => '2018-12-04 09:51:07',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 50 => array(
			'id' => '3589',
			'name' => 'A new metabolic gene signature in prostate cancer regulated by JMJD3 and EZH2.',
			'authors' => 'Daures M, Idrissou M, Judes G, Rifaï K, Penault-Llorca F, Bignon YJ, Guy L, Bernard-Gallon D',
			'description' => '<p>Histone methylation is essential for gene expression control. Trimethylated lysine 27 of histone 3 (H3K27me3) is controlled by the balance between the activities of JMJD3 demethylase and EZH2 methyltransferase. This epigenetic mark has been shown to be deregulated in prostate cancer, and evidence shows H3K27me3 enrichment on gene promoters in prostate cancer. To study the impact of this enrichment, a transcriptomic analysis with TaqMan Low Density Array (TLDA) of several genes was studied on prostate biopsies divided into three clinical grades: normal ( = 23) and two tumor groups that differed in their aggressiveness (Gleason score &le; 7 ( = 20) and &gt;7 ( = 19)). ANOVA demonstrated that expression of the gene set was upregulated in tumors and correlated with Gleason score, thus discriminating between the three clinical groups. Six genes involved in key cellular processes stood out: , , , , and . Chromatin immunoprecipitation demonstrated collocation of EZH2 and JMJD3 on gene promoters that was dependent on disease stage. Gene set expression was also evaluated on prostate cancer cell lines (DU 145, PC-3 and LNCaP) treated with an inhibitor of JMJD3 (GSK-J4) or EZH2 (DZNeP) to study their involvement in gene regulation. Results showed a difference in GSK-J4 sensitivity under PTEN status of cell lines and an opposite gene expression profile according to androgen status of cells. In summary, our data describe the impacts of JMJD3 and EZH2 on a new gene signature involved in prostate cancer that may help identify diagnostic and therapeutic targets in prostate cancer.</p>',
			'date' => '2018-05-04',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/29805743',
			'doi' => '10.18632/oncotarget.25182',
			'modified' => '2019-04-17 15:21:33',
			'created' => '2019-04-16 12:25:30',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 51 => array(
			'id' => '3309',
			'name' => 'GATA2/3-TFAP2A/C transcription factor network couples human pluripotent stem cell differentiation to trophectoderm with repression of pluripotency',
			'authors' => 'Krendl C. et al.',
			'description' => '<p>To elucidate the molecular basis of BMP4-induced differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) toward progeny with trophectoderm characteristics, we produced transcriptome, epigenome H3K4me3, H3K27me3, and CpG methylation maps of trophoblast progenitors, purified using the surface marker APA. We combined them with the temporally resolved transcriptome of the preprogenitor phase and of single APA+ cells. This revealed a circuit of bivalent TFAP2A, TFAP2C, GATA2, and GATA3 transcription factors, coined collectively the "trophectoderm four" (TEtra), which are also present in human trophectoderm in vivo. At the onset of differentiation, the TEtra factors occupy multiple sites in epigenetically inactive placental genes and in <i>OCT4</i> Functional manipulation of <i>GATA3</i> and <i>TFAP2A</i> indicated that they directly couple trophoblast-specific gene induction with suppression of pluripotency. In accordance, knocking down <i>GATA3</i> in primate embryos resulted in a failure to form trophectoderm. The discovery of the TEtra circuit indicates how trophectoderm commitment is regulated in human embryogenesis.</p>',
			'date' => '2017-11-07',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29078328',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2018-01-04 10:23:33',
			'created' => '2018-01-04 10:23:33',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 52 => array(
			'id' => '3299',
			'name' => 'Rapid Communication: The correlation between histone modifications and expression of key genes involved in accumulation of adipose tissue in the pig.',
			'authors' => 'Kociucka B. et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Histone modification is a well-known epigenetic mechanism involved in regulation of gene expression; however, it has been poorly studied in adipose tissues of the pig. Understanding the molecular background of adipose tissue development and function is essential for improving production efficiency and meat quality. The objective of this study was to identify the association between histone modification and the transcript level of genes important for lipid droplet formation and metabolism. Histone modifications at the promoter regions of 6 genes (, , , , , and ) were analyzed using a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. Two modifications involved in activation of gene expression (acetylation of H3 histone at lysine 9 and methylation of H3 histone at lysine 4) as well as methylation of H3 histone at lysine 27, which is known to be related to gene repression, were examined. The level of histone modification was compared with transcript abundance determined using real-time PCR in tissue samples (subcutaneous fat, visceral fat, and longissimus dorsi muscle) derived from 3 pig breeds significantly differing in fatness traits (Polish Large White, Duroc, and Pietrain). Transcript levels were found to be correlated with histone modifications characteristic to active loci in 4 of 6 genes. A positive correlation between histone H3 lysine 9 acetylation modification and the transcript level of ( = 0.53, &lt; 4.8 &times; 10), ( = 0.34, &lt; 0.02), and ( = 0.43, &lt; 1.0 &times; 10) genes was observed. The histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation modification correlated with transcripts of ( = 0.64, &lt; 4.6 &times; 10) and ( = 0.37, &lt; 0.01) genes. No correlation was found between transcript level of all studied genes and histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation level. This is the first study on histone modifications in porcine adipose tissues. We confirmed the relationship between histone modifications and expression of key genes for adipose tissue accumulation in the pig. Epigenetic modulation of the transcriptional profile of these genes (e.g., through nutritional factors) may improve porcine fatness traits in future.</p>',
			'date' => '2017-10-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29108067',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2017-12-05 10:39:56',
			'created' => '2017-12-05 09:31:02',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 53 => array(
			'id' => '3290',
			'name' => 'Genomic imprinting of Xist by maternal H3K27me3',
			'authors' => 'Azusa Inoue, Lan Jiang, Falong Lu, and Yi Zhang ',
			'description' => '<p>Maternal imprinting at the <em>Xist</em> gene is essential to achieve paternal allele-specific imprinted X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) in female mammals. However, the mechanism underlying <em>Xist</em> imprinting is unclear. Here we show that the <em>Xist</em> locus is coated with a broad H3K27me3 domain that is established during oocyte growth and persists through preimplantation development in mice. Loss of maternal H3K27me3 induces maternal <em>Xist</em> expression and maternal XCI in preimplantation embryos. Our study thus identifies maternal H3K27me3 as the imprinting mark of <em>Xist</em>.</p>',
			'date' => '2017-09-28',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29089420?dopt=Abstract',
			'doi' => '10.1101/gad.304113.117',
			'modified' => '2018-01-30 21:10:37',
			'created' => '2017-11-12 07:16:58',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 54 => array(
			'id' => '3276',
			'name' => 'DNA methylation of intragenic CpG islands depends on their transcriptional activity during differentiation and disease',
			'authors' => 'Jeziorska D.M. et al.',
			'description' => '<p>The human genome contains &sim;30,000 CpG islands (CGIs). While CGIs associated with promoters nearly always remain unmethylated, many of the &sim;9,000 CGIs lying within gene bodies become methylated during development and differentiation. Both promoter and intragenic CGIs may also become abnormally methylated as a result of genome rearrangements and in malignancy. The epigenetic mechanisms by which some CGIs become methylated but others, in the same cell, remain unmethylated in these situations are poorly understood. Analyzing specific loci and using a genome-wide analysis, we show that transcription running across CGIs, associated with specific chromatin modifications, is required for DNA methyltransferase 3B (DNMT3B)-mediated DNA methylation of many naturally occurring intragenic CGIs. Importantly, we also show that a subgroup of intragenic CGIs is not sensitive to this process of transcription-mediated methylation and that this correlates with their individual intrinsic capacity to initiate transcription in vivo. We propose a general model of how transcription could act as a primary determinant of the patterns of CGI methylation in normal development and differentiation, and in human disease.</p>',
			'date' => '2017-09-05',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28827334',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2017-10-16 10:16:06',
			'created' => '2017-10-16 10:16:06',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 55 => array(
			'id' => '3257',
			'name' => 'A lipodystrophy-causing lamin A mutant alters conformation and epigenetic regulation of the anti-adipogenic MIR335 locus',
			'authors' => 'Oldenburg A. et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Mutations in the <i>Lamin A/C</i> (<i>LMNA</i>) gene-encoding nuclear LMNA cause laminopathies, which include partial lipodystrophies associated with metabolic syndromes. The lipodystrophy-associated LMNA p.R482W mutation is known to impair adipogenic differentiation, but the mechanisms involved are unclear. We show in this study that the lamin A p.R482W hot spot mutation prevents adipogenic gene expression by epigenetically deregulating long-range enhancers of the anti-adipogenic <i>MIR335</i> microRNA gene in human adipocyte progenitor cells. The R482W mutation results in a loss of function of differentiation-dependent lamin A binding to the <i>MIR335</i> locus. This impairs H3K27 methylation and instead favors H3K27 acetylation on <i>MIR335</i> enhancers. The lamin A mutation further promotes spatial clustering of <i>MIR335</i> enhancer and promoter elements along with overexpression of the <i>MIR355</i> gene after adipogenic induction. Our results link a laminopathy-causing lamin A mutation to an unsuspected deregulation of chromatin states and spatial conformation of an miRNA locus critical for adipose progenitor cell fate.</p>',
			'date' => '2017-09-04',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28751304',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2017-10-05 11:08:52',
			'created' => '2017-10-05 11:08:52',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 56 => array(
			'id' => '3222',
			'name' => 'DNMT and HDAC inhibitors induce cryptic transcription start sites encoded in long terminal repeats',
			'authors' => 'Brocks D. et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Several mechanisms of action have been proposed for DNA methyltransferase and histone deacetylase inhibitors (DNMTi and HDACi), primarily based on candidate-gene approaches. However, less is known about their genome-wide transcriptional and epigenomic consequences. By mapping global transcription start site (TSS) and chromatin dynamics, we observed the cryptic transcription of thousands of treatment-induced non-annotated TSSs (TINATs) following DNMTi and HDACi treatment. The resulting transcripts frequently splice into protein-coding exons and encode truncated or chimeric ORFs translated into products with predicted abnormal or immunogenic functions. TINAT transcription after DNMTi treatment coincided with DNA hypomethylation and gain of classical promoter histone marks, while HDACi specifically induced a subset of TINATs in association with H2AK9ac, H3K14ac, and H3K23ac. Despite this mechanistic difference, both inhibitors convergently induced transcription from identical sites, as we found TINATs to be encoded in solitary long terminal repeats of the ERV9/LTR12 family, which are epigenetically repressed in virtually all normal cells.</p>',
			'date' => '2017-06-12',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28604729',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2017-08-18 14:14:48',
			'created' => '2017-08-18 14:14:48',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 57 => array(
			'id' => '3189',
			'name' => 'H2A monoubiquitination in Arabidopsis thaliana is generally independent of LHP1 and PRC2 activity',
			'authors' => 'Zhou Y. et al.',
			'description' => '<div class="">
<h4>BACKGROUND:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="BACKGROUND" nlmcategory="BACKGROUND">Polycomb group complexes PRC1 and PRC2 repress gene expression at the chromatin level in eukaryotes. The classic recruitment model of Polycomb group complexes in which PRC2-mediated H3K27 trimethylation recruits PRC1 for H2A monoubiquitination was recently challenged by data showing that PRC1 activity can also recruit PRC2. However, the prevalence of these two mechanisms is unknown, especially in plants as H2AK121ub marks were examined at only a handful of Polycomb group targets.</abstracttext></p>
<h4>RESULTS:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="RESULTS" nlmcategory="RESULTS">By using genome-wide analyses, we show that H2AK121ub marks are surprisingly widespread in Arabidopsis thaliana, often co-localizing with H3K27me3 but also occupying a set of transcriptionally active genes devoid of H3K27me3. Furthermore, by profiling H2AK121ub and H3K27me3 marks in atbmi1a/b/c, clf/swn, and lhp1 mutants we found that PRC2 activity is not required for H2AK121ub marking at most genes. In contrast, loss of AtBMI1 function impacts the incorporation of H3K27me3 marks at most Polycomb group targets.</abstracttext></p>
<h4>CONCLUSIONS:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="CONCLUSIONS" nlmcategory="CONCLUSIONS">Our findings show the relationship between H2AK121ub and H3K27me3 marks across the A. thaliana genome and unveil that ubiquitination by PRC1 is largely independent of PRC2 activity in plants, while the inverse is true for H3K27 trimethylation.</abstracttext></p>
</div>',
			'date' => '2017-04-12',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28403905',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2017-06-15 10:13:22',
			'created' => '2017-06-15 10:13:22',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 58 => array(
			'id' => '3172',
			'name' => 'Decoupling of DNA methylation and activity of intergenic LINE-1 promoters in colorectal cancer',
			'authors' => 'Vafadar-Isfahani N. et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Hypomethylation of LINE-1 repeats in cancer has been proposed as the main mechanism behind their activation; this assumption, however, was based on findings from early studies that were biased toward young and transpositionally active elements. Here, we investigate the relationship between methylation of 2 intergenic, transpositionally inactive LINE-1 elements and expression of the LINE-1 chimeric transcript (LCT) 13 and LCT14 driven by their antisense promoters (L1-ASP). Our data from DNA modification, expression, and 5'RACE analyses suggest that colorectal cancer methylation in the regions analyzed is not always associated with LCT repression. Consistent with this, in HCT116 colorectal cancer cells lacking DNA methyltransferases DNMT1 or DNMT3B, LCT13 expression decreases, while cells lacking both DNMTs or treated with the DNMT inhibitor 5-azacytidine (5-aza) show no change in LCT13 expression. Interestingly, levels of the H4K20me3 histone modification are inversely associated with LCT13 and LCT14 expression. Moreover, at these LINE-1s, H4K20me3 levels rather than DNA methylation seem to be good predictor of their sensitivity to 5-aza treatment. Therefore, by studying individual LINE-1 promoters we have shown that in some cases these promoters can be active without losing methylation; in addition, we provide evidence that other factors (e.g., H4K20me3 levels) play prominent roles in their regulation.</p>',
			'date' => '2017-03-16',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28300471',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2017-05-10 16:26:24',
			'created' => '2017-05-10 16:26:24',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 59 => array(
			'id' => '3134',
			'name' => 'HMCan-diff: a method to detect changes in histone modifications in cells with different genetic characteristics',
			'authors' => 'Ashoor H. et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Comparing histone modification profiles between cancer and normal states, or across different tumor samples, can provide insights into understanding cancer initiation, progression and response to therapy. ChIP-seq histone modification data of cancer samples are distorted by copy number variation innate to any cancer cell. We present HMCan-diff, the first method designed to analyze ChIP-seq data to detect changes in histone modifications between two cancer samples of different genetic backgrounds, or between a cancer sample and a normal control. HMCan-diff explicitly corrects for copy number bias, and for other biases in the ChIP-seq data, which significantly improves prediction accuracy compared to methods that do not consider such corrections. On in silico simulated ChIP-seq data generated using genomes with differences in copy number profiles, HMCan-diff shows a much better performance compared to other methods that have no correction for copy number bias. Additionally, we benchmarked HMCan-diff on four experimental datasets, characterizing two histone marks in two different scenarios. We correlated changes in histone modifications between a cancer and a normal control sample with changes in gene expression. On all experimental datasets, HMCan-diff demonstrated better performance compared to the other methods.</p>',
			'date' => '2017-01-03',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28053124',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2017-03-07 17:25:32',
			'created' => '2017-03-07 17:25:32',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 60 => array(
			'id' => '3089',
			'name' => 'Jarid2 binds mono-ubiquitylated H2A lysine 119 to mediate crosstalk between Polycomb complexes PRC1 and PRC2',
			'authors' => 'Cooper S. et al.',
			'description' => '<p>The Polycomb repressive complexes PRC1 and PRC2 play a central role in developmental gene regulation in multicellular organisms. PRC1 and PRC2 modify chromatin by catalysing histone H2A lysine 119 ubiquitylation (H2AK119u1), and H3 lysine 27 methylation (H3K27me3), respectively. Reciprocal crosstalk between these modifications is critical for the formation of stable Polycomb domains at target gene loci. While the molecular mechanism for recognition of H3K27me3 by PRC1 is well defined, the interaction of PRC2 with H2AK119u1 is poorly understood. Here we demonstrate a critical role for the PRC2 cofactor Jarid2 in mediating the interaction of PRC2 with H2AK119u1. We identify a ubiquitin interaction motif at the amino-terminus of Jarid2, and demonstrate that this domain facilitates PRC2 localization to H2AK119u1 both <i>in vivo</i> and <i>in vitro</i>. Our findings ascribe a critical function to Jarid2 and define a key mechanism that links PRC1 and PRC2 in the establishment of Polycomb domains.</p>',
			'date' => '2016-11-28',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms13661',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2017-01-02 12:03:16',
			'created' => '2017-01-02 12:03:16',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 61 => array(
			'id' => '3114',
			'name' => 'Iterative Fragmentation Improves the Detection of ChIP-seq Peaks for Inactive Histone Marks',
			'authors' => 'Laczik M. et al.',
			'description' => '<p>As chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) sequencing is becoming the dominant technique for studying chromatin modifications, new protocols surface to improve the method. Bioinformatics is also essential to analyze and understand the results, and precise analysis helps us to identify the effects of protocol optimizations. We applied iterative sonication - sending the fragmented DNA after ChIP through additional round(s) of shearing - to a number of samples, testing the effects on different histone marks, aiming to uncover potential benefits of inactive histone marks specifically. We developed an analysis pipeline that utilizes our unique, enrichment-type specific approach to peak calling. With the help of this pipeline, we managed to accurately describe the advantages and disadvantages of the iterative refragmentation technique, and we successfully identified possible fields for its applications, where it enhances the results greatly. In addition to the resonication protocol description, we provide guidelines for peak calling optimization and a freely implementable pipeline for data analysis.</p>',
			'date' => '2016-10-25',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27812282',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2017-01-17 16:07:44',
			'created' => '2017-01-17 16:07:44',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 62 => array(
			'id' => '3054',
			'name' => 'Overexpression of histone demethylase Fbxl10 leads to enhanced migration in mouse embryonic fibroblasts.',
			'authors' => 'Rohde M. et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Cell migration is a central process in the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms. Tissue formation during embryonic development, wound healing, immune responses and invasive tumors all require the orchestrated movement of cells to specific locations. Histone demethylase proteins alter transcription by regulating the chromatin state at specific gene loci. FBXL10 is a conserved and ubiquitously expressed member of the JmjC domain-containing histone demethylase family and is implicated in the demethylation of H3K4me3 and H3K36me2 and thereby removing active chromatin marks. However, the physiological role of FBXL10 in vivo remains largely unknown. Therefore, we established an inducible gain of function model to analyze the role of Fbxl10 and compared wild-type with Fbxl10 overexpressing mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). Our study shows that overexpression of Fbxl10 in MEFs doesn't influence the proliferation capability but leads to an enhanced migration capacity in comparison to wild-type MEFs. Transcriptome and ChIP-seq experiments demonstrated that Fbxl10 binds to genes involved in migration like Areg, Mdk, Lmnb1, Thbs1, Mgp and Cxcl12. Taken together, our results strongly suggest that Fbxl10 plays a critical role in migration by binding to the promoter region of migration-associated genes and thereby might influences cell behaviour to a possibly more aggressive phenotype.</p>',
			'date' => '2016-09-17',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27646113',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2016-10-24 14:35:45',
			'created' => '2016-10-24 14:35:45',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 63 => array(
			'id' => '3051',
			'name' => 'Allelic reprogramming of the histone modification H3K4me3 in early mammalian development',
			'authors' => 'Zhang B et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Histone modifications are fundamental epigenetic regulators that control many crucial cellular processes<sup><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v537/n7621/full/nature19361.html#ref1" title="Kouzarides, T. Chromatin modifications and their function. Cell 128, 693&ndash;705 (2007)" id="ref-link-39">1</a></sup>. However, whether these marks can be passed on from mammalian gametes to the next generation is a long-standing question that remains unanswered. Here, by developing a highly sensitive approach, STAR ChIP&ndash;seq, we provide a panoramic view of the landscape of H3K4me3, a histone hallmark for transcription initiation<sup><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v537/n7621/full/nature19361.html#ref2" title="Ruthenburg, A. J., Allis, C. D. &amp; Wysocka, J. Methylation of lysine 4 on histone H3: intricacy of writing and reading a single epigenetic mark. Mol. Cell 25, 15&ndash;30 (2007)" id="ref-link-40">2</a></sup>, from developing gametes to post-implantation embryos. We find that upon fertilization, extensive reprogramming occurs on the paternal genome, as H3K4me3 peaks are depleted in zygotes but are readily observed after major zygotic genome activation at the late two-cell stage. On the maternal genome, we unexpectedly find a non-canonical form of H3K4me3 (ncH3K4me3) in full-grown and mature oocytes, which exists as broad peaks at promoters and a large number of distal loci. Such broad H3K4me3 peaks are in contrast to the typical sharp H3K4me3 peaks restricted to CpG-rich regions of promoters. Notably, ncH3K4me3 in oocytes overlaps almost exclusively with partially methylated DNA domains. It is then inherited in pre-implantation embryos, before being erased in the late two-cell embryos, when canonical H3K4me3 starts to be established. The removal of ncH3K4me3 requires zygotic transcription but is independent of DNA replication-mediated passive dilution. Finally, downregulation of H3K4me3 in full-grown oocytes by overexpression of the H3K4me3 demethylase KDM5B is associated with defects in genome silencing. Taken together, these data unveil inheritance and highly dynamic reprogramming of the epigenome in early mammalian development.</p>',
			'date' => '2016-09-14',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v537/n7621/full/nature19361.html',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2016-10-24 14:10:07',
			'created' => '2016-10-24 14:10:07',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 64 => array(
			'id' => '3033',
			'name' => 'Fumarate is an epigenetic modifier that elicits epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition',
			'authors' => 'Sciacovelli M et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Mutations of the tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme fumarate hydratase cause hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer<sup><a href="http://www.nature.com.proxy.library.uu.nl/nature/journal/v537/n7621/full/nature19353.html#ref1" title="Tomlinson, I. P. et al. Germline mutations in FH predispose to dominantly inherited uterine fibroids, skin leiomyomata and papillary renal cell cancer. Nat. Genet. 30, 406&ndash;410 (2002)" id="ref-link-5">1</a></sup>. Fumarate hydratase-deficient renal cancers are highly aggressive and metastasize even when small, leading to a very poor clinical outcome<sup><a href="http://www.nature.com.proxy.library.uu.nl/nature/journal/v537/n7621/full/nature19353.html#ref2" title="Schmidt, L. S. &amp; Linehan, W. M. Hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma. Int. J. Nephrol. Renovasc. Dis. 7, 253&ndash;260 (2014)" id="ref-link-6">2</a></sup>. Fumarate, a small molecule metabolite that accumulates in fumarate hydratase-deficient cells, plays a key role in cell transformation, making it a <i>bona fide</i> oncometabolite<sup><a href="http://www.nature.com.proxy.library.uu.nl/nature/journal/v537/n7621/full/nature19353.html#ref3" title="Yang, M., Soga, T., Pollard, P. J. &amp; Adam, J. The emerging role of fumarate as an oncometabolite. Front Oncol. 2, 85 (2012)" id="ref-link-7">3</a></sup>. Fumarate has been shown to inhibit &alpha;-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases that are involved in DNA and histone demethylation<sup><a href="http://www.nature.com.proxy.library.uu.nl/nature/journal/v537/n7621/full/nature19353.html#ref4" title="Laukka, T. et al. Fumarate and succinate regulate expression of hypoxia-inducible genes via TET enzymes. J. Biol. Chem. 291, 4256&ndash;4265 (2016)" id="ref-link-8">4</a>, <a href="http://www.nature.com.proxy.library.uu.nl/nature/journal/v537/n7621/full/nature19353.html#ref5" title="Xiao, M. et al. Inhibition of &alpha;-KG-dependent histone and DNA demethylases by fumarate and succinate that are accumulated in mutations of FH and SDH tumor suppressors. Genes Dev. 26, 1326&ndash;1338 (2012)" id="ref-link-9">5</a></sup>. However, the link between fumarate accumulation, epigenetic changes, and tumorigenesis is unclear. Here we show that loss of fumarate hydratase and the subsequent accumulation of fumarate in mouse and human cells elicits an epithelial-to-mesenchymal-transition (EMT), a phenotypic switch associated with cancer initiation, invasion, and metastasis<sup><a href="http://www.nature.com.proxy.library.uu.nl/nature/journal/v537/n7621/full/nature19353.html#ref6" title="De Craene, B. &amp; Berx, G. Regulatory networks defining EMT during cancer initiation and progression. Nat. Rev. Cancer 13, 97&ndash;110 (2013)" id="ref-link-10">6</a></sup>. We demonstrate that fumarate inhibits Tet-mediated demethylation of a regulatory region of the antimetastatic miRNA cluster<sup><a href="http://www.nature.com.proxy.library.uu.nl/nature/journal/v537/n7621/full/nature19353.html#ref6" title="De Craene, B. &amp; Berx, G. Regulatory networks defining EMT during cancer initiation and progression. Nat. Rev. Cancer 13, 97&ndash;110 (2013)" id="ref-link-11">6</a></sup> <i>mir-200ba429</i>, leading to the expression of EMT-related transcription factors and enhanced migratory properties. These epigenetic and phenotypic changes are recapitulated by the incubation of fumarate hydratase-proficient cells with cell-permeable fumarate. Loss of fumarate hydratase is associated with suppression of miR-200 and the EMT signature in renal cancer and is associated with poor clinical outcome. These results imply that loss of fumarate hydratase and fumarate accumulation contribute to the aggressive features of fumarate hydratase-deficient tumours.</p>',
			'date' => '2016-08-31',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v537/n7621/full/nature19353.html',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2016-09-23 10:44:15',
			'created' => '2016-09-23 10:44:15',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 65 => array(
			'id' => '2988',
			'name' => 'H3K4 acetylation, H3K9 acetylation and H3K27 methylation in breast tumor molecular subtypes',
			'authors' => 'Judes G et al.',
			'description' => '<div class="">
<h4>AIM:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="AIM" nlmcategory="OBJECTIVE">Here, we investigated how the St Gallen breast molecular subtypes displayed distinct histone H3 profiles.</abstracttext></p>
<h4>PATIENTS &amp; METHODS:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="PATIENTS &amp; METHODS" nlmcategory="METHODS">192 breast tumors divided into five St Gallen molecular subtypes (luminal A, luminal B HER2-, luminal B HER2+, HER2+ and basal-like) were evaluated for their histone H3 modifications on gene promoters.</abstracttext></p>
<h4>RESULTS:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="RESULTS" nlmcategory="RESULTS">ANOVA analysis allowed to identify specific H3 signatures according to three groups of genes: hormonal receptor genes (ERS1, ERS2, PGR), genes modifying histones (EZH2, P300, SRC3) and tumor suppressor gene (BRCA1). A similar profile inside high-risk cancers (luminal B [HER2+], HER2+ and basal-like) compared with low-risk cancers including luminal A and luminal B (HER2-) were demonstrated.</abstracttext></p>
<h4>CONCLUSION:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="CONCLUSION" nlmcategory="CONCLUSIONS">The H3 modifications might contribute to clarify the differences between breast cancer subtypes.</abstracttext></p>
</div>',
			'date' => '2016-07-18',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27424567',
			'doi' => '10.2217/epi-2016-0015',
			'modified' => '2016-07-28 10:36:20',
			'created' => '2016-07-28 10:36:20',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 66 => array(
			'id' => '2980',
			'name' => 'Epigenetic Modifications with DZNep, NaBu and SAHA in Luminal and Mesenchymal-like Breast Cancer Subtype Cells',
			'authors' => 'Dagdemir A et al.',
			'description' => '<h4>BACKGROUND/AIM:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="BACKGROUND/AIM" nlmcategory="OBJECTIVE">Numerous studies have shown that breast cancer and epigenetic mechanisms have a very powerful interactive relation. The MCF7 cell line, representative of luminal subtype and the MDA-MB 231 cell line representative of mesenchymal-like subtype were treated respectively with a Histone Methyl Transferase Inhibitors (HMTi), 3-Deazaneplanocin hydrochloride (DZNep), two histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi), sodium butyrate (NaBu), and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) for 48 h.</abstracttext></p>
<h4>MATERIALS AND METHODS:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="MATERIALS AND METHODS" nlmcategory="METHODS">Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) was used to observe HDACis (SAHA and NaBu) and HMTi (DZNep) impact on histones and more specifically on H3K27me3, H3K9ac and H3K4ac marks with Q-PCR analysis of BRCA1, SRC3 and P300 genes. Furthermore, the HDACi and HMTi effects on mRNA and protein expression of BRCA1, SRC3 and P300 genes were checked. In addition, statistical analyses were used.</abstracttext></p>
<h4>RESULTS:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="RESULTS" nlmcategory="RESULTS">In the MCF7 luminal subtype with positive ER, H3k4ac was significantly increased on BRCA1 with SAHA. On the contrary, in the MDA-MB 231 breast cancer cell line, representative of mesenchymal-like subtype with negative estrogen receptor, HDACis had no effect. Also, DZNEP decreased significantly H3K27me3 on BRCA1 in MDA-MB 231. Besides, on SRC3, a significant increase for H3K4ac was obtained in MCF7 treated with SAHA. And DZNEP had no effect in MCF7. Also, in MDA-MB 231 treated with DZNEP, H3K27me3 significantly decreased on SRC3 while H3K4ac was significantly increased in MDA-MB-231 treated with SAHA or NaBu for P300.</abstracttext></p>
<h4>CONCLUSION:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="CONCLUSION" nlmcategory="CONCLUSIONS">Luminal and mesenchymal-like breast cancer subtype cell lines seemed to act differently to HDACis (SAHA and NaBu) or HMTi (DZNEP) treatments.</abstracttext></p>',
			'date' => '2016-07-01',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27365379',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2016-07-12 12:50:21',
			'created' => '2016-07-12 12:46:04',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 67 => array(
			'id' => '2982',
			'name' => 'Molecular and Epigenetic Biomarkers in Luminal Androgen Receptor: A Triple Negative Breast Cancer Subtype',
			'authors' => 'Judes G et al.',
			'description' => '',
			'date' => '2016-06-21',
			'pmid' => 'http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/omi.2016.0029',
			'doi' => '10.1089/omi.2016.0029',
			'modified' => '2016-07-13 10:02:46',
			'created' => '2016-07-13 10:02:46',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 68 => array(
			'id' => '2908',
			'name' => 'Frequency and mitotic heritability of epimutations in Schistosoma mansoni',
			'authors' => 'Roquis D, Rognon A, Chaparro C, Boissier J, Arancibia N, Cosseau C, Parrinello H, Grunau C',
			'description' => '<p>Schistosoma mansoni is a parasitic platyhelminth responsible for intestinal bilharzia. It has a complex life cycle, infecting a freshwater snail of the Biomphalaria genus, and then a mammalian host. Schistosoma mansoni adapts rapidly to new (allopatric) strains of its intermediate host. To study the importance of epimutations in this process, we infected sympatric and allopatric mollusc strains with parasite clones. ChIP-Seq was carried out on four histone modifications (H3K4me3, H3K27me3, H3K27ac and H4K20me1) in parallel with genomewide DNA resequencing (i) on parasite larvae shed by the infected snails and (ii) on adult worms that had developed from the larvae. No change in single nucleotide polymorphisms and no mobilization of transposable elements were observed, but 58-105 copy number variations (CNVs) within the parasite clones in different molluscs were detected. We also observed that the allopatric environment induces three types of chromatin structure changes: (i) host-induced changes on larvae epigenomes in 51 regions of the genome that are independent of the parasites' genetic background, (ii) spontaneous changes (not related to experimental condition or genotype of the parasite) at 64 locations and (iii) 64 chromatin structure differences dependent on the parasite genotype. Up to 45% of the spontaneous, but none of the host-induced chromatin structure changes were transmitted to adults. In our model, the environment induces epigenetic changes at specific loci but only spontaneous epimutations are mitotically heritable and have therefore the potential to contribute to transgenerational inheritance. We also show that CNVs are the only source of genetic variation and occur at the same order of magnitude as epimutations.</p>',
			'date' => '2016-04-01',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26826554',
			'doi' => '10.1111/mec.13555',
			'modified' => '2016-05-09 22:47:10',
			'created' => '2016-05-09 22:47:10',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 69 => array(
			'id' => '2835',
			'name' => 'BPA-Induced Deregulation Of Epigenetic Patterns: Effects On Female Zebrafish Reproduction',
			'authors' => 'Santangeli S, Maradonna F, Gioacchini G, Cobellis G, Piccinetti CC, Dalla Valle L, Carnevali O',
			'description' => '<p>Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the commonest Endocrine Disruptor Compounds worldwide. It interferes with vertebrate reproduction, possibly by inducing deregulation of epigenetic mechanisms. To determine its effects on female reproductive physiology and investigate whether changes in the expression levels of genes related to reproduction are caused by histone modifications, BPA concentrations consistent with environmental exposure were administered to zebrafish for three weeks. Effects on oocyte growth and maturation, autophagy and apoptosis processes, histone modifications, and DNA methylation were assessed by Real-Time PCR (qPCR), histology, and chromatin immunoprecipitation combined with qPCR analysis (ChIP-qPCR). The results showed that 5&thinsp;&mu;g/L BPA down-regulated oocyte maturation-promoting signals, likely through changes in the chromatin structure mediated by histone modifications, and promoted apoptosis in mature follicles. These data indicate that the negative effects of BPA on the female reproductive system may be due to its upstream ability to deregulate epigenetic mechanism.</p>',
			'date' => '2016-02-25',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.nature.com/articles/srep21982',
			'doi' => '10.1038/srep21982',
			'modified' => '2016-03-03 14:03:07',
			'created' => '2016-03-03 14:03:07',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 70 => array(
			'id' => '2824',
			'name' => 'The JMJD3 Histone Demethylase and the EZH2 Histone Methyltransferase in Prostate Cancer',
			'authors' => 'Daures M, Ngollo M, Judes G, Rifaï K, Kemeny JL, Penault-Llorca F, Bignon YJ, Guy L, Bernard-Gallon D',
			'description' => '<p>Prostate cancer is themost common cancer in men. It has been clearly established that genetic and epigenetic alterations of histone 3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) are common events in prostate cancer. This mark is deregulated in prostate cancer (Ngollo et al., 2014). Furthermore, H3K27me3 levels are determined by the balance between activities of histone methyltransferase EZH2 (enhancer of zeste homolog 2) and histone demethylase JMJD3 (jumonji domain containing 3). It is well known that EZH2 is upregulated in prostate cancer (Varambally et al., 2002) but only one study has shown overexpression of JMJD3 at the protein level in prostate cancer (Xiang et al., 2007).&nbsp; <br />Here, the analysis of JMJD3 and EZH2 were performed at mRNA and protein levels in prostate cancer cell lines (LNCaP and PC-3), normal cell line (PWR-1E), and as well as prostate biopsies.</p>',
			'date' => '2016-02-12',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26871869',
			'doi' => '10.1089/omi.2015.0113',
			'modified' => '2016-02-17 11:42:08',
			'created' => '2016-02-17 11:39:07',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 71 => array(
			'id' => '2909',
			'name' => 'Epigenetic priming of inflammatory response genes by high glucose in adipose progenitor cells',
			'authors' => 'Rønningen T, Shah A, Reiner AH, Collas P, Moskaug JØ',
			'description' => '<p>Cellular metabolism confers wide-spread epigenetic modifications required for regulation of transcriptional networks that determine cellular states. Mesenchymal stromal cells are responsive to metabolic cues including circulating glucose levels and modulate inflammatory responses. We show here that long term exposure of undifferentiated human adipose tissue stromal cells (ASCs) to high glucose upregulates a subset of inflammation response (IR) genes and alters their promoter histone methylation patterns in a manner consistent with transcriptional de-repression. Modeling of chromatin states from combinations of histone modifications in nearly 500 IR genes unveil three overarching chromatin configurations reflecting repressive, active, and potentially active states in promoter and enhancer elements. Accordingly, we show that adipogenic differentiation in high glucose predominantly upregulates IR genes. Our results indicate that elevated extracellular glucose levels sensitize in ASCs an IR gene expression program which is exacerbated during adipocyte differentiation. We propose that high glucose exposure conveys an epigenetic 'priming' of IR genes, favoring a transcriptional inflammatory response upon adipogenic stimulation. Chromatin alterations at IR genes by high glucose exposure may play a role in the etiology of metabolic diseases.</p>',
			'date' => '2015-11-27',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26462465',
			'doi' => '10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.10.030',
			'modified' => '2016-05-09 22:54:48',
			'created' => '2016-05-09 22:54:48',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 72 => array(
			'id' => '2948',
			'name' => 'Selective targeting of the BRG/PB1 bromodomains impairs embryonic and trophoblast stem cell maintenance',
			'authors' => 'Fedorov O et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Mammalian SWI/SNF [also called Brg/Brahma-associated factors (BAFs)] are evolutionarily conserved chromatin-remodeling complexes regulating gene transcription programs during development and stem cell differentiation. BAF complexes contain an ATP (adenosine 5'-triphosphate)-driven remodeling enzyme (either BRG1 or BRM) and multiple protein interaction domains including bromodomains, an evolutionary conserved acetyl lysine-dependent protein interaction motif that recruits transcriptional regulators to acetylated chromatin. We report a potent and cell active protein interaction inhibitor, PFI-3, that selectively binds to essential BAF bromodomains. The high specificity of PFI-3 was achieved on the basis of a novel binding mode of a salicylic acid head group that led to the replacement of water molecules typically maintained in other bromodomain inhibitor complexes. We show that exposure of embryonic stem cells to PFI-3 led to deprivation of stemness and deregulated lineage specification. Furthermore, differentiation of trophoblast stem cells in the presence of PFI-3 was markedly enhanced. The data present a key function of BAF bromodomains in stem cell maintenance and differentiation, introducing a novel versatile chemical probe for studies on acetylation-dependent cellular processes controlled by BAF remodeling complexes.</p>',
			'date' => '2015-11-13',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26702435',
			'doi' => ' 10.1126/sciadv.1500723',
			'modified' => '2016-06-09 11:12:09',
			'created' => '2016-06-09 11:12:09',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 73 => array(
			'id' => '2878',
			'name' => 'The Epigenome of Schistosoma mansoni Provides Insight about How Cercariae Poise Transcription until Infection',
			'authors' => 'Roquis D, Lepesant JM, Picard MA, Freitag M, Parrinello H, Groth M4, Emans R, Cosseau C, Grunau C',
			'description' => '<div class="">
<h4>BACKGROUND:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="BACKGROUND" nlmcategory="BACKGROUND">Chromatin structure can control gene expression and can define specific transcription states. For example, bivalent methylation of histone H3K4 and H3K27 is linked to poised transcription in vertebrate embryonic stem cells (ESC). It allows them to rapidly engage specific developmental pathways. We reasoned that non-vertebrate metazoans that encounter a similar developmental constraint (i.e. to quickly start development into a new phenotype) might use a similar system. Schistosomes are parasitic platyhelminthes that are characterized by passage through two hosts: a mollusk as intermediate host and humans or rodents as definitive host. During its development, the parasite undergoes drastic changes, most notable immediately after infection of the definitive host, i.e. during the transition from the free-swimming cercariae into adult worms.</abstracttext></p>
<h4>METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS" nlmcategory="RESULTS">We used Chromatin Immunoprecipitation followed by massive parallel sequencing (ChIP-Seq) to analyze genome-wide chromatin structure of S. mansoni on the level of histone modifications (H3K4me3, H3K27me3, H3K9me3, and H3K9ac) in cercariae, schistosomula and adults (available at http://genome.univ-perp.fr). We saw striking differences in chromatin structure between the developmental stages, but most importantly we found that cercariae possess a specific combination of marks at the transcription start sites (TSS) that has similarities to a structure found in ESC. We demonstrate that in cercariae no transcription occurs, and we provide evidences that cercariae do not possess large numbers of canonical stem cells.</abstracttext></p>
<h4>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE" nlmcategory="CONCLUSIONS">We describe here a broad view on the epigenome of a metazoan parasite. Most notably, we find bivalent histone H3 methylation in cercariae. Methylation of H3K27 is removed during transformation into schistosomula (and stays absent in adults) and transcription is activated. In addition, shifts of H3K9 methylation and acetylation occur towards upstream and downstream of the transcriptional start site (TSS). We conclude that specific H3 modifications are a phylogenetically older and probably more general mechanism, i.e. not restricted to stem cells, to poise transcription. Since adult couples must form to cause the disease symptoms, changes in histone modifications appear to be crucial for pathogenesis and represent therefore a therapeutic target.</abstracttext></p>
</div>',
			'date' => '2015-08-25',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26305466',
			'doi' => '10.1371/journal.pntd.0003853',
			'modified' => '2016-03-30 12:10:13',
			'created' => '2016-03-30 12:10:13',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 74 => array(
			'id' => '2612',
			'name' => 'Deciphering the role of Polycomb Repressive Complex 1 (PRC1) variants in regulating the acquisition of flowering competence in Arabidopsis.',
			'authors' => 'Pico S, Ortiz-Marchena MI, Merini W, Calonje M',
			'description' => 'Polycomb Group (PcG) proteins play important roles in regulating developmental phase transitions in plants; however, little is known about the role the PcG machinery in regulating the transition from juvenile to adult phase. Here, we show that Arabidopsis BMI1 (AtBMI1) PRC1 components participate in the repression of miR156. Loss of AtBMI1 function leads to upregulation of pri-MIR156A/C at the time the levels of miR156 should decline, resulting in an extended juvenile phase and delayed flowering. Conversely, the PRC1 component EMBRYONIC FLOWER (EMF1) participates in the regulation of SPL and MIR172 genes. Accordingly, plants impaired in EMF1 function displayed misexpression of these genes early in development, which contributes to a CONSTANS (CO)-independent upregulation of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) leading to the earliest flowering phenotype described in Arabidopsis. Our findings show how the different regulatory roles of two functional PRC1 variants coordinate the acquisition of flowering competence and help to reach the threshold of FT necessary to flower. Furthermore, we show how two central regulatory mechanisms, such as PcG and miRNA, assemble to achieve a developmental outcome.',
			'date' => '2015-04-20',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25897002',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:05',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:05',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 75 => array(
			'id' => '2560',
			'name' => 'An ultra-low-input native ChIP-seq protocol for genome-wide profiling of rare cell populations.',
			'authors' => 'Brind'Amour J, Liu S, Hudson M, Chen C, Karimi MM, Lorincz MC',
			'description' => 'Combined chromatin immunoprecipitation and next-generation sequencing (ChIP-seq) has enabled genome-wide epigenetic profiling of numerous cell lines and tissue types. A major limitation of ChIP-seq, however, is the large number of cells required to generate high-quality data sets, precluding the study of rare cell populations. Here, we present an ultra-low-input micrococcal nuclease-based native ChIP (ULI-NChIP) and sequencing method to generate genome-wide histone mark profiles with high resolution from as few as 10(3) cells. We demonstrate that ULI-NChIP-seq generates high-quality maps of covalent histone marks from 10(3) to 10(6) embryonic stem cells. Subsequently, we show that ULI-NChIP-seq H3K27me3 profiles generated from E13.5 primordial germ cells isolated from single male and female embryos show high similarity to recent data sets generated using 50-180 × more material. Finally, we identify sexually dimorphic H3K27me3 enrichment at specific genic promoters, thereby illustrating the utility of this method for generating high-quality and -complexity libraries from rare cell populations.',
			'date' => '2015-01-21',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25607992',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:04',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:04',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 76 => array(
			'id' => '2119',
			'name' => 'Exposure to Hycanthone alters chromatin structure around specific gene functions and specific repeats in Schistosoma mansoni',
			'authors' => 'Roquis D, Lepesant JM, Villafan E, Vieira C, Cosseau C, Grunau C',
			'description' => 'Schistosoma mansoni is a parasitic plathyhelminth responsible for intestinal schistosomiasis (or bilharziasis), a disease affecting 67 million people worldwide and causing an important economic burden. The schistosomicides hycanthone, and its later proxy oxamniquine, were widely used for treatments in endemic areas during the 20th century. Recently, the mechanism of action, as well as the genetic origin of a stably and Mendelian inherited resistance for both drugs was elucidated in two strains. However, several observations suggested early on that alternative mechanisms might exist, by which resistance could be induced for these two drugs in sensitive lines of schistosomes. This induced resistance appeared rapidly, within the first generation, but was metastable (not stably inherited). Epigenetic inheritance could explain such a phenomenon and we therefore re-analyzed the historical data with our current knowledge of epigenetics. In addition, we performed new experiments such as ChIP-seq on hycanthone treated worms. We found distinct chromatin structure changes between sensitive worms and induced resistant worms from the same strain. No specific pathway was discovered, but genes in which chromatin structure modification were observed are mostly associated with transport and catabolism, which makes sense in the context of the elimination of the drug. Specific differences were observed in the repetitive compartment of the genome. We finally describe what types of experiments are needed to understand the complexity of heritability that can be based on genetic and/or epigenetic mechanisms for drug resistance in schistosomes. ',
			'date' => '2014-06-18',
			'pmid' => 'http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fgene.2014.00207/abstract',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:03',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:03',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 77 => array(
			'id' => '2068',
			'name' => 'Targeting Polycomb to Pericentric Heterochromatin in Embryonic Stem Cells Reveals a Role for H2AK119u1 in PRC2 Recruitment.',
			'authors' => 'Cooper S, Dienstbier M, Hassan R, Schermelleh L, Sharif J, Blackledge NP, De Marco V, Elderkin S, Koseki H, Klose R, Heger A, Brockdorff N',
			'description' => 'The mechanisms by which the major Polycomb group (PcG) complexes PRC1 and PRC2 are recruited to target sites in vertebrate cells are not well understood. Building on recent studies that determined a reciprocal relationship between DNA methylation and Polycomb activity, we demonstrate that, in methylation-deficient embryonic stem cells (ESCs), CpG density combined with antagonistic effects of H3K9me3 and H3K36me3 redirects PcG complexes to pericentric heterochromatin and gene-rich domains. Surprisingly, we find that PRC1-linked H2A monoubiquitylation is sufficient to recruit PRC2 to chromatin in vivo, suggesting a mechanism through which recognition of unmethylated CpG determines the localization of both PRC1 and PRC2 at canonical and atypical target sites. We discuss our data in light of emerging evidence suggesting that PcG recruitment is a default state at licensed chromatin sites, mediated by interplay between CpG hypomethylation and counteracting H3 tail modifications.',
			'date' => '2014-06-12',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24857660',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:02',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:02',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 78 => array(
			'id' => '2065',
			'name' => 'Variant PRC1 Complex-Dependent H2A Ubiquitylation Drives PRC2 Recruitment and Polycomb Domain Formation.',
			'authors' => 'Blackledge NP, Farcas AM, Kondo T, King HW, McGouran JF, Hanssen LL, Ito S, Cooper S, Kondo K, Koseki Y, Ishikura T, Long HK, Sheahan TW, Brockdorff N, Kessler BM, Koseki H, Klose RJ',
			'description' => 'Chromatin modifying activities inherent to polycomb repressive complexes PRC1 and PRC2 play an essential role in gene regulation, cellular differentiation, and development. However, the mechanisms by which these complexes recognize their target sites and function together to form repressive chromatin domains remain poorly understood. Recruitment of PRC1 to target sites has been proposed to occur through a hierarchical process, dependent on prior nucleation of PRC2 and placement of H3K27me3. Here, using a de novo targeting assay in mouse embryonic stem cells we unexpectedly discover that PRC1-dependent H2AK119ub1 leads to recruitment of PRC2 and H3K27me3 to effectively initiate a polycomb domain. This activity is restricted to variant PRC1 complexes, and genetic ablation experiments reveal that targeting of the variant PCGF1/PRC1 complex by KDM2B to CpG islands is required for normal polycomb domain formation and mouse development. These observations provide a surprising PRC1-dependent logic for PRC2 occupancy at target sites in vivo.',
			'date' => '2014-06-05',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24856970',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:02',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:02',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 79 => array(
			'id' => '2050',
			'name' => 'Ezh2 regulates transcriptional and posttranslational expression of T-bet and promotes Th1 cell responses mediating aplastic anemia in mice.',
			'authors' => 'Tong Q, He S, Xie F, Mochizuki K, Liu Y, Mochizuki I, Meng L, Sun H, Zhang Y, Guo Y, Hexner E, Zhang Y',
			'description' => 'Acquired aplastic anemia (AA) is a potentially fatal bone marrow (BM) failure syndrome. IFN-γ-producing Th1 CD4(+) T cells mediate the immune destruction of hematopoietic cells, and they are central to the pathogenesis. However, the molecular events that control the development of BM-destructive Th1 cells remain largely unknown. Ezh2 is a chromatin-modifying enzyme that regulates multiple cellular processes primarily by silencing gene expression. We recently reported that Ezh2 is crucial for inflammatory T cell responses after allogeneic BM transplantation. To elucidate whether Ezh2 mediates pathogenic Th1 responses in AA and the mechanism of Ezh2 action in regulating Th1 cells, we studied the effects of Ezh2 inhibition in CD4(+) T cells using a mouse model of human AA. Conditionally deleting Ezh2 in mature T cells dramatically reduced the production of BM-destructive Th1 cells in vivo, decreased BM-infiltrating Th1 cells, and rescued mice from BM failure. Ezh2 inhibition resulted in significant decrease in the expression of Tbx21 and Stat4, which encode transcription factors T-bet and STAT4, respectively. Introduction of T-bet but not STAT4 into Ezh2-deficient T cells fully rescued their differentiation into Th1 cells mediating AA. Ezh2 bound to the Tbx21 promoter in Th1 cells and directly activated Tbx21 transcription. Unexpectedly, Ezh2 was also required to prevent proteasome-mediated degradation of T-bet protein in Th1 cells. Our results demonstrate that Ezh2 promotes the generation of BM-destructive Th1 cells through a mechanism of transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of T-bet. These results also highlight the therapeutic potential of Ezh2 inhibition in reducing AA and other autoimmune diseases.',
			'date' => '2014-06-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24760151',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:02',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:02',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 80 => array(
			'id' => '2027',
			'name' => 'Nitric oxide-induced neuronal to glial lineage fate-change depends on NRSF/REST function in neural progenitor cells.',
			'authors' => 'Bergsland M, Covacu R, Perez Estrada C, Svensson M, Brundin L',
			'description' => 'Degeneration of CNS tissue commonly occurs during neuroinflammatory conditions, such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and neurotrauma. During such conditions, neural stem/progenitor cell (NPC) populations have been suggested to provide new cells to degenerated areas. In the normal brain, NPCs from the SVZ generate neurons that settle in the olfactory bulb or striatum. However, during neuroinflammatory conditions NPCs migrate toward the site of injury to form oligodendrocytes and astrocytes, whereas newly formed neurons are less abundant. Thus, the specific NPC lineage fate decisions appear to respond to signals from the local environment. The instructive signals from inflammation have been suggested to rely on excessive levels of the free radical nitric oxide (NO), which is an essential component of the innate immune response, as NO promotes neuronal to glial cell fate conversion of differentiating rat NPCs in vitro. Here we demonstrate that the NO-induced neuronal to glial fate conversion is dependent on the transcription factor NRSF/REST. Chromatin modification status of a number of neuronal and glial lineage restricted genes was altered upon NO-exposure. These changes coincided with gene expression alterations, demonstrating a global shift towards glial potential. Interestingly, by blocking the function of NRSF/REST, alterations in chromatin modifications were lost and the NO-induced neuronal to glial switch was suppressed. This implicates NRSF/REST as a key factor in the NPC-specific response to innate immunity and suggests a novel mechanism by which signaling from inflamed tissue promotes the formation of glial cells. Stem Cells 2014.',
			'date' => '2014-05-08',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24807147',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:02',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:02',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 81 => array(
			'id' => '1938',
			'name' => 'Polycomb binding precedes early-life stress responsive DNA methylation at the Avp enhancer.',
			'authors' => 'Murgatroyd C, Spengler D',
			'description' => 'Early-life stress (ELS) in mice causes sustained hypomethylation at the downstream Avp enhancer, subsequent overexpression of hypothalamic Avp and increased stress responsivity. The sequence of events leading to Avp enhancer methylation is presently unknown. Here, we used an embryonic stem cell-derived model of hypothalamic-like differentiation together with in vivo experiments to show that binding of polycomb complexes (PcG) preceded the emergence of ELS-responsive DNA methylation and correlated with gene silencing. At the same time, PcG occupancy associated with the presence of Tet proteins preventing DNA methylation. Early hypothalamic-like differentiation triggered PcG eviction, DNA-methyltransferase recruitment and enhancer methylation. Concurrently, binding of the Methyl-CpG-binding and repressor protein MeCP2 increased at the enhancer although Avp expression during later stages of differentiation and the perinatal period continued to increase. Overall, we provide evidence of a new role of PcG proteins in priming ELS-responsive DNA methylation at the Avp enhancer prior to epigenetic programming consistent with the idea that PcG proteins are part of a flexible silencing system during neuronal development.',
			'date' => '2014-03-05',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24599304',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:02',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:02',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 82 => array(
			'id' => '1890',
			'name' => 'Epigenetics of prostate cancer: distribution of histone H3K27me3 biomarkers in peri-tumoral tissue.',
			'authors' => 'Ngollo M, Dagdemir A, Judes G, Kemeny JL, Penault-Llorca F, Boiteux JP, Lebert A, Bignon YJ, Guy L, Bernard-Gallon D',
			'description' => '<p>Prostate cancer is the second most common cause of cancer and the sixth leading cause of cancer fatalities in men world- wide (Ferlay et al., 2010). Genetic abnormalities and mutations are primary causative factors, but epigenetic mechanisms are now recognized as playing a key role in prostate cancer de- velopment. Epigenetics is defined as the study of mitotically and/or meiotically heritable changes in gene function that do not involve a change in DNA sequence (Dupont et al., 2009).</p>',
			'date' => '2014-03-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24517089',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2016-05-04 14:16:29',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:02',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 83 => array(
			'id' => '1910',
			'name' => 'Epigenomic alterations define lethal CIMP-positive ependymomas of infancy.',
			'authors' => 'Mack SC, Witt H, Piro RM, Gu L, Zuyderduyn S, Stütz AM, Wang X, Gallo M, Garzia L, Zayne K, Zhang X, Ramaswamy V, Jäger N, Jones DT, Sill M, Pugh TJ, Ryzhova M, Wani KM, Shih DJ, Head R, Remke M, Bailey SD, Zichner T, Faria CC, Barszczyk M, Stark S, Seker',
			'description' => 'Ependymomas are common childhood brain tumours that occur throughout the nervous system, but are most common in the paediatric hindbrain. Current standard therapy comprises surgery and radiation, but not cytotoxic chemotherapy as it does not further increase survival. Whole-genome and whole-exome sequencing of 47 hindbrain ependymomas reveals an extremely low mutation rate, and zero significant recurrent somatic single nucleotide variants. Although devoid of recurrent single nucleotide variants and focal copy number aberrations, poor-prognosis hindbrain ependymomas exhibit a CpG island methylator phenotype. Transcriptional silencing driven by CpG methylation converges exclusively on targets of the Polycomb repressive complex 2 which represses expression of differentiation genes through trimethylation of H3K27. CpG island methylator phenotype-positive hindbrain ependymomas are responsive to clinical drugs that target either DNA or H3K27 methylation both in vitro and in vivo. We conclude that epigenetic modifiers are the first rational therapeutic candidates for this deadly malignancy, which is epigenetically deregulated but genetically bland.',
			'date' => '2014-02-27',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24553142',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:02',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:02',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 84 => array(
			'id' => '1793',
			'name' => 'A novel microscopy-based high-throughput screening method to identify proteins that regulate global histone modification levels.',
			'authors' => 'Baas R, Lelieveld D, van Teeffelen H, Lijnzaad P, Castelijns B, van Schaik FM, Vermeulen M, Egan DA, Timmers HT, de Graaf P',
			'description' => '<p>Posttranslational modifications of histones play an important role in the regulation of gene expression and chromatin structure in eukaryotes. The balance between chromatin factors depositing (writers) and removing (erasers) histone marks regulates the steady-state levels of chromatin modifications. Here we describe a novel microscopy-based screening method to identify proteins that regulate histone modification levels in a high-throughput fashion. We named our method CROSS, for Chromatin Regulation Ontology SiRNA Screening. CROSS is based on an siRNA library targeting the expression of 529 proteins involved in chromatin regulation. As a proof of principle, we used CROSS to identify chromatin factors involved in histone H3 methylation on either lysine-4 or lysine-27. Furthermore, we show that CROSS can be used to identify chromatin factors that affect growth in cancer cell lines. Taken together, CROSS is a powerful method to identify the writers and erasers of novel and known chromatin marks and facilitates the identification of drugs targeting epigenetic modifications.</p>',
			'date' => '2014-02-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24334265',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2016-04-12 09:46:40',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:01',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 85 => array(
			'id' => '1845',
			'name' => 'SUPT6H controls estrogen receptor activity and cellular differentiation by multiple epigenomic mechanisms.',
			'authors' => 'Bedi U, Scheel AH, Hennion M, Begus-Nahrmann Y, Rüschoff J, Johnsen SA',
			'description' => 'The estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) is the central transcriptional regulator of ductal mammary epithelial lineage specification and is an important prognostic marker in human breast cancer. Although antiestrogen therapies are initially highly effective at treating ERα-positive tumors, a large number of tumors progress to a refractory, more poorly differentiated phenotype accompanied by reduced survival. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the progression from estrogen-dependent to hormone-resistant breast cancer may uncover new targets for treatment and the discovery of new predictive markers. Recent studies have uncovered an important role for transcriptional elongation and chromatin modifications in controlling ERα activity and estrogen responsiveness. The human Suppressor of Ty Homologue-6 (SUPT6H) is a histone chaperone that links transcriptional elongation to changes in chromatin structure. We show that SUPT6H is required for estrogen-regulated transcription and the maintenance of chromatin structure in breast cancer cells, possibly in part through interaction with RNF40 and regulation of histone H2B monoubiquitination (H2Bub1). Moreover, we demonstrate that SUPT6H protein levels decrease with malignancy in breast cancer. Consistently, SUPT6H, similar to H2Bub1, is required for cellular differentiation and suppression of the repressive histone mark H3K27me3 on lineage-specific genes. Together, these data identify SUPT6H as a new epigenetic regulator of ERα activity and cellular differentiation.Oncogene advance online publication, 20 January 2014; doi:10.1038/onc.2013.558.',
			'date' => '2014-01-20',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24441044',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:01',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:01',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 86 => array(
			'id' => '1933',
			'name' => 'A key role for EZH2 in epigenetic silencing of HOX genes in mantle cell lymphoma.',
			'authors' => 'Kanduri M, Sander B, Ntoufa S, Papakonstantinou N, Sutton LA, Stamatopoulos K, Kanduri C, Rosenquist R',
			'description' => 'The chromatin modifier EZH2 is overexpressed and associated with inferior outcome in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). Recently, we demonstrated preferential DNA methylation of HOX genes in MCL compared with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), despite these genes not being expressed in either entity. Since EZH2 has been shown to regulate HOX gene expression, to gain further insight into its possible role in differential silencing of HOX genes in MCL vs. CLL, we performed detailed epigenetic characterization using representative cell lines and primary samples. We observed significant overexpression of EZH2 in MCL vs. CLL. Chromatin immune precipitation (ChIP) assays revealed that EZH2 catalyzed repressive H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3), which was sufficient to silence HOX genes in CLL, whereas in MCL H3K27me3 is accompanied by DNA methylation for a more stable repression. More importantly, hypermethylation of the HOX genes in MCL resulted from EZH2 overexpression and subsequent recruitment of the DNA methylation machinery onto HOX gene promoters. The importance of EZH2 upregulation in this process was further underscored by siRNA transfection and EZH2 inhibitor experiments. Altogether, these observations implicate EZH2 in the long-term silencing of HOX genes in MCL, and allude to its potential as a therapeutic target with clinical impact.',
			'date' => '2013-12-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24107828',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:02',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:02',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 87 => array(
			'id' => '1661',
			'name' => 'Targeted disruption of hotair leads to homeotic transformation and gene derepression.',
			'authors' => 'Li L, Liu B, Wapinski OL, Tsai MC, Qu K, Zhang J, Carlson JC, Lin M, Fang F, Gupta RA, Helms JA, Chang HY',
			'description' => 'Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are thought to be prevalent regulators of gene expression, but the consequences of lncRNA inactivation in vivo are mostly unknown. Here, we show that targeted deletion of mouse Hotair lncRNA leads to derepression of hundreds of genes, resulting in homeotic transformation of the spine and malformation of metacarpal-carpal bones. RNA sequencing and conditional inactivation reveal an ongoing requirement of Hotair to repress HoxD genes and several imprinted loci such as Dlk1-Meg3 and Igf2-H19 without affecting imprinting choice. Hotair binds to both Polycomb repressive complex 2, which methylates histone H3 at lysine 27 (H3K27), and Lsd1 complex, which demethylates histone H3 at lysine 4 (H3K4) in vivo. Hotair inactivation causes H3K4me3 gain and, to a lesser extent, H3K27me3 loss at target genes. These results reveal the function and mechanisms of Hotair lncRNA in enforcing a silent chromatin state at Hox and additional genes.',
			'date' => '2013-10-17',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24075995',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:01',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:01',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 88 => array(
			'id' => '1482',
			'name' => 'VAL- and AtBMI1-Mediated H2Aub Initiate the Switch from Embryonic to Postgerminative Growth in Arabidopsis.',
			'authors' => 'Yang C, Bratzel F, Hohmann N, Koch M, Turck F, Calonje M',
			'description' => 'Plant B3-domain transcription factors have an important role in regulating seed development, in particular seed maturation and germination [1]. Among the B3 factors, the AFL (ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE3 [ABI3], FUSCA3 [FUS3], and LEAFY COTYLEDON2 [LEC2]) proteins activate the seed maturation program in a complex network, while the VAL (VP1/ABI3-LIKE) 1/2/3 proteins suppress AFL action in order to initiate germination and vegetative development through an as yet unknown mechanism [2, 3]. In addition, the AFL genes and LEAFY COTYLEDON1 (LEC1) [4], referred as seed maturation genes, are epigenetically repressed after germination by the Polycomb group (PcG) machinery via its histone-modifying activities: the histone H3 lysine 27 trimethyltransferase activity of the PcG repressive complex 2 (PRC2) and the E3 H2A monoubiquitin ligase activity of the PRC1 [5-9]. Both histone modifications are required for the repression [7-12]; however, the underlying mechanism is far from clear, because the localization and the role of H2Aub marks are still unknown. In this work, we demonstrate that VAL proteins and AtBMI1-mediated H2Aub initiate repression of seed maturation genes. After the initial off switch, the repression is maintained by PRC2-mediated H3K27me3. Our results indicate that the regulation of seed maturation genes does not follow the classic hierarchical model proposed for animal PcG-mediated repression [13], since the PRC1 activity is required for the H3K27me3 modification of these genes. Furthermore, we show different mechanisms to achieve PcG repression in plants, as the repression of genes involved in other processes has different requirements for H2Aub and H3K27me3 marking.',
			'date' => '2013-07-22',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23810531',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:00',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:00',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 89 => array(
			'id' => '1512',
			'name' => 'Disease-Related Growth Factor and Embryonic Signaling Pathways Modulate an Enhancer of TCF21 Expression at the 6q23.2 Coronary Heart Disease Locus.',
			'authors' => 'Miller CL, Anderson DR, Kundu RK, Raiesdana A, Nürnberg ST, Diaz R, Cheng K, Leeper NJ, Chen CH, Chang IS, Schadt EE, Hsiung CA, Assimes TL, Quertermous T',
			'description' => 'Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of mortality in both developed and developing countries worldwide. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have now identified 46 independent susceptibility loci for CHD, however, the biological and disease-relevant mechanisms for these associations remain elusive. The large-scale meta-analysis of GWAS recently identified in Caucasians a CHD-associated locus at chromosome 6q23.2, a region containing the transcription factor TCF21 gene. TCF21 (Capsulin/Pod1/Epicardin) is a member of the basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor family, and regulates cell fate decisions and differentiation in the developing coronary vasculature. Herein, we characterize a cis-regulatory mechanism by which the lead polymorphism rs12190287 disrupts an atypical activator protein 1 (AP-1) element, as demonstrated by allele-specific transcriptional regulation, transcription factor binding, and chromatin organization, leading to altered TCF21 expression. Further, this element is shown to mediate signaling through platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFR-β) and Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) pathways. A second disease allele identified in East Asians also appears to disrupt an AP-1-like element. Thus, both disease-related growth factor and embryonic signaling pathways may regulate CHD risk through two independent alleles at TCF21.',
			'date' => '2013-07-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23874238',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:00',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:00',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 90 => array(
			'id' => '1332',
			'name' => 'Passaging Techniques and ROCK Inhibitor Exert Reversible Effects on Morphology and Pluripotency Marker Gene Expression of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Lines.',
			'authors' => 'Holm F, Nikdin H, Kjartansdóttir KR, Gaudenzi G, Fried K, Aspenström P, Hermanson O, Bergström-Tengzelius R',
			'description' => 'Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are known for their potential usage in regenerative medicine, but also for handling sensitivity. Much effort has been put into optimizing the culture methods of hESCs. It has been shown that the use of Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase inhibitor (ROCKi) decreases the cellular stress response and the apoptotic cell death in hESC cultures that have been passaged enzymatically. These observations sparked a wide use of ROCKi in hESC cultures. We and others, however, noted that cells passaged enzymatically with the use of ROCKi had a different morphology compared to cells passaged mechanically. Here we show that hESCs that were enzymatically passaged displayed alterations in the nuclear size compared to cultures that were mechanically passaged. Notably, a dramatically decreased expression of the genes encoding common pluripotency markers, such as OCT4/POU5F1 and NANOG were revealed in enzymatically passaged hESCs compared to mechanically passaged, while such differences were not significant when assessing protein levels. The differences in gene expression did not correlate strongly with commonly analyzed histone modifications (H3K4me3, H3K9me3, H3K27me3, and H4K16ac) on the promoters of these genes. Surprisingly, the effects of enzymatic passaging were at least in part reversible as the gene expression profile of enzymatically passaged hESCs that were transferred back to mechanical passaging, showed no significant difference compared to those hESCs that were continuously passaged mechanically. Our results suggest that enzymatic passaging influences parameters associated with hESC characteristics, and emphasizes the importance of using cells handled in the same manner when comparing results both within and between projects.',
			'date' => '2013-07-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23421967',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:00',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:00',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 91 => array(
			'id' => '1425',
			'name' => 'Expression of a large LINE-1-driven antisense RNA is linked to epigenetic silencing of the metastasis suppressor gene TFPI-2 in cancer.',
			'authors' => 'Cruickshanks HA, Vafadar-Isfahani N, Dunican DS, Lee A, Sproul D, Lund JN, Meehan RR, Tufarelli C',
			'description' => 'LINE-1 retrotransposons are abundant repetitive elements of viral origin, which in normal cells are kept quiescent through epigenetic mechanisms. Activation of LINE-1 occurs frequently in cancer and can enable LINE-1 mobilization but also has retrotransposition-independent consequences. We previously reported that in cancer, aberrantly active LINE-1 promoters can drive transcription of flanking unique sequences giving rise to LINE-1 chimeric transcripts (LCTs). Here, we show that one such LCT, LCT13, is a large transcript (>300 kb) running antisense to the metastasis-suppressor gene TFPI-2. We have modelled antisense RNA expression at TFPI-2 in transgenic mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells and demonstrate that antisense RNA induces silencing and deposition of repressive histone modifications implying a causal link. Consistent with this, LCT13 expression in breast and colon cancer cell lines is associated with silencing and repressive chromatin at TFPI-2. Furthermore, we detected LCT13 transcripts in 56% of colorectal tumours exhibiting reduced TFPI-2 expression. Our findings implicate activation of LINE-1 elements in subsequent epigenetic remodelling of surrounding genes, thus hinting a novel retrotransposition-independent role for LINE-1 elements in malignancy.',
			'date' => '2013-05-23',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23703216',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:00',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:00',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 92 => array(
			'id' => '1497',
			'name' => 'Histone lysine trimethylation or acetylation can be modulated by phytoestrogen, estrogen or anti-HDAC in breast cancer cell lines.',
			'authors' => 'Dagdemir A, Durif J, Ngollo M, Bignon YJ, Bernard-Gallon D',
			'description' => '<p>AIM: The isoflavones genistein, daidzein and equol (daidzein metabolite) have been reported to interact with epigenetic modifications, specifically hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes. The objective of this study was to analyze and understand the mechanisms by which phytoestrogens act on chromatin in breast cancer cell lines. MATERIALS &amp; METHODS: Two breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7 and MDA-MB 231, were treated with genistein (18.5 &micro;M), daidzein (78.5 &micro;M), equol (12.8 &micro;M), 17&beta;-estradiol (10 nM) and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (1 &micro;M) for 48 h. A control with untreated cells was performed. 17&beta;-estradiol and an anti-HDAC were used to compare their actions with phytoestrogens. The chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with quantitative PCR was used to follow soy phytoestrogen effects on H3 and H4 histones on H3K27me3, H3K9me3, H3K4me3, H4K8ac and H3K4ac marks, and we selected six genes (EZH2, BRCA1, ER&alpha;, ER&beta;, SRC3 and P300) for analysis. RESULTS: Soy phytoestrogens induced a decrease in trimethylated marks and an increase in acetylating marks studied at six selected genes. CONCLUSION: We demonstrated that soy phytoestrogens tend to modify transcription through the demethylation and acetylation of histones in breast cancer cell lines.</p>',
			'date' => '2013-02-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23414320',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2016-05-03 12:17:35',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:00',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 93 => array(
			'id' => '1179',
			'name' => 'Epigenetic Regulation of Nestin Expression During Neurogenic Differentiation of Adipose Tissue Stem Cells.',
			'authors' => 'Boulland JL, Mastrangelopoulou M, Boquest AC, Jakobsen R, Noer A, Glover JC, Collas P.',
			'description' => 'Adipose-tissue-derived stem cells (ASCs) have received considerable attention due to their easy access, expansion potential, and differentiation capacity. ASCs are believed to have the potential to differentiate into neurons. However, the mechanisms by which this may occur remain largely unknown. Here, we show that culturing ASCs under active proliferation conditions greatly improves their propensity to differentiate toward osteogenic, adipogenic, and neurogenic lineages. Neurogenic-induced ASCs express early neurogenic genes as well as markers of mature neurons, including voltage-gated ion channels. Nestin, highly expressed in neural progenitors, is upregulated by mitogenic stimulation of ASCs, and as in neural progenitors, then repressed during neurogenic differentiation. Nestin gene (NES) expression under these conditions appears to be regulated by epigenetic mechanisms. The neural-specific, but not muscle-specific, enhancer regions of NES are DNA demethylated by mitogenic stimulation, and remethylated upon neurogenic differentiation. We observe dynamic changes in histone H3K4, H3K9, and H3K27 methylation on the NES locus before and during neurogenic differentiation that are consistent with epigenetic processes involved in the regulation of NES expression. We suggest that ASCs are epigenetically prepatterned to differentiate toward a neural lineage and that this prepatterning is enhanced by demethylation of critical NES enhancer elements upon mitogenic stimulation preceding neurogenic differentiation. Our findings provide molecular evidence that the differentiation repertoire of ASCs may extend beyond mesodermal lineages.',
			'date' => '2012-12-21',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23140086',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:38:59',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:38:59',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 94 => array(
			'id' => '1078',
			'name' => 'New partners in regulation of gene expression: the enhancer of trithorax and polycomb corto interacts with methylated ribosomal protein l12 via its chromodomain.',
			'authors' => 'Coléno-Costes A, Jang SM, de Vanssay A, Rougeot J, Bouceba T, Randsholt NB, Gibert JM, Le Crom S, Mouchel-Vielh E, Bloyer S, Peronnet F',
			'description' => 'Chromodomains are found in many regulators of chromatin structure, and most of them recognize methylated lysines on histones. Here, we investigate the role of the Drosophila melanogaster protein Corto's chromodomain. The Enhancer of Trithorax and Polycomb Corto is involved in both silencing and activation of gene expression. Over-expression of the Corto chromodomain (CortoCD) in transgenic flies shows that it is a chromatin-targeting module, critical for Corto function. Unexpectedly, mass spectrometry analysis reveals that polypeptides pulled down by CortoCD from nuclear extracts correspond to ribosomal proteins. Furthermore, real-time interaction analyses demonstrate that CortoCD binds with high affinity RPL12 tri-methylated on lysine 3. Corto and RPL12 co-localize with active epigenetic marks on polytene chromosomes, suggesting that both are involved in fine-tuning transcription of genes in open chromatin. RNA-seq based transcriptomes of wing imaginal discs over-expressing either CortoCD or RPL12 reveal that both factors deregulate large sets of common genes, which are enriched in heat-response and ribosomal protein genes, suggesting that they could be implicated in dynamic coordination of ribosome biogenesis. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments show that Corto and RPL12 bind hsp70 and are similarly recruited on gene body after heat shock. Hence, Corto and RPL12 could be involved together in regulation of gene transcription. We discuss whether pseudo-ribosomal complexes composed of various ribosomal proteins might participate in regulation of gene expression in connection with chromatin regulators.',
			'date' => '2012-10-11',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23071455',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:38:59',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:38:59',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 95 => array(
			'id' => '979',
			'name' => 'Multigenerational epigenetic adaptation of the hepatic wound-healing response.',
			'authors' => 'Zeybel M, Hardy T, Wong YK, Mathers JC, Fox CR, Gackowska A, Oakley F, Burt AD, Wilson CL, Anstee QM, Barter MJ, Masson S, Elsharkawy AM, Mann DA, Mann J',
			'description' => 'We investigated whether ancestral liver damage leads to heritable reprogramming of hepatic wound healing in male rats. We found that a history of liver damage corresponds with transmission of an epigenetic suppressive adaptation of the fibrogenic component of wound healing to the male F(1) and F(2) generations. Underlying this adaptation was less generation of liver myofibroblasts, higher hepatic expression of the antifibrogenic factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ) and lower expression of the profibrogenic factor transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) compared to rats without this adaptation. Remodeling of DNA methylation and histone acetylation underpinned these alterations in gene expression. Sperm from rats with liver fibrosis were enriched for the histone variant H2A.Z and trimethylation of histone H3 at Lys27 (H3K27me3) at PPAR-γ chromatin. These modifications to the sperm chromatin were transmittable by adaptive serum transfer from fibrotic rats to naive rats and similar modifications were induced in mesenchymal stem cells exposed to conditioned media from cultured rat or human myofibroblasts. Thus, it is probable that a myofibroblast-secreted soluble factor stimulates heritable epigenetic signatures in sperm so that the resulting offspring better adapt to future fibrogenic hepatic insults. Adding possible relevance to humans, we found that people with mild liver fibrosis have hypomethylation of the PPARG promoter compared to others with severe fibrosis.',
			'date' => '2012-09-02',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22941276',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:38:59',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:38:59',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 96 => array(
			'id' => '930',
			'name' => 'The H3K4me3 histone demethylase Fbxl10 is a regulator of chemokine expression, cellular morphology and the metabolome of fibroblasts',
			'authors' => 'Janzer A, Stamm K, Becker A, Zimmer A, Buettner R, Kirfel J',
			'description' => 'Fbxl10 (Jhdm1b/Kdm2b) is a conserved and ubiquitously expressed member of the JHDM (JmjC-domain-containing histone demethy-lase) family. Fbxl10 was implicated in the demethylation of H3K4me3 or H3K36me2 thereby removing active chromatin marks and inhibiting gene transcription. Apart from the JmjC domain, Fbxl10 consists of a CxxC domain, a PHD domain and a Fbox domain. By purifying the JmjC and the PHD domain of Fbxl10 and using different approaches we were able to characterize the properties of these domains in vitro. Our results suggest that Fbxl10 is rather a H3K4me3 than a H3K36me2 histone demethylase. The PHD domain exerts a dual function in binding H3K4me3 and H3K36me2 and exhibiting E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. We generated mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) stably over-expressing Fbxl10. These cells reveal an increase in cell size but no changes in proliferation, mitosis or apoptosis. Using a microarray approach we were able to identify potentially new target genes for Fbxl10 including chemokines, the non-coding RNA Xist, and proteins involved in metabolic processes. Additionally, we found that Fbxl10 is recruited to the promoters of Ccl7, Xist, Crabp2 and RipK3. Promoter occupancy by Fbxl10 was accompanied by reduced levels of H3K4me3 but unchanged levels of H3K36me2. Furthermore, knockdown of Fbxl10 using small interfering RNA approaches, showed inverse regulation of Fbxl10 target genes. In summary, our data reveal a regulatory role of Fbxl10 in cell morphology, chemokine expression and the metabolic control of fibroblasts. ',
			'date' => '2012-07-23',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22825849',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:38:58',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:38:58',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 97 => array(
			'id' => '1204',
			'name' => 'The histone H2B monoubiquitination regulatory pathway is required for differentiation of multipotent stem cells.',
			'authors' => 'Karpiuk O, Najafova Z, Kramer F, Hennion M, Galonska C, König A, Snaidero N, Vogel T, Shchebet A, Begus-Nahrmann Y, Kassem M, Simons M, Shcherbata H, Beissbarth T, Johnsen SA',
			'description' => 'Extensive changes in posttranslational histone modifications accompany the rewiring of the transcriptional program during stem cell differentiation. However, the mechanisms controlling the changes in specific chromatin modifications and their function during differentiation remain only poorly understood. We show that histone H2B monoubiquitination (H2Bub1) significantly increases during differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and various lineage-committed precursor cells and in diverse organisms. Furthermore, the H2B ubiquitin ligase RNF40 is required for the induction of differentiation markers and transcriptional reprogramming of hMSCs. This function is dependent upon CDK9 and the WAC adaptor protein, which are required for H2B monoubiquitination. Finally, we show that RNF40 is required for the resolution of the H3K4me3/H3K27me3 bivalent poised state on lineage-specific genes during the transition from an inactive to an active chromatin conformation. Thus, these data indicate that H2Bub1 is required for maintaining multipotency of hMSCs and plays a central role in controlling stem cell differentiation.',
			'date' => '2012-06-08',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22681891',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:38:59',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:38:59',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 98 => array(
			'id' => '792',
			'name' => 'Intronic RNAs mediate EZH2 regulation of epigenetic targets.',
			'authors' => 'Guil S, Soler M, Portela A, Carrère J, Fonalleras E, Gómez A, Villanueva A, Esteller M',
			'description' => 'Epigenetic deregulation at a number of genomic loci is one of the hallmarks of cancer. A role for some RNA molecules in guiding repressive polycomb complex PRC2 to specific chromatin regions has been proposed. Here we use an in vivo cross-linking method to detect and identify direct PRC2-RNA interactions in human cancer cells, revealing a number of intronic RNA sequences capable of binding to the core component EZH2 and regulating the transcriptional output of its genomic counterpart. Overexpression of EZH2-bound intronic RNA for the H3K4 methyltransferase gene SMYD3 is concomitant with an increase in EZH2 occupancy throughout the corresponding genomic fragment and is sufficient to reduce levels of the endogenous transcript and protein, resulting in reduced growth capability in cell culture and animal models. These findings reveal the role of intronic RNAs in fine-tuning gene expression regulation at the level of transcriptional control.',
			'date' => '2012-06-03',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22659877',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:38:58',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:38:58',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 99 => array(
			'id' => '1229',
			'name' => 'Chromatin structural changes around satellite repeats on the female sex chromosome in Schistosoma mansoni and their possible role in sex chromosome emergence.',
			'authors' => 'Lepesant JM, Cosseau C, Boissier J, Freitag M, Portela J, Climent D, Perrin C, Zerlotini A, Grunau C',
			'description' => 'BACKGROUND: In the leuphotrochozoan parasitic platyhelminth Schistosoma mansoni, male individuals are homogametic (ZZ) whereas females are heterogametic (ZW). To elucidate the mechanisms that led to the emergence of sex chromosomes, we compared the genomic sequence and the chromatin structure of male and female individuals. As for many eukaryotes, the lower estimate for the repeat content is 40%, with an unknown proportion of domesticated repeats. We used massive sequencing to de novo assemble all repeats, and identify unambiguously Z-specific, W-specific and pseudoautosomal regions of the S. mansoni sex chromosomes. RESULTS: We show that 70 to 90% of S. mansoni W and Z are pseudoautosomal. No female-specific gene could be identified. Instead, the W-specific region is composed almost entirely of 36 satellite repeat families, of which 33 were previously unknown. Transcription and chromatin status of female-specific repeats are stage-specific: for those repeats that are transcribed, transcription is restricted to the larval stages lacking sexual dimorphism. In contrast, in the sexually dimorphic adult stage of the life cycle, no transcription occurs. In addition, the euchromatic character of histone modifications around the W-specific repeats decreases during the life cycle. Recombination repression occurs in this region even if homologous sequences are present on both the Z and W chromosomes. CONCLUSION: Our study provides for the first time evidence for the hypothesis that, at least in organisms with a ZW type of sex chromosomes, repeat-induced chromatin structure changes could indeed be the initial event in sex chromosome emergence.',
			'date' => '2012-02-29',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22377319',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:38:59',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:38:59',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 100 => array(
			'id' => '919',
			'name' => 'Prepatterning of developmental gene expression by modified histones before zygotic genome activation.',
			'authors' => 'Lindeman LC, Andersen IS, Reiner AH, Li N, Aanes H, Østrup O, Winata C, Mathavan S, Müller F, Aleström P, Collas P',
			'description' => 'A hallmark of anamniote vertebrate development is a window of embryonic transcription-independent cell divisions before onset of zygotic genome activation (ZGA). Chromatin determinants of ZGA are unexplored; however, marking of developmental genes by modified histones in sperm suggests a predictive role of histone marks for ZGA. In zebrafish, pre-ZGA development for ten cell cycles provides an opportunity to examine whether genomic enrichment in modified histones is present before initiation of transcription. By profiling histone H3 trimethylation on all zebrafish promoters before and after ZGA, we demonstrate here an epigenetic prepatterning of developmental gene expression. This involves pre-ZGA marking of transcriptionally inactive genes involved in homeostatic and developmental regulation by permissive H3K4me3 with or without repressive H3K9me3 or H3K27me3. Our data suggest that histone modifications are instructive for the developmental gene expression program.',
			'date' => '2011-12-13',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22137762',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:38:58',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:38:58',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 101 => array(
			'id' => '350',
			'name' => 'Silencing of Kruppel-like factor 2 by the histone methyltransferase EZH2 in human cancer.',
			'authors' => 'Taniguchi H, Jacinto FV, Villanueva A, Fernandez AF, Yamamoto H, Carmona FJ, Puertas S, Marquez VE, Shinomura Y, Imai K, Esteller M',
			'description' => '<p>The Kruppel-like factor (KLF) proteins are multitasked transcriptional regulators with an expanding tumor suppressor function. KLF2 is one of the prominent members of the family because of its diminished expression in malignancies and its growth-inhibitory, pro-apoptotic and anti-angiogenic roles. In this study, we show that epigenetic silencing of KLF2 occurs in cancer cells through direct transcriptional repression mediated by the Polycomb group protein Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 (EZH2). Binding of EZH2 to the 5'-end of KLF2 is also associated with a gain of trimethylated lysine 27 histone H3 and a depletion of phosphorylated serine 2 of RNA polymerase. Upon depletion of EZH2 by RNA interference, short hairpin RNA or use of the small molecule 3-Deazaneplanocin A, the expression of KLF2 was restored. The transfection of KLF2 in cells with EZH2-associated silencing showed a significant anti-tumoral effect, both in culture and in xenografted nude mice. In this last setting, KLF2 transfection was also associated with decreased dissemination and lower mortality rate. In EZH2-depleted cells, which characteristically have lower tumorigenicity, the induction of KLF2 depletion 'rescued' partially the oncogenic phenotype, suggesting that KLF2 repression has an important role in EZH2 oncogenesis. Most importantly, the translation of the described results to human primary samples demonstrated that patients with prostate or breast tumors with low levels of KLF2 and high expression of EZH2 had a shorter overall survival.Oncogene advance online publication, 5 September 2011; doi:10.1038/onc.2011.387.</p>',
			'date' => '2011-09-05',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21892211',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2016-04-08 09:54:37',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:38:57',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		)
	),
	'Testimonial' => array(
		(int) 0 => array(
			'id' => '46',
			'name' => 'Ermelinda Lomazzo',
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />ChIP assays were performed using human K562 cells, the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the "iDeal ChIP-seq" kit (Cat. No. C01010051), using sheared chromatin from 1 million (figure A) or 100,000 cells (figure B). The indicated amounts of antibody were used per ChIP experiment. IgG (1 &micro;g/IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers specific for the promoter of the active genes GAPDH and EIF4A2, used as negative controls, and TSH2B and MYT1, used as positive controls. The figure shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis).</small></p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 2. ChIP-seq results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />ChIP was performed on sheared chromatin from 100,000 K562 cells using 1 &micro;g of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) as described above. The IP'd DNA was subsequently analysed on an Illumina Genome Analyzer. Library preparation, cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. The 36 bp tags were aligned to the human genome using the ELAND algorithm. Figure 2A and B show the signal distribution in two regions surrounding the MYT1 and TSH2B positive control genes, respectively. The position of the PCR amplicon, used for ChIP-qPCR is indicated with an arrow. Figure 2C and D show the signal distribution in two 3 Mb regions from chromosome 11 and 22.</small></p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 3. Determination of the antibody titer</strong><br />To determine the titer of the antibody, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069). The antigen used was a peptide containing the histone modification of interest. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution (Figure 3), the titer of the antibody was estimated to be &gt;1:1,000,000.</small></p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 4. Cross reactivity test of the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />To test the cross reactivity of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069), a Dot Blot analysis was performed with peptides containing other modifications or unmodified sequences of histone H3 and H4. One hundred to 0.2 pmol of the respective peptides were spotted on a membrane. The antibody was used at a dilution of 1:20,000. Figure 4A shows a high specificity of the antibody for the modification of interest.</small></p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 5. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />Western blot was performed on whole cell (40 &micro;g, lane 1) and histone extracts (15 &micro;g, lane 2) from HeLa cells, and on 1 &micro;g of recombinant histone H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 (lane 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively) using the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069). The antibody was diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is shown on the right, the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 6. Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 10&rsquo; and blocked with PBS/TX-100 containing 5% normal goat serum and 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labeled with the H3K27me3 antibody (left) diluted 1:500 in blocking solution followed by an anti-rabbit antibody conjugated to Alexa488. The middle panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of the two stainings is shown on the right.</small></p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />ChIP assays were performed using human K562 cells, the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the "iDeal ChIP-seq" kit (Cat. No. C01010051), using sheared chromatin from 1 million (figure A) or 100,000 cells (figure B). The indicated amounts of antibody were used per ChIP experiment. IgG (1 &micro;g/IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers specific for the promoter of the active genes GAPDH and EIF4A2, used as negative controls, and TSH2B and MYT1, used as positive controls. The figure shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis).</small></p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 2. ChIP-seq results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />ChIP was performed on sheared chromatin from 100,000 K562 cells using 1 &micro;g of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) as described above. The IP'd DNA was subsequently analysed on an Illumina Genome Analyzer. Library preparation, cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. The 36 bp tags were aligned to the human genome using the ELAND algorithm. Figure 2A and B show the signal distribution in two regions surrounding the MYT1 and TSH2B positive control genes, respectively. The position of the PCR amplicon, used for ChIP-qPCR is indicated with an arrow. Figure 2C and D show the signal distribution in two 3 Mb regions from chromosome 11 and 22.</small></p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 3. Determination of the antibody titer</strong><br />To determine the titer of the antibody, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069). The antigen used was a peptide containing the histone modification of interest. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution (Figure 3), the titer of the antibody was estimated to be &gt;1:1,000,000.</small></p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 4. Cross reactivity test of the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />To test the cross reactivity of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069), a Dot Blot analysis was performed with peptides containing other modifications or unmodified sequences of histone H3 and H4. One hundred to 0.2 pmol of the respective peptides were spotted on a membrane. The antibody was used at a dilution of 1:20,000. Figure 4A shows a high specificity of the antibody for the modification of interest.</small></p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 5. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />Western blot was performed on whole cell (40 &micro;g, lane 1) and histone extracts (15 &micro;g, lane 2) from HeLa cells, and on 1 &micro;g of recombinant histone H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 (lane 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively) using the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069). The antibody was diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is shown on the right, the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
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	'meta_description' => 'H3K27me3  (Histone H3 trimethylated at lysine 27) Polyclonal Antibody  validated  in ChIP-seq, ChIP-qPCR, ELISA, WB, DB and IF. Batch-specific data available on the website. Sample size available.',
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	'created' => '2018-01-08 13:18:27',
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$testimonials = '<blockquote><p><span>I have extensively used the antibodies against the histone modifications <a href="../p/h3k4me3-monoclonal-antibody-classic-50-ug-50-ul">H3K4me3</a>, <a href="../p/h3k27me3-polyclonal-antibody-classic-50-mg-34-ml">H3k27me3</a>, <a href="../p/h3k9ac-polyclonal-antibody-classic-50-ug-37-ul">H3K9ac</a>, <a href="../p/h4k8ac-polyclonal-antibody-classic-50-mg-41-ml">H4k8ac</a> and <a href="../p/h3k18ac-polyclonal-antibody-classic-50-mg-62-ml">H3K18ac</a> provided by Diagenode. The high level of specificity and selectivity of these antibodies in mouse brain samples, confirmed by using several negative and positive controls run in parallel with mouse brain tissue samples, ensured successful and reproducible results. I have been a Diagenode costumer for over one year now and I am extremely satisfied with the efficiency of the Bioruptor Pico for chromatin shearing as well as all of the ChIP materials (i.e., <a href="../categories/antibodies">antibodies</a>, blocking peptides, primer pairs for qPCR) provided by this company. Many thanks.</span></p><cite>Dr. Ermelinda Lomazzo, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, AG Prof. Beat Lutz. University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany</cite></blockquote>
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	'name' => 'Ermelinda Lomazzo',
	'description' => '<p><span>I have extensively used the antibodies against the histone modifications <a href="../p/h3k4me3-monoclonal-antibody-classic-50-ug-50-ul">H3K4me3</a>, <a href="../p/h3k27me3-polyclonal-antibody-classic-50-mg-34-ml">H3k27me3</a>, <a href="../p/h3k9ac-polyclonal-antibody-classic-50-ug-37-ul">H3K9ac</a>, <a href="../p/h4k8ac-polyclonal-antibody-classic-50-mg-41-ml">H4k8ac</a> and <a href="../p/h3k18ac-polyclonal-antibody-classic-50-mg-62-ml">H3K18ac</a> provided by Diagenode. The high level of specificity and selectivity of these antibodies in mouse brain samples, confirmed by using several negative and positive controls run in parallel with mouse brain tissue samples, ensured successful and reproducible results. I have been a Diagenode costumer for over one year now and I am extremely satisfied with the efficiency of the Bioruptor Pico for chromatin shearing as well as all of the ChIP materials (i.e., <a href="../categories/antibodies">antibodies</a>, blocking peptides, primer pairs for qPCR) provided by this company. Many thanks.</span></p>',
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$related = array(
	'id' => '2270',
	'antibody_id' => '109',
	'name' => 'H3K27ac Antibody',
	'description' => '<p><span>Polyclonal antibody raised in rabbit against the region of histone <strong>H3 containing the acetylated lysine 27</strong> (<strong>H3K27ac</strong>), using a KLH-conjugated synthetic peptide.</span></p>',
	'label1' => 'Validation Data',
	'info1' => '<div class="row">
<div class="small-6 columns">A.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410196-ChIP-Fig1a.png" width="356" /><br /> B.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410196-ChIP-Fig1b.png" width="356" /></div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27ac</strong></p>
<p>Figure 1A ChIP assays were performed using human HeLa cells, the Diagenode antibody against H3K27ac (Cat. No. C15410196) and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the &ldquo;Auto Histone ChIP-seq&rdquo; kit on the IP-Star automated system, using sheared chromatin from 1,000,000 cells. A titration consisting of 1, 2, 5 and 10 &micro;g of antibody per ChIP experiment was analyzed. IgG (2 &micro;g/IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers for the promoters of the active EIF4A2 and ACTB genes, used as positive controls, and for the inactive TSH2B and MYT1 genes, used as negative controls.</p>
<p>Figure 1B ChIP assays were performed using human K562 cells, the Diagenode antibody against H3K27ac (Cat. No. C15410196)and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the &ldquo;iDeal ChIP-seq&rdquo; kit (Cat. No. C01010051), using sheared chromatin from 100,000 cells. A titration consisting of 0.2, 0.5, 1 and 2 &micro;g of antibody per ChIP experiment was analyzed. IgG (1 &micro;g/IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers for the promoters of the active GAPDH and EIF4A2 genes, used as positive controls, and for the coding regions of the inactive MB and MYT1 genes, used as negative controls. Figure 1 shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis)</p>
</div>
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<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns"><center>
<p>A.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410196-ChIP-Fig2a.png" /></p>
</center><center>
<p>B.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410196-ChIP-Fig2b.png" /></p>
</center><center>
<p>C.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410196-ChIP-Fig2c.png" /></p>
</center></div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><strong>Figure 2. ChIP-seq results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27ac</strong></p>
<p>ChIP was performed on sheared chromatin from 100,000 K562 cells using 1 &micro;g of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27ac (Cat. No. C15410196<span class="label-primary"></span>) as described above. The IP&rsquo;d DNA was subsequently analysed on an Illumina Genome Analyzer. Library preparation, cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer&rsquo;s instructions. The 36 bp tags were aligned to the human genome using the ELAND algorithm. Figure 2A shows the peak distribution along the complete human X-chromosome. Figure 2 B and C show the peak distribution in two regions surrounding the EIF4A2 and GAPDH positive control genes, respectively. The position of the PCR amplicon, used for validating the ChIP assay is indicated with an arrow.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns"><center><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410196-fig3.jpg" /></center></div>
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<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><strong>Figure 3. Cut&amp;Tag results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27ac</strong></p>
<p>CUT&amp;TAG (Kaya-Okur, H.S., Nat Commun 10, 1930, 2019) was performed on 50,000 K562 cells using 1 &micro;g of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27ac (cat. No. C15410196) and the Diagenode pA-Tn5 transposase (C01070001). The libraries were subsequently analysed on an Illumina NextSeq 500 sequencer (2x75 paired-end reads) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The tags were aligned to the human genome (hg19) using the BWA algorithm. Figure 3 shows the peak distribution in 2 genomic regions surrounding the EIF2S3 gene on the X-chromosome and the CCT5 gene on chromosome 5 (figure 3A and B, respectively).</p>
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<p><strong>Figure 4. Determination of the antibody titer</strong></p>
<p>To determine the titer of the antibody, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27ac (Cat. No. C15410196<span class="label-primary"></span>). The antigen used was a peptide containing the histone modification of interest. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution (Figure 4), the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1:8,300.</p>
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<p><strong>Figure 5. Cross reactivity tests using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27ac</strong><br />To test the cross reactivity of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27ac (Cat. No. C15410196<span class="label-primary"></span>), a Dot Blot analysis was performed with peptides containing other histone modifications and the unmodified H3K27. One hundred to 0.2 pmol of the respective peptides were spotted on a membrane. The antibody was used at a dilution of 1:20,000. Figure 5 shows a high specificity of the antibody for the modification of interest.</p>
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<p><strong>Figure 6. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27ac</strong><br />Western blot was performed on whole cell (25 &micro;g, lane 1) and histone extracts (15 &micro;g, lane 2) from HeLa cells, and on 1 &micro;g of recombinant histone H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 (lane 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively) using the Diagenode antibody against H3K27ac (Cat. No. C1541196). The antibody was diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</p>
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<p><strong>Figure 7. Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27ac</strong></p>
<p>HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against H3K27ac (Cat. No. C15410196<span class="label-primary"></span>) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 10&rsquo; and blocked with PBS/ TX-100 containing 5% normal goat serum and 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labeled with the H3K27ac antibody (top) diluted 1:500 in blocking solution followed by an anti-rabbit antibody conjugated to Alexa488. The middle panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of the two stainings is shown at the bottom.</p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />ChIP assays were performed using human K562 cells, the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the "iDeal ChIP-seq" kit (Cat. No. C01010051), using sheared chromatin from 1 million (figure A) or 100,000 cells (figure B). The indicated amounts of antibody were used per ChIP experiment. IgG (1 &micro;g/IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers specific for the promoter of the active genes GAPDH and EIF4A2, used as negative controls, and TSH2B and MYT1, used as positive controls. The figure shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis).</small></p>
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<p>A. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP-seq-A.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody ChIP-seq Grade" caption="false" width="893" height="272" /></p>
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<p>B. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP-seq-B.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody for ChIP-seq assay" caption="false" width="893" height="261" /></p>
<p>C. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP-seq-C.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody Validated in ChIP-seq" caption="false" width="893" height="191" /></p>
<p>D. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP-seq-D.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody for ChIP-seq" caption="false" width="893" height="211" /></p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 2. ChIP-seq results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />ChIP was performed on sheared chromatin from 100,000 K562 cells using 1 &micro;g of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) as described above. The IP'd DNA was subsequently analysed on an Illumina Genome Analyzer. Library preparation, cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. The 36 bp tags were aligned to the human genome using the ELAND algorithm. Figure 2A and B show the signal distribution in two regions surrounding the MYT1 and TSH2B positive control genes, respectively. The position of the PCR amplicon, used for ChIP-qPCR is indicated with an arrow. Figure 2C and D show the signal distribution in two 3 Mb regions from chromosome 11 and 22.</small></p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 3. Determination of the antibody titer</strong><br />To determine the titer of the antibody, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069). The antigen used was a peptide containing the histone modification of interest. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution (Figure 3), the titer of the antibody was estimated to be &gt;1:1,000,000.</small></p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 4. Cross reactivity test of the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />To test the cross reactivity of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069), a Dot Blot analysis was performed with peptides containing other modifications or unmodified sequences of histone H3 and H4. One hundred to 0.2 pmol of the respective peptides were spotted on a membrane. The antibody was used at a dilution of 1:20,000. Figure 4A shows a high specificity of the antibody for the modification of interest.</small></p>
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<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-WB.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody Validation in Western Blot " caption="false" width="432" height="300" /></p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 5. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />Western blot was performed on whole cell (40 &micro;g, lane 1) and histone extracts (15 &micro;g, lane 2) from HeLa cells, and on 1 &micro;g of recombinant histone H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 (lane 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively) using the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069). The antibody was diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is shown on the right, the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
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<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-IF.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody Validation in Immunofluorescence " caption="false" width="700" height="171" /></p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 6. Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 10&rsquo; and blocked with PBS/TX-100 containing 5% normal goat serum and 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labeled with the H3K27me3 antibody (left) diluted 1:500 in blocking solution followed by an anti-rabbit antibody conjugated to Alexa488. The middle panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of the two stainings is shown on the right.</small></p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />ChIP assays were performed using human K562 cells, the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the "iDeal ChIP-seq" kit (Cat. No. C01010051), using sheared chromatin from 1 million (figure A) or 100,000 cells (figure B). The indicated amounts of antibody were used per ChIP experiment. IgG (1 &micro;g/IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers specific for the promoter of the active genes GAPDH and EIF4A2, used as negative controls, and TSH2B and MYT1, used as positive controls. The figure shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis).</small></p>
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<p>A. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP-seq-A.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody ChIP-seq Grade" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
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<p>B. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP-seq-B.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody for ChIP-seq assay" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
<p>C. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP-seq-C.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody Validated in ChIP-seq" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
<p>D. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP-seq-D.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody for ChIP-seq" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 2. ChIP-seq results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />ChIP was performed on sheared chromatin from 100,000 K562 cells using 1 &micro;g of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) as described above. The IP'd DNA was subsequently analysed on an Illumina Genome Analyzer. Library preparation, cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. The 36 bp tags were aligned to the human genome using the ELAND algorithm. Figure 2A and B show the signal distribution in two regions surrounding the MYT1 and TSH2B positive control genes, respectively. The position of the PCR amplicon, used for ChIP-qPCR is indicated with an arrow. Figure 2C and D show the signal distribution in two 3 Mb regions from chromosome 11 and 22.</small></p>
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<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ELISA.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody ELISA Validation " caption="false" width="448" height="394" /></p>
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<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><small> <strong>Figure 3. Determination of the antibody titer</strong><br />To determine the titer of the antibody, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069). The antigen used was a peptide containing the histone modification of interest. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution (Figure 3), the titer of the antibody was estimated to be &gt;1:1,000,000.</small></p>
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<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-dotblot.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody Dot Blot Validation " style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
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<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><small> <strong>Figure 4. Cross reactivity test of the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />To test the cross reactivity of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069), a Dot Blot analysis was performed with peptides containing other modifications or unmodified sequences of histone H3 and H4. One hundred to 0.2 pmol of the respective peptides were spotted on a membrane. The antibody was used at a dilution of 1:20,000. Figure 4A shows a high specificity of the antibody for the modification of interest.</small></p>
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<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-WB.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody Validation in Western Blot " style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
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<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><small> <strong>Figure 5. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />Western blot was performed on whole cell (40 &micro;g, lane 1) and histone extracts (15 &micro;g, lane 2) from HeLa cells, and on 1 &micro;g of recombinant histone H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 (lane 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively) using the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069). The antibody was diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is shown on the right, the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
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<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-IF.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody Validation in Immunofluorescence " style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 6. Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 10&rsquo; and blocked with PBS/TX-100 containing 5% normal goat serum and 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labeled with the H3K27me3 antibody (left) diluted 1:500 in blocking solution followed by an anti-rabbit antibody conjugated to Alexa488. The middle panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of the two stainings is shown on the right.</small></p>
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<td>ChIP/ChIP-seq&nbsp;<sup>*</sup></td>
<td>1 &micro;g/ChIP</td>
<td>Fig 1, 2</td>
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<tr>
<td>ELISA</td>
<td>1:5,000</td>
<td>Fig 3</td>
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<td>Dot Blotting</td>
<td>1:20,000</td>
<td>Fig 4</td>
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<tr>
<td>Western Blotting</td>
<td>1:1,000</td>
<td>Fig 5</td>
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<td>Immunofluorescence</td>
<td>1:500</td>
<td>Fig 6</td>
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<p></p>
<p><small><sup>*</sup> Please note that the optimal antibody amount per IP should be determined by the end-user. We recommend testing 1-5 &micro;g per IP.</small></p>',
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />ChIP assays were performed using human K562 cells, the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the "iDeal ChIP-seq" kit (Cat. No. C01010051), using sheared chromatin from 1 million (figure A) or 100,000 cells (figure B). The indicated amounts of antibody were used per ChIP experiment. IgG (1 &micro;g/IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers specific for the promoter of the active genes GAPDH and EIF4A2, used as negative controls, and TSH2B and MYT1, used as positive controls. The figure shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis).</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p>A. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP-seq-A.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody ChIP-seq Grade" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
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<p>B. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP-seq-B.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody for ChIP-seq assay" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
<p>C. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP-seq-C.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody Validated in ChIP-seq" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
<p>D. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP-seq-D.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody for ChIP-seq" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><small> <strong>Figure 2. ChIP-seq results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />ChIP was performed on sheared chromatin from 100,000 K562 cells using 1 &micro;g of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) as described above. The IP'd DNA was subsequently analysed on an Illumina Genome Analyzer. Library preparation, cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. The 36 bp tags were aligned to the human genome using the ELAND algorithm. Figure 2A and B show the signal distribution in two regions surrounding the MYT1 and TSH2B positive control genes, respectively. The position of the PCR amplicon, used for ChIP-qPCR is indicated with an arrow. Figure 2C and D show the signal distribution in two 3 Mb regions from chromosome 11 and 22.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="extra-spaced"></div>
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<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ELISA.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody ELISA Validation " caption="false" width="448" height="394" /></p>
</div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><small> <strong>Figure 3. Determination of the antibody titer</strong><br />To determine the titer of the antibody, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069). The antigen used was a peptide containing the histone modification of interest. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution (Figure 3), the titer of the antibody was estimated to be &gt;1:1,000,000.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-dotblot.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody Dot Blot Validation " style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
</div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><small> <strong>Figure 4. Cross reactivity test of the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />To test the cross reactivity of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069), a Dot Blot analysis was performed with peptides containing other modifications or unmodified sequences of histone H3 and H4. One hundred to 0.2 pmol of the respective peptides were spotted on a membrane. The antibody was used at a dilution of 1:20,000. Figure 4A shows a high specificity of the antibody for the modification of interest.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-WB.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody Validation in Western Blot " style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
</div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><small> <strong>Figure 5. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />Western blot was performed on whole cell (40 &micro;g, lane 1) and histone extracts (15 &micro;g, lane 2) from HeLa cells, and on 1 &micro;g of recombinant histone H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 (lane 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively) using the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069). The antibody was diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is shown on the right, the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-IF.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody Validation in Immunofluorescence " style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><small> <strong>Figure 6. Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 10&rsquo; and blocked with PBS/TX-100 containing 5% normal goat serum and 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labeled with the H3K27me3 antibody (left) diluted 1:500 in blocking solution followed by an anti-rabbit antibody conjugated to Alexa488. The middle panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of the two stainings is shown on the right.</small></p>
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		'label2' => 'Target Description',
		'info2' => '<p>Histones are the main constituents of the protein part of chromosomes of eukaryotic cells. They are rich in the amino acids arginine and lysine and have been greatly conserved during evolution. Histones pack the DNA into tight masses of chromatin. Two core histones of each class H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assemble and are wrapped by 146 base pairs of DNA to form one octameric nucleosome. Histone tails undergo numerous post-translational modifications, which either directly or indirectly alter chromatin structure to facilitate transcriptional activation or repression or other nuclear processes. In addition to the genetic code, combinations of the different histone modifications reveal the so-called &ldquo;histone code&rdquo;. Histone methylation and demethylation is dynamically regulated by respectively histone methyl transferases and histone demethylases. Trimethylation of histone H3K27 is associated with gene repression.</p>
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		'format' => '50 μg',
		'catalog_number' => 'C15410069',
		'old_catalog_number' => 'pAb-069-050',
		'sf_code' => 'C15410069-D001-000581',
		'type' => 'FRE',
		'search_order' => '03-Antibody',
		'price_EUR' => '380',
		'price_USD' => '380',
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		'price_CNY' => '0',
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		'slug' => 'h3k27me3-polyclonal-antibody-classic-50-mg-34-ml',
		'meta_title' => 'H3K27me3 polyclonal antibody - Classic',
		'meta_keywords' => '',
		'meta_description' => 'H3K27me3 polyclonal antibody - Classic',
		'modified' => '2024-01-16 14:58:45',
		'created' => '2015-06-29 14:08:20',
		'locale' => 'jpn'
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	'Antibody' => array(
		'host' => '*****',
		'id' => '69',
		'name' => 'H3K27me3 polyclonal antibody',
		'description' => 'Histones are the main constituents of the protein part of chromosomes of eukaryotic cells. They are rich in the amino acids arginine and lysine and have been greatly conserved during evolution. Histones pack the DNA into tight masses of chromatin. Two core histones of each class H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assemble and are wrapped by 146 base pairs of DNA to form one octameric nucleosome. Histone tails undergo numerous post-translational modifications, which either directly or indirectly alter chromatin structure to facilitate transcriptional activation or repression or other nuclear processes. In addition to the genetic code, combinations of the different histone modifications reveal the so-called “histone code”. Histone methylation and demethylation is dynamically regulated by respectively histone methyl transferases and histone demethylases. Trimethylation of histone H3K27 is associated with gene repression.',
		'clonality' => '',
		'isotype' => '',
		'lot' => 'A1818P',
		'concentration' => '1.6 &micro;g/&micro;l',
		'reactivity' => 'Human, mouse, rat, pig, zebrafish, Drosophila, Schistosoma, Arabidopsis, cow',
		'type' => 'Polyclonal ChIP grade / ChIP-seq grade',
		'purity' => 'Affinity purified polyclonal antibody.',
		'classification' => '',
		'application_table' => '<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Applications</th>
<th>Suggested dilution</th>
<th>References</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>ChIP/ChIP-seq&nbsp;<sup>*</sup></td>
<td>1 &micro;g/ChIP</td>
<td>Fig 1, 2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ELISA</td>
<td>1:5,000</td>
<td>Fig 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Dot Blotting</td>
<td>1:20,000</td>
<td>Fig 4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Western Blotting</td>
<td>1:1,000</td>
<td>Fig 5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Immunofluorescence</td>
<td>1:500</td>
<td>Fig 6</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>
<p><small><sup>*</sup> Please note that the optimal antibody amount per IP should be determined by the end-user. We recommend testing 1-5 &micro;g per IP.</small></p>',
		'storage_conditions' => 'Store at -20°C; for long storage, store at -80°C. Avoid multiple freeze-thaw cycles.',
		'storage_buffer' => 'PBS containing 0.05% azide and 0.05% ProClin 300.',
		'precautions' => 'This product is for research use only. Not for use in diagnostic or therapeutic procedures.',
		'uniprot_acc' => '',
		'slug' => '',
		'meta_keywords' => '',
		'meta_description' => '',
		'modified' => '2019-10-29 13:09:43',
		'created' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
		'select_label' => '69 - H3K27me3 polyclonal antibody (A1818P - 1.6 &micro;g/&micro;l - Human, mouse, rat, pig, zebrafish, Drosophila, Schistosoma, Arabidopsis, cow - Affinity purified polyclonal antibody. - Rabbit)'
	),
	'Slave' => array(
		(int) 0 => array(
			'id' => '239',
			'name' => 'C15410069',
			'product_id' => '2231',
			'modified' => '2018-01-08 13:18:45',
			'created' => '2018-01-08 13:18:45'
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	),
	'Group' => array(
		'Group' => array(
			'id' => '239',
			'name' => 'C15410069',
			'product_id' => '2231',
			'modified' => '2018-01-08 13:18:45',
			'created' => '2018-01-08 13:18:45'
		),
		'Master' => array(
			'id' => '2231',
			'antibody_id' => '69',
			'name' => 'H3K27me3 Antibody',
			'description' => '<p><span>Polyclonal antibody raised in rabbit against against histone <strong>H3, trimethylated at lysine 27</strong> (<strong>H3K27me3</strong>), using a KLH-conjugated synthetic peptide.</span></p>',
			'label1' => 'Validation Data',
			'info1' => '<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns"><center><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody for ChIP " style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></center></div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><small> <strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />ChIP assays were performed using human K562 cells, the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the "iDeal ChIP-seq" kit (Cat. No. C01010051), using sheared chromatin from 1 million (figure A) or 100,000 cells (figure B). The indicated amounts of antibody were used per ChIP experiment. IgG (1 &micro;g/IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers specific for the promoter of the active genes GAPDH and EIF4A2, used as negative controls, and TSH2B and MYT1, used as positive controls. The figure shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis).</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p>A. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP-seq-A.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody ChIP-seq Grade" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
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<p>B. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP-seq-B.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody for ChIP-seq assay" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
<p>C. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP-seq-C.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody Validated in ChIP-seq" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
<p>D. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP-seq-D.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody for ChIP-seq" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><small> <strong>Figure 2. ChIP-seq results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />ChIP was performed on sheared chromatin from 100,000 K562 cells using 1 &micro;g of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) as described above. The IP'd DNA was subsequently analysed on an Illumina Genome Analyzer. Library preparation, cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. The 36 bp tags were aligned to the human genome using the ELAND algorithm. Figure 2A and B show the signal distribution in two regions surrounding the MYT1 and TSH2B positive control genes, respectively. The position of the PCR amplicon, used for ChIP-qPCR is indicated with an arrow. Figure 2C and D show the signal distribution in two 3 Mb regions from chromosome 11 and 22.</small></p>
</div>
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<div class="extra-spaced"></div>
<div class="extra-spaced"></div>
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<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ELISA.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody ELISA Validation " caption="false" width="448" height="394" /></p>
</div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><small> <strong>Figure 3. Determination of the antibody titer</strong><br />To determine the titer of the antibody, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069). The antigen used was a peptide containing the histone modification of interest. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution (Figure 3), the titer of the antibody was estimated to be &gt;1:1,000,000.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-dotblot.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody Dot Blot Validation " style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
</div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><small> <strong>Figure 4. Cross reactivity test of the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />To test the cross reactivity of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069), a Dot Blot analysis was performed with peptides containing other modifications or unmodified sequences of histone H3 and H4. One hundred to 0.2 pmol of the respective peptides were spotted on a membrane. The antibody was used at a dilution of 1:20,000. Figure 4A shows a high specificity of the antibody for the modification of interest.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-WB.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody Validation in Western Blot " style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
</div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><small> <strong>Figure 5. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />Western blot was performed on whole cell (40 &micro;g, lane 1) and histone extracts (15 &micro;g, lane 2) from HeLa cells, and on 1 &micro;g of recombinant histone H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 (lane 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively) using the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069). The antibody was diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is shown on the right, the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-IF.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody Validation in Immunofluorescence " style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><small> <strong>Figure 6. Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 10&rsquo; and blocked with PBS/TX-100 containing 5% normal goat serum and 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labeled with the H3K27me3 antibody (left) diluted 1:500 in blocking solution followed by an anti-rabbit antibody conjugated to Alexa488. The middle panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of the two stainings is shown on the right.</small></p>
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			'label2' => 'Target Description',
			'info2' => '<p>Histones are the main constituents of the protein part of chromosomes of eukaryotic cells. They are rich in the amino acids arginine and lysine and have been greatly conserved during evolution. Histones pack the DNA into tight masses of chromatin. Two core histones of each class H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assemble and are wrapped by 146 base pairs of DNA to form one octameric nucleosome. Histone tails undergo numerous post-translational modifications, which either directly or indirectly alter chromatin structure to facilitate transcriptional activation or repression or other nuclear processes. In addition to the genetic code, combinations of the different histone modifications reveal the so-called &ldquo;histone code&rdquo;. Histone methylation and demethylation is dynamically regulated by respectively histone methyl transferases and histone demethylases. Trimethylation of histone H3K27 is associated with gene repression.</p>
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			'format' => '50 μg',
			'catalog_number' => 'C15410069',
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			'sf_code' => 'C15410069-D001-000581',
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			'search_order' => '03-Antibody',
			'price_EUR' => '380',
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			'slug' => 'h3k27me3-polyclonal-antibody-classic-50-mg-34-ml',
			'meta_title' => 'H3K27me3 Antibody - ChIP-seq Grade (C15410069) | Diagenode',
			'meta_keywords' => '',
			'meta_description' => 'H3K27me3 (Histone H3 trimethylated at lysine 27) Polyclonal Antibody validated  in ChIP-seq, ChIP-qPCR, ELISA, DB, WB and IF. Batch-specific data available on the website. Sample size available.',
			'modified' => '2024-01-16 14:58:45',
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			'antibody_id' => null,
			'name' => 'iDeal ChIP-seq kit for Histones',
			'description' => '<p><a href="https://www.diagenode.com/files/products/kits/ideal-chipseq-for-histones-complete-manual.pdf"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/buttons/bt-manual.png" /></a></p>
<p>Don&rsquo;t risk wasting your precious sequencing samples. Diagenode&rsquo;s validated <strong>iDeal ChIP-seq kit for Histones</strong> has everything you need for a successful start-to-finish <strong>ChIP of histones prior to Next-Generation Sequencing</strong>. The complete kit contains all buffers and reagents for cell lysis, chromatin shearing, immunoprecipitation and DNA purification. In addition, unlike competing solutions, the kit contains positive and negative control antibodies (H3K4me3 and IgG, respectively) as well as positive and negative control PCR primers pairs (GAPDH TSS and Myoglobin exon 2, respectively) for your convenience and a guarantee of optimal results. The kit has been validated on multiple histone marks.</p>
<p>&nbsp;The &nbsp;iDeal ChIP-seq kit for Histones<strong> </strong>is perfect for <strong>cells</strong> (<strong>100,000 cells</strong> to <strong>1,000,000 cells</strong> per IP) and has been validated for <strong>tissues</strong> (<strong>1.5 mg</strong> to <strong>5 mg</strong> of tissue per IP).</p>
<p>&nbsp;The iDeal ChIP-seq kit is the only kit on the market validated for the major sequencing systems. Our expertise in ChIP-seq tools allows reproducible and efficient results every time.</p>
<p></p>
<p>&nbsp;<strong></strong></p>
<p></p>',
			'label1' => 'Characteristics',
			'info1' => '<ul style="list-style-type: disc;">
<li>Highly <strong>optimized</strong> protocol for ChIP-seq from cells and tissues</li>
<li><strong>Validated</strong> for ChIP-seq with multiple histones marks</li>
<li>Most <strong>complete</strong> kit available (covers all steps, including the control antibodies and primers)</li>
<li>Optimized chromatin preparation in combination with the Bioruptor ensuring the best <strong>epitope integrity</strong></li>
<li>Magnetic beads make ChIP easy, fast and more <strong>reproducible</strong></li>
<li>Combination with Diagenode ChIP-seq antibodies provides high yields with excellent <strong>specificity</strong> and <strong>sensitivity</strong></li>
<li>Purified DNA suitable for any downstream application</li>
<li>Easy-to-follow protocol</li>
</ul>
<p>Note: to obtain optimal results, this kit should be used in combination with the DiaMag1.5 - magnetic rack.</p>
<h3>ChIP-seq on cells</h3>
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/kits/iDeal-kit-C01010053-figure-1.jpg" alt="Figure 1A" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
<p><strong>Figure 1A. The high consistency of the iDeal ChIP-seq kit on the Ion Torrent&trade; PGM&trade; (Life Technologies) and GAIIx (Illumina<sup>&reg;</sup>)</strong><br /> ChIP was performed on sheared chromatin from 1 million HelaS3 cells using the iDeal ChIP-seq kit and 1 &micro;g of H3K4me3 positive control antibody. Two different biological samples have been analyzed using two different sequencers - GAIIx (Illumina<sup>&reg;</sup>) and PGM&trade; (Ion Torrent&trade;). The expected ChIP-seq profile for H3K4me3 on the GAPDH promoter region has been obtained.<br /> Image A shows a several hundred bp along chr12 with high similarity of read distribution despite the radically different sequencers. Image B is a close capture focusing on the GAPDH that shows that even the peak structure is similar.</p>
<p class="text-center"><strong>Perfect match between ChIP-seq data obtained with the iDeal ChIP-seq workflow and reference dataset</strong></p>
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/kits/perfect-match-between-chipseq-data.png" alt="Figure 1B" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
<p><strong>Figure 1B.</strong> The ChIP-seq dataset from this experiment has been compared with a reference dataset from the Broad Institute. We observed a perfect match between the top 40% of Diagenode peaks and the reference dataset. Based on the NIH Encode project criterion, ChIP-seq results are considered reproducible between an original and reproduced dataset if the top 40% of peaks have at least an 80% overlap ratio with the compared dataset.</p>
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/kits/iDeal-kit-C01010053-figure-2.jpg" alt="Figure 2" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
<p><strong>Figure 2. Efficient and easy chromatin shearing using the Bioruptor<sup>&reg;</sup> and Shearing buffer iS1 from the iDeal ChIP-seq kit</strong><br /> Chromatin from 1 million of Hela cells was sheared using the Bioruptor<sup>&reg;</sup> combined with the Bioruptor<sup>&reg;</sup> Water cooler (Cat No. BioAcc-cool) during 3 rounds of 10 cycles of 30 seconds &ldquo;ON&rdquo; / 30 seconds &ldquo;OFF&rdquo; at HIGH power setting (position H). Diagenode 1.5 ml TPX tubes (Cat No. M-50001) were used for chromatin shearing. Samples were gently vortexed before and after performing each sonication round (rounds of 10 cycles), followed by a short centrifugation at 4&deg;C to recover the sample volume at the bottom of the tube. The sheared chromatin was then decross-linked as described in the kit manual and analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis.</p>
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/kits/iDeal-kit-C01010053-figure-3.jpg" alt="Figure 3" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="264" height="320" /></p>
<p><strong>Figure 3. Validation of ChIP by qPCR: reliable results using Diagenode&rsquo;s ChIP-seq grade H3K4me3 antibody, isotype control and sets of validated primers</strong><br /> Specific enrichment on positive loci (GAPDH, EIF4A2, c-fos promoter regions) comparing to no enrichment on negative loci (TSH2B promoter region and Myoglobin exon 2) was detected by qPCR. Samples were prepared using the Diagenode iDeal ChIP-seq kit. Diagenode ChIP-seq grade antibody against H3K4me3 and the corresponding isotype control IgG were used for immunoprecipitation. qPCR amplification was performed with sets of validated primers.</p>
<h3>ChIP-seq on tissue</h3>
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/kits/ideal-figure-h3k4me3.jpg" alt="Figure 4A" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
<p><strong>Figure 4A.</strong> Chromatin Immunoprecipitation has been performed using chromatin from mouse liver tissue, the iDeal ChIP-seq kit for Histones and the Diagenode ChIP-seq-grade H3K4me3 (Cat. No. C15410003) antibody. The IP'd DNA was subsequently analysed on an Illumina&reg; HiSeq. Library preparation, cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. This figure shows the peak distribution in a region surrounding the GAPDH positive control gene.</p>
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/kits/match-of-the-top40-peaks-2.png" alt="Figure 4B" caption="false" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="700" height="280" /></p>
<p><strong>Figure 4B.</strong> The ChIP-seq dataset from this experiment has been compared with a reference dataset from the Broad Institute. We observed a perfect match between the top 40% of Diagenode peaks and the reference dataset. Based on the NIH Encode project criterion, ChIP-seq results are considered reproducible between an original and reproduced dataset if the top 40% of peaks have at least an 80% overlap ratio with the compared dataset.</p>',
			'label2' => 'Species, cell lines, tissues tested',
			'info2' => '<p>The iDeal ChIP-seq Kit for Histones is compatible with a broad variety of cell lines, tissues and species - some examples are shown below. Other species / cell lines / tissues can be used with this kit.</p>
<p><u>Cell lines:</u></p>
<p>Human: A549, A673, CD8+ T, Blood vascular endothelial cells, Lymphatic endothelial cells, fibroblasts, K562, MDA-MB231</p>
<p>Pig: Alveolar macrophages</p>
<p>Mouse: C2C12, primary HSPC, synovial fibroblasts, HeLa-S3, FACS sorted cells from embryonic kidneys, macrophages, mesodermal cells, myoblasts, NPC, salivary glands, spermatids, spermatocytes, skeletal muscle stem cells, stem cells, Th2</p>
<p>Hamster: CHO</p>
<p>Other cell lines / species: compatible, not tested</p>
<p><u>Tissues</u></p>
<p>Bee &ndash; brain</p>
<p>Daphnia &ndash; whole animal</p>
<p>Horse &ndash; brain, heart, lamina, liver, lung, skeletal muscles, ovary</p>
<p>Human &ndash; Erwing sarcoma tumor samples</p>
<p>Other tissues: compatible, not tested</p>
<p>Did you use the iDeal ChIP-seq for Histones Kit on other cell line / tissue / species? <a href="mailto:agnieszka.zelisko@diagenode.com?subject=Species, cell lines, tissues tested with the iDeal ChIP-seq Kit for TF&amp;body=Dear Customer,%0D%0A%0D%0APlease, leave below your feedback about the iDeal ChIP-seq for Transcription Factors (cell / tissue type, species, other information...).%0D%0A%0D%0AThank you for sharing with us your experience !%0D%0A%0D%0ABest regards,%0D%0A%0D%0AAgnieszka Zelisko-Schmidt, PhD">Let us know!</a></p>',
			'label3' => '  Additional solutions compatible with iDeal ChIP-seq Kit for Histones',
			'info3' => '<p><a href="../p/chromatin-shearing-optimization-kit-low-sds-100-million-cells">Chromatin EasyShear Kit - Ultra Low SDS </a>optimizes chromatin shearing, a critical step for ChIP.</p>
<p>&nbsp;The <a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/categories/library-preparation-for-ChIP-seq">MicroPlex Library Preparation Kit </a>provides easy and optimal &nbsp;library preparation of ChIPed samples.</p>
<p><a href="../categories/chip-seq-grade-antibodies">ChIP-seq grade anti-histone antibodies</a> provide high yields with excellent specificity and sensitivity.</p>
<p>&nbsp;Plus, for our IP-Star Automation users for automated ChIP, check out our <a href="../p/auto-ideal-chip-seq-kit-for-histones-x24-24-rxns">automated</a> version of this kit.</p>',
			'format' => '4 chrom. prep./24 IPs',
			'catalog_number' => 'C01010051',
			'old_catalog_number' => 'AB-001-0024',
			'sf_code' => 'C01010051-',
			'type' => 'RFR',
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			'price_EUR' => '915',
			'price_USD' => '1130',
			'price_GBP' => '840',
			'price_JPY' => '143335',
			'price_CNY' => '',
			'price_AUD' => '2825',
			'country' => 'ALL',
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			'last_datasheet_update' => '0000-00-00',
			'slug' => 'ideal-chip-seq-kit-x24-24-rxns',
			'meta_title' => 'iDeal ChIP-seq kit x24',
			'meta_keywords' => '',
			'meta_description' => 'iDeal ChIP-seq kit x24',
			'modified' => '2023-04-20 16:00:20',
			'created' => '2015-06-29 14:08:20',
			'ProductsRelated' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Image' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
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		),
		(int) 1 => array(
			'id' => '1927',
			'antibody_id' => null,
			'name' => 'MicroPlex Library Preparation Kit v2 (12 indexes)',
			'description' => '<p><a href="https://www.diagenode.com/files/products/kits/MicroPlex-Libary-Prep-Kit-v2-manual.pdf"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/buttons/bt-manual.png" /></a></p>
<p><span><strong>Specifically optimized for ChIP-seq</strong></span><br /><br /><span>The MicroPlex Library Preparation&trade; kit is the only kit on the market which is validated for ChIP-seq and which allows the preparation of indexed libraries from just picogram inputs. In combination with the&nbsp;</span><a href="./true-microchip-kit-x16-16-rxns">True MicroChIP kit</a><span>, it allows for performing ChIP-seq on as few as 10,000 cells. Less input, fewer steps, fewer supplies, faster time to results!&nbsp;</span></p>
<p>The MicroPlex v2 kit (Cat. No. C05010012) contains all necessary reagents including single indexes for multiplexing up to 12 samples using single barcoding. For higher multiplexing (using dual indexes) check <a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/p/microplex-lib-prep-kit-v3-48-rxns">MicroPlex Library Preparation Kits v3</a>.</p>',
			'label1' => 'Characteristics',
			'info1' => '<ul>
<li><strong>1 tube, 2 hours, 3 steps</strong> protocol</li>
<li><strong>Input: </strong>50 pg &ndash; 50 ng</li>
<li><strong>Reduce potential bias</strong> - few PCR amplification cycles needed</li>
<li><strong>High sensitivity ChIP-seq</strong> - low PCR duplication rate</li>
<li><strong>Great multiplexing flexibility</strong> with 12 barcodes (8 nt) included</li>
<li><strong>Validated with the <a href="https://www.diagenode.com/p/sx-8g-ip-star-compact-automated-system-1-unit" title="IP-Star Automated System">IP-Star<sup>&reg;</sup> Automated Platform</a></strong></li>
</ul>
<h3>How it works</h3>
<center><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/kits/microplex-method-overview-v2.png" /></center>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0;"><small><strong>Microplex workflow - protocol with single indexes</strong><br />An input of 50 pg to 50 ng of fragmented dsDNA is converted into sequencing-ready libraries for Illumina&reg; NGS platforms using a fast and simple 3-step protocol</small></p>
<ul class="accordion" data-accordion="" id="readmore" style="margin-left: 0;">
<li class="accordion-navigation"><a href="#first" style="background: #ffffff; padding: 0rem; margin: 0rem; color: #13b2a2;"><small>Read more about MicroPlex workflow</small></a>
<div id="first" class="content">
<p><small><strong>Step 1. Template Preparation</strong> provides efficient repair of the fragmented double-stranded DNA input.</small></p>
<p><small>In this step, the DNA is repaired and yields molecules with blunt ends.</small></p>
<p><small><strong>Step 2. Library Synthesis.</strong> enables ligation of MicroPlex patented stem- loop adapters.</small></p>
<p><small>In the next step, stem-loop adaptors with blocked 5&rsquo; ends are ligated with high efficiency to the 5&rsquo; end of the genomic DNA, leaving a nick at the 3&rsquo; end. The adaptors cannot ligate to each other and do not have single- strand tails, both of which contribute to non-specific background found with many other NGS preparations.</small></p>
<p><small><strong>Step 3. Library Amplification</strong> enables extension of the template, cleavage of the stem-loop adaptors, and amplification of the library. Illumina- compatible indexes are also introduced using a high-fidelity, highly- processive, low-bias DNA polymerase.</small></p>
<p><small>In the final step, the 3&rsquo; ends of the genomic DNA are extended to complete library synthesis and Illumina-compatible indexes are added through a high-fidelity amplification. Any remaining free adaptors are destroyed. Hands-on time and the risk of contamination are minimized by using a single tube and eliminating intermediate purifications.</small></p>
<p><small>Obtained libraries are purified, quantified and sized. The libraries pooling can be performed as well before sequencing.</small></p>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<p></p>
<h3>Reliable detection of enrichments in ChIP-seq</h3>
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/kits/microplex-library-prep-kit-figure-a.png" alt="Reliable detection of enrichments in ChIP-seq figure 1" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
<p><strong>Figure A.</strong> ChIP has been peformed with H3K4me3 antibody, amplification of 17 pg of DNA ChIP'd from 10.000 cells and amplification of 35 pg of DNA ChIP'd from 100.000 cells (control experiment). The IP'd DNA was amplified and transformed into a sequencing-ready preparation for the Illumina plateform with the MicroPlex Library Preparation kit. The library was then analysed on an Illumina<sup>&reg;</sup> Genome Analyzer. Cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions.</p>
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/kits/microplex-library-prep-kit-figure-b.png" alt="Reliable detection of enrichments in ChIP-seq figure 2" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
<p><strong>Figure B.</strong> We observed a perfect match between the top 40% of True MicroChIP peaks and the reference dataset. Based on the NIH Encode project criterion, ChIP-seq results are considered reproducible between an original and reproduced dataset if the top 40% of peaks have at least an 80% overlap ratio with the compared dataset.</p>',
			'label2' => '',
			'info2' => '',
			'label3' => '',
			'info3' => '',
			'format' => '12 rxns',
			'catalog_number' => 'C05010012',
			'old_catalog_number' => 'C05010010',
			'sf_code' => 'C05010012-',
			'type' => 'FRE',
			'search_order' => '04-undefined',
			'price_EUR' => '935',
			'price_USD' => '1215',
			'price_GBP' => '835',
			'price_JPY' => '146470',
			'price_CNY' => '',
			'price_AUD' => '3038',
			'country' => 'ALL',
			'except_countries' => 'None',
			'quote' => false,
			'in_stock' => false,
			'featured' => false,
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			'online' => true,
			'master' => true,
			'last_datasheet_update' => '0000-00-00',
			'slug' => 'microplex-library-preparation-kit-v2-x12-12-indices-12-rxns',
			'meta_title' => 'MicroPlex Library Preparation Kit v2 x12 (12 indices)',
			'meta_keywords' => '',
			'meta_description' => 'MicroPlex Library Preparation Kit v2 x12 (12 indices)',
			'modified' => '2023-04-20 15:01:16',
			'created' => '2015-06-29 14:08:20',
			'ProductsRelated' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Image' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 2 => array(
			'id' => '1856',
			'antibody_id' => null,
			'name' => 'True MicroChIP-seq Kit',
			'description' => '<p><a href="https://www.diagenode.com/files/products/kits/truemicrochipseq-kit-manual.pdf"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/buttons/bt-manual.png" /></a></p>
<p>The <b>True </b><b>MicroChIP-seq</b><b> kit </b>provides a robust ChIP protocol suitable for the investigation of histone modifications within chromatin from as few as <b>10 000 cells</b>, including <b>FACS sorted cells</b>. The kit can be used for chromatin preparation for downstream ChIP-qPCR or ChIP-seq analysis. The <b>complete kit</b> contains everything you need for start-to-finish ChIP including all validated buffers and reagents for chromatin shearing, immunoprecipitation and DNA purification for exceptional <strong>ChIP-qPCR</strong> or <strong>ChIP-seq</strong> results. In addition, positive control antibodies and negative control PCR primers are included for your convenience and assurance of result sensitivity and specificity.</p>
<p>The True MicroChIP-seq kit offers unique benefits:</p>
<ul>
<li>An <b>optimized chromatin preparation </b>protocol compatible with low number of cells (<b>10.000</b>) in combination with the Bioruptor&trade; shearing device</li>
<li>Most <b>complete kit </b>available (covers all steps and includes control antibodies and primers)</li>
<li><b>Magnetic beads </b>make ChIP easy, fast, and more reproducible</li>
<li>MicroChIP DiaPure columns (included in the kit) enable the <b>maximum recovery </b>of immunoprecipitation DNA suitable for any downstream application</li>
<li><b>Excellent </b><b>ChIP</b><b>-seq </b>result when combined with <a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/categories/library-preparation-for-ChIP-seq">MicroPlex</a><a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/categories/library-preparation-for-ChIP-seq"> Library Preparation kit </a>adapted for low input</li>
</ul>
<p>For fast ChIP-seq on low input &ndash; check out Diagenode&rsquo;s <a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/p/uchipmentation-for-histones-24-rxns">&micro;</a><a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/p/uchipmentation-for-histones-24-rxns">ChIPmentation</a><a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/p/uchipmentation-for-histones-24-rxns"> for histones</a>.</p>
<p><sub>The True MicroChIP-seq kit, Cat. No. C01010132 is an upgraded version of the kit True MicroChIP, Cat. No. C01010130, with the new validated protocols (e.g. FACS sorted cells) and MicroChIP DiaPure columns included in the kit.</sub></p>',
			'label1' => 'Characteristics',
			'info1' => '<ul>
<li><b>Revolutionary:</b> Only 10,000 cells needed for complete ChIP-seq procedure</li>
<li><b>Validated on</b> studies for histone marks</li>
<li><b>Automated protocol </b>for the IP-Star<sup>&reg;</sup> Compact Automated Platform available</li>
</ul>
<p></p>
<p>The True MicroChIP-seq kit protocol has been optimized for the use of 10,000 - 100,000 cells per immunoprecipitation reaction. Regarding chromatin immunoprecipitation, three protocol variants have been optimized:<br />starting with a batch, starting with an individual sample and starting with the FACS-sorted cells.</p>
<div><button id="readmorebtn" style="background-color: #b02736; color: white; border-radius: 5px; border: none; padding: 5px;">Show Workflow</button></div>
<p><br /> <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/kits/workflow-microchip.png" id="workflowchip" class="hidden" width="600px" /></p>
<p>
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<div class="carrousel" style="background-position: center;">
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<div class="row" style="background: rgba(255,255,255,0.1);">
<div class="large-12 columns truemicro-slider" id="truemicro-slider">
<div>
<h3>High efficiency ChIP on 10,000 cells</h3>
<div class="large-10 small-12 medium-10 large-centered medium-centered small-centered columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/kits/true-micro-chip-histone-results.png" width="800px" /></div>
<div class="large-10 small-12 medium-10 large-centered medium-centered small-centered columns"><center>
<p><small><strong>Figure 1.&nbsp;</strong>ChIP efficiency on 10,000 cells. ChIP was performed on human Hela cells using the Diagenode antibodies <a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/p/h3k4me3-polyclonal-antibody-premium-50-ug-50-ul">H3K4me3</a> (Cat. No. C15410003), <a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/p/h3k27ac-polyclonal-antibody-classic-50-mg-42-ml">H3K27ac</a> (C15410174), <a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/p/h3k9me3-polyclonal-antibody-classic-50-ug">H3K9me3</a> (C15410056) and <a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/p/h3k27me3-polyclonal-antibody-classic-50-mg-34-ml">H3K27me3</a> (C15410069). Sheared chromatin from 10,000 cells and 0.1 &micro;g (H3K27ac), 0.25 &micro;g (H3K4me3 and H3K27me3) or 0.5 &micro;g (H3K9me3) of the antibody were used per IP. Corresponding amount of IgG was used as control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers for corresponding positive and negative loci. Figure shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis).</small></p>
</center></div>
</div>
<div>
<h3>True MicroChIP-seq protocol in a combination with MicroPlex library preparation kit results in reliable and accurate sequencing data</h3>
<div class="large-10 small-12 medium-10 large-centered medium-centered small-centered columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/kits/fig2-truemicro.jpg" alt="True MicroChip results" width="800px" /></div>
<div class="large-10 small-12 medium-10 large-centered medium-centered small-centered columns"><center>
<p><small><strong>Figure 2.</strong> Integrative genomics viewer (IGV) visualization of ChIP-seq experiments using 50.000 of K562 cells. ChIP has been performed accordingly to True MicroChIP protocol followed by the library preparation using MicroPlex Library Preparation Kit (C05010001). The above figure shows the peaks from ChIP-seq experiments using the following antibodies: H3K4me1 (C15410194), H3K9/14ac (C15410200), H3K27ac (C15410196) and H3K36me3 (C15410192).</small></p>
</center></div>
</div>
<div>
<h3>Successful chromatin profiling from 10.000 of FACS-sorted cells</h3>
<div class="large-10 small-12 medium-10 large-centered medium-centered small-centered columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/kits/fig3ab-truemicro.jpg" alt="small non coding RNA" width="800px" /></div>
<div class="large-10 small-12 medium-10 large-centered medium-centered small-centered columns"><center>
<p><small><strong>Figure 3.</strong> (A) Integrative genomics viewer (IGV) visualization of ChIP-seq experiments and heatmap 3kb upstream and downstream of the TSS (B) for H3K4me3. ChIP has been performed using 10.000 of FACS-sorted cells (K562) and H3K4me3 antibody (C15410003) accordingly to True MicroChIP protocol followed by the library preparation using MicroPlex Library Preparation Kit (C05010001). Data were compared to ENCODE standards.</small></p>
</center></div>
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<p>
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			'label2' => 'Additional solutions compatible with the True MicroChIP-seq Kit',
			'info2' => '<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The <a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/p/chromatin-shearing-optimization-kit-high-sds-100-million-cells">Chromatin EasyShear Kit &ndash; High SDS</a></span><span style="font-weight: 400;">&nbsp;Recommended for the optimizing chromatin shearing.</span></p>
<p><a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/categories/chip-seq-grade-antibodies"><span style="font-weight: 400;">ChIP-seq grade antibodies</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> for high yields, specificity, and sensitivity.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Check the list of available </span><a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/categories/primer-pairs"><span style="font-weight: 400;">primer pairs</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> designed for high specificity to specific genomic regions.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">For library preparation of immunoprecipitated samples we recommend to use the </span><b>&nbsp;</b><a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/categories/library-preparation-for-ChIP-seq"><span style="font-weight: 400;">MicroPlex Library Preparation Kit</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> - validated for library preparation from picogram inputs.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">For IP-Star Automation users, check out the </span><a href="https://www.diagenode.com/en/p/auto-true-microchip-kit-16-rxns"><span style="font-weight: 400;">automated version</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> of this kit.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Application note: </span><a href="https://www.diagenode.com/files/application_notes/Diagenode_AATI_Joint.pdf"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Best Workflow Practices for ChIP-seq Analysis with Small Samples</span></a></p>
<p></p>',
			'label3' => 'Species, cell lines, tissues tested',
			'info3' => '<p>The True MicroChIP-seq kit is compatible with a broad variety of cell lines, tissues and species - some examples are shown below. Other species / cell lines / tissues can be used with this kit.</p>
<p><strong>Cell lines:</strong></p>
<p>Bovine: blastocysts,<br />Drosophila: embryos, salivary glands<br />Human: EndoC-ẞH1 cells, HeLa cells, PBMC, urothelial cells<br />Mouse: adipocytes, B cells, blastocysts, pre-B cells, BMDM cells, chondrocytes, embryonic stem cells, KH2 cells, LSK cells, macrophages, MEP cells, microglia, NK cells, oocytes, pancreatic cells, P19Cl6 cells, RPE cells,</p>
<p>Other cell lines / species: compatible, not tested</p>
<p><strong>Tissues:</strong></p>
<p>Horse: adipose tissue</p>
<p>Mice: intestine tissue</p>
<p>Other tissues: not tested</p>',
			'format' => '20 rxns',
			'catalog_number' => 'C01010132',
			'old_catalog_number' => 'C01010130',
			'sf_code' => 'C01010132-',
			'type' => 'RFR',
			'search_order' => '04-undefined',
			'price_EUR' => '625',
			'price_USD' => '680',
			'price_GBP' => '575',
			'price_JPY' => '97905',
			'price_CNY' => '',
			'price_AUD' => '1700',
			'country' => 'ALL',
			'except_countries' => 'None',
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			'slug' => 'true-microchip-kit-x16-16-rxns',
			'meta_title' => 'True MicroChIP-seq Kit | Diagenode C01010132',
			'meta_keywords' => '',
			'meta_description' => 'True MicroChIP-seq Kit provides a robust ChIP protocol suitable for the investigation of histone modifications within chromatin from as few as 10 000 cells, including FACS sorted cells. Compatible with ChIP-qPCR as well as ChIP-seq.',
			'modified' => '2023-04-20 16:06:10',
			'created' => '2015-06-29 14:08:20',
			'ProductsRelated' => array(
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			'Image' => array(
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		),
		(int) 3 => array(
			'id' => '2173',
			'antibody_id' => '115',
			'name' => 'H3K4me3 Antibody',
			'description' => '<p><span>Polyclonal antibody raised in rabbit against the region of histone <strong>H3 containing the trimethylated lysine 4</strong> (<strong>H3K4me3</strong>), using a KLH-conjugated synthetic peptide.</span></p>',
			'label1' => 'Validation data',
			'info1' => '<div class="row">
<div class="small-6 columns"><center><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410003-fig1-ChIP.jpg" /></center></div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K4me3</strong><br />ChIP assays were performed using human K562 cells, the Diagenode antibody against H3K4me3 (cat. No. C15410003) and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the iDeal ChIP-seq kit (cat. No. C01010051), using sheared chromatin from 500,000 cells. A titration consisting of 0.5, 1, 2 and 5 &micro;g of antibody per ChIP experiment was analyzed. IgG (1 &micro;g/IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers specific for the promoter of the active genes GAPDH and EIF4A2, used as positive controls, and for the inactive MYOD1 gene and the Sat2 satellite repeat, used as negative controls. Figure 1 shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis). </small></p>
</div>
</div>
<p></p>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns"><center>A.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410003-fig2a-ChIP-seq.jpg" width="800" /></center><center>B.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410003-fig2b-ChIP-seq.jpg" width="800" /></center><center>C.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410003-fig2c-ChIP-seq.jpg" width="800" /></center><center>D.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410003-fig2d-ChIP-seq.jpg" width="800" /></center></div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 2. ChIP-seq results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K4me3</strong><br />ChIP was performed on sheared chromatin from 1 million HeLaS3 cells using 1 &micro;g of the Diagenode antibody against H3K4me3 (cat. No. C15410003) as described above. The IP'd DNA was subsequently analysed on an Illumina Genome Analyzer. Library preparation, cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. The 36 bp tags were aligned to the human genome using the ELAND algorithm. Figure 2 shows the peak distribution along the complete sequence and a 600 kb region of the X-chromosome (figure 2A and B) and in two regions surrounding the GAPDH and EIF4A2 positive control genes, respectively (figure 2C and D). These results clearly show an enrichment of the H3K4 trimethylation at the promoters of active genes.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns"><center>A.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410003-cuttag-a.png" width="800" /></center></div>
<div class="small-12 columns"><center>B.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410003-cuttag-b.png" width="800" /></center></div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 3. Cut&amp;Tag results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K4me3</strong><br />CUT&amp;TAG (Kaya-Okur, H.S., Nat Commun 10, 1930, 2019) was performed on 50,000 K562 cells using 0.5 &micro;g of the Diagenode antibody against H3K4me3 (cat. No. C15410003) and the Diagenode pA-Tn5 transposase (C01070001). The libraries were subsequently analysed on an Illumina NextSeq 500 sequencer (2x75 paired-end reads) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The tags were aligned to the human genome (hg19) using the BWA algorithm. Figure 3 shows the peak distribution in 2 genomic regions surrounding the FOS gene on chromosome 14 and the ACTB gene on chromosome 7 (figure 3A and B, respectively).</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-6 columns"><center><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410003-fig3-ELISA.jpg" width="350" /></center><center></center><center></center><center></center><center></center></div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 4. Determination of the antibody titer</strong><br />To determine the titer of the antibody, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode antibody against H3K4me3 (cat. No. C15410003). The antigen used was a peptide containing the histone modification of interest. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution (Figure 4), the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1:11,000.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-6 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410003-fig4-DB.jpg" /></div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 5. Cross reactivity tests using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K4me3</strong><br />To test the cross reactivity of the Diagenode antibody against H3K4me3 (cat. No. C15410003), a Dot Blot analysis was performed with peptides containing other histone modifications and the unmodified H3K4. One hundred to 0.2 pmol of the respective peptides were spotted on a membrane. The antibody was used at a dilution of 1:2,000. Figure 5A shows a high specificity of the antibody for the modification of interest.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-4 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410003-fig5-WB.jpg" /></div>
<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 6. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K4me3</strong><br />Western blot was performed on whole cell extracts (40 &micro;g, lane 1) from HeLa cells, and on 1 &micro;g of recombinant histone H3 (lane 2) using the Diagenode antibody against H3K4me3 (cat. No. C15410003). The antibody was diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns"><center><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410003-fig6-if.jpg" /></center></div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 7. Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K4me3</strong><br />HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against H3K4me3 (cat. No. C15410003) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 20&rsquo; and blocked with PBS/TX-100 containing 5% normal goat serum. The cells were immunofluorescently labelled with the H3K4me3 antibody (left) diluted 1:200 in blocking solution followed by an anti-rabbit antibody conjugated to Alexa568 or with DAPI (middle), which specifically labels DNA. The right picture shows a merge of both stainings.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
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			'label2' => 'Target Description',
			'info2' => '<p>Histones are the main constituents of the protein part of chromosomes of eukaryotic cells. They are rich in the amino acids arginine and lysine and have been greatly conserved during evolution. Histones pack the DNA into tight masses of chromatin. Two core histones of each class H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assemble and are wrapped by 146 base pairs of DNA to form one octameric nucleosome. Histone tails undergo numerous post-translational modifications, which either directly or indirectly alter chromatin structure to facilitate transcriptional activation or repression or other nuclear processes. In addition to the genetic code, combinations of the different histone modifications reveal the so-called "histone code". Histone methylation and demethylation is dynamically regulated by respectively histone methyl transferases and histone demethylases. Methylation of histone H3K4 is associated with activation of gene transcription.</p>
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			'info3' => '<p></p>
<script src="chrome-extension://hhojmcideegachlhfgfdhailpfhgknjm/web_accessible_resources/index.js"></script>',
			'format' => '50 µg',
			'catalog_number' => 'C15410003',
			'old_catalog_number' => 'pAb-003-050',
			'sf_code' => 'C15410003-D001-000581',
			'type' => 'FRE',
			'search_order' => '03-Antibody',
			'price_EUR' => '480',
			'price_USD' => '470',
			'price_GBP' => '430',
			'price_JPY' => '75190',
			'price_CNY' => '',
			'price_AUD' => '1175',
			'country' => 'ALL',
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			'last_datasheet_update' => 'January 8, 2021',
			'slug' => 'h3k4me3-polyclonal-antibody-premium-50-ug-50-ul',
			'meta_title' => 'H3K4me3 Antibody - ChIP-seq Grade (C15410003) | Diagenode',
			'meta_keywords' => '',
			'meta_description' => 'H3K4me3 (Histone H3 trimethylated at lysine 4) Polyclonal Antibody validated  in ChIP-seq, ChIP-qPCR, CUT&Tag, ELISA, DB, WB and IF. Specificity confirmed by Peptide array. Batch-specific data available on the website. Sample size available.',
			'modified' => '2024-11-19 16:51:19',
			'created' => '2015-06-29 14:08:20',
			'ProductsRelated' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Image' => array(
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		),
		(int) 4 => array(
			'id' => '2264',
			'antibody_id' => '121',
			'name' => 'H3K9me3 Antibody',
			'description' => '<p><span>Polyclonal antibody raised in rabbit against the region of histone<strong> H3 containing the trimethylated lysine 9</strong> (<strong>H3K9me3</strong>), using a KLH-conjugated synthetic peptide.</span></p>',
			'label1' => 'Validation Data',
			'info1' => '<div class="row">
<div class="small-6 columns"><center><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410193-ChIP-Fig1.png" /></center></div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K9me3</strong><br />ChIP assays were performed using human HeLa cells, the Diagenode antibody against H3K9me3 (cat. No. C15410193) and optimized PCR primer sets for qPCR. ChIP was performed on sheared chromatin from 1 million HeLaS3 cells using the &ldquo;iDeal ChIP-seq&rdquo; kit (cat. No. C01010051). A titration of the antibody consisting of 0.5, 1, 2, and 5 &micro;g per ChIP experiment was analysed. IgG (1 &micro;g/IP) was used as negative IP control. QPCR was performed with primers for the heterochromatin marker Sat2 and for the ZNF510 gene, used as positive controls, and for the promoters of the active EIF4A2 and GAPDH genes, used as negative controls. Figure 1 shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis).</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns"><center>A.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410193-ChIP-Fig2a.png" width="700" /></center><center>B.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410193-ChIP-Fig2b.png" width="700" /></center><center>C.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410193-ChIP-Fig2c.png" width="700" /></center><center>D.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410193-ChIP-Fig2d.png" width="700" /></center></div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 2. ChIP-seq results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K9me3</strong><br />ChIP was performed with 0.5 &micro;g of the Diagenode antibody against H3K9me3 (cat. No. C15410193) on sheared chromatin from 1,000,000 HeLa cells using the &ldquo;iDeal ChIP-seq&rdquo; kit as described above. The IP'd DNA was subsequently analysed on an Illumina HiSeq 2000. Library preparation, cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. The 50 bp tags were aligned to the human genome using the BWA algorithm. Figure 2A shows the signal distribution along the long arm of chromosome 19 and a zoomin to an enriched region containing several ZNF repeat genes. The arrows indicate two satellite repeat regions which exhibit a stronger signal. Figures 2B, 2C and 2D show the enrichment along the ZNF510 positive control target and at the H19 and KCNQ1 imprinted genes.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns"><center>A.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410193-CT-Fig3a.png" width="700" /></center><center>B.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410193-CT-Fig3b.png" width="700" /></center></div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 3. Cut&amp;Tag results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K9me3</strong><br />CUT&amp;TAG (Kaya-Okur, H.S., Nat Commun 10, 1930, 2019) was performed on 50,000 K562 cells using 1 &micro;g of the Diagenode antibody against H3K9me3 (cat. No. C15410193) and the Diagenode pA-Tn5 transposase (C01070001). The libraries were subsequently analysed on an Illumina NextSeq 500 sequencer (2x75 paired-end reads) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The tags were aligned to the human genome (hg19) using the BWA algorithm. Figure 3 shows the peak distribution in a genomic regions on chromosome 1 containing several ZNF repeat genes and in a genomic region surrounding the KCNQ1 imprinting control gene on chromosome 11 (figure 3A and B, respectively).</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-6 columns"><center><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410193-Elisa-Fig4.png" /></center></div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 4. Determination of the antibody titer</strong><br />To determine the titer of the antibody, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the antibody directed against human H3K9me3 (cat. No. C15410193) in antigen coated wells. The antigen used was a peptide containing the histone modification of interest. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution (Figure 4), the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1:87,000.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-4 columns"><center><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410193-DB-Fig5.png" /></center></div>
<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 5. Cross reactivity tests using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K9me3</strong><br />A Dot Blot analysis was performed to test the cross reactivity of the Diagenode antibody against H3K9me3 (cat. No. C15410193) with peptides containing other modifications and unmodified sequences of histone H3 and H4. One hundred to 0.2 pmol of the peptide containing the respective histone modification were spotted on a membrane. The antibody was used at a dilution of 1:20,000. Figure 5 shows a high specificity of the antibody for the modification of interest.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-4 columns"><center><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410193-WB-Fig6.png" /></center></div>
<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 6. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K9me3</strong><br />Western blot was performed on whole cell (25 &micro;g, lane 1) and histone extracts (15 &micro;g, lane 2) from HeLa cells, and on 1 &micro;g of recombinant histone H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 (lane 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively) using the Diagenode antibody against H3K9me3 (cat. No. C15410193). The antibody was diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns"><center><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410193-IF-Fig7.png" /></center></div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 7. Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K9me3</strong><br />HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against H3K9me3 (cat. No. C15410193) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 10&rsquo; and blocked with PBS/TX-100 containing 5% normal goat serum and 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labelled with the H3K9me3 antibody (middle) diluted 1:500 in blocking solution followed by an anti-rabbit antibody conjugated to Alexa488. The left panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of both stainings is shown on the right.</small></p>
</div>
</div>',
			'label2' => 'Target Description',
			'info2' => '<p>Histones are the main constituents of the protein part of chromosomes of eukaryotic cells. They are rich in the amino acids arginine and lysine and have been greatly conserved during evolution. Histones pack the DNA into tight masses of chromatin. Two core histones of each class H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assemble and are wrapped by 146 base pairs of DNA to form one octameric nucleosome. Histone tails undergo numerous post-translational modifications, which either directly or indirectly alter chromatin structure to facilitate transcriptional activation or repression or other nuclear processes. In addition to the genetic code, combinations of the different histone modifications reveal the so-called &ldquo;histone code&rdquo;. Histone methylation and demethylation is dynamically regulated by respectively histone methyl transferases and histone demethylases. Trimethylation of histone H3K9 is associated with inactive genomic regions, satellite repeats and ZNF gene repeats.</p>',
			'label3' => '',
			'info3' => '',
			'format' => '50 μg',
			'catalog_number' => 'C15410193',
			'old_catalog_number' => 'pAb-193-050',
			'sf_code' => 'C15410193-D001-000581',
			'type' => 'FRE',
			'search_order' => '03-Antibody',
			'price_EUR' => '480',
			'price_USD' => '470',
			'price_GBP' => '430',
			'price_JPY' => '75190',
			'price_CNY' => '0',
			'price_AUD' => '1175',
			'country' => 'ALL',
			'except_countries' => 'None',
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			'in_stock' => false,
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			'online' => true,
			'master' => true,
			'last_datasheet_update' => 'December 12, 2017',
			'slug' => 'h3k9me3-polyclonal-antibody-premium-50-mg',
			'meta_title' => 'H3K9me3 Antibody - ChIP-seq Grade (C15410193) | Diagenode',
			'meta_keywords' => '',
			'meta_description' => 'H3K9me3  (Histone H3 trimethylated at lysine 9) Polyclonal Antibody validated  in ChIP-seq, ChIP-qPCR, CUT&Tag, ELISA, DB, WB and IF. Specificity confirmed by Peptide array assay. Batch-specific data available on the website. Sample size available.',
			'modified' => '2021-10-20 09:55:53',
			'created' => '2015-06-29 14:08:20',
			'ProductsRelated' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
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			'Image' => array(
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		),
		(int) 5 => array(
			'id' => '2270',
			'antibody_id' => '109',
			'name' => 'H3K27ac Antibody',
			'description' => '<p><span>Polyclonal antibody raised in rabbit against the region of histone <strong>H3 containing the acetylated lysine 27</strong> (<strong>H3K27ac</strong>), using a KLH-conjugated synthetic peptide.</span></p>',
			'label1' => 'Validation Data',
			'info1' => '<div class="row">
<div class="small-6 columns">A.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410196-ChIP-Fig1a.png" width="356" /><br /> B.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410196-ChIP-Fig1b.png" width="356" /></div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27ac</strong></p>
<p>Figure 1A ChIP assays were performed using human HeLa cells, the Diagenode antibody against H3K27ac (Cat. No. C15410196) and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the &ldquo;Auto Histone ChIP-seq&rdquo; kit on the IP-Star automated system, using sheared chromatin from 1,000,000 cells. A titration consisting of 1, 2, 5 and 10 &micro;g of antibody per ChIP experiment was analyzed. IgG (2 &micro;g/IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers for the promoters of the active EIF4A2 and ACTB genes, used as positive controls, and for the inactive TSH2B and MYT1 genes, used as negative controls.</p>
<p>Figure 1B ChIP assays were performed using human K562 cells, the Diagenode antibody against H3K27ac (Cat. No. C15410196)and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the &ldquo;iDeal ChIP-seq&rdquo; kit (Cat. No. C01010051), using sheared chromatin from 100,000 cells. A titration consisting of 0.2, 0.5, 1 and 2 &micro;g of antibody per ChIP experiment was analyzed. IgG (1 &micro;g/IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers for the promoters of the active GAPDH and EIF4A2 genes, used as positive controls, and for the coding regions of the inactive MB and MYT1 genes, used as negative controls. Figure 1 shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis)</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="extra-spaced"></div>
<div class="extra-spaced"></div>
<div class="extra-spaced"></div>
<div class="extra-spaced"></div>
<div class="extra-spaced"></div>
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<div class="extra-spaced"></div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns"><center>
<p>A.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410196-ChIP-Fig2a.png" /></p>
</center><center>
<p>B.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410196-ChIP-Fig2b.png" /></p>
</center><center>
<p>C.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410196-ChIP-Fig2c.png" /></p>
</center></div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><strong>Figure 2. ChIP-seq results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27ac</strong></p>
<p>ChIP was performed on sheared chromatin from 100,000 K562 cells using 1 &micro;g of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27ac (Cat. No. C15410196<span class="label-primary"></span>) as described above. The IP&rsquo;d DNA was subsequently analysed on an Illumina Genome Analyzer. Library preparation, cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer&rsquo;s instructions. The 36 bp tags were aligned to the human genome using the ELAND algorithm. Figure 2A shows the peak distribution along the complete human X-chromosome. Figure 2 B and C show the peak distribution in two regions surrounding the EIF4A2 and GAPDH positive control genes, respectively. The position of the PCR amplicon, used for validating the ChIP assay is indicated with an arrow.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns"><center><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410196-fig3.jpg" /></center></div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><strong>Figure 3. Cut&amp;Tag results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27ac</strong></p>
<p>CUT&amp;TAG (Kaya-Okur, H.S., Nat Commun 10, 1930, 2019) was performed on 50,000 K562 cells using 1 &micro;g of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27ac (cat. No. C15410196) and the Diagenode pA-Tn5 transposase (C01070001). The libraries were subsequently analysed on an Illumina NextSeq 500 sequencer (2x75 paired-end reads) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The tags were aligned to the human genome (hg19) using the BWA algorithm. Figure 3 shows the peak distribution in 2 genomic regions surrounding the EIF2S3 gene on the X-chromosome and the CCT5 gene on chromosome 5 (figure 3A and B, respectively).</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-6 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410196-ELISA-Fig3.png" /></div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><strong>Figure 4. Determination of the antibody titer</strong></p>
<p>To determine the titer of the antibody, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27ac (Cat. No. C15410196<span class="label-primary"></span>). The antigen used was a peptide containing the histone modification of interest. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution (Figure 4), the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1:8,300.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-4 columns"><center><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410196-DB-Fig4.png" /></center></div>
<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><strong>Figure 5. Cross reactivity tests using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27ac</strong><br />To test the cross reactivity of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27ac (Cat. No. C15410196<span class="label-primary"></span>), a Dot Blot analysis was performed with peptides containing other histone modifications and the unmodified H3K27. One hundred to 0.2 pmol of the respective peptides were spotted on a membrane. The antibody was used at a dilution of 1:20,000. Figure 5 shows a high specificity of the antibody for the modification of interest.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-4 columns"><center><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410196-WB-Fig5.png" /></center></div>
<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><strong>Figure 6. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27ac</strong><br />Western blot was performed on whole cell (25 &micro;g, lane 1) and histone extracts (15 &micro;g, lane 2) from HeLa cells, and on 1 &micro;g of recombinant histone H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 (lane 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively) using the Diagenode antibody against H3K27ac (Cat. No. C1541196). The antibody was diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-4 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410196-IF-Fig6.png" /></div>
<div class="small-8 columns">
<p><strong>Figure 7. Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27ac</strong></p>
<p>HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against H3K27ac (Cat. No. C15410196<span class="label-primary"></span>) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 10&rsquo; and blocked with PBS/ TX-100 containing 5% normal goat serum and 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labeled with the H3K27ac antibody (top) diluted 1:500 in blocking solution followed by an anti-rabbit antibody conjugated to Alexa488. The middle panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of the two stainings is shown at the bottom.</p>
</div>
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			'info2' => '<p style="text-align: justify;">Histones are the main constituents of the protein part of chromosomes of eukaryotic cells. They are rich in the amino acids arginine and lysine and have been greatly conserved during evolution. Histones pack the DNA into tight masses of chromatin. Two core histones of each class H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assemble and are wrapped by 146 base pairs of DNA to form one octameric nucleosome. Histone tails undergo numerous post-translational modifications, which either directly or indirectly alter chromatin structure to facilitate transcriptional activation or repression or other nuclear processes. In addition to the genetic code, combinations of the different histone modifications reveal the so-called &ldquo;histone code&rdquo;. Histone methylation and demethylation is dynamically regulated by respectively histone methyl transferases and histone demethylases. Acetylation of histone H3K27 is associated with active promoters and enhancers.</p>',
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			'description' => '<p><strong>Western blot</strong> : The quality of antibodies used in this technique is crucial for correct and specific protein identification. Diagenode offers huge selection of highly sensitive and specific western blot-validated antibodies.</p>
<p>Learn more about: <a href="https://www.diagenode.com/applications/western-blot">Loading control, MW marker visualization</a><em>. <br /></em></p>
<p><em></em>Check our selection of antibodies validated in Western blot.</p>',
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<p>Diagenode offers huge selection of highly sensitive antibodies validated in IF.</p>
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200229-IF.jpg" alt="" height="245" width="256" /></p>
<p><sup><strong>Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against CRISPR/Cas9</strong></sup></p>
<p><sup>HeLa cells transfected with a Cas9 expression vector (left) or untransfected cells (right) were fixed in methanol at -20&deg;C, permeabilized with acetone at -20&deg;C and blocked with PBS containing 2% BSA. The cells were stained with the Cas9 C-terminal antibody (Cat. No. C15200229) diluted 1:400, followed by incubation with an anti-mouse secondary antibody coupled to AF488. The bottom images show counter-staining of the nuclei with Hoechst 33342.</sup></p>
<h5><sup>Check our selection of antibodies validated in IF.</sup></h5>',
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			'meta_description' => 'Diagenode offers a wide range of antibodies and technical support for ChIP Sequencing applications',
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			'meta_description' => 'Diagenode offers a wide range of antibodies and technical support for ChIP-qPCR applications',
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			'description' => '<p><b>Unparalleled ChIP-Seq results with the most rigorously validated antibodies</b></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Diagenode provides leading solutions for epigenetic research. Because ChIP-seq is a widely-used technique, we validate our antibodies in ChIP and ChIP-seq experiments (in addition to conventional methods like Western blot, Dot blot, ELISA, and immunofluorescence) to provide the highest quality antibody. We standardize our validation and production to guarantee high product quality without technical bias. Diagenode guarantees ChIP-seq grade antibody performance under our suggested conditions.</span></p>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 medium-9 large-9 columns">
<p><strong>ChIP-seq profile</strong> of active (H3K4me3 and H3K36me3) and inactive (H3K27me3) marks using Diagenode antibodies.</p>
<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/categories/antibodies/chip-seq-grade-antibodies.png" /></div>
<div class="small-12 medium-3 large-3 columns">
<p><small> ChIP was performed on sheared chromatin from 100,000 K562 cells using iDeal ChIP-seq kit for Histones (cat. No. C01010051) with 1 &micro;g of the Diagenode antibodies against H3K27me3 (cat. No. C15410195) and H3K4me3 (cat. No. C15410003), and 0.5 &micro;g of the antibody against H3K36me3 (cat. No. C15410192). The IP'd DNA was subsequently analysed on an Illumina Genome Analyzer. Library preparation, cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. The 36 bp tags were aligned to the human genome using the ELAND algorithm. The figure shows the signal distribution along the complete sequence of human chromosome 3, a zoomin to a 10 Mb region and a further zoomin to a 1.5 Mb region. </small></p>
</div>
</div>
<p>Diagenode&rsquo;s highly validated antibodies:</p>
<ul>
<li>Highly sensitive and specific</li>
<li>Cost-effective (requires less antibody per reaction)</li>
<li>Batch-specific data is available on the website</li>
<li>Expert technical support</li>
<li>Sample sizes available</li>
<li>100% satisfaction guarantee</li>
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			'name' => 'Histone antibodies',
			'description' => '<p>Histones are the main protein components of chromatin involved in the compaction of DNA into nucleosomes, the basic units of chromatin. A <strong>nucleosome</strong> consists of one pair of each of the core histones (<strong>H2A</strong>, <strong>H2B</strong>, <strong>H3</strong> and <strong>H4</strong>) forming an octameric structure wrapped by 146 base pairs of DNA. The different nucleosomes are linked by the linker histone<strong> H1, </strong>allowing for further condensation of chromatin.</p>
<p>The core histones have a globular structure with large unstructured N-terminal tails protruding from the nucleosome.&nbsp; They can undergo to multiple post-translational modifications (PTM), mainly at the N-terminal tails. These <strong>post-translational modifications </strong>include&nbsp; methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitinylation, citrullination, sumoylation, deamination and crotonylation.&nbsp; The most well characterized PTMs are <strong>methylation,</strong> <strong>acetylation and phosphorylation</strong>. Histone methylation occurs mainly on lysine (K) residues, which can be mono-, di- or tri-methylated, and on arginines (R), which can be mono-methylated and symmetrically or asymmetrically di-methylated. Histone acetylation occurs on lysines and histone phosphorylation mainly on serines (S), threonines (T) and tyrosines (Y).</p>
<p>The PTMs of the different residues are involved in numerous processes such as DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosome condensation. They influence the chromatin organization and can be positively or negatively associated with gene expression. Trimethylation of H3K4, H3K36 and H3K79, and lysine acetylation generally result in an open chromatin configuration (figure below) and are therefore associated with <strong>euchromatin</strong> and gene activation. Trimethylation of H3K9, K3K27 and H4K20, on the other hand, is enriched in <strong>heterochromatin </strong>and associated with gene silencing. The combination of different histone modifications is called the "<strong>histone code</strong>&rdquo;, analogous to the genetic code.</p>
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/categories/antibodies/histone-marks-illustration.png" /></p>
<p>Diagenode is proud to offer a large range of antibodies against histones and histone modifications. Our&nbsp; antibodies are highly specific and have been validated in many applications, including <strong>ChIP</strong> and <strong>ChIP-seq</strong>.</p>
<p>Diagenode&rsquo;s collection includes antibodies recognizing:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Histone H1 variants</strong></li>
<li><strong>Histone H2A, H2A variants and histone H2A</strong> <strong>modifications</strong> (serine phosphorylation, lysine acetylation, lysine ubiquitinylation)</li>
<li><strong>Histone H2B and H2B</strong> <strong>modifications </strong>(serine phosphorylation, lysine acetylation)</li>
<li><strong>Histone H3 and H3 modifications </strong>(lysine methylation (mono-, di- and tri-methylated), lysine acetylation, serine phosphorylation, threonine phosphorylation, arginine methylation (mono-methylated, symmetrically and asymmetrically di-methylated))</li>
<li><strong>Histone H4 and H4 modifications (</strong>lysine methylation (mono-, di- and tri-methylated), lysine acetylation, arginine methylation (mono-methylated and symmetrically di-methylated), serine phosphorylation )</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>HDAC's HAT's, HMT's and other</strong> <strong>enzymes</strong> which modify histones can be found in the category <a href="../categories/chromatin-modifying-proteins-histone-transferase">Histone modifying enzymes</a><br /></span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Diagenode&rsquo;s highly validated antibodies:</span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Highly sensitive and specific</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cost-effective (requires less antibody per reaction)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Batch-specific data is available on the website</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Expert technical support</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sample sizes available</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 100% satisfaction guarantee</span></li>
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			'description' => '<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">All Diagenode&rsquo;s antibodies are listed below. Please, use our Quick search field to find the antibody of interest by target name, application, purity.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Diagenode&rsquo;s highly validated antibodies:</span></p>
<ul>
<li>Highly sensitive and specific</li>
<li>Cost-effective (requires less antibody per reaction)</li>
<li>Batch-specific data is available on the website</li>
<li>Expert technical support</li>
<li>Sample sizes available</li>
<li>100% satisfaction guarantee</li>
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			'name' => 'ChIP-grade antibodies',
			'description' => '<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns"><center></center>
<p><br />Chromatin immunoprecipitation (<b>ChIP</b>) is a technique to study the associations of proteins with the specific genomic regions in intact cells. One of the most important steps of this protocol is the immunoprecipitation of targeted protein using the antibody specifically recognizing it. The quality of antibodies used in ChIP is essential for the success of the experiment. Diagenode offers extensively validated ChIP-grade antibodies, confirmed for their specificity, and high level of performance in ChIP. Each batch is validated, and batch-specific data are available on the website.</p>
<p></p>
</div>
</div>
<p><strong>ChIP results</strong> obtained with the antibody directed against H3K4me3 (Cat. No. <a href="../p/h3k4me3-polyclonal-antibody-premium-50-ug-50-ul">C15410003</a>).&nbsp;</p>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 medium-6 large-6 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410003-fig1-ChIP.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="315" />&nbsp;</div>
<div class="small-12 medium-6 large-6 columns">
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
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<p></p>
<p>Our aim at Diagenode is to offer the largest collection of highly specific <strong>ChIP-grade antibodies</strong>. We add new antibodies monthly. Find your ChIP-grade antibody in the list below and check more information about tested applications, extensive validation data, and product information.</p>',
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			'name' => 'Datasheet H3K27me3 C15410069',
			'description' => '<p><span>Polyclonal antibody raised in rabbit against against histone H3, trimethylated at lysine 27 (H3K27me3), using a KLH-conjugated synthetic peptide.</span></p>',
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			'type' => 'Datasheet',
			'url' => 'files/products/antibodies/Datasheet_H3K27me3_C15410069.pdf',
			'slug' => 'datasheet-h3k27me3-C15410069',
			'meta_keywords' => '',
			'meta_description' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-11-23 17:18:02',
			'created' => '2015-07-07 11:47:43',
			'ProductsDocument' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 1 => array(
			'id' => '38',
			'name' => 'Epigenetic Antibodies Brochure',
			'description' => '<p>More than in any other immuoprecipitation assays, quality antibodies are critical tools in many epigenetics experiments. Since 10 years, Diagenode has developed the most stringent quality production available on the market for antibodies exclusively focused on epigenetic uses. All our antibodies have been qualified to work in epigenetic applications.</p>',
			'image_id' => null,
			'type' => 'Brochure',
			'url' => 'files/brochures/Epigenetic_Antibodies_Brochure.pdf',
			'slug' => 'epigenetic-antibodies-brochure',
			'meta_keywords' => '',
			'meta_description' => '',
			'modified' => '2016-06-15 11:24:06',
			'created' => '2015-07-03 16:05:27',
			'ProductsDocument' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 2 => array(
			'id' => '11',
			'name' => 'Antibodies you can trust',
			'description' => '<p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Epigenetic research tools have evolved over time from endpoint PCR to qPCR to the analyses of large sets of genome-wide sequencing data. ChIP sequencing (ChIP-seq) has now become the gold standard method for chromatin studies, given the accuracy and coverage scale of the approach over other methods. Successful ChIP-seq, however, requires a higher level of experimental accuracy and consistency in all steps of ChIP than ever before. Particularly crucial is the quality of ChIP antibodies. </span></p>',
			'image_id' => null,
			'type' => 'Poster',
			'url' => 'files/posters/Antibodies_you_can_trust_Poster.pdf',
			'slug' => 'antibodies-you-can-trust-poster',
			'meta_keywords' => '',
			'meta_description' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-10-01 20:18:31',
			'created' => '2015-07-03 16:05:15',
			'ProductsDocument' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		)
	),
	'Feature' => array(),
	'Image' => array(
		(int) 0 => array(
			'id' => '1783',
			'name' => 'product/antibodies/chipseq-grade-ab-icon.png',
			'alt' => 'ChIP-seq Grade',
			'modified' => '2020-11-27 07:04:40',
			'created' => '2018-03-15 15:54:09',
			'ProductsImage' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		)
	),
	'Promotion' => array(),
	'Protocol' => array(),
	'Publication' => array(
		(int) 0 => array(
			'id' => '4952',
			'name' => 'Epigenetic alterations affecting hematopoietic regulatory networks as drivers of mixed myeloid/lymphoid leukemia',
			'authors' => 'Roger Mulet-Lazaro et al.',
			'description' => '<p><span>Leukemias with ambiguous lineage comprise several loosely defined entities, often without a clear mechanistic basis. Here, we extensively profile the epigenome and transcriptome of a subgroup of such leukemias with CpG Island Methylator Phenotype. These leukemias exhibit comparable hybrid myeloid/lymphoid epigenetic landscapes, yet heterogeneous genetic alterations, suggesting they are defined by their shared epigenetic profile rather than common genetic lesions. Gene expression enrichment reveals similarity with early T-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia and a lymphoid progenitor cell of origin. In line with this, integration of differential DNA methylation and gene expression shows widespread silencing of myeloid transcription factors. Moreover, binding sites for hematopoietic transcription factors, including CEBPA, SPI1 and LEF1, are uniquely inaccessible in these leukemias. Hypermethylation also results in loss of CTCF binding, accompanied by changes in chromatin interactions involving key transcription factors. In conclusion, epigenetic dysregulation, and not genetic lesions, explains the mixed phenotype of this group of leukemias with ambiguous lineage. The data collected here constitute a useful and comprehensive epigenomic reference for subsequent studies of acute myeloid leukemias, T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias and mixed-phenotype leukemias.</span></p>',
			'date' => '2024-07-07',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-49811-y',
			'doi' => 'https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-49811-y',
			'modified' => '2024-07-10 12:21:42',
			'created' => '2024-07-10 12:21:42',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 1 => array(
			'id' => '4945',
			'name' => 'Master corepressor inactivation through multivalent SLiM-induced polymerization mediated by the oncogene suppressor RAI2',
			'authors' => 'Goradia N. et al.',
			'description' => '<p><span>While the elucidation of regulatory mechanisms of folded proteins is facilitated due to their amenability to high-resolution structural characterization, investigation of these mechanisms in disordered proteins is more challenging due to their structural heterogeneity, which can be captured by a variety of biophysical approaches. Here, we used the transcriptional master corepressor CtBP, which binds the putative metastasis suppressor RAI2 through repetitive SLiMs, as a model system. Using cryo-electron microscopy embedded in an integrative structural biology approach, we show that RAI2 unexpectedly induces CtBP polymerization through filaments of stacked tetrameric CtBP layers. These filaments lead to RAI2-mediated CtBP nuclear foci and relieve its corepressor function in RAI2-expressing cancer cells. The impact of RAI2-mediated CtBP loss-of-function is illustrated by the analysis of a diverse cohort of prostate cancer patients, which reveals a substantial decrease in RAI2 in advanced treatment-resistant cancer subtypes. As RAI2-like SLiM motifs are found in a wide range of organisms, including pathogenic viruses, our findings serve as a paradigm for diverse functional effects through multivalent interaction-mediated polymerization by disordered proteins in healthy and diseased conditions.</span></p>',
			'date' => '2024-06-19',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-49488-3',
			'doi' => 'https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-49488-3',
			'modified' => '2024-06-24 17:11:37',
			'created' => '2024-06-24 17:11:37',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 2 => array(
			'id' => '4950',
			'name' => 'Master corepressor inactivation through multivalent SLiM-induced polymerization mediated by the oncogene suppressor RAI2',
			'authors' => 'Nishit Goradia et al.',
			'description' => '<p><span>While the elucidation of regulatory mechanisms of folded proteins is facilitated due to their amenability to high-resolution structural characterization, investigation of these mechanisms in disordered proteins is more challenging due to their structural heterogeneity, which can be captured by a variety of biophysical approaches. Here, we used the transcriptional master corepressor CtBP, which binds the putative metastasis suppressor RAI2 through repetitive SLiMs, as a model system. Using cryo-electron microscopy embedded in an integrative structural biology approach, we show that RAI2 unexpectedly induces CtBP polymerization through filaments of stacked tetrameric CtBP layers. These filaments lead to RAI2-mediated CtBP nuclear foci and relieve its corepressor function in RAI2-expressing cancer cells. The impact of RAI2-mediated CtBP loss-of-function is illustrated by the analysis of a diverse cohort of prostate cancer patients, which reveals a substantial decrease in RAI2 in advanced treatment-resistant cancer subtypes. As RAI2-like SLiM motifs are found in a wide range of organisms, including pathogenic viruses, our findings serve as a paradigm for diverse functional effects through multivalent interaction-mediated polymerization by disordered proteins in healthy and diseased conditions.</span></p>',
			'date' => '2024-06-19',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-49488-3',
			'doi' => ' https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-49488-3',
			'modified' => '2024-07-04 15:50:54',
			'created' => '2024-07-04 15:50:54',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 3 => array(
			'id' => '4791',
			'name' => 'Distinct regulation of EZH2 and its repressive H3K27me3 mark inPolyomavirus -positive and -negative Merkel cell carcinoma.',
			'authors' => 'Durand  M-A et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an aggressive skin cancer for which Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) integration and expression of viral oncogenes small T and Large T have been identified as major oncogenic determinants. Recently, a component of the PRC2 complex, the histone methyltransferase EZH2 that induces H3K27 tri-methylation as a repressive mark has been proposed as a potential therapeutic target in MCC. Since divergent results have been reported for the levels of EZH2 and H3K27me3, we analyzed these factors in a large MCC cohort to identify the molecular determinants of EZH2 activity in MCC and to establish MCC cell lines sensitivity to EZH2 inhibitors. Immunohistochemical expression of EZH2 was observed in 92\% of MCC tumors (156/170) with higher expression levels in virus-positive than virus-negative tumors (p= 0.026). For the latter, we demonstrated overexpression of EZHIP, a negative regulator of the PRC2 complex. In vitro, ectopic expression of the Large T antigen in fibroblasts led to the induction of EZH2 expression while knockdown of T antigens in MCC cell lines resulted in decreased EZH2 expression. EZH2 inhibition led to selective cytotoxicity on virus-positive MCC cell lines. This study highlights the distinct mechanisms of EZH2 induction between virus-negative and -positive MCC.</p>',
			'date' => '2023-04-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37037414',
			'doi' => '10.1016/j.jid.2023.02.038',
			'modified' => '2023-06-12 09:05:58',
			'created' => '2023-05-05 12:34:24',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 4 => array(
			'id' => '4605',
			'name' => 'Gene Regulatory Interactions at Lamina-Associated Domains',
			'authors' => 'Madsen-Østerbye  J. et al.',
			'description' => '<p>The nuclear lamina provides a repressive chromatin environment at the nuclear periphery. However, whereas most genes in lamina-associated domains (LADs) are inactive, over ten percent reside in local euchromatic contexts and are expressed. How these genes are regulated and whether they are able to interact with regulatory elements remain unclear. Here, we integrate publicly available enhancer-capture Hi-C data with our own chromatin state and transcriptomic datasets to show that inferred enhancers of active genes in LADs are able to form connections with other enhancers within LADs and outside LADs. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses show proximity changes between differentially expressed genes in LADs and distant enhancers upon the induction of adipogenic differentiation. We also provide evidence of involvement of lamin A/C, but not lamin B1, in repressing genes at the border of an in-LAD active region within a topological domain. Our data favor a model where the spatial topology of chromatin at the nuclear lamina is compatible with gene expression in this dynamic nuclear compartment.</p>',
			'date' => '2023-01-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fgenes14020334',
			'doi' => '10.3390/genes14020334',
			'modified' => '2023-04-04 08:57:32',
			'created' => '2023-02-21 09:59:46',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 5 => array(
			'id' => '4454',
			'name' => 'Histone lysine demethylase inhibition reprograms prostate cancermetabolism and mechanics.',
			'authors' => 'Chianese  Ugo and Papulino  Chiara and Passaro  Eugenia andEvers  Tom Mj and Babaei  Mehrad and Toraldo  Antonella andDe Marchi  Tommaso and Niméus  Emma and Carafa  Vincenzo andNicoletti  Maria Maddalena and Del Gaudio  Nunzio andIaccarino  Nunzia an',
			'description' => '<p>OBJECTIVE: Aberrant activity of androgen receptor (AR) is the primary cause underlying development and progression of prostate cancer (PCa) and castration-resistant PCa (CRPC). Androgen signaling regulates gene transcription and lipid metabolism, facilitating tumor growth and therapy resistance in early and advanced PCa. Although direct AR signaling inhibitors exist, AR expression and function can also be epigenetically regulated. Specifically, lysine (K)-specific demethylases (KDMs), which are often overexpressed in PCa and CRPC phenotypes, regulate the AR transcriptional program. METHODS: We investigated LSD1/UTX inhibition, two KDMs, in PCa and CRPC using a multi-omics approach. We first performed a mitochondrial stress test to evaluate respiratory capacity after treatment with MC3324, a dual KDM-inhibitor, and then carried out lipidomic, proteomic, and metabolic analyses. We also investigated mechanical cellular properties with acoustic force spectroscopy. RESULTS: MC3324 induced a global increase in H3K4me2 and H3K27me3 accompanied by significant growth arrest and apoptosis in androgen-responsive and -unresponsive PCa systems. LSD1/UTX inhibition downregulated AR at both transcriptional and non-transcriptional level, showing cancer selectivity, indicating its potential use in resistance to androgen deprivation therapy. Since MC3324 impaired metabolic activity, by modifying the protein and lipid content in PCa and CRPC cell lines. Epigenetic inhibition of LSD1/UTX disrupted mitochondrial ATP production and mediated lipid plasticity, which affected the phosphocholine class, an important structural element for the cell membrane in PCa and CRPC associated with changes in physical and mechanical properties of cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest a network in which epigenetics, hormone signaling, metabolite availability, lipid content, and mechano-metabolic process are closely related. This network may be able to identify additional hotspots for pharmacological intervention and underscores the key role of KDM-mediated epigenetic modulation in PCa and CRPC.</p>',
			'date' => '2022-08-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35944897',
			'doi' => '10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101561',
			'modified' => '2022-10-21 09:37:56',
			'created' => '2022-09-28 09:53:13',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 6 => array(
			'id' => '4514',
			'name' => 'Histone H3K36me2 and H3K36me3 form a chromatin platform essentialfor DNMT3A-dependent DNA methylation in mouse oocytes.',
			'authors' => 'Yano  Seiichi at al.',
			'description' => '<p>Establishment of the DNA methylation landscape of mammalian oocytes, mediated by the DNMT3A-DNMT3L complex, is crucial for reproduction and development. In mouse oocytes, high levels of DNA methylation occur exclusively in the transcriptionally active regions, with moderate to low levels of methylation in other regions. Histone H3K36me3 mediates the high levels of methylation in the transcribed regions; however, it is unknown which histone mark guides the methylation in the other regions. Here, we show that, in mouse oocytes, H3K36me2 is highly enriched in the X chromosome and is broadly distributed across all autosomes. Upon H3K36me2 depletion, DNA methylation in moderately methylated regions is selectively affected, and a methylation pattern unique to the X chromosome is switched to an autosome-like pattern. Furthermore, we find that simultaneous depletion of H3K36me2 and H3K36me3 results in global hypomethylation, comparable to that of DNMT3A depletion. Therefore, the two histone marks jointly provide the chromatin platform essential for guiding DNMT3A-dependent DNA methylation in mouse oocytes.</p>',
			'date' => '2022-08-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35922445',
			'doi' => '10.1038/s41467-022-32141-2',
			'modified' => '2022-11-24 08:41:31',
			'created' => '2022-11-15 09:26:20',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 7 => array(
			'id' => '4417',
			'name' => 'HOTAIR interacts with PRC2 complex regulating the regional preadipocytetranscriptome and human fat distribution.',
			'authors' => 'Kuo  Feng-Chih et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Mechanisms governing regional human adipose tissue (AT) development remain undefined. Here, we show that the long non-coding RNA HOTAIR (HOX transcript antisense RNA) is exclusively expressed in gluteofemoral AT, where it is essential for adipocyte development. We find that HOTAIR interacts with polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) and we identify core HOTAIR-PRC2 target genes involved in adipocyte lineage determination. Repression of target genes coincides with PRC2 promoter occupancy and H3K27 trimethylation. HOTAIR is also involved in modifying the gluteal adipocyte transcriptome through alternative splicing. Gluteal-specific expression of HOTAIR is maintained by defined regions of open chromatin across the HOTAIR promoter. HOTAIR expression levels can be modified by hormonal (estrogen, glucocorticoids) and genetic variation (rs1443512 is a HOTAIR eQTL associated with reduced gynoid fat mass). These data identify HOTAIR as a dynamic regulator of the gluteal adipocyte transcriptome and epigenome with functional importance for human regional AT development.</p>',
			'date' => '2022-07-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35905723',
			'doi' => '10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111136',
			'modified' => '2022-09-27 14:41:23',
			'created' => '2022-09-08 16:32:20',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 8 => array(
			'id' => '4220',
			'name' => 'Effects of GSK-J4 on JMJD3 Histone Demethylase in Mouse Prostate Cancer Xenografts',
			'authors' => 'Sanchez A. et al.',
			'description' => '<p><strong class="sub-title">Background/aim:<span>&nbsp;</span></strong>Histone methylation status is required to control gene expression. H3K27me3 is an epigenetic tri-methylation modification to histone H3 controlled by the demethylase JMJD3. JMJD3 is dysregulated in a wide range of cancers and has been shown to control the expression of a specific growth-modulatory gene signature, making it an interesting candidate to better understand prostate tumor progression in vivo. This study aimed to identify the impact of JMJD3 inhibition by its inhibitor, GSK4, on prostate tumor growth in vivo.</p>
<p><strong class="sub-title">Materials and methods:<span>&nbsp;</span></strong>Prostate cancer cell lines were implanted into Balb/c nude male mice. The effects of the selective JMJD3 inhibitor GSK-J4 on tumor growth were analyzed by bioluminescence assays and H3K27me3-regulated changes in gene expression were analyzed by ChIP-qPCR and RT-qPCR.</p>
<p><strong class="sub-title">Results:<span>&nbsp;</span></strong>JMJD3 inhibition contributed to an increase in tumor growth in androgen-independent (AR-) xenografts and a decrease in androgen-dependent (AR+). GSK-J4 treatment modulated H3K27me3 enrichment on the gene panel in DU-145-luc xenografts while it had little effect on PC3-luc and no effect on LNCaP-luc. Effects of JMJD3 inhibition affected the panel gene expression.</p>
<p><strong class="sub-title">Conclusion:<span>&nbsp;</span></strong>JMJD3 has a differential effect in prostate tumor progression according to AR status. Our results suggest that JMJD3 is able to play a role independently of its demethylase function in androgen-independent prostate cancer. The effects of GSK-J4 on AR+ prostate xenografts led to a decrease in tumor growth.</p>',
			'date' => '2022-05-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35430567/',
			'doi' => '10.21873/cgp.20324',
			'modified' => '2022-04-21 11:54:21',
			'created' => '2022-04-21 11:54:21',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 9 => array(
			'id' => '4221',
			'name' => 'Epigenetic Mechanisms Mediating Cell State Transitions in Chondrocytes',
			'authors' => 'Wuelling M. et al.',
			'description' => '<p><span>Epigenetic modifications play critical roles in regulating cell lineage differentiation, but the epigenetic mechanisms guiding specific differentiation steps within a cell lineage have rarely been investigated. To decipher such mechanisms, we used the defined transition from proliferating (PC) into hypertrophic chondrocytes (HC) during endochondral ossification as a model. We established a map of activating and repressive histone modifications for each cell type. ChromHMM state transition analysis and Pareto-based integration of differential levels of mRNA and epigenetic marks revealed that differentiation-associated gene repression is initiated by the addition of H3K27me3 to promoters still carrying substantial levels of activating marks. Moreover, the integrative analysis identified genes specifically expressed in cells undergoing the transition into hypertrophy. Investigation of enhancer profiles detected surprising differences in enhancer number, location, and transcription factor binding sites between the two closely related cell types. Furthermore, cell type-specific upregulation of gene expression was associated with increased numbers of H3K27ac peaks. Pathway analysis identified PC-specific enhancers associated with chondrogenic genes, whereas HC-specific enhancers mainly control metabolic pathways linking epigenetic signature to biological functions. Since HC-specific enhancers show a higher conservation in postnatal tissues, the switch to metabolic pathways seems to be a hallmark of differentiated tissues. Surprisingly, the analysis of H3K27ac levels at super-enhancers revealed a rapid adaption of H3K27ac occupancy to changes in gene expression, supporting the importance of enhancer modulation for acute alterations in gene expression. &copy; 2021 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).</span></p>',
			'date' => '2022-05-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33534175/',
			'doi' => '10.1002/jbmr.4263',
			'modified' => '2022-04-25 11:46:32',
			'created' => '2022-04-21 12:00:53',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 10 => array(
			'id' => '4227',
			'name' => 'Epigenetic integrity of paternal imprints enhances the developmental
potential of androgenetic haploid embryonic stem cells.',
			'authors' => 'Zhang, Hongling and Li, Yuanyuan and Ma, Yongjian and Lai,
Chongping and Yu, Qian and Shi, Guangyong and Li, Jinsong',
			'description' => 'The use of two inhibitors of Mek1/2 and Gsk3β (2i) promotes the
generation of mouse diploid and haploid embryonic stem cells (ESCs) from
the inner cell mass of biparental and uniparental blastocysts,
respectively. However, a system enabling long-term maintenance of
imprints in ESCs has proven challenging. Here, we report that the use
of a two-step a2i (alternative two inhibitors of Src and Gsk3β,
TSa2i) derivation/culture protocol results in the establishment of
androgenetic haploid ESCs (AG-haESCs) with stable DNA methylation
at paternal DMRs (differentially DNA methylated regions) up to passage
60 that can efficiently support generating mice upon oocyte injection. We
also show coexistence of H3K9me3 marks and ZFP57 bindings with intact
DMR methylations. Furthermore, we demonstrate that TSa2i-treated
AG-haESCs are a heterogeneous cell population regarding paternal DMR
methylation. Strikingly, AG-haESCs with late passages display
increased paternal-DMR methylations and improved developmental potential
compared to early-passage cells, in part through the enhanced proliferation
of H19-DMR hypermethylated cells. Together, we establish
AG-haESCs that can long-term maintain paternal imprints.',
			'date' => '2022-02-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13238-021-00890-3',
			'doi' => '10.1007/s13238-021-00890-3',
			'modified' => '2022-05-19 10:41:50',
			'created' => '2022-05-19 10:41:50',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 11 => array(
			'id' => '4367',
			'name' => 'Cell-type specific transcriptional networks in root xylem adjacent celllayers',
			'authors' => 'Asensi Fabado  Maria Amparo et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Transport of water, ions and signals from roots to leaves via the xylem vessels is essential for plant life and needs to be tightly regulated. The final composition of the transpiration stream before passage into the shoots is controlled by the xylem-adjacent cell layers, namely xylem parenchyma and pericycle, in the upper part of the root. To unravel regulatory networks in this strategically important location, we generated Arabidopsis lines expressing a nuclear tag under the control of the HKT1 promoter. HKT1 retrieves sodium from the xylem to prevent toxic levels in the shoot, and this function depends on its specific expression in upper root xylem-adjacent tissues. Based on FACS RNA-sequencing and INTACT ChIP-sequencing, we identified the gene repertoire that is preferentially expressed in the tagged cell types and discovered transcription factors experiencing cell-type specific loss of H3K27me3 demethylation. For one of these, ZAT6, we show that H3K27me3-demethylase REF6 is required for de-repression. Analysis of zat6 mutants revealed that ZAT6 activates a suite of cell-type specific downstream genes and restricts Na+ accumulation in the shoots. The combined Files open novel opportunities for &lsquo;bottom-up&rsquo; causal dissection of cell-type specific regulatory networks that control root-to-shoot communication under environmental challenge.</p>',
			'date' => '2022-02-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://doi.org/10.1101%2F2022.02.04.479129',
			'doi' => '10.1101/2022.02.04.479129',
			'modified' => '2022-08-04 16:17:32',
			'created' => '2022-08-04 14:55:36',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 12 => array(
			'id' => '4326',
			'name' => 'Loss of KMT2C reprograms the epigenomic landscape in hPSCsresulting in NODAL overexpression and a failure of hemogenic endotheliumspecification.',
			'authors' => 'Maurya Shailendra et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Germline or somatic variation in the family of KMT2 lysine methyltransferases have been associated with a variety of congenital disorders and cancers. Notably, -fusions are prevalent in 70\% of infant leukaemias but fail to phenocopy short latency leukaemogenesis in mammalian models, suggesting additional factors are necessary for transformation. Given the lack of additional somatic mutation, the role of epigenetic regulation in cell specification, and our prior results of germline variation in infant leukaemia patients, we hypothesized that germline dysfunction of KMT2C altered haematopoietic specification. In isogenic KO hPSCs, we found genome-wide differences in histone modifications at active and poised enhancers, leading to gene expression profiles akin to mesendoderm rather than mesoderm highlighted by a significant increase in NODAL expression and WNT inhibition, ultimately resulting in a lack of hemogenic endothelium specification. These unbiased multi-omic results provide new evidence for germline mechanisms increasing risk of early leukaemogenesis.</p>',
			'date' => '2022-01-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15592294.2021.1954780',
			'doi' => '10.1080/15592294.2021.1954780',
			'modified' => '2022-06-20 09:27:45',
			'created' => '2022-05-19 10:41:50',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 13 => array(
			'id' => '4409',
			'name' => 'Effects of GSK-J4 on JMJD3 Histone Demethylase in MouseProstate Cancer Xenografts.',
			'authors' => 'Sanchez  A. et al.',
			'description' => '<p>BACKGROUND/AIM: Histone methylation status is required to control gene expression. H3K27me3 is an epigenetic tri-methylation modification to histone H3 controlled by the demethylase JMJD3. JMJD3 is dysregulated in a wide range of cancers and has been shown to control the expression of a specific growth-modulatory gene signature, making it an interesting candidate to better understand prostate tumor progression in vivo. This study aimed to identify the impact of JMJD3 inhibition by its inhibitor, GSK4, on prostate tumor growth in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prostate cancer cell lines were implanted into Balb/c nude male mice. The effects of the selective JMJD3 inhibitor GSK-J4 on tumor growth were analyzed by bioluminescence assays and H3K27me3-regulated changes in gene expression were analyzed by ChIP-qPCR and RT-qPCR. RESULTS: JMJD3 inhibition contributed to an increase in tumor growth in androgen-independent (AR-) xenografts and a decrease in androgen-dependent (AR+). GSK-J4 treatment modulated H3K27me3 enrichment on the gene panel in DU-145-luc xenografts while it had little effect on PC3-luc and no effect on LNCaP-luc. Effects of JMJD3 inhibition affected the panel gene expression. CONCLUSION: JMJD3 has a differential effect in prostate tumor progression according to AR status. Our results suggest that JMJD3 is able to play a role independently of its demethylase function in androgen-independent prostate cancer. The effects of GSK-J4 on AR+ prostate xenografts led to a decrease in tumor growth.</p>',
			'date' => '2022-01-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35430567',
			'doi' => '10.21873/cgp.20324',
			'modified' => '2022-08-11 15:11:58',
			'created' => '2022-08-11 12:14:50',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 14 => array(
			'id' => '4540',
			'name' => 'Chemokine switch regulated by TGF-β1 in cancer-associated fibroblastsubsets determines the efficacy of chemo-immunotherapy.',
			'authors' => 'Vienot  A. et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Combining immunogenic cell death-inducing chemotherapies and PD-1 blockade can generate remarkable tumor responses. It is now well established that TGF-&beta;1 signaling is a major component of treatment resistance and contributes to the cancer-related immunosuppressive microenvironment. However, whether TGF-&beta;1 remains an obstacle to immune checkpoint inhibitor efficacy when immunotherapy is combined with chemotherapy is still to be determined. Several syngeneic murine models were used to investigate the role of TGF-&beta;1 neutralization on the combinations of immunogenic chemotherapy (FOLFOX: 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin) and anti-PD-1. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) and immune cells were isolated from CT26 and PancOH7 tumor-bearing mice treated with FOLFOX, anti-PD-1 &plusmn;&nbsp;anti-TGF-&beta;1 for bulk and single cell RNA sequencing and characterization. We showed that TGF-&beta;1 neutralization promotes the therapeutic efficacy of FOLFOX and anti-PD-1 combination and induces the recruitment of antigen-specific CD8&nbsp;T cells into the tumor. TGF-&beta;1 neutralization is required in addition to chemo-immunotherapy to promote inflammatory CAF infiltration, a chemokine production switch in CAF leading to decreased CXCL14 and increased CXCL9/10 production and subsequent antigen-specific T cell recruitment. The immune-suppressive effect of TGF-&beta;1 involves an epigenetic mechanism with chromatin remodeling of CXCL9 and CXCL10 promoters within CAF DNA in a G9a and EZH2-dependent fashion. Our results strengthen the role of TGF-&beta;1 in the organization of a tumor microenvironment enriched in myofibroblasts where chromatin remodeling prevents CXCL9/10 production and limits the efficacy of chemo-immunotherapy.</p>',
			'date' => '2022-01-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://doi.org/10.1080%2F2162402x.2022.2144669',
			'doi' => '10.1080/2162402X.2022.2144669',
			'modified' => '2022-11-25 09:01:57',
			'created' => '2022-11-24 08:49:52',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 15 => array(
			'id' => '4283',
			'name' => 'Coordination of EZH2 and SOX2 specifies human neural fate decision.',
			'authors' => 'Zhao Yuan et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Polycomb repressive complexes (PRCs) are essential in mouse gastrulation and specify neural ectoderm in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), but the underlying molecular basis remains unclear. Here in this study, by employing an array of different approaches, such as gene knock-out, RNA-seq, ChIP-seq, et al., we uncover that EZH2, an important PRC factor, specifies the normal neural fate decision through repressing the competing meso/endoderm program. EZH2 hESCs show an aberrant re-activation of meso/endoderm genes during neural induction. At the molecular level, EZH2 represses meso/endoderm genes while SOX2 activates the neural genes to coordinately specify the normal neural fate. Moreover, EZH2 also supports the proliferation of human neural progenitor cells (NPCs) through repressing the aberrant expression of meso/endoderm program during culture. Together, our findings uncover the coordination of epigenetic regulators such as EZH2 and lineage factors like SOX2 in normal neural fate decision.</p>',
			'date' => '2021-09-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34487238',
			'doi' => '10.1186/s13619-021-00092-6',
			'modified' => '2022-05-23 10:10:34',
			'created' => '2022-05-19 10:41:50',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 16 => array(
			'id' => '4170',
			'name' => 'A regulatory variant at 3q21.1 confers an increased pleiotropic risk forhyperglycemia and altered bone mineral density.',
			'authors' => 'Sinnott-Armstrong, Nasa et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Skeletal and glycemic traits have shared etiology, but the underlying genetic factors remain largely unknown. To identify genetic loci that may have pleiotropic effects, we studied Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) for bone mineral density and glycemic traits and identified a bivariate risk locus at 3q21. Using sequence and epigenetic modeling, we prioritized an adenylate cyclase 5 (ADCY5) intronic causal variant, rs56371916. This SNP changes the binding affinity of SREBP1 and leads to differential ADCY5 gene expression, altering the chromatin landscape from poised to repressed. These alterations result in bone- and type 2 diabetes-relevant cell-autonomous changes in lipid metabolism in osteoblasts and adipocytes. We validated our findings by directly manipulating the regulator SREBP1, the target gene ADCY5, and the variant rs56371916, which together imply a novel link between fatty acid oxidation and osteoblast differentiation. Our work, by systematic functional dissection of pleiotropic GWAS loci, represents a framework to uncover biological mechanisms affecting pleiotropic traits.</p>',
			'date' => '2021-03-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33513366',
			'doi' => '10.1016/j.cmet.2021.01.001',
			'modified' => '2021-12-21 15:55:36',
			'created' => '2021-12-06 15:53:19',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 17 => array(
			'id' => '4196',
			'name' => 'Functional annotations of three domestic animal genomes provide vitalresources for comparative and agricultural research.',
			'authors' => 'Kern C. et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Gene regulatory elements are central drivers of phenotypic variation and thus of critical importance towards understanding the genetics of complex traits. The Functional Annotation of Animal Genomes consortium was formed to collaboratively annotate the functional elements in animal genomes, starting with domesticated animals. Here we present an expansive collection of datasets from eight diverse tissues in three important agricultural species: chicken (Gallus gallus), pig (Sus scrofa), and cattle (Bos taurus). Comparative analysis of these datasets and those from the human and mouse Encyclopedia of DNA Elements projects reveal that a core set of regulatory elements are functionally conserved independent of divergence between species, and that tissue-specific transcription factor occupancy at regulatory elements and their predicted target genes are also conserved. These datasets represent a unique opportunity for the emerging field of comparative epigenomics, as well as the agricultural research community, including species that are globally important food resources.</p>',
			'date' => '2021-03-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-021-22100-8',
			'doi' => '10.1038/s41467-021-22100-8',
			'modified' => '2022-01-06 14:30:41',
			'created' => '2021-12-06 15:53:19',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 18 => array(
			'id' => '4127',
			'name' => 'The histone modification H3K4me3 is altered at the  locus in Alzheimer'sdisease brain.',
			'authors' => 'Smith, Adam et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Several epigenome-wide association studies of DNA methylation have highlighted altered DNA methylation in the gene in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain samples. However, no study has specifically examined histone modifications in the disease. We use chromatin immunoprecipitation-qPCR to quantify tri-methylation at histone 3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3) and 27 (H3K27me3) in the gene in entorhinal cortex from donors with high (n&nbsp;=&nbsp;59) or low (n&nbsp;=&nbsp;29) Alzheimer's disease&nbsp;pathology. We demonstrate decreased levels of H3K4me3, a marker of active gene transcription, with no change in H3K27me3, a marker of inactive genes. H3K4me3 is negatively correlated with DNA methylation in specific regions of the gene. Our study suggests that the gene shows altered epigenetic marks indicative of reduced gene activation in Alzheimer's disease.</p>',
			'date' => '2021-02-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33815817',
			'doi' => '10.2144/fsoa-2020-0161',
			'modified' => '2021-12-07 10:16:08',
			'created' => '2021-12-06 15:53:19',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 19 => array(
			'id' => '4168',
			'name' => 'The Essential Function of SETDB1 in Homologous Chromosome Pairing andSynapsis during Meiosis.',
			'authors' => 'Cheng, Ee-Chun et al.',
			'description' => '<p>SETDB1 is a histone-lysine N-methyltransferase critical for germline development. However, its function in early meiotic prophase I remains unknown. Here, we report that Setdb1 null spermatocytes display aberrant centromere clustering during leptotene, bouquet formation during zygotene, and subsequent failure in pairing and synapsis of homologous chromosomes, as well as compromised meiotic silencing of unsynapsed chromatin, which leads to meiotic arrest before pachytene and apoptosis of spermatocytes. H3K9me3 is enriched in centromeric or pericentromeric regions and is present in many sites throughout the genome, with a subset changed in the Setdb1 mutant. These observations indicate that SETDB1-mediated H3K9me3 is essential for the bivalent formation in early meiosis. Transcriptome analysis reveals the function of SETDB1 in repressing transposons and transposon-proximal genes and in regulating meiotic and somatic lineage genes. These findings highlight a mechanism in which SETDB1-mediated H3K9me3 during early meiosis ensures the formation of homologous bivalents and survival of spermatocytes.</p>',
			'date' => '2021-01-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33406415',
			'doi' => '10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108575',
			'modified' => '2021-12-21 15:48:52',
			'created' => '2021-12-06 15:53:19',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 20 => array(
			'id' => '4323',
			'name' => 'The tropical coral  displays an unusual chromatin structure and showshistone H3 clipping plasticity upon bleaching.',
			'authors' => 'Roquis D. et al. ',
			'description' => '<p>is a hermatypic coral with strong ecological importance. Anthropogenic disturbances and global warming are major threats that can induce coral bleaching, the disruption of the mutualistic symbiosis between the coral host and its endosymbiotic algae. Previous works have shown that somaclonal colonies display different levels of survival depending on the environmental conditions they previously faced. Epigenetic mechanisms are good candidates to explain this phenomenon. However, almost no work had been published on the epigenome, especially on histone modifications. In this study, we aim at providing the first insight into chromatin structure of this species. We aligned the amino acid sequence of core histones with histone sequences from various phyla. We developed a centri-filtration on sucrose gradient to separate chromatin from the host and the symbiont. The presence of histone H3 protein and specific histone modifications were then detected by western blot performed on histone extraction done from bleached and healthy corals. Finally, micrococcal nuclease (MNase) digestions were undertaken to study nucleosomal organization. The centri-filtration enabled coral chromatin isolation with less than 2\% of contamination by endosymbiont material. Histone sequences alignments with other species show that displays on average ~90\% of sequence similarities with mice and ~96\% with other corals. H3 detection by western blot showed that H3 is clipped in healthy corals while it appeared to be intact in bleached corals. MNase treatment failed to provide the usual mononucleosomal digestion, a feature shared with some cnidarian, but not all; suggesting an unusual chromatin structure. These results provide a first insight into the chromatin, nucleosome and histone structure of . The unusual patterns highlighted in this study and partly shared with other cnidarian will need to be further studied to better understand its role in corals.</p>',
			'date' => '2021-01-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://doi.org/10.12688%2Fwellcomeopenres.17058.1',
			'doi' => '10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17058.2',
			'modified' => '2022-08-02 17:04:56',
			'created' => '2022-05-19 10:41:50',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 21 => array(
			'id' => '4207',
			'name' => 'EZH2 and KDM6B Expressions Are Associated with Specific EpigeneticSignatures during EMT in Non Small Cell Lung Carcinomas.',
			'authors' => 'Lachat C. et al. ',
			'description' => '<p>The role of Epigenetics in Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) has recently emerged. Two epigenetic enzymes with paradoxical roles have previously been associated to EMT, EZH2 (Enhancer of Zeste 2 Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) Subunit), a lysine methyltranserase able to add the H3K27me3 mark, and the histone demethylase KDM6B (Lysine Demethylase 6B), which can remove the H3K27me3 mark. Nevertheless, it still remains unclear how these enzymes, with apparent opposite activities, could both promote EMT. In this study, we evaluated the function of these two enzymes using an EMT-inducible model, the lung cancer A549 cell line. ChIP-seq coupled with transcriptomic analysis showed that EZH2 and KDM6B were able to target and modulate the expression of different genes during EMT. Based on this analysis, we described INHBB, WTN5B, and ADAMTS6 as new EMT markers regulated by epigenetic modifications and directly implicated in EMT induction.</p>',
			'date' => '2020-12-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33291363',
			'doi' => '10.3390/cancers12123649',
			'modified' => '2022-01-13 14:50:18',
			'created' => '2021-12-06 15:53:19',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 22 => array(
			'id' => '4071',
			'name' => 'A histone H3.3K36M mutation in mice causes an imbalance of histonemodifications and defects in chondrocyte differentiation.',
			'authors' => 'Abe, Shusaku and Nagatomo, Hiroaki and Sasaki, Hiroyuki and Ishiuchi,Takashi',
			'description' => '<p>Histone lysine-to-methionine (K-to-M) mutations have been identified as driver mutations in human cancers. Interestingly, these 'oncohistone' mutations inhibit the activity of histone methyltransferases. Therefore, they can potentially be used as versatile tools to investigate the roles of histone modifications. In this study, we generated a genetically engineered mouse line in which an H3.3K36M mutation could be induced in the endogenous gene. Since H3.3K36M has been identified as a causative mutation of human chondroblastoma, we induced this mutation in the chondrocyte lineage in mouse embryonic limbs. We found that H3.3K36M causes a global reduction in H3K36me2 and defects in chondrocyte differentiation. Importantly, the reduction of H3K36me2 was accompanied by a collapse of normal H3K27me3 distribution. Furthermore, the changes in H3K27me3, especially the loss of H3K27me3 at gene regulatory elements, were associated with the mis-regulated expression of a set of genes important for limb development, including HoxA cluster genes. Thus, through the induction of the H3.3K36M mutation, we reveal the importance of maintaining the balance between H3K36me2 and H3K27me3 during chondrocyte differentiation and limb development.</p>',
			'date' => '2020-11-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33135541',
			'doi' => '10.1080/15592294.2020.1841873',
			'modified' => '2021-02-19 17:58:57',
			'created' => '2021-02-18 10:21:53',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 23 => array(
			'id' => '4210',
			'name' => 'Trans- and cis-acting effects of Firre on epigenetic features of theinactive X chromosome.',
			'authors' => 'Fang, He and Bonora, Giancarlo and Lewandowski, Jordan P and Thakur,Jitendra and Filippova, Galina N and Henikoff, Steven and Shendure, Jay andDuan, Zhijun and Rinn, John L and Deng, Xinxian and Noble, William S andDisteche, Christine M',
			'description' => '<p>Firre encodes a lncRNA involved in nuclear organization. Here, we show that Firre RNA expressed from the active X chromosome maintains histone H3K27me3 enrichment on the inactive X chromosome (Xi) in somatic cells. This trans-acting effect involves SUZ12, reflecting interactions between Firre RNA and components of the Polycomb repressive complexes. Without Firre RNA, H3K27me3 decreases on the Xi and the&nbsp;Xi-perinucleolar location is disrupted, possibly due to decreased CTCF binding on the Xi. We also observe widespread gene dysregulation, but not on the Xi. These effects are measurably rescued by ectopic expression of mouse or human Firre/FIRRE transgenes, supporting conserved trans-acting roles. We also find that the compact 3D structure of the Xi partly depends on the Firre locus and its RNA. In common lymphoid progenitors and T-cells Firre exerts a cis-acting effect on maintenance of H3K27me3 in a 26&thinsp;Mb region around the locus, demonstrating cell type-specific trans- and cis-acting roles of this lncRNA.</p>',
			'date' => '2020-11-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33247132',
			'doi' => '10.1038/s41467-020-19879-3',
			'modified' => '2022-01-13 15:03:45',
			'created' => '2021-12-06 15:53:19',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 24 => array(
			'id' => '4073',
			'name' => 'NSD1-deposited H3K36me2 directs de novo methylation in the mouse malegermline and counteracts Polycomb-associated silencing.',
			'authors' => 'Shirane, Kenjiro and Miura, Fumihito and Ito, Takashi and Lorincz, MatthewC',
			'description' => '<p>De novo DNA methylation (DNAme) in mammalian germ cells is dependent on DNMT3A and DNMT3L. However, oocytes and spermatozoa show distinct patterns of DNAme. In mouse oocytes, de novo DNAme requires the lysine methyltransferase (KMTase) SETD2, which deposits H3K36me3. We show here that SETD2 is dispensable for de novo DNAme in the male germline. Instead, the lysine methyltransferase NSD1, which broadly deposits H3K36me2 in euchromatic regions, plays a critical role in de novo DNAme in prospermatogonia, including at imprinted genes. However, males deficient in germline NSD1 show a more severe defect in spermatogenesis than Dnmt3l males. Notably, unlike DNMT3L, NSD1 safeguards a subset of genes against H3K27me3-associated transcriptional silencing. In contrast, H3K36me2 in oocytes is predominantly dependent on SETD2 and coincides with H3K36me3. Furthermore, females with NSD1-deficient oocytes are fertile. Thus, the sexually dimorphic pattern of DNAme in mature mouse gametes is orchestrated by distinct profiles of H3K36 methylation.</p>',
			'date' => '2020-10-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32929285',
			'doi' => '10.1038/s41588-020-0689-z',
			'modified' => '2021-02-19 18:02:40',
			'created' => '2021-02-18 10:21:53',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 25 => array(
			'id' => '4004',
			'name' => 'Distinct and temporary-restricted epigenetic mechanisms regulate human αβ and γδ T cell development ',
			'authors' => 'Roels J, Kuchmiy A, De Decker M, et al. ',
			'description' => '<p>The development of TCR&alpha;&beta; and TCR&gamma;&delta; T cells comprises a step-wise process in which regulatory events control differentiation and lineage outcome. To clarify these mechanisms, we employed RNA-sequencing, ATAC-sequencing and ChIPmentation on well-defined thymocyte subsets that represent the continuum of human T cell development. The chromatin accessibility dynamics show clear stage specificity and reveal that human T cell-lineage commitment is marked by GATA3- and BCL11B-dependent closing of PU.1 sites. A temporary increase in H3K27me3 without open chromatin modifications is unique for &beta;-selection, whereas emerging &gamma;&delta; T cells, which originate from common precursors of &beta;-selected cells, show large chromatin accessibility changes due to strong T cell receptor (TCR) signaling. Furthermore, we unravel distinct chromatin landscapes between CD4<sup>+</sup> and CD8<sup>+</sup> &alpha;&beta;-lineage cells that support their effector functions and reveal gene-specific mechanisms that define mature T cells. This resource provides a framework for studying gene regulatory mechanisms that drive normal and malignant human T cell development.</p>',
			'date' => '2020-07-27',
			'pmid' => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32719521/',
			'doi' => ' 10.1038/s41590-020-0747-9 ',
			'modified' => '2021-01-29 14:12:02',
			'created' => '2020-09-11 15:17:58',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 26 => array(
			'id' => '4032',
			'name' => 'MeCP2 regulates gene expression through recognition of H3K27me3.',
			'authors' => 'Lee, W and Kim, J and Yun, JM and Ohn, T and Gong, Q',
			'description' => '<p>MeCP2 plays a multifaceted role in gene expression regulation and chromatin organization. Interaction between MeCP2 and methylated DNA in the&nbsp;regulation of gene expression is well established. However, the widespread distribution of MeCP2 suggests it has additional interactions with chromatin. Here we demonstrate, by both biochemical and genomic analyses, that MeCP2 directly interacts with nucleosomes and its genomic distribution correlates with that of H3K27me3. In particular, the&nbsp;methyl-CpG-binding domain of MeCP2 shows preferential interactions with H3K27me3. We further observe that the impact of MeCP2 on transcriptional changes correlates with histone post-translational modification patterns. Our findings indicate that MeCP2 interacts with genomic loci via binding to DNA as well as histones, and that interaction between MeCP2 and histone proteins plays a key role in gene expression regulation.</p>',
			'date' => '2020-07-19',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/32561780',
			'doi' => '10.1038/s41467-020-16907-0',
			'modified' => '2020-12-16 18:05:17',
			'created' => '2020-10-12 14:54:59',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 27 => array(
			'id' => '3926',
			'name' => 'TET-Mediated Hypermethylation Primes SDH-Deficient Cells for HIF2α-Driven Mesenchymal Transition.',
			'authors' => 'Morin A, Goncalves J, Moog S, Castro-Vega LJ, Job S, Buffet A, Fontenille MJ, Woszczyk J, Gimenez-Roqueplo AP, Letouzé E, Favier J',
			'description' => '<p>Loss-of-function mutations in the SDHB subunit of&nbsp;succinate dehydrogenase predispose patients to aggressive tumors characterized by pseudohypoxic&nbsp;and hypermethylator phenotypes. The mechanisms leading to DNA hypermethylation and its contribution to SDH-deficient cancers remain undemonstrated. We examine the genome-wide distribution of 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine and&nbsp;their correlation with RNA expression in SDHB-deficient tumors and murine Sdhb cells. We report that DNA hypermethylation results from TET inhibition. Although it preferentially affects PRC2 targets and known developmental genes, PRC2 activity does not contribute to the DNA hypermethylator phenotype. We also prove, in&nbsp;vitro and in&nbsp;vivo, that TET silencing, although recapitulating the methylation profile of Sdhb cells, is not sufficient to drive their EMT-like phenotype, which requires additional HIF2&alpha; activation. Altogether, our findings reveal synergistic roles of TET repression and pseudohypoxia in the acquisition of metastatic traits, providing a rationale for targeting HIF2&alpha; and DNA methylation in SDH-associated malignancies.</p>',
			'date' => '2020-03-31',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/32234487',
			'doi' => '10.1016/j.celrep.2020.03.022',
			'modified' => '2020-08-17 10:50:11',
			'created' => '2020-08-10 12:12:25',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 28 => array(
			'id' => '3924',
			'name' => 'Alu retrotransposons modulate Nanog expression through dynamic changes in regional chromatin conformation via aryl hydrocarbon receptor.',
			'authors' => 'González-Rico FJ, Vicente-García C, Fernández A, Muñoz-Santos D, Montoliu L, Morales-Hernández A, Merino JM, Román AC, Fernández-Salguero PM',
			'description' => '<p>Transcriptional repression of Nanog is an important hallmark of stem cell differentiation. Chromatin modifications have been linked to the epigenetic profile of the Nanog gene, but whether chromatin organization actually plays a causal role in Nanog regulation is still unclear. Here, we report that the formation of a chromatin loop in the Nanog locus is concomitant to its transcriptional downregulation during human NTERA-2 cell differentiation. We found that two Alu elements flanking the Nanog gene were bound by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and the insulator protein CTCF during cell differentiation. Such binding altered the profile of repressive histone modifications near Nanog likely leading to gene insulation through the formation of a chromatin loop between the two Alu elements. Using a dCAS9-guided proteomic screening, we found that interaction of the histone methyltransferase PRMT1 and the chromatin assembly factor CHAF1B with the Alu elements flanking Nanog was required for chromatin loop formation and Nanog repression. Therefore, our results uncover a chromatin-driven, retrotransposon-regulated mechanism for the control of Nanog expression during cell differentiation.</p>',
			'date' => '2020-03-14',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/32169107',
			'doi' => '10.1186/s13072‑020‑00336‑w',
			'modified' => '2020-08-17 10:52:25',
			'created' => '2020-08-10 12:12:25',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 29 => array(
			'id' => '3873',
			'name' => 'Inhibition of methyltransferase activity of enhancer of zeste 2 leads to enhanced lipid accumulation and altered chromatin status in zebrafish.',
			'authors' => 'den Broeder MJ, Ballangby J, Kamminga LM, Aleström P, Legler J, Lindeman LC, Kamstra JH',
			'description' => '<p>BACKGROUND: Recent studies indicate that exposure to environmental chemicals may increase susceptibility to developing metabolic diseases. This susceptibility may in part be caused by changes to the epigenetic landscape which consequently affect gene expression and lead to changes in lipid metabolism. The epigenetic modifier enhancer of zeste 2 (Ezh2) is a histone H3K27 methyltransferase implicated to play a role in lipid metabolism and adipogenesis. In this study, we used the zebrafish (Danio rerio) to investigate the role of Ezh2 on lipid metabolism and chromatin status following developmental exposure to the Ezh1/2 inhibitor PF-06726304 acetate. We used the environmental chemical tributyltin (TBT) as a positive control, as this chemical is known to act on lipid metabolism via EZH-mediated pathways in mammals. RESULTS: Zebrafish embryos (0-5&nbsp;days post-fertilization, dpf) exposed to non-toxic concentrations of PF-06726304 acetate (5&nbsp;&mu;M) and TBT (1&nbsp;nM) exhibited increased lipid accumulation. Changes in chromatin were analyzed by the assay for transposase-accessible chromatin sequencing (ATAC-seq) at 50% epiboly (5.5 hpf). We observed 349 altered chromatin regions, predominantly located at H3K27me3 loci and mostly more open chromatin in the exposed samples. Genes associated to these loci were linked to metabolic pathways. In addition, a selection of genes involved in lipid homeostasis, adipogenesis and genes specifically targeted by PF-06726304 acetate via altered chromatin accessibility were differentially expressed after TBT and PF-06726304 acetate exposure at 5 dpf, but not at 50% epiboly stage. One gene, cebpa, did not show a change in chromatin, but did show a change in gene expression at 5 dpf. Interestingly, underlying H3K27me3 marks were significantly decreased at this locus at 50% epiboly. CONCLUSIONS: Here, we show for the first time the applicability of ATAC-seq as a tool to investigate toxicological responses in zebrafish. Our analysis indicates that Ezh2 inhibition leads to a partial primed state of chromatin linked to metabolic pathways which results in gene expression changes later in development, leading to enhanced lipid accumulation. Although ATAC-seq seems promising, our in-depth assessment of the cebpa locus indicates that we need to consider underlying epigenetic marks as well.</p>',
			'date' => '2020-02-12',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/32051014',
			'doi' => '10.1186/s13072-020-0329-y',
			'modified' => '2020-03-20 17:42:02',
			'created' => '2020-03-13 13:45:54',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 30 => array(
			'id' => '3856',
			'name' => 'Polycomb Group Proteins Regulate Chromatin Architecture in Mouse Oocytes and Early Embryos.',
			'authors' => 'Du Z, Zheng H, Kawamura YK, Zhang K, Gassler J, Powell S, Xu Q, Lin Z, Xu K, Zhou Q, Ozonov EA, Véron N, Huang B, Li L, Yu G, Liu L, Au Yeung WK, Wang P, Chang L, Wang Q, He A, Sun Y, Na J, Sun Q, Sasaki H, Tachibana K, Peters AHFM, Xie W',
			'description' => '<p>In mammals, chromatin organization undergoes drastic reorganization during oocyte development. However, the dynamics of three-dimensional chromatin structure in this process is poorly characterized. Using low-input Hi-C (genome-wide chromatin conformation capture), we found that a unique chromatin organization gradually appears during mouse oocyte growth. Oocytes at late stages show self-interacting, cohesin-independent compartmental domains marked by H3K27me3, therefore termed Polycomb-associating domains (PADs). PADs and inter-PAD (iPAD) regions form compartment-like structures with strong inter-domain interactions among nearby PADs. PADs disassemble upon meiotic resumption from diplotene arrest but briefly reappear on the maternal genome after fertilization. Upon maternal depletion of Eed, PADs are largely intact in oocytes, but their&nbsp;reestablishment after fertilization is compromised. By contrast, depletion of Polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1) proteins attenuates PADs in oocytes, which is associated with substantial gene de-repression in PADs. These data reveal a critical role of Polycomb in regulating chromatin architecture during mammalian oocyte growth and early development.</p>',
			'date' => '2020-02-04',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/31837995',
			'doi' => '10.1016/j.molcel.2019.11.011',
			'modified' => '2020-03-20 17:58:29',
			'created' => '2020-03-13 13:45:54',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 31 => array(
			'id' => '3840',
			'name' => 'Allelic H3K27me3 to allelic DNA methylation switch maintains noncanonical imprinting in extraembryonic cells',
			'authors' => 'Chen Zhiyuan, Yin Qiangzong, Inoue Azusa, Zhang Chunxia, Zhang Yi',
			'description' => '<p>Faithful maintenance of genomic imprinting is essential for mammalian development. While germline DNA methylation&ndash;dependent (canonical) imprinting is relatively stable during development, the recently found oocyte-derived H3K27me3-mediated noncanonical imprinting is mostly transient in early embryos, with some genes important for placental development maintaining imprinted expression in the extraembryonic lineage. How these noncanonical imprinted genes maintain their extraembryonic-specific imprinting is unknown. Here, we report that maintenance of noncanonical imprinting requires maternal allele&ndash;specific de novo DNA methylation [i.e., somatic differentially methylated regions (DMRs)] at implantation. The somatic DMRs are located at the gene promoters, with paternal allele&ndash;specific H3K4me3 established during preimplantation development. Genetic manipulation revealed that both maternal EED and zygotic DNMT3A/3B are required for establishing somatic DMRs and maintaining noncanonical imprinting. Thus, our study not only reveals the mechanism underlying noncanonical imprinting maintenance but also sheds light on how histone modifications in oocytes may shape somatic DMRs in postimplantation embryos.</p>',
			'date' => '2019-12-20',
			'pmid' => 'https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/12/eaay7246',
			'doi' => '10.1126/sciadv.aay7246',
			'modified' => '2020-02-20 11:16:43',
			'created' => '2020-02-13 10:02:44',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 32 => array(
			'id' => '3841',
			'name' => 'Inhibition of Histone Demethylases LSD1 and UTX Regulates ERα Signaling in Breast Cancer.',
			'authors' => 'Benedetti R, Dell'Aversana C, De Marchi T, Rotili D, Liu NQ, Novakovic B, Boccella S, Di Maro S, Cosconati S, Baldi A, Niméus E, Schultz J, Höglund U, Maione S, Papulino C, Chianese U, Iovino F, Federico A, Mai A, Stunnenberg HG, Nebbioso A, Altucci L',
			'description' => '<p>In breast cancer, Lysine-specific demethylase-1 (LSD1) and other lysine demethylases (KDMs), such as Lysine-specific demethylase 6A also known as Ubiquitously transcribed tetratricopeptide repeat, X chromosome (UTX), are co-expressed and co-localize with estrogen receptors (ERs), suggesting the potential use of hybrid (epi)molecules to target histone methylation and therefore regulate/redirect hormone receptor signaling. Here, we report on the biological activity of a dual-KDM inhibitor (MC3324), obtained by coupling the chemical properties of tranylcypromine, a known LSD1 inhibitor, with the 2OG competitive moiety developed for JmjC inhibition. MC3324 displays unique features not exhibited by the single moieties and well-characterized mono-pharmacological inhibitors. Inhibiting LSD1 and UTX, MC3324 induces significant growth arrest and apoptosis in hormone-responsive breast cancer model accompanied by a robust increase in H3K4me2 and H3K27me3. MC3324 down-regulates ER&alpha; in breast cancer at both transcriptional and non-transcriptional levels, mimicking the action of a selective endocrine receptor disruptor. MC3324 alters the histone methylation of ER&alpha;-regulated promoters, thereby affecting the transcription of genes involved in cell surveillance, hormone response, and death. MC3324 reduces cell proliferation in ex vivo breast cancers, as well as in breast models with acquired resistance to endocrine therapies. Similarly, MC3324 displays tumor-selective potential in vivo, in both xenograft mice and chicken embryo models, with no toxicity and good oral efficacy. This epigenetic multi-target approach is effective and may overcome potential mechanism(s) of resistance in breast cancer.</p>',
			'date' => '2019-12-16',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/31888209',
			'doi' => '10.3390/cancers11122027',
			'modified' => '2020-02-20 11:15:48',
			'created' => '2020-02-13 10:02:44',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 33 => array(
			'id' => '3762',
			'name' => 'Transit amplifying cells coordinate mouse incisor mesenchymal stem cell activation.',
			'authors' => 'Walker JV, Zhuang H, Singer D, Illsley CS, Kok WL, Sivaraj KK, Gao Y, Bolton C, Liu Y, Zhao M, Grayson PRC, Wang S, Karbanová J, Lee T, Ardu S, Lai Q, Liu J, Kassem M, Chen S, Yang K, Bai Y, Tredwin C, Zambon AC, Corbeil D, Adams R, Abdallah BM, Hu B',
			'description' => '<p>Stem cells (SCs) receive inductive cues from the surrounding microenvironment and cells. Limited molecular evidence has connected tissue-specific mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with mesenchymal transit amplifying cells (MTACs). Using mouse incisor as the model, we discover a population of MSCs neibouring to the MTACs and epithelial SCs. With Notch signaling as the key regulator, we disclose molecular proof and lineage tracing evidence showing the distinct MSCs contribute to incisor MTACs and the other mesenchymal cell lineages. MTACs can feedback and regulate the homeostasis and activation of CL-MSCs through Delta-like 1 homolog (Dlk1), which balances MSCs-MTACs number and the lineage differentiation. Dlk1's function on SCs priming and self-renewal depends on its biological forms and its gene expression is under dynamic epigenetic control. Our findings can be validated in clinical samples and applied to accelerate tooth wound healing, providing an intriguing insight of how to direct SCs towards tissue regeneration.</p>',
			'date' => '2019-08-09',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/31399601',
			'doi' => '10.1038/s41467-019-11611-0',
			'modified' => '2019-10-03 10:03:31',
			'created' => '2019-10-02 16:16:55',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 34 => array(
			'id' => '3718',
			'name' => 'The Toxoplasma effector TEEGR promotes parasite persistence by modulating NF-κB signalling via EZH2.',
			'authors' => 'Braun L, Brenier-Pinchart MP, Hammoudi PM, Cannella D, Kieffer-Jaquinod S, Vollaire J, Josserand V, Touquet B, Couté Y, Tardieux I, Bougdour A, Hakimi MA',
			'description' => '<p>The protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii has co-evolved with its homeothermic hosts (humans included) strategies that drive its quasi-asymptomatic persistence in hosts, hence optimizing the chance of transmission to new hosts. Persistence, which starts with a small subset of parasites that escape host immune killing and colonize the so-called immune privileged tissues where they differentiate into a low replicating stage, is driven by the interleukin 12 (IL-12)-interferon-&gamma; (IFN-&gamma;) axis. Recent characterization of a family of Toxoplasma effectors that are delivered into the host cell, in which they rewire the host cell gene expression, has allowed the identification of regulators of the IL-12-IFN-&gamma; axis, including repressors. We now report on the dense granule-resident effector, called TEEGR (Toxoplasma E2F4-associated EZH2-inducing gene regulator) that counteracts the nuclear factor-&kappa;B (NF-&kappa;B) signalling pathway. Once exported into the host cell, TEEGR ends up in the nucleus where it not only complexes with the E2F3 and E2F4 host transcription factors to induce gene expression, but also promotes shaping of a non-permissive chromatin through its capacity to switch on EZH2. Remarkably, EZH2 fosters the epigenetic silencing of a subset of NF-&kappa;B-regulated cytokines, thereby strongly contributing to the host immune equilibrium that influences the host immune response and promotes parasite persistence in mice.</p>',
			'date' => '2019-07-01',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/31036909',
			'doi' => '10.1038/s41564-019-0431-8',
			'modified' => '2019-07-04 18:09:37',
			'created' => '2019-07-04 10:42:34',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 35 => array(
			'id' => '3732',
			'name' => 'Kdm6b regulates context-dependent hematopoietic stem cell self-renewal and leukemogenesis.',
			'authors' => 'Mallaney C, Ostrander EL, Celik H, Kramer AC, Martens A, Kothari A, Koh WK, Haussler E, Iwamori N, Gontarz P, Zhang B, Challen GA',
			'description' => '<p>The histone demethylase KDM6B (JMJD3) is upregulated in blood disorders, suggesting that it may have important pathogenic functions. Here we examined the function of Kdm6b in hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) to evaluate its potential as a therapeutic target. Loss of Kdm6b lead to depletion of phenotypic and functional HSCs in adult mice, and Kdm6b is necessary for HSC self-renewal in response to inflammatory and proliferative stress. Loss of Kdm6b leads to a pro-differentiation poised state in HSCs due to the increased expression of the AP-1 transcription factor complex (Fos and Jun) and immediate early response (IER) genes. These gene expression changes occurred independently of chromatin modifications. Targeting AP-1 restored function of Kdm6b-deficient HSCs, suggesting that Kdm6b regulates this complex during HSC stress response. We also show Kdm6b supports developmental context-dependent leukemogenesis for T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) and M5 acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Kdm6b is required for effective fetal-derived T-ALL and adult-derived AML, but not vice versa. These studies identify a crucial role for Kdm6b in regulating HSC self-renewal in different contexts, and highlight the potential of KDM6B as a therapeutic target in different hematopoietic malignancies.</p>',
			'date' => '2019-04-01',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/30936419',
			'doi' => '10.1038/s41375-019-0462-4',
			'modified' => '2019-08-07 09:14:05',
			'created' => '2019-07-31 13:35:50',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 36 => array(
			'id' => '3675',
			'name' => 'H3K27me3 is an epigenetic barrier while KDM6A overexpression improves nuclear reprogramming efficiency.',
			'authors' => 'Zhou C, Wang Y, Zhang J, Su J, An Q, Liu X, Zhang M, Wang Y, Liu J, Zhang Y',
			'description' => '<p>Aberrant epigenetic reprogramming is a major factor of developmental failure of cloned embryos. Histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3), a histone mark for transcriptional repression, plays important roles in mammalian embryonic development and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) generation. The global loss of H3K27me3 marks may facilitate iPSC generation in mice and humans. However, the H3K27me3 level and its role in bovine somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) reprogramming remain poorly understood. Here, we show that SCNT embryos exhibit global H3K27me3 hypermethylation from the 2- to 8-cell stage and that its removal by ectopically expressed H3K27me3 lysine demethylase (KDM)6A greatly improves nuclear reprogramming efficiency. In contrast, H3K27me3 reduction by H3K27me3 methylase enhancer of zeste 2 polycomb repressive complex knockdown or donor cell treatment with the enhancer of zeste 2 polycomb repressive complex-selective inhibitor GSK343 suppressed blastocyst formation by SCNT embryos. KDM6A overexpression enhanced the transcription of genes involved in cell adhesion and cellular metabolism and X-linked genes. Furthermore, we identified methyl-CpG-binding domain protein 3-like 2, which was reactivated by KDM6A, as a factor that is required for effective reprogramming in bovines. These results show that H3K27me3 functions as an epigenetic barrier and that KDM6A overexpression improves SCNT efficiency by facilitating transcriptional reprogramming.-Zhou, C., Wang, Y., Zhang, J., Su, J., An, Q., Liu, X., Zhang, M., Wang, Y., Liu, J., Zhang, Y. H3K27me3 is an epigenetic barrier while KDM6A overexpression improves nuclear reprogramming efficiency.</p>',
			'date' => '2019-03-01',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/30673507',
			'doi' => '10.1096/fj.201801887R',
			'modified' => '2019-07-01 11:24:26',
			'created' => '2019-06-21 14:55:31',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 37 => array(
			'id' => '3629',
			'name' => 'Comprehensive Analysis of Chromatin States in Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor Identifies Diverging Roles for SWI/SNF and Polycomb in Gene Regulation.',
			'authors' => 'Erkek S, Johann PD, Finetti MA, Drosos Y, Chou HC, Zapatka M, Sturm D, Jones DTW, Korshunov A, Rhyzova M, Wolf S, Mallm JP, Beck K, Witt O, Kulozik AE, Frühwald MC, Northcott PA, Korbel JO, Lichter P, Eils R, Gajjar A, Roberts CWM, Williamson D, Hasselbla',
			'description' => '<p>Biallelic inactivation of SMARCB1, encoding a member of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex, is the hallmark genetic aberration of atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors (ATRT). Here, we report how loss of SMARCB1 affects the epigenome in these tumors. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) on primary tumors for a series of active and repressive histone marks, we identified the chromatin states differentially represented in ATRTs compared with other brain tumors and non-neoplastic brain. Re-expression of SMARCB1 in ATRT cell lines enabled confirmation of our genome-wide findings for the chromatin states. Additional generation of ChIP-seq data for SWI/SNF and Polycomb group proteins and the transcriptional repressor protein REST determined differential dependencies of SWI/SNF and Polycomb complexes in regulation of diverse gene sets in ATRTs.</p>',
			'date' => '2019-01-14',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/30595504',
			'doi' => '10.1016/j.ccell.2018.11.014',
			'modified' => '2019-05-08 12:27:57',
			'created' => '2019-04-25 11:11:44',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 38 => array(
			'id' => '3686',
			'name' => 'Gamma radiation induces locus specific changes to histone modification enrichment in zebrafish and Atlantic salmon.',
			'authors' => 'Lindeman LC, Kamstra JH, Ballangby J, Hurem S, Martín LM, Brede DA, Teien HC, Oughton DH, Salbu B, Lyche JL, Aleström P',
			'description' => '<p>Ionizing radiation is a recognized genotoxic agent, however, little is known about the role of the functional form of DNA in these processes. Post translational modifications on histone proteins control the organization of chromatin and hence control transcriptional responses that ultimately affect the phenotype. The purpose of this study was to investigate effects on chromatin caused by ionizing radiation in fish. Direct exposure of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos to gamma radiation (10.9 mGy/h for 3h) induced hyper-enrichment of H3K4me3 at the genes hnf4a, gmnn and vegfab. A similar relative hyper-enrichment was seen at the hnf4a loci of irradiated Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) embryos (30 mGy/h for 10 days). At the selected genes in ovaries of adult zebrafish irradiated during gametogenesis (8.7 and 53 mGy/h for 27 days), a reduced enrichment of H3K4me3 was observed, which was correlated with reduced levels of histone H3 was observed. F1 embryos of the exposed parents showed hyper-methylation of H3K4me3, H3K9me3 and H3K27me3 on the same three loci, while these differences were almost negligible in F2 embryos. Our results from three selected loci suggest that ionizing radiation can affect chromatin structure and organization, and that these changes can be detected in F1 offspring, but not in subsequent generations.</p>',
			'date' => '2019-01-01',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/30759148',
			'doi' => '10.1371/journal.pone.0212123',
			'modified' => '2019-06-28 13:57:39',
			'created' => '2019-06-21 14:55:31',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 39 => array(
			'id' => '3607',
			'name' => 'Mutant p63 Affects Epidermal Cell Identity through Rewiring the Enhancer Landscape.',
			'authors' => 'Qu J, Tanis SEJ, Smits JPH, Kouwenhoven EN, Oti M, van den Bogaard EH, Logie C, Stunnenberg HG, van Bokhoven H, Mulder KW, Zhou H',
			'description' => '<p>Transcription factor p63 is a key regulator of epidermal keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation. Mutations in the p63 DNA-binding domain are associated with ectrodactyly, ectodermal dysplasia, and cleft lip/palate (EEC) syndrome. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of these mutations remains unclear. Here, we characterized the transcriptome and epigenome of p63 mutant keratinocytes derived from EEC patients. The transcriptome of p63 mutant keratinocytes deviated from the normal epidermal cell identity. Epigenomic analyses showed an altered enhancer landscape in p63 mutant keratinocytes contributed by loss of p63-bound active enhancers and unexpected gain of enhancers. The gained enhancers were frequently bound by deregulated transcription factors such as RUNX1. Reversing RUNX1 overexpression partially rescued deregulated gene expression and the altered enhancer landscape. Our findings identify a disease mechanism whereby mutant p63 rewires the enhancer landscape and affects epidermal cell identity, consolidating the pivotal role of p63 in controlling the enhancer landscape of epidermal keratinocytes.</p>',
			'date' => '2018-12-18',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/30566872',
			'doi' => '10.1016/j.celrep.2018.11.039',
			'modified' => '2019-04-17 14:51:18',
			'created' => '2019-04-16 12:25:30',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 40 => array(
			'id' => '3635',
			'name' => 'TIP60: an actor in acetylation of H3K4 and tumor development in breast cancer.',
			'authors' => 'Judes G, Dubois L, Rifaï K, Idrissou M, Mishellany F, Pajon A, Besse S, Daures M, Degoul F, Bignon YJ, Penault-Llorca F, Bernard-Gallon D',
			'description' => '<p>AIM: The acetyltransferase TIP60 is reported to be downregulated in several cancers, in particular breast cancer, but the molecular mechanisms resulting from its alteration are still unclear. MATERIALS &amp; METHODS: In breast tumors, H3K4ac enrichment and its link with TIP60 were evaluated by chromatin immunoprecipitation-qPCR and re-chromatin immunoprecipitation techniques. To assess the biological roles of TIP60 in breast cancer, two cell lines of breast cancer, MDA-MB-231 (ER-) and MCF-7 (ER+) were transfected with shRNA specifically targeting TIP60 and injected to athymic Balb-c mice. RESULTS: We identified a potential target of TIP60, H3K4. We show that an underexpression of TIP60 could contribute to a reduction of H3K4 acetylation in breast cancer. An increase in tumor development was noted in sh-TIP60 MDA-MB-231 xenografts and a slowdown of tumor growth in sh-TIP60 MCF-7 xenografts. CONCLUSION: This is evidence that the underexpression of TIP60 observed in breast cancer can promote the tumorigenesis of ER-negative tumors.</p>',
			'date' => '2018-11-01',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/30324811',
			'doi' => '10.2217/epi-2018-0004',
			'modified' => '2019-06-07 10:29:04',
			'created' => '2019-06-06 12:11:18',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 41 => array(
			'id' => '3556',
			'name' => 'PWWP2A binds distinct chromatin moieties and interacts with an MTA1-specific core NuRD complex.',
			'authors' => 'Link S, Spitzer RMM, Sana M, Torrado M, Völker-Albert MC, Keilhauer EC, Burgold T, Pünzeler S, Low JKK, Lindström I, Nist A, Regnard C, Stiewe T, Hendrich B, Imhof A, Mann M, Mackay JP, Bartkuhn M, Hake SB',
			'description' => '<p>Chromatin structure and function is regulated by reader proteins recognizing histone modifications and/or histone variants. We recently identified that PWWP2A tightly binds to H2A.Z-containing nucleosomes and is involved in mitotic progression and cranial-facial development. Here, using in vitro assays, we show that distinct domains of PWWP2A mediate binding to free linker DNA as well as H3K36me3 nucleosomes. In vivo, PWWP2A strongly recognizes H2A.Z-containing regulatory regions and weakly binds H3K36me3-containing gene bodies. Further, PWWP2A binds to an MTA1-specific subcomplex of the NuRD complex (M1HR), which consists solely of MTA1, HDAC1, and RBBP4/7, and excludes CHD, GATAD2 and MBD proteins. Depletion of PWWP2A leads to an increase of acetylation levels on H3K27 as well as H2A.Z, presumably by impaired chromatin recruitment of M1HR. Thus, this study identifies PWWP2A as a complex chromatin-binding protein that serves to direct the deacetylase complex M1HR to H2A.Z-containing chromatin, thereby promoting changes in histone acetylation levels.</p>',
			'date' => '2018-10-16',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/30327463',
			'doi' => '10.1038/s41467-018-06665-5',
			'modified' => '2019-07-22 09:17:39',
			'created' => '2019-03-21 14:12:08',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 42 => array(
			'id' => '3553',
			'name' => 'Accurate annotation of accessible chromatin in mouse and human primordial germ cells.',
			'authors' => 'Li J, Shen S, Chen J, Liu W, Li X, Zhu Q, Wang B, Chen X, Wu L, Wang M, Gu L, Wang H, Yin J, Jiang C, Gao S',
			'description' => '<p>Extensive and accurate chromatin remodeling is essential during primordial germ cell (PGC) development for the perpetuation of genetic information across generations. Here, we report that distal cis-regulatory elements (CREs) marked by DNase I-hypersensitive sites (DHSs) show temporally restricted activities during mouse and human PGC development. Using DHS maps as proxy, we accurately locate the genome-wide binding sites of pluripotency transcription factors in mouse PGCs. Unexpectedly, we found that mouse female meiotic recombination hotspots can be captured by DHSs, and for the first time, we identified 12,211 recombination hotspots in mouse female PGCs. In contrast to that of meiotic female PGCs, the chromatin of mitotic-arrested male PGCs&nbsp;is permissive through nuclear transcription factor Y (NFY) binding in the distal regulatory regions. Furthermore, we examined the evolutionary pressure on PGC CREs, and comparative genomic analysis revealed that mouse and human PGC CREs are evolutionarily conserved and show strong conservation across the vertebrate tree outside the mammals. Therefore, our results reveal unique, temporally accessible chromatin configurations during mouse and human PGC development.</p>',
			'date' => '2018-10-10',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.org/30305709',
			'doi' => '10.1038/s41422-018-0096-5',
			'modified' => '2019-03-25 11:04:31',
			'created' => '2019-03-21 14:12:08',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 43 => array(
			'id' => '3616',
			'name' => 'Loss of H3K27me3 Imprinting in Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Embryos Disrupts Post-Implantation Development.',
			'authors' => 'Matoba S, Wang H, Jiang L, Lu F, Iwabuchi KA, Wu X, Inoue K, Yang L, Press W, Lee JT, Ogura A, Shen L, Zhang Y',
			'description' => '<p>Animal cloning can be achieved through somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), although the live birth rate is relatively low. Recent studies have identified H3K9me3 in donor cells and abnormal Xist activation as epigenetic barriers that impede SCNT. Here we overcome these barriers using a combination of Xist knockout donor cells and overexpression of Kdm4 to achieve more than 20% efficiency of mouse SCNT. However, post-implantation defects and abnormal placentas were still observed, indicating that additional epigenetic barriers impede SCNT cloning. Comparative DNA methylome analysis of IVF and SCNT blastocysts identified abnormally methylated regions in SCNT embryos despite successful global reprogramming of the methylome. Strikingly, allelic transcriptomic and ChIP-seq analyses of pre-implantation SCNT embryos revealed complete loss of H3K27me3 imprinting, which may account for the postnatal developmental defects observed in SCNT embryos. Together, these results provide an efficient method for mouse cloning while&nbsp;paving the way for further improving SCNT efficiency.</p>',
			'date' => '2018-09-06',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/30033120',
			'doi' => '10.1016/j.stem.2018.06.008',
			'modified' => '2019-04-17 15:31:14',
			'created' => '2019-04-16 13:01:51',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 44 => array(
			'id' => '3402',
			'name' => 'Polycomb repressive complex 1 shapes the nucleosome landscape but not accessibility at target genes.',
			'authors' => 'King HW, Fursova NA, Blackledge NP, Klose RJ',
			'description' => '<p>Polycomb group (PcG) proteins are transcriptional repressors that play important roles in regulating gene expression during animal development. In vitro experiments have shown that PcG protein complexes can compact chromatin to limit the activity of chromatin remodeling enzymes and access of the transcriptional machinery to DNA. In fitting with these ideas, gene promoters associated with PcG proteins have been reported to be less accessible than other gene promoters. However, it remains largely untested in vivo whether PcG proteins define chromatin accessibility or other chromatin features. To address this important question, we examine the chromatin accessibility and nucleosome landscape at PcG protein-bound promoters in mouse embryonic stem cells using the assay for transposase accessible chromatin (ATAC)-seq. Combined with genetic ablation strategies, we unexpectedly discover that although PcG protein-occupied gene promoters exhibit reduced accessibility, this does not rely on PcG proteins. Instead, the Polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1) appears to play a unique role in driving elevated nucleosome occupancy and decreased nucleosomal spacing in Polycomb chromatin domains. Our new genome-scale observations argue, in contrast to the prevailing view, that PcG proteins do not significantly affect chromatin accessibility and highlight an underappreciated complexity in the relationship between chromatin accessibility, the nucleosome landscape, and PcG-mediated transcriptional repression.</p>',
			'date' => '2018-08-28',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/30154222',
			'doi' => '10.1101/gr.237180.118.',
			'modified' => '2018-11-09 11:29:13',
			'created' => '2018-11-08 12:59:45',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 45 => array(
			'id' => '3551',
			'name' => 'HIV-2/SIV viral protein X counteracts HUSH repressor complex.',
			'authors' => 'Ghina Chougui, Soundasse Munir-Matloob, Roy Matkovic, Michaël M Martin, Marina Morel, Hichem Lahouassa, Marjorie Leduc, Bertha Cecilia Ramirez, Lucie Etienne   and Florence Margottin-Goguet',
			'description' => '<p>To evade host immune defences, human immunodeficiency viruses 1 and 2 (HIV-1 and HIV-2) have evolved auxiliary proteins that target cell restriction factors. Viral protein X (Vpx) from the HIV-2/SIVsmm lineage enhances viral infection by antagonizing SAMHD1 (refs ), but this antagonism is not sufficient to explain all Vpx phenotypes. Here, through a proteomic screen, we identified another Vpx target-HUSH (TASOR, MPP8 and periphilin)-a complex involved in position-effect variegation. HUSH downregulation by Vpx is observed in primary cells and HIV-2-infected cells. Vpx binds HUSH and induces its proteasomal degradation through the recruitment of the DCAF1 ubiquitin ligase adaptor, independently from SAMHD1 antagonism. As a consequence, Vpx is able to reactivate HIV latent proviruses, unlike Vpx mutants, which are unable to induce HUSH degradation. Although antagonism of human HUSH is not conserved among all lentiviral lineages including HIV-1, it is a feature of viral protein R (Vpr) from simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) of African green monkeys and from the divergent SIV of l'Hoest's monkey, arguing in favour of an ancient lentiviral species-specific vpx/vpr gene function. Altogether, our results suggest the HUSH complex as a restriction factor, active in primary CD4 T cells and counteracted by Vpx, therefore providing a molecular link between intrinsic immunity and epigenetic control.</p>',
			'date' => '2018-08-01',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/29891865',
			'doi' => '10.1038/s41564-018-0179-6',
			'modified' => '2019-02-28 10:20:23',
			'created' => '2019-02-27 12:54:44',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 46 => array(
			'id' => '3586',
			'name' => 'The transcriptional factor ZEB1 represses Syndecan 1 expression in prostate cancer.',
			'authors' => 'Farfán N, Ocarez N, Castellón EA, Mejía N, de Herreros AG, Contreras HR',
			'description' => '<p>Syndecan 1 (SDC-1) is a cell surface proteoglycan with a significant role in cell adhesion, maintaining epithelial integrity. SDC1 expression is inversely related to aggressiveness in prostate cancer (PCa). During epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), loss of epithelial markers is mediated by transcriptional repressors such as SNAIL, SLUG, or ZEB1/2 that bind to E-box promoter sequences of specific genes. The effect of these repressors on SDC-1 expression remains unknown. Here, we demonstrated that SNAIL, SLUG and ZEB1 expressions are increased in advanced PCa, contrarily to SDC-1. SNAIL, SLUG and ZEB1 also showed an inversion to SDC-1 in prostate cell lines. ZEB1, but not SNAIL or SLUG, represses SDC-1 as demonstrated by experiments of ectopic expression in epithelial prostate cell lines. Inversely, expression of ZEB1 shRNA in PCa cell line increased SDC-1 expression. The effect of ZEB1 is transcriptional since ectopic expression of this gene represses SDC-1 promoter activity and ZEB1 binds to the SDC-1 promoter as detected by ChIP assays. An epigenetic mark associated to transcription repression H3K27me3 was bound to the same sites that ZEB1. In conclusion, this study identifies ZEB1 as a key repressor of SDC-1 during PCa progression and point to ZEB1 as a potentially diagnostic marker for PCa.</p>',
			'date' => '2018-07-31',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/30065348',
			'doi' => '10.1038/s41598-018-29829-1',
			'modified' => '2019-04-17 15:32:57',
			'created' => '2019-04-16 12:25:30',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 47 => array(
			'id' => '3381',
			'name' => 'TSPYL2 Regulates the Expression of EZH2 Target Genes in Neurons',
			'authors' => 'Hang Liu et al.',
			'description' => '<p><em class="EmphasisTypeItalic ">Testis-specific protein</em>, <em class="EmphasisTypeItalic ">Y-encoded-like 2</em> (TSPYL2) is an X-linked gene in the locus for several neurodevelopmental disorders. We have previously shown that <em class="EmphasisTypeItalic ">Tspyl2</em> knockout mice had impaired learning and sensorimotor gating, and TSPYL2 facilitates the expression of <em class="EmphasisTypeItalic ">Grin2a</em> and <em class="EmphasisTypeItalic ">Grin2b</em> through interaction with CREB-binding protein. To identify other genes regulated by TSPYL2, here, we showed that <em class="EmphasisTypeItalic ">Tspyl2</em> knockout mice had an increased level of H3K27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) in the hippocampus, and TSPYL2 interacted with the H3K27 methyltransferase enhancer of zeste 2 (EZH2). We performed chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-sequencing in primary hippocampal neurons and divided all Refseq genes by k-mean clustering into four clusters from highest level of H3K27me3 to unmarked. We confirmed that mutant neurons had an increased level of H3K27me3 in cluster 1 genes, which consist of known EZH2 target genes important in development. We detected significantly reduced expression of genes including <em class="EmphasisTypeItalic ">Gbx2</em> and <em class="EmphasisTypeItalic ">Prss16</em> from cluster 1 and <em class="EmphasisTypeItalic ">Acvrl1</em>, <em class="EmphasisTypeItalic ">Bdnf</em>, <em class="EmphasisTypeItalic ">Egr3</em>, <em class="EmphasisTypeItalic ">Grin2c</em>, and <em class="EmphasisTypeItalic ">Igf1</em> from cluster 2 in the mutant. In support of a dynamic role of EZH2 in repressing marked synaptic genes, the specific EZH2 inhibitor GSK126 significantly upregulated, while the demethylase inhibitor GSKJ4 downregulated the expression of <em class="EmphasisTypeItalic ">Egr3</em> and <em class="EmphasisTypeItalic ">Grin2c</em>. GSK126 also upregulated the expression of <em class="EmphasisTypeItalic ">Bdnf</em> in mutant primary neurons. Finally, ChIP showed that hemagglutinin-tagged TSPYL2 co-existed with EZH2 in target promoters in neuroblastoma cells. Taken together, our data suggest that TSPYL2 is recruited to promoters of specific EZH2 target genes in neurons, and enhances their expression for proper neuronal maturation and function.</p>',
			'date' => '2018-07-26',
			'pmid' => 'https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12035-018-1238-y',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2018-07-31 10:01:24',
			'created' => '2018-07-31 10:01:24',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 48 => array(
			'id' => '3519',
			'name' => 'Forskolin Sensitizes Human Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells to H3K27me2/3 Demethylases GSKJ4 Inhibitor via Protein Kinase A.',
			'authors' => 'Illiano M, Conte M, Sapio L, Nebbioso A, Spina A, Altucci L, Naviglio S',
			'description' => '<p>Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive hematological malignancy occurring very often in older adults, with poor prognosis depending on both rapid disease progression and drug resistance occurrence. Therefore, new therapeutic approaches are demanded. Epigenetic marks play a relevant role in AML. GSKJ4 is a novel inhibitor of the histone demethylases JMJD3 and UTX. To note GSKJ4 has been recently shown to act as a potent small molecule inhibitor of the proliferation in many cancer cell types. On the other hand, forskolin, a natural cAMP raising compound, used for a long time in traditional medicine and considered safe also in recent studies, is emerging as a very interesting molecule for possible use in cancer therapy. Here, we investigate the effects of forskolin on the sensitivity of human leukemia U937 cells to GSKJ4 through flow cytometry-based assays (cell-cycle progression and cell death), cell number counting, and immunoblotting experiments. We provide evidence that forskolin markedly potentiates GSKJ4-induced antiproliferative effects by apoptotic cell death induction, accompanied by a dramatic BCL2 protein down-regulation as well as caspase 3 activation and PARP protein cleavage. Comparable effects are observed with the phosphodiesterase inhibitor IBMX and 8-Br-cAMP analogous, but not by using 8-pCPT-2'-O-Me-cAMP Epac activator. Moreover, the forskolin-induced enhancement of sensitivity to GSKJ4 is counteracted by pre-treatment with Protein Kinase A (PKA) inhibitors. Altogether, our data strongly suggest that forskolin sensitizes U937 cells to GSKJ4 inhibitor via a cAMP/PKA-mediated mechanism. Our findings provide initial evidence of anticancer activity induced by forskolin/GSKJ4 combination in leukemia cells and underline the potential for use of forskolin and GSKJ4 in the development of innovative and effective therapeutic approaches for AML treatment.</p>',
			'date' => '2018-07-20',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/30079022',
			'doi' => '10.3389/fphar.2018.00792',
			'modified' => '2019-02-28 10:23:58',
			'created' => '2019-02-27 12:54:44',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 49 => array(
			'id' => '3425',
			'name' => 'HMGB2 Loss upon Senescence Entry Disrupts Genomic Organization and Induces CTCF Clustering across Cell Types.',
			'authors' => 'Zirkel A, Nikolic M, Sofiadis K, Mallm JP, Brackley CA, Gothe H, Drechsel O, Becker C, Altmüller J, Josipovic N, Georgomanolis T, Brant L, Franzen J, Koker M, Gusmao EG, Costa IG, Ullrich RT, Wagner W, Roukos V, Nürnberg P, Marenduzzo D, Rippe K, Papanton',
			'description' => '<p>Processes like cellular senescence are characterized by complex events giving rise to heterogeneous cell populations. However, the early molecular events driving this cascade remain elusive. We hypothesized that senescence entry is triggered by an early&nbsp;disruption of the cells' three-dimensional (3D) genome organization. To test this, we combined Hi-C, single-cell and population transcriptomics, imaging, and in silico modeling of three distinct cells types entering senescence. Genes involved in DNA conformation maintenance are suppressed upon senescence entry across all cell types. We show that nuclear depletion of the abundant HMGB2 protein occurs early on the path to senescence and coincides with the dramatic spatial clustering of CTCF. Knocking down HMGB2 suffices for senescence-induced CTCF clustering and for loop reshuffling, while ectopically expressing HMGB2 rescues these effects. Our data suggest that HMGB2-mediated genomic reorganization constitutes a primer for the ensuing senescent program.</p>',
			'date' => '2018-05-17',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/29706538',
			'doi' => '10.1016/j.molcel.2018.03.030',
			'modified' => '2018-12-31 11:48:40',
			'created' => '2018-12-04 09:51:07',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 50 => array(
			'id' => '3589',
			'name' => 'A new metabolic gene signature in prostate cancer regulated by JMJD3 and EZH2.',
			'authors' => 'Daures M, Idrissou M, Judes G, Rifaï K, Penault-Llorca F, Bignon YJ, Guy L, Bernard-Gallon D',
			'description' => '<p>Histone methylation is essential for gene expression control. Trimethylated lysine 27 of histone 3 (H3K27me3) is controlled by the balance between the activities of JMJD3 demethylase and EZH2 methyltransferase. This epigenetic mark has been shown to be deregulated in prostate cancer, and evidence shows H3K27me3 enrichment on gene promoters in prostate cancer. To study the impact of this enrichment, a transcriptomic analysis with TaqMan Low Density Array (TLDA) of several genes was studied on prostate biopsies divided into three clinical grades: normal ( = 23) and two tumor groups that differed in their aggressiveness (Gleason score &le; 7 ( = 20) and &gt;7 ( = 19)). ANOVA demonstrated that expression of the gene set was upregulated in tumors and correlated with Gleason score, thus discriminating between the three clinical groups. Six genes involved in key cellular processes stood out: , , , , and . Chromatin immunoprecipitation demonstrated collocation of EZH2 and JMJD3 on gene promoters that was dependent on disease stage. Gene set expression was also evaluated on prostate cancer cell lines (DU 145, PC-3 and LNCaP) treated with an inhibitor of JMJD3 (GSK-J4) or EZH2 (DZNeP) to study their involvement in gene regulation. Results showed a difference in GSK-J4 sensitivity under PTEN status of cell lines and an opposite gene expression profile according to androgen status of cells. In summary, our data describe the impacts of JMJD3 and EZH2 on a new gene signature involved in prostate cancer that may help identify diagnostic and therapeutic targets in prostate cancer.</p>',
			'date' => '2018-05-04',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/29805743',
			'doi' => '10.18632/oncotarget.25182',
			'modified' => '2019-04-17 15:21:33',
			'created' => '2019-04-16 12:25:30',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 51 => array(
			'id' => '3309',
			'name' => 'GATA2/3-TFAP2A/C transcription factor network couples human pluripotent stem cell differentiation to trophectoderm with repression of pluripotency',
			'authors' => 'Krendl C. et al.',
			'description' => '<p>To elucidate the molecular basis of BMP4-induced differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) toward progeny with trophectoderm characteristics, we produced transcriptome, epigenome H3K4me3, H3K27me3, and CpG methylation maps of trophoblast progenitors, purified using the surface marker APA. We combined them with the temporally resolved transcriptome of the preprogenitor phase and of single APA+ cells. This revealed a circuit of bivalent TFAP2A, TFAP2C, GATA2, and GATA3 transcription factors, coined collectively the "trophectoderm four" (TEtra), which are also present in human trophectoderm in vivo. At the onset of differentiation, the TEtra factors occupy multiple sites in epigenetically inactive placental genes and in <i>OCT4</i> Functional manipulation of <i>GATA3</i> and <i>TFAP2A</i> indicated that they directly couple trophoblast-specific gene induction with suppression of pluripotency. In accordance, knocking down <i>GATA3</i> in primate embryos resulted in a failure to form trophectoderm. The discovery of the TEtra circuit indicates how trophectoderm commitment is regulated in human embryogenesis.</p>',
			'date' => '2017-11-07',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29078328',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2018-01-04 10:23:33',
			'created' => '2018-01-04 10:23:33',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 52 => array(
			'id' => '3299',
			'name' => 'Rapid Communication: The correlation between histone modifications and expression of key genes involved in accumulation of adipose tissue in the pig.',
			'authors' => 'Kociucka B. et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Histone modification is a well-known epigenetic mechanism involved in regulation of gene expression; however, it has been poorly studied in adipose tissues of the pig. Understanding the molecular background of adipose tissue development and function is essential for improving production efficiency and meat quality. The objective of this study was to identify the association between histone modification and the transcript level of genes important for lipid droplet formation and metabolism. Histone modifications at the promoter regions of 6 genes (, , , , , and ) were analyzed using a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. Two modifications involved in activation of gene expression (acetylation of H3 histone at lysine 9 and methylation of H3 histone at lysine 4) as well as methylation of H3 histone at lysine 27, which is known to be related to gene repression, were examined. The level of histone modification was compared with transcript abundance determined using real-time PCR in tissue samples (subcutaneous fat, visceral fat, and longissimus dorsi muscle) derived from 3 pig breeds significantly differing in fatness traits (Polish Large White, Duroc, and Pietrain). Transcript levels were found to be correlated with histone modifications characteristic to active loci in 4 of 6 genes. A positive correlation between histone H3 lysine 9 acetylation modification and the transcript level of ( = 0.53, &lt; 4.8 &times; 10), ( = 0.34, &lt; 0.02), and ( = 0.43, &lt; 1.0 &times; 10) genes was observed. The histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation modification correlated with transcripts of ( = 0.64, &lt; 4.6 &times; 10) and ( = 0.37, &lt; 0.01) genes. No correlation was found between transcript level of all studied genes and histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation level. This is the first study on histone modifications in porcine adipose tissues. We confirmed the relationship between histone modifications and expression of key genes for adipose tissue accumulation in the pig. Epigenetic modulation of the transcriptional profile of these genes (e.g., through nutritional factors) may improve porcine fatness traits in future.</p>',
			'date' => '2017-10-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29108067',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2017-12-05 10:39:56',
			'created' => '2017-12-05 09:31:02',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 53 => array(
			'id' => '3290',
			'name' => 'Genomic imprinting of Xist by maternal H3K27me3',
			'authors' => 'Azusa Inoue, Lan Jiang, Falong Lu, and Yi Zhang ',
			'description' => '<p>Maternal imprinting at the <em>Xist</em> gene is essential to achieve paternal allele-specific imprinted X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) in female mammals. However, the mechanism underlying <em>Xist</em> imprinting is unclear. Here we show that the <em>Xist</em> locus is coated with a broad H3K27me3 domain that is established during oocyte growth and persists through preimplantation development in mice. Loss of maternal H3K27me3 induces maternal <em>Xist</em> expression and maternal XCI in preimplantation embryos. Our study thus identifies maternal H3K27me3 as the imprinting mark of <em>Xist</em>.</p>',
			'date' => '2017-09-28',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29089420?dopt=Abstract',
			'doi' => '10.1101/gad.304113.117',
			'modified' => '2018-01-30 21:10:37',
			'created' => '2017-11-12 07:16:58',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 54 => array(
			'id' => '3276',
			'name' => 'DNA methylation of intragenic CpG islands depends on their transcriptional activity during differentiation and disease',
			'authors' => 'Jeziorska D.M. et al.',
			'description' => '<p>The human genome contains &sim;30,000 CpG islands (CGIs). While CGIs associated with promoters nearly always remain unmethylated, many of the &sim;9,000 CGIs lying within gene bodies become methylated during development and differentiation. Both promoter and intragenic CGIs may also become abnormally methylated as a result of genome rearrangements and in malignancy. The epigenetic mechanisms by which some CGIs become methylated but others, in the same cell, remain unmethylated in these situations are poorly understood. Analyzing specific loci and using a genome-wide analysis, we show that transcription running across CGIs, associated with specific chromatin modifications, is required for DNA methyltransferase 3B (DNMT3B)-mediated DNA methylation of many naturally occurring intragenic CGIs. Importantly, we also show that a subgroup of intragenic CGIs is not sensitive to this process of transcription-mediated methylation and that this correlates with their individual intrinsic capacity to initiate transcription in vivo. We propose a general model of how transcription could act as a primary determinant of the patterns of CGI methylation in normal development and differentiation, and in human disease.</p>',
			'date' => '2017-09-05',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28827334',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2017-10-16 10:16:06',
			'created' => '2017-10-16 10:16:06',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 55 => array(
			'id' => '3257',
			'name' => 'A lipodystrophy-causing lamin A mutant alters conformation and epigenetic regulation of the anti-adipogenic MIR335 locus',
			'authors' => 'Oldenburg A. et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Mutations in the <i>Lamin A/C</i> (<i>LMNA</i>) gene-encoding nuclear LMNA cause laminopathies, which include partial lipodystrophies associated with metabolic syndromes. The lipodystrophy-associated LMNA p.R482W mutation is known to impair adipogenic differentiation, but the mechanisms involved are unclear. We show in this study that the lamin A p.R482W hot spot mutation prevents adipogenic gene expression by epigenetically deregulating long-range enhancers of the anti-adipogenic <i>MIR335</i> microRNA gene in human adipocyte progenitor cells. The R482W mutation results in a loss of function of differentiation-dependent lamin A binding to the <i>MIR335</i> locus. This impairs H3K27 methylation and instead favors H3K27 acetylation on <i>MIR335</i> enhancers. The lamin A mutation further promotes spatial clustering of <i>MIR335</i> enhancer and promoter elements along with overexpression of the <i>MIR355</i> gene after adipogenic induction. Our results link a laminopathy-causing lamin A mutation to an unsuspected deregulation of chromatin states and spatial conformation of an miRNA locus critical for adipose progenitor cell fate.</p>',
			'date' => '2017-09-04',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28751304',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2017-10-05 11:08:52',
			'created' => '2017-10-05 11:08:52',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 56 => array(
			'id' => '3222',
			'name' => 'DNMT and HDAC inhibitors induce cryptic transcription start sites encoded in long terminal repeats',
			'authors' => 'Brocks D. et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Several mechanisms of action have been proposed for DNA methyltransferase and histone deacetylase inhibitors (DNMTi and HDACi), primarily based on candidate-gene approaches. However, less is known about their genome-wide transcriptional and epigenomic consequences. By mapping global transcription start site (TSS) and chromatin dynamics, we observed the cryptic transcription of thousands of treatment-induced non-annotated TSSs (TINATs) following DNMTi and HDACi treatment. The resulting transcripts frequently splice into protein-coding exons and encode truncated or chimeric ORFs translated into products with predicted abnormal or immunogenic functions. TINAT transcription after DNMTi treatment coincided with DNA hypomethylation and gain of classical promoter histone marks, while HDACi specifically induced a subset of TINATs in association with H2AK9ac, H3K14ac, and H3K23ac. Despite this mechanistic difference, both inhibitors convergently induced transcription from identical sites, as we found TINATs to be encoded in solitary long terminal repeats of the ERV9/LTR12 family, which are epigenetically repressed in virtually all normal cells.</p>',
			'date' => '2017-06-12',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28604729',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2017-08-18 14:14:48',
			'created' => '2017-08-18 14:14:48',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 57 => array(
			'id' => '3189',
			'name' => 'H2A monoubiquitination in Arabidopsis thaliana is generally independent of LHP1 and PRC2 activity',
			'authors' => 'Zhou Y. et al.',
			'description' => '<div class="">
<h4>BACKGROUND:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="BACKGROUND" nlmcategory="BACKGROUND">Polycomb group complexes PRC1 and PRC2 repress gene expression at the chromatin level in eukaryotes. The classic recruitment model of Polycomb group complexes in which PRC2-mediated H3K27 trimethylation recruits PRC1 for H2A monoubiquitination was recently challenged by data showing that PRC1 activity can also recruit PRC2. However, the prevalence of these two mechanisms is unknown, especially in plants as H2AK121ub marks were examined at only a handful of Polycomb group targets.</abstracttext></p>
<h4>RESULTS:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="RESULTS" nlmcategory="RESULTS">By using genome-wide analyses, we show that H2AK121ub marks are surprisingly widespread in Arabidopsis thaliana, often co-localizing with H3K27me3 but also occupying a set of transcriptionally active genes devoid of H3K27me3. Furthermore, by profiling H2AK121ub and H3K27me3 marks in atbmi1a/b/c, clf/swn, and lhp1 mutants we found that PRC2 activity is not required for H2AK121ub marking at most genes. In contrast, loss of AtBMI1 function impacts the incorporation of H3K27me3 marks at most Polycomb group targets.</abstracttext></p>
<h4>CONCLUSIONS:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="CONCLUSIONS" nlmcategory="CONCLUSIONS">Our findings show the relationship between H2AK121ub and H3K27me3 marks across the A. thaliana genome and unveil that ubiquitination by PRC1 is largely independent of PRC2 activity in plants, while the inverse is true for H3K27 trimethylation.</abstracttext></p>
</div>',
			'date' => '2017-04-12',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28403905',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2017-06-15 10:13:22',
			'created' => '2017-06-15 10:13:22',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 58 => array(
			'id' => '3172',
			'name' => 'Decoupling of DNA methylation and activity of intergenic LINE-1 promoters in colorectal cancer',
			'authors' => 'Vafadar-Isfahani N. et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Hypomethylation of LINE-1 repeats in cancer has been proposed as the main mechanism behind their activation; this assumption, however, was based on findings from early studies that were biased toward young and transpositionally active elements. Here, we investigate the relationship between methylation of 2 intergenic, transpositionally inactive LINE-1 elements and expression of the LINE-1 chimeric transcript (LCT) 13 and LCT14 driven by their antisense promoters (L1-ASP). Our data from DNA modification, expression, and 5'RACE analyses suggest that colorectal cancer methylation in the regions analyzed is not always associated with LCT repression. Consistent with this, in HCT116 colorectal cancer cells lacking DNA methyltransferases DNMT1 or DNMT3B, LCT13 expression decreases, while cells lacking both DNMTs or treated with the DNMT inhibitor 5-azacytidine (5-aza) show no change in LCT13 expression. Interestingly, levels of the H4K20me3 histone modification are inversely associated with LCT13 and LCT14 expression. Moreover, at these LINE-1s, H4K20me3 levels rather than DNA methylation seem to be good predictor of their sensitivity to 5-aza treatment. Therefore, by studying individual LINE-1 promoters we have shown that in some cases these promoters can be active without losing methylation; in addition, we provide evidence that other factors (e.g., H4K20me3 levels) play prominent roles in their regulation.</p>',
			'date' => '2017-03-16',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28300471',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2017-05-10 16:26:24',
			'created' => '2017-05-10 16:26:24',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 59 => array(
			'id' => '3134',
			'name' => 'HMCan-diff: a method to detect changes in histone modifications in cells with different genetic characteristics',
			'authors' => 'Ashoor H. et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Comparing histone modification profiles between cancer and normal states, or across different tumor samples, can provide insights into understanding cancer initiation, progression and response to therapy. ChIP-seq histone modification data of cancer samples are distorted by copy number variation innate to any cancer cell. We present HMCan-diff, the first method designed to analyze ChIP-seq data to detect changes in histone modifications between two cancer samples of different genetic backgrounds, or between a cancer sample and a normal control. HMCan-diff explicitly corrects for copy number bias, and for other biases in the ChIP-seq data, which significantly improves prediction accuracy compared to methods that do not consider such corrections. On in silico simulated ChIP-seq data generated using genomes with differences in copy number profiles, HMCan-diff shows a much better performance compared to other methods that have no correction for copy number bias. Additionally, we benchmarked HMCan-diff on four experimental datasets, characterizing two histone marks in two different scenarios. We correlated changes in histone modifications between a cancer and a normal control sample with changes in gene expression. On all experimental datasets, HMCan-diff demonstrated better performance compared to the other methods.</p>',
			'date' => '2017-01-03',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28053124',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2017-03-07 17:25:32',
			'created' => '2017-03-07 17:25:32',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 60 => array(
			'id' => '3089',
			'name' => 'Jarid2 binds mono-ubiquitylated H2A lysine 119 to mediate crosstalk between Polycomb complexes PRC1 and PRC2',
			'authors' => 'Cooper S. et al.',
			'description' => '<p>The Polycomb repressive complexes PRC1 and PRC2 play a central role in developmental gene regulation in multicellular organisms. PRC1 and PRC2 modify chromatin by catalysing histone H2A lysine 119 ubiquitylation (H2AK119u1), and H3 lysine 27 methylation (H3K27me3), respectively. Reciprocal crosstalk between these modifications is critical for the formation of stable Polycomb domains at target gene loci. While the molecular mechanism for recognition of H3K27me3 by PRC1 is well defined, the interaction of PRC2 with H2AK119u1 is poorly understood. Here we demonstrate a critical role for the PRC2 cofactor Jarid2 in mediating the interaction of PRC2 with H2AK119u1. We identify a ubiquitin interaction motif at the amino-terminus of Jarid2, and demonstrate that this domain facilitates PRC2 localization to H2AK119u1 both <i>in vivo</i> and <i>in vitro</i>. Our findings ascribe a critical function to Jarid2 and define a key mechanism that links PRC1 and PRC2 in the establishment of Polycomb domains.</p>',
			'date' => '2016-11-28',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms13661',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2017-01-02 12:03:16',
			'created' => '2017-01-02 12:03:16',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 61 => array(
			'id' => '3114',
			'name' => 'Iterative Fragmentation Improves the Detection of ChIP-seq Peaks for Inactive Histone Marks',
			'authors' => 'Laczik M. et al.',
			'description' => '<p>As chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) sequencing is becoming the dominant technique for studying chromatin modifications, new protocols surface to improve the method. Bioinformatics is also essential to analyze and understand the results, and precise analysis helps us to identify the effects of protocol optimizations. We applied iterative sonication - sending the fragmented DNA after ChIP through additional round(s) of shearing - to a number of samples, testing the effects on different histone marks, aiming to uncover potential benefits of inactive histone marks specifically. We developed an analysis pipeline that utilizes our unique, enrichment-type specific approach to peak calling. With the help of this pipeline, we managed to accurately describe the advantages and disadvantages of the iterative refragmentation technique, and we successfully identified possible fields for its applications, where it enhances the results greatly. In addition to the resonication protocol description, we provide guidelines for peak calling optimization and a freely implementable pipeline for data analysis.</p>',
			'date' => '2016-10-25',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27812282',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2017-01-17 16:07:44',
			'created' => '2017-01-17 16:07:44',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 62 => array(
			'id' => '3054',
			'name' => 'Overexpression of histone demethylase Fbxl10 leads to enhanced migration in mouse embryonic fibroblasts.',
			'authors' => 'Rohde M. et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Cell migration is a central process in the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms. Tissue formation during embryonic development, wound healing, immune responses and invasive tumors all require the orchestrated movement of cells to specific locations. Histone demethylase proteins alter transcription by regulating the chromatin state at specific gene loci. FBXL10 is a conserved and ubiquitously expressed member of the JmjC domain-containing histone demethylase family and is implicated in the demethylation of H3K4me3 and H3K36me2 and thereby removing active chromatin marks. However, the physiological role of FBXL10 in vivo remains largely unknown. Therefore, we established an inducible gain of function model to analyze the role of Fbxl10 and compared wild-type with Fbxl10 overexpressing mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). Our study shows that overexpression of Fbxl10 in MEFs doesn't influence the proliferation capability but leads to an enhanced migration capacity in comparison to wild-type MEFs. Transcriptome and ChIP-seq experiments demonstrated that Fbxl10 binds to genes involved in migration like Areg, Mdk, Lmnb1, Thbs1, Mgp and Cxcl12. Taken together, our results strongly suggest that Fbxl10 plays a critical role in migration by binding to the promoter region of migration-associated genes and thereby might influences cell behaviour to a possibly more aggressive phenotype.</p>',
			'date' => '2016-09-17',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27646113',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2016-10-24 14:35:45',
			'created' => '2016-10-24 14:35:45',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 63 => array(
			'id' => '3051',
			'name' => 'Allelic reprogramming of the histone modification H3K4me3 in early mammalian development',
			'authors' => 'Zhang B et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Histone modifications are fundamental epigenetic regulators that control many crucial cellular processes<sup><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v537/n7621/full/nature19361.html#ref1" title="Kouzarides, T. Chromatin modifications and their function. Cell 128, 693&ndash;705 (2007)" id="ref-link-39">1</a></sup>. However, whether these marks can be passed on from mammalian gametes to the next generation is a long-standing question that remains unanswered. Here, by developing a highly sensitive approach, STAR ChIP&ndash;seq, we provide a panoramic view of the landscape of H3K4me3, a histone hallmark for transcription initiation<sup><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v537/n7621/full/nature19361.html#ref2" title="Ruthenburg, A. J., Allis, C. D. &amp; Wysocka, J. Methylation of lysine 4 on histone H3: intricacy of writing and reading a single epigenetic mark. Mol. Cell 25, 15&ndash;30 (2007)" id="ref-link-40">2</a></sup>, from developing gametes to post-implantation embryos. We find that upon fertilization, extensive reprogramming occurs on the paternal genome, as H3K4me3 peaks are depleted in zygotes but are readily observed after major zygotic genome activation at the late two-cell stage. On the maternal genome, we unexpectedly find a non-canonical form of H3K4me3 (ncH3K4me3) in full-grown and mature oocytes, which exists as broad peaks at promoters and a large number of distal loci. Such broad H3K4me3 peaks are in contrast to the typical sharp H3K4me3 peaks restricted to CpG-rich regions of promoters. Notably, ncH3K4me3 in oocytes overlaps almost exclusively with partially methylated DNA domains. It is then inherited in pre-implantation embryos, before being erased in the late two-cell embryos, when canonical H3K4me3 starts to be established. The removal of ncH3K4me3 requires zygotic transcription but is independent of DNA replication-mediated passive dilution. Finally, downregulation of H3K4me3 in full-grown oocytes by overexpression of the H3K4me3 demethylase KDM5B is associated with defects in genome silencing. Taken together, these data unveil inheritance and highly dynamic reprogramming of the epigenome in early mammalian development.</p>',
			'date' => '2016-09-14',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v537/n7621/full/nature19361.html',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2016-10-24 14:10:07',
			'created' => '2016-10-24 14:10:07',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 64 => array(
			'id' => '3033',
			'name' => 'Fumarate is an epigenetic modifier that elicits epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition',
			'authors' => 'Sciacovelli M et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Mutations of the tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme fumarate hydratase cause hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer<sup><a href="http://www.nature.com.proxy.library.uu.nl/nature/journal/v537/n7621/full/nature19353.html#ref1" title="Tomlinson, I. P. et al. Germline mutations in FH predispose to dominantly inherited uterine fibroids, skin leiomyomata and papillary renal cell cancer. Nat. Genet. 30, 406&ndash;410 (2002)" id="ref-link-5">1</a></sup>. Fumarate hydratase-deficient renal cancers are highly aggressive and metastasize even when small, leading to a very poor clinical outcome<sup><a href="http://www.nature.com.proxy.library.uu.nl/nature/journal/v537/n7621/full/nature19353.html#ref2" title="Schmidt, L. S. &amp; Linehan, W. M. Hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma. Int. J. Nephrol. Renovasc. Dis. 7, 253&ndash;260 (2014)" id="ref-link-6">2</a></sup>. Fumarate, a small molecule metabolite that accumulates in fumarate hydratase-deficient cells, plays a key role in cell transformation, making it a <i>bona fide</i> oncometabolite<sup><a href="http://www.nature.com.proxy.library.uu.nl/nature/journal/v537/n7621/full/nature19353.html#ref3" title="Yang, M., Soga, T., Pollard, P. J. &amp; Adam, J. The emerging role of fumarate as an oncometabolite. Front Oncol. 2, 85 (2012)" id="ref-link-7">3</a></sup>. Fumarate has been shown to inhibit &alpha;-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases that are involved in DNA and histone demethylation<sup><a href="http://www.nature.com.proxy.library.uu.nl/nature/journal/v537/n7621/full/nature19353.html#ref4" title="Laukka, T. et al. Fumarate and succinate regulate expression of hypoxia-inducible genes via TET enzymes. J. Biol. Chem. 291, 4256&ndash;4265 (2016)" id="ref-link-8">4</a>, <a href="http://www.nature.com.proxy.library.uu.nl/nature/journal/v537/n7621/full/nature19353.html#ref5" title="Xiao, M. et al. Inhibition of &alpha;-KG-dependent histone and DNA demethylases by fumarate and succinate that are accumulated in mutations of FH and SDH tumor suppressors. Genes Dev. 26, 1326&ndash;1338 (2012)" id="ref-link-9">5</a></sup>. However, the link between fumarate accumulation, epigenetic changes, and tumorigenesis is unclear. Here we show that loss of fumarate hydratase and the subsequent accumulation of fumarate in mouse and human cells elicits an epithelial-to-mesenchymal-transition (EMT), a phenotypic switch associated with cancer initiation, invasion, and metastasis<sup><a href="http://www.nature.com.proxy.library.uu.nl/nature/journal/v537/n7621/full/nature19353.html#ref6" title="De Craene, B. &amp; Berx, G. Regulatory networks defining EMT during cancer initiation and progression. Nat. Rev. Cancer 13, 97&ndash;110 (2013)" id="ref-link-10">6</a></sup>. We demonstrate that fumarate inhibits Tet-mediated demethylation of a regulatory region of the antimetastatic miRNA cluster<sup><a href="http://www.nature.com.proxy.library.uu.nl/nature/journal/v537/n7621/full/nature19353.html#ref6" title="De Craene, B. &amp; Berx, G. Regulatory networks defining EMT during cancer initiation and progression. Nat. Rev. Cancer 13, 97&ndash;110 (2013)" id="ref-link-11">6</a></sup> <i>mir-200ba429</i>, leading to the expression of EMT-related transcription factors and enhanced migratory properties. These epigenetic and phenotypic changes are recapitulated by the incubation of fumarate hydratase-proficient cells with cell-permeable fumarate. Loss of fumarate hydratase is associated with suppression of miR-200 and the EMT signature in renal cancer and is associated with poor clinical outcome. These results imply that loss of fumarate hydratase and fumarate accumulation contribute to the aggressive features of fumarate hydratase-deficient tumours.</p>',
			'date' => '2016-08-31',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v537/n7621/full/nature19353.html',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2016-09-23 10:44:15',
			'created' => '2016-09-23 10:44:15',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 65 => array(
			'id' => '2988',
			'name' => 'H3K4 acetylation, H3K9 acetylation and H3K27 methylation in breast tumor molecular subtypes',
			'authors' => 'Judes G et al.',
			'description' => '<div class="">
<h4>AIM:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="AIM" nlmcategory="OBJECTIVE">Here, we investigated how the St Gallen breast molecular subtypes displayed distinct histone H3 profiles.</abstracttext></p>
<h4>PATIENTS &amp; METHODS:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="PATIENTS &amp; METHODS" nlmcategory="METHODS">192 breast tumors divided into five St Gallen molecular subtypes (luminal A, luminal B HER2-, luminal B HER2+, HER2+ and basal-like) were evaluated for their histone H3 modifications on gene promoters.</abstracttext></p>
<h4>RESULTS:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="RESULTS" nlmcategory="RESULTS">ANOVA analysis allowed to identify specific H3 signatures according to three groups of genes: hormonal receptor genes (ERS1, ERS2, PGR), genes modifying histones (EZH2, P300, SRC3) and tumor suppressor gene (BRCA1). A similar profile inside high-risk cancers (luminal B [HER2+], HER2+ and basal-like) compared with low-risk cancers including luminal A and luminal B (HER2-) were demonstrated.</abstracttext></p>
<h4>CONCLUSION:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="CONCLUSION" nlmcategory="CONCLUSIONS">The H3 modifications might contribute to clarify the differences between breast cancer subtypes.</abstracttext></p>
</div>',
			'date' => '2016-07-18',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27424567',
			'doi' => '10.2217/epi-2016-0015',
			'modified' => '2016-07-28 10:36:20',
			'created' => '2016-07-28 10:36:20',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 66 => array(
			'id' => '2980',
			'name' => 'Epigenetic Modifications with DZNep, NaBu and SAHA in Luminal and Mesenchymal-like Breast Cancer Subtype Cells',
			'authors' => 'Dagdemir A et al.',
			'description' => '<h4>BACKGROUND/AIM:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="BACKGROUND/AIM" nlmcategory="OBJECTIVE">Numerous studies have shown that breast cancer and epigenetic mechanisms have a very powerful interactive relation. The MCF7 cell line, representative of luminal subtype and the MDA-MB 231 cell line representative of mesenchymal-like subtype were treated respectively with a Histone Methyl Transferase Inhibitors (HMTi), 3-Deazaneplanocin hydrochloride (DZNep), two histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi), sodium butyrate (NaBu), and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) for 48 h.</abstracttext></p>
<h4>MATERIALS AND METHODS:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="MATERIALS AND METHODS" nlmcategory="METHODS">Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) was used to observe HDACis (SAHA and NaBu) and HMTi (DZNep) impact on histones and more specifically on H3K27me3, H3K9ac and H3K4ac marks with Q-PCR analysis of BRCA1, SRC3 and P300 genes. Furthermore, the HDACi and HMTi effects on mRNA and protein expression of BRCA1, SRC3 and P300 genes were checked. In addition, statistical analyses were used.</abstracttext></p>
<h4>RESULTS:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="RESULTS" nlmcategory="RESULTS">In the MCF7 luminal subtype with positive ER, H3k4ac was significantly increased on BRCA1 with SAHA. On the contrary, in the MDA-MB 231 breast cancer cell line, representative of mesenchymal-like subtype with negative estrogen receptor, HDACis had no effect. Also, DZNEP decreased significantly H3K27me3 on BRCA1 in MDA-MB 231. Besides, on SRC3, a significant increase for H3K4ac was obtained in MCF7 treated with SAHA. And DZNEP had no effect in MCF7. Also, in MDA-MB 231 treated with DZNEP, H3K27me3 significantly decreased on SRC3 while H3K4ac was significantly increased in MDA-MB-231 treated with SAHA or NaBu for P300.</abstracttext></p>
<h4>CONCLUSION:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="CONCLUSION" nlmcategory="CONCLUSIONS">Luminal and mesenchymal-like breast cancer subtype cell lines seemed to act differently to HDACis (SAHA and NaBu) or HMTi (DZNEP) treatments.</abstracttext></p>',
			'date' => '2016-07-01',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27365379',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2016-07-12 12:50:21',
			'created' => '2016-07-12 12:46:04',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 67 => array(
			'id' => '2982',
			'name' => 'Molecular and Epigenetic Biomarkers in Luminal Androgen Receptor: A Triple Negative Breast Cancer Subtype',
			'authors' => 'Judes G et al.',
			'description' => '',
			'date' => '2016-06-21',
			'pmid' => 'http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/omi.2016.0029',
			'doi' => '10.1089/omi.2016.0029',
			'modified' => '2016-07-13 10:02:46',
			'created' => '2016-07-13 10:02:46',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 68 => array(
			'id' => '2908',
			'name' => 'Frequency and mitotic heritability of epimutations in Schistosoma mansoni',
			'authors' => 'Roquis D, Rognon A, Chaparro C, Boissier J, Arancibia N, Cosseau C, Parrinello H, Grunau C',
			'description' => '<p>Schistosoma mansoni is a parasitic platyhelminth responsible for intestinal bilharzia. It has a complex life cycle, infecting a freshwater snail of the Biomphalaria genus, and then a mammalian host. Schistosoma mansoni adapts rapidly to new (allopatric) strains of its intermediate host. To study the importance of epimutations in this process, we infected sympatric and allopatric mollusc strains with parasite clones. ChIP-Seq was carried out on four histone modifications (H3K4me3, H3K27me3, H3K27ac and H4K20me1) in parallel with genomewide DNA resequencing (i) on parasite larvae shed by the infected snails and (ii) on adult worms that had developed from the larvae. No change in single nucleotide polymorphisms and no mobilization of transposable elements were observed, but 58-105 copy number variations (CNVs) within the parasite clones in different molluscs were detected. We also observed that the allopatric environment induces three types of chromatin structure changes: (i) host-induced changes on larvae epigenomes in 51 regions of the genome that are independent of the parasites' genetic background, (ii) spontaneous changes (not related to experimental condition or genotype of the parasite) at 64 locations and (iii) 64 chromatin structure differences dependent on the parasite genotype. Up to 45% of the spontaneous, but none of the host-induced chromatin structure changes were transmitted to adults. In our model, the environment induces epigenetic changes at specific loci but only spontaneous epimutations are mitotically heritable and have therefore the potential to contribute to transgenerational inheritance. We also show that CNVs are the only source of genetic variation and occur at the same order of magnitude as epimutations.</p>',
			'date' => '2016-04-01',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26826554',
			'doi' => '10.1111/mec.13555',
			'modified' => '2016-05-09 22:47:10',
			'created' => '2016-05-09 22:47:10',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 69 => array(
			'id' => '2835',
			'name' => 'BPA-Induced Deregulation Of Epigenetic Patterns: Effects On Female Zebrafish Reproduction',
			'authors' => 'Santangeli S, Maradonna F, Gioacchini G, Cobellis G, Piccinetti CC, Dalla Valle L, Carnevali O',
			'description' => '<p>Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the commonest Endocrine Disruptor Compounds worldwide. It interferes with vertebrate reproduction, possibly by inducing deregulation of epigenetic mechanisms. To determine its effects on female reproductive physiology and investigate whether changes in the expression levels of genes related to reproduction are caused by histone modifications, BPA concentrations consistent with environmental exposure were administered to zebrafish for three weeks. Effects on oocyte growth and maturation, autophagy and apoptosis processes, histone modifications, and DNA methylation were assessed by Real-Time PCR (qPCR), histology, and chromatin immunoprecipitation combined with qPCR analysis (ChIP-qPCR). The results showed that 5&thinsp;&mu;g/L BPA down-regulated oocyte maturation-promoting signals, likely through changes in the chromatin structure mediated by histone modifications, and promoted apoptosis in mature follicles. These data indicate that the negative effects of BPA on the female reproductive system may be due to its upstream ability to deregulate epigenetic mechanism.</p>',
			'date' => '2016-02-25',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.nature.com/articles/srep21982',
			'doi' => '10.1038/srep21982',
			'modified' => '2016-03-03 14:03:07',
			'created' => '2016-03-03 14:03:07',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 70 => array(
			'id' => '2824',
			'name' => 'The JMJD3 Histone Demethylase and the EZH2 Histone Methyltransferase in Prostate Cancer',
			'authors' => 'Daures M, Ngollo M, Judes G, Rifaï K, Kemeny JL, Penault-Llorca F, Bignon YJ, Guy L, Bernard-Gallon D',
			'description' => '<p>Prostate cancer is themost common cancer in men. It has been clearly established that genetic and epigenetic alterations of histone 3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) are common events in prostate cancer. This mark is deregulated in prostate cancer (Ngollo et al., 2014). Furthermore, H3K27me3 levels are determined by the balance between activities of histone methyltransferase EZH2 (enhancer of zeste homolog 2) and histone demethylase JMJD3 (jumonji domain containing 3). It is well known that EZH2 is upregulated in prostate cancer (Varambally et al., 2002) but only one study has shown overexpression of JMJD3 at the protein level in prostate cancer (Xiang et al., 2007).&nbsp; <br />Here, the analysis of JMJD3 and EZH2 were performed at mRNA and protein levels in prostate cancer cell lines (LNCaP and PC-3), normal cell line (PWR-1E), and as well as prostate biopsies.</p>',
			'date' => '2016-02-12',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26871869',
			'doi' => '10.1089/omi.2015.0113',
			'modified' => '2016-02-17 11:42:08',
			'created' => '2016-02-17 11:39:07',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 71 => array(
			'id' => '2909',
			'name' => 'Epigenetic priming of inflammatory response genes by high glucose in adipose progenitor cells',
			'authors' => 'Rønningen T, Shah A, Reiner AH, Collas P, Moskaug JØ',
			'description' => '<p>Cellular metabolism confers wide-spread epigenetic modifications required for regulation of transcriptional networks that determine cellular states. Mesenchymal stromal cells are responsive to metabolic cues including circulating glucose levels and modulate inflammatory responses. We show here that long term exposure of undifferentiated human adipose tissue stromal cells (ASCs) to high glucose upregulates a subset of inflammation response (IR) genes and alters their promoter histone methylation patterns in a manner consistent with transcriptional de-repression. Modeling of chromatin states from combinations of histone modifications in nearly 500 IR genes unveil three overarching chromatin configurations reflecting repressive, active, and potentially active states in promoter and enhancer elements. Accordingly, we show that adipogenic differentiation in high glucose predominantly upregulates IR genes. Our results indicate that elevated extracellular glucose levels sensitize in ASCs an IR gene expression program which is exacerbated during adipocyte differentiation. We propose that high glucose exposure conveys an epigenetic 'priming' of IR genes, favoring a transcriptional inflammatory response upon adipogenic stimulation. Chromatin alterations at IR genes by high glucose exposure may play a role in the etiology of metabolic diseases.</p>',
			'date' => '2015-11-27',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26462465',
			'doi' => '10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.10.030',
			'modified' => '2016-05-09 22:54:48',
			'created' => '2016-05-09 22:54:48',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 72 => array(
			'id' => '2948',
			'name' => 'Selective targeting of the BRG/PB1 bromodomains impairs embryonic and trophoblast stem cell maintenance',
			'authors' => 'Fedorov O et al.',
			'description' => '<p>Mammalian SWI/SNF [also called Brg/Brahma-associated factors (BAFs)] are evolutionarily conserved chromatin-remodeling complexes regulating gene transcription programs during development and stem cell differentiation. BAF complexes contain an ATP (adenosine 5'-triphosphate)-driven remodeling enzyme (either BRG1 or BRM) and multiple protein interaction domains including bromodomains, an evolutionary conserved acetyl lysine-dependent protein interaction motif that recruits transcriptional regulators to acetylated chromatin. We report a potent and cell active protein interaction inhibitor, PFI-3, that selectively binds to essential BAF bromodomains. The high specificity of PFI-3 was achieved on the basis of a novel binding mode of a salicylic acid head group that led to the replacement of water molecules typically maintained in other bromodomain inhibitor complexes. We show that exposure of embryonic stem cells to PFI-3 led to deprivation of stemness and deregulated lineage specification. Furthermore, differentiation of trophoblast stem cells in the presence of PFI-3 was markedly enhanced. The data present a key function of BAF bromodomains in stem cell maintenance and differentiation, introducing a novel versatile chemical probe for studies on acetylation-dependent cellular processes controlled by BAF remodeling complexes.</p>',
			'date' => '2015-11-13',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26702435',
			'doi' => ' 10.1126/sciadv.1500723',
			'modified' => '2016-06-09 11:12:09',
			'created' => '2016-06-09 11:12:09',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 73 => array(
			'id' => '2878',
			'name' => 'The Epigenome of Schistosoma mansoni Provides Insight about How Cercariae Poise Transcription until Infection',
			'authors' => 'Roquis D, Lepesant JM, Picard MA, Freitag M, Parrinello H, Groth M4, Emans R, Cosseau C, Grunau C',
			'description' => '<div class="">
<h4>BACKGROUND:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="BACKGROUND" nlmcategory="BACKGROUND">Chromatin structure can control gene expression and can define specific transcription states. For example, bivalent methylation of histone H3K4 and H3K27 is linked to poised transcription in vertebrate embryonic stem cells (ESC). It allows them to rapidly engage specific developmental pathways. We reasoned that non-vertebrate metazoans that encounter a similar developmental constraint (i.e. to quickly start development into a new phenotype) might use a similar system. Schistosomes are parasitic platyhelminthes that are characterized by passage through two hosts: a mollusk as intermediate host and humans or rodents as definitive host. During its development, the parasite undergoes drastic changes, most notable immediately after infection of the definitive host, i.e. during the transition from the free-swimming cercariae into adult worms.</abstracttext></p>
<h4>METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS" nlmcategory="RESULTS">We used Chromatin Immunoprecipitation followed by massive parallel sequencing (ChIP-Seq) to analyze genome-wide chromatin structure of S. mansoni on the level of histone modifications (H3K4me3, H3K27me3, H3K9me3, and H3K9ac) in cercariae, schistosomula and adults (available at http://genome.univ-perp.fr). We saw striking differences in chromatin structure between the developmental stages, but most importantly we found that cercariae possess a specific combination of marks at the transcription start sites (TSS) that has similarities to a structure found in ESC. We demonstrate that in cercariae no transcription occurs, and we provide evidences that cercariae do not possess large numbers of canonical stem cells.</abstracttext></p>
<h4>CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE:</h4>
<p><abstracttext label="CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE" nlmcategory="CONCLUSIONS">We describe here a broad view on the epigenome of a metazoan parasite. Most notably, we find bivalent histone H3 methylation in cercariae. Methylation of H3K27 is removed during transformation into schistosomula (and stays absent in adults) and transcription is activated. In addition, shifts of H3K9 methylation and acetylation occur towards upstream and downstream of the transcriptional start site (TSS). We conclude that specific H3 modifications are a phylogenetically older and probably more general mechanism, i.e. not restricted to stem cells, to poise transcription. Since adult couples must form to cause the disease symptoms, changes in histone modifications appear to be crucial for pathogenesis and represent therefore a therapeutic target.</abstracttext></p>
</div>',
			'date' => '2015-08-25',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26305466',
			'doi' => '10.1371/journal.pntd.0003853',
			'modified' => '2016-03-30 12:10:13',
			'created' => '2016-03-30 12:10:13',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 74 => array(
			'id' => '2612',
			'name' => 'Deciphering the role of Polycomb Repressive Complex 1 (PRC1) variants in regulating the acquisition of flowering competence in Arabidopsis.',
			'authors' => 'Pico S, Ortiz-Marchena MI, Merini W, Calonje M',
			'description' => 'Polycomb Group (PcG) proteins play important roles in regulating developmental phase transitions in plants; however, little is known about the role the PcG machinery in regulating the transition from juvenile to adult phase. Here, we show that Arabidopsis BMI1 (AtBMI1) PRC1 components participate in the repression of miR156. Loss of AtBMI1 function leads to upregulation of pri-MIR156A/C at the time the levels of miR156 should decline, resulting in an extended juvenile phase and delayed flowering. Conversely, the PRC1 component EMBRYONIC FLOWER (EMF1) participates in the regulation of SPL and MIR172 genes. Accordingly, plants impaired in EMF1 function displayed misexpression of these genes early in development, which contributes to a CONSTANS (CO)-independent upregulation of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) leading to the earliest flowering phenotype described in Arabidopsis. Our findings show how the different regulatory roles of two functional PRC1 variants coordinate the acquisition of flowering competence and help to reach the threshold of FT necessary to flower. Furthermore, we show how two central regulatory mechanisms, such as PcG and miRNA, assemble to achieve a developmental outcome.',
			'date' => '2015-04-20',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25897002',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:05',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:05',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 75 => array(
			'id' => '2560',
			'name' => 'An ultra-low-input native ChIP-seq protocol for genome-wide profiling of rare cell populations.',
			'authors' => 'Brind'Amour J, Liu S, Hudson M, Chen C, Karimi MM, Lorincz MC',
			'description' => 'Combined chromatin immunoprecipitation and next-generation sequencing (ChIP-seq) has enabled genome-wide epigenetic profiling of numerous cell lines and tissue types. A major limitation of ChIP-seq, however, is the large number of cells required to generate high-quality data sets, precluding the study of rare cell populations. Here, we present an ultra-low-input micrococcal nuclease-based native ChIP (ULI-NChIP) and sequencing method to generate genome-wide histone mark profiles with high resolution from as few as 10(3) cells. We demonstrate that ULI-NChIP-seq generates high-quality maps of covalent histone marks from 10(3) to 10(6) embryonic stem cells. Subsequently, we show that ULI-NChIP-seq H3K27me3 profiles generated from E13.5 primordial germ cells isolated from single male and female embryos show high similarity to recent data sets generated using 50-180 × more material. Finally, we identify sexually dimorphic H3K27me3 enrichment at specific genic promoters, thereby illustrating the utility of this method for generating high-quality and -complexity libraries from rare cell populations.',
			'date' => '2015-01-21',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25607992',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:04',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:04',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 76 => array(
			'id' => '2119',
			'name' => 'Exposure to Hycanthone alters chromatin structure around specific gene functions and specific repeats in Schistosoma mansoni',
			'authors' => 'Roquis D, Lepesant JM, Villafan E, Vieira C, Cosseau C, Grunau C',
			'description' => 'Schistosoma mansoni is a parasitic plathyhelminth responsible for intestinal schistosomiasis (or bilharziasis), a disease affecting 67 million people worldwide and causing an important economic burden. The schistosomicides hycanthone, and its later proxy oxamniquine, were widely used for treatments in endemic areas during the 20th century. Recently, the mechanism of action, as well as the genetic origin of a stably and Mendelian inherited resistance for both drugs was elucidated in two strains. However, several observations suggested early on that alternative mechanisms might exist, by which resistance could be induced for these two drugs in sensitive lines of schistosomes. This induced resistance appeared rapidly, within the first generation, but was metastable (not stably inherited). Epigenetic inheritance could explain such a phenomenon and we therefore re-analyzed the historical data with our current knowledge of epigenetics. In addition, we performed new experiments such as ChIP-seq on hycanthone treated worms. We found distinct chromatin structure changes between sensitive worms and induced resistant worms from the same strain. No specific pathway was discovered, but genes in which chromatin structure modification were observed are mostly associated with transport and catabolism, which makes sense in the context of the elimination of the drug. Specific differences were observed in the repetitive compartment of the genome. We finally describe what types of experiments are needed to understand the complexity of heritability that can be based on genetic and/or epigenetic mechanisms for drug resistance in schistosomes. ',
			'date' => '2014-06-18',
			'pmid' => 'http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fgene.2014.00207/abstract',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:03',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:03',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 77 => array(
			'id' => '2068',
			'name' => 'Targeting Polycomb to Pericentric Heterochromatin in Embryonic Stem Cells Reveals a Role for H2AK119u1 in PRC2 Recruitment.',
			'authors' => 'Cooper S, Dienstbier M, Hassan R, Schermelleh L, Sharif J, Blackledge NP, De Marco V, Elderkin S, Koseki H, Klose R, Heger A, Brockdorff N',
			'description' => 'The mechanisms by which the major Polycomb group (PcG) complexes PRC1 and PRC2 are recruited to target sites in vertebrate cells are not well understood. Building on recent studies that determined a reciprocal relationship between DNA methylation and Polycomb activity, we demonstrate that, in methylation-deficient embryonic stem cells (ESCs), CpG density combined with antagonistic effects of H3K9me3 and H3K36me3 redirects PcG complexes to pericentric heterochromatin and gene-rich domains. Surprisingly, we find that PRC1-linked H2A monoubiquitylation is sufficient to recruit PRC2 to chromatin in vivo, suggesting a mechanism through which recognition of unmethylated CpG determines the localization of both PRC1 and PRC2 at canonical and atypical target sites. We discuss our data in light of emerging evidence suggesting that PcG recruitment is a default state at licensed chromatin sites, mediated by interplay between CpG hypomethylation and counteracting H3 tail modifications.',
			'date' => '2014-06-12',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24857660',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:02',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:02',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 78 => array(
			'id' => '2065',
			'name' => 'Variant PRC1 Complex-Dependent H2A Ubiquitylation Drives PRC2 Recruitment and Polycomb Domain Formation.',
			'authors' => 'Blackledge NP, Farcas AM, Kondo T, King HW, McGouran JF, Hanssen LL, Ito S, Cooper S, Kondo K, Koseki Y, Ishikura T, Long HK, Sheahan TW, Brockdorff N, Kessler BM, Koseki H, Klose RJ',
			'description' => 'Chromatin modifying activities inherent to polycomb repressive complexes PRC1 and PRC2 play an essential role in gene regulation, cellular differentiation, and development. However, the mechanisms by which these complexes recognize their target sites and function together to form repressive chromatin domains remain poorly understood. Recruitment of PRC1 to target sites has been proposed to occur through a hierarchical process, dependent on prior nucleation of PRC2 and placement of H3K27me3. Here, using a de novo targeting assay in mouse embryonic stem cells we unexpectedly discover that PRC1-dependent H2AK119ub1 leads to recruitment of PRC2 and H3K27me3 to effectively initiate a polycomb domain. This activity is restricted to variant PRC1 complexes, and genetic ablation experiments reveal that targeting of the variant PCGF1/PRC1 complex by KDM2B to CpG islands is required for normal polycomb domain formation and mouse development. These observations provide a surprising PRC1-dependent logic for PRC2 occupancy at target sites in vivo.',
			'date' => '2014-06-05',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24856970',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:02',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:02',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 79 => array(
			'id' => '2050',
			'name' => 'Ezh2 regulates transcriptional and posttranslational expression of T-bet and promotes Th1 cell responses mediating aplastic anemia in mice.',
			'authors' => 'Tong Q, He S, Xie F, Mochizuki K, Liu Y, Mochizuki I, Meng L, Sun H, Zhang Y, Guo Y, Hexner E, Zhang Y',
			'description' => 'Acquired aplastic anemia (AA) is a potentially fatal bone marrow (BM) failure syndrome. IFN-γ-producing Th1 CD4(+) T cells mediate the immune destruction of hematopoietic cells, and they are central to the pathogenesis. However, the molecular events that control the development of BM-destructive Th1 cells remain largely unknown. Ezh2 is a chromatin-modifying enzyme that regulates multiple cellular processes primarily by silencing gene expression. We recently reported that Ezh2 is crucial for inflammatory T cell responses after allogeneic BM transplantation. To elucidate whether Ezh2 mediates pathogenic Th1 responses in AA and the mechanism of Ezh2 action in regulating Th1 cells, we studied the effects of Ezh2 inhibition in CD4(+) T cells using a mouse model of human AA. Conditionally deleting Ezh2 in mature T cells dramatically reduced the production of BM-destructive Th1 cells in vivo, decreased BM-infiltrating Th1 cells, and rescued mice from BM failure. Ezh2 inhibition resulted in significant decrease in the expression of Tbx21 and Stat4, which encode transcription factors T-bet and STAT4, respectively. Introduction of T-bet but not STAT4 into Ezh2-deficient T cells fully rescued their differentiation into Th1 cells mediating AA. Ezh2 bound to the Tbx21 promoter in Th1 cells and directly activated Tbx21 transcription. Unexpectedly, Ezh2 was also required to prevent proteasome-mediated degradation of T-bet protein in Th1 cells. Our results demonstrate that Ezh2 promotes the generation of BM-destructive Th1 cells through a mechanism of transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of T-bet. These results also highlight the therapeutic potential of Ezh2 inhibition in reducing AA and other autoimmune diseases.',
			'date' => '2014-06-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24760151',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:02',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:02',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 80 => array(
			'id' => '2027',
			'name' => 'Nitric oxide-induced neuronal to glial lineage fate-change depends on NRSF/REST function in neural progenitor cells.',
			'authors' => 'Bergsland M, Covacu R, Perez Estrada C, Svensson M, Brundin L',
			'description' => 'Degeneration of CNS tissue commonly occurs during neuroinflammatory conditions, such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and neurotrauma. During such conditions, neural stem/progenitor cell (NPC) populations have been suggested to provide new cells to degenerated areas. In the normal brain, NPCs from the SVZ generate neurons that settle in the olfactory bulb or striatum. However, during neuroinflammatory conditions NPCs migrate toward the site of injury to form oligodendrocytes and astrocytes, whereas newly formed neurons are less abundant. Thus, the specific NPC lineage fate decisions appear to respond to signals from the local environment. The instructive signals from inflammation have been suggested to rely on excessive levels of the free radical nitric oxide (NO), which is an essential component of the innate immune response, as NO promotes neuronal to glial cell fate conversion of differentiating rat NPCs in vitro. Here we demonstrate that the NO-induced neuronal to glial fate conversion is dependent on the transcription factor NRSF/REST. Chromatin modification status of a number of neuronal and glial lineage restricted genes was altered upon NO-exposure. These changes coincided with gene expression alterations, demonstrating a global shift towards glial potential. Interestingly, by blocking the function of NRSF/REST, alterations in chromatin modifications were lost and the NO-induced neuronal to glial switch was suppressed. This implicates NRSF/REST as a key factor in the NPC-specific response to innate immunity and suggests a novel mechanism by which signaling from inflamed tissue promotes the formation of glial cells. Stem Cells 2014.',
			'date' => '2014-05-08',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24807147',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:02',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:02',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 81 => array(
			'id' => '1938',
			'name' => 'Polycomb binding precedes early-life stress responsive DNA methylation at the Avp enhancer.',
			'authors' => 'Murgatroyd C, Spengler D',
			'description' => 'Early-life stress (ELS) in mice causes sustained hypomethylation at the downstream Avp enhancer, subsequent overexpression of hypothalamic Avp and increased stress responsivity. The sequence of events leading to Avp enhancer methylation is presently unknown. Here, we used an embryonic stem cell-derived model of hypothalamic-like differentiation together with in vivo experiments to show that binding of polycomb complexes (PcG) preceded the emergence of ELS-responsive DNA methylation and correlated with gene silencing. At the same time, PcG occupancy associated with the presence of Tet proteins preventing DNA methylation. Early hypothalamic-like differentiation triggered PcG eviction, DNA-methyltransferase recruitment and enhancer methylation. Concurrently, binding of the Methyl-CpG-binding and repressor protein MeCP2 increased at the enhancer although Avp expression during later stages of differentiation and the perinatal period continued to increase. Overall, we provide evidence of a new role of PcG proteins in priming ELS-responsive DNA methylation at the Avp enhancer prior to epigenetic programming consistent with the idea that PcG proteins are part of a flexible silencing system during neuronal development.',
			'date' => '2014-03-05',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24599304',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:02',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:02',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 82 => array(
			'id' => '1890',
			'name' => 'Epigenetics of prostate cancer: distribution of histone H3K27me3 biomarkers in peri-tumoral tissue.',
			'authors' => 'Ngollo M, Dagdemir A, Judes G, Kemeny JL, Penault-Llorca F, Boiteux JP, Lebert A, Bignon YJ, Guy L, Bernard-Gallon D',
			'description' => '<p>Prostate cancer is the second most common cause of cancer and the sixth leading cause of cancer fatalities in men world- wide (Ferlay et al., 2010). Genetic abnormalities and mutations are primary causative factors, but epigenetic mechanisms are now recognized as playing a key role in prostate cancer de- velopment. Epigenetics is defined as the study of mitotically and/or meiotically heritable changes in gene function that do not involve a change in DNA sequence (Dupont et al., 2009).</p>',
			'date' => '2014-03-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24517089',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2016-05-04 14:16:29',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:02',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 83 => array(
			'id' => '1910',
			'name' => 'Epigenomic alterations define lethal CIMP-positive ependymomas of infancy.',
			'authors' => 'Mack SC, Witt H, Piro RM, Gu L, Zuyderduyn S, Stütz AM, Wang X, Gallo M, Garzia L, Zayne K, Zhang X, Ramaswamy V, Jäger N, Jones DT, Sill M, Pugh TJ, Ryzhova M, Wani KM, Shih DJ, Head R, Remke M, Bailey SD, Zichner T, Faria CC, Barszczyk M, Stark S, Seker',
			'description' => 'Ependymomas are common childhood brain tumours that occur throughout the nervous system, but are most common in the paediatric hindbrain. Current standard therapy comprises surgery and radiation, but not cytotoxic chemotherapy as it does not further increase survival. Whole-genome and whole-exome sequencing of 47 hindbrain ependymomas reveals an extremely low mutation rate, and zero significant recurrent somatic single nucleotide variants. Although devoid of recurrent single nucleotide variants and focal copy number aberrations, poor-prognosis hindbrain ependymomas exhibit a CpG island methylator phenotype. Transcriptional silencing driven by CpG methylation converges exclusively on targets of the Polycomb repressive complex 2 which represses expression of differentiation genes through trimethylation of H3K27. CpG island methylator phenotype-positive hindbrain ependymomas are responsive to clinical drugs that target either DNA or H3K27 methylation both in vitro and in vivo. We conclude that epigenetic modifiers are the first rational therapeutic candidates for this deadly malignancy, which is epigenetically deregulated but genetically bland.',
			'date' => '2014-02-27',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24553142',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:02',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:02',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 84 => array(
			'id' => '1793',
			'name' => 'A novel microscopy-based high-throughput screening method to identify proteins that regulate global histone modification levels.',
			'authors' => 'Baas R, Lelieveld D, van Teeffelen H, Lijnzaad P, Castelijns B, van Schaik FM, Vermeulen M, Egan DA, Timmers HT, de Graaf P',
			'description' => '<p>Posttranslational modifications of histones play an important role in the regulation of gene expression and chromatin structure in eukaryotes. The balance between chromatin factors depositing (writers) and removing (erasers) histone marks regulates the steady-state levels of chromatin modifications. Here we describe a novel microscopy-based screening method to identify proteins that regulate histone modification levels in a high-throughput fashion. We named our method CROSS, for Chromatin Regulation Ontology SiRNA Screening. CROSS is based on an siRNA library targeting the expression of 529 proteins involved in chromatin regulation. As a proof of principle, we used CROSS to identify chromatin factors involved in histone H3 methylation on either lysine-4 or lysine-27. Furthermore, we show that CROSS can be used to identify chromatin factors that affect growth in cancer cell lines. Taken together, CROSS is a powerful method to identify the writers and erasers of novel and known chromatin marks and facilitates the identification of drugs targeting epigenetic modifications.</p>',
			'date' => '2014-02-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24334265',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2016-04-12 09:46:40',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:01',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 85 => array(
			'id' => '1845',
			'name' => 'SUPT6H controls estrogen receptor activity and cellular differentiation by multiple epigenomic mechanisms.',
			'authors' => 'Bedi U, Scheel AH, Hennion M, Begus-Nahrmann Y, Rüschoff J, Johnsen SA',
			'description' => 'The estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) is the central transcriptional regulator of ductal mammary epithelial lineage specification and is an important prognostic marker in human breast cancer. Although antiestrogen therapies are initially highly effective at treating ERα-positive tumors, a large number of tumors progress to a refractory, more poorly differentiated phenotype accompanied by reduced survival. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the progression from estrogen-dependent to hormone-resistant breast cancer may uncover new targets for treatment and the discovery of new predictive markers. Recent studies have uncovered an important role for transcriptional elongation and chromatin modifications in controlling ERα activity and estrogen responsiveness. The human Suppressor of Ty Homologue-6 (SUPT6H) is a histone chaperone that links transcriptional elongation to changes in chromatin structure. We show that SUPT6H is required for estrogen-regulated transcription and the maintenance of chromatin structure in breast cancer cells, possibly in part through interaction with RNF40 and regulation of histone H2B monoubiquitination (H2Bub1). Moreover, we demonstrate that SUPT6H protein levels decrease with malignancy in breast cancer. Consistently, SUPT6H, similar to H2Bub1, is required for cellular differentiation and suppression of the repressive histone mark H3K27me3 on lineage-specific genes. Together, these data identify SUPT6H as a new epigenetic regulator of ERα activity and cellular differentiation.Oncogene advance online publication, 20 January 2014; doi:10.1038/onc.2013.558.',
			'date' => '2014-01-20',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24441044',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:01',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:01',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 86 => array(
			'id' => '1933',
			'name' => 'A key role for EZH2 in epigenetic silencing of HOX genes in mantle cell lymphoma.',
			'authors' => 'Kanduri M, Sander B, Ntoufa S, Papakonstantinou N, Sutton LA, Stamatopoulos K, Kanduri C, Rosenquist R',
			'description' => 'The chromatin modifier EZH2 is overexpressed and associated with inferior outcome in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). Recently, we demonstrated preferential DNA methylation of HOX genes in MCL compared with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), despite these genes not being expressed in either entity. Since EZH2 has been shown to regulate HOX gene expression, to gain further insight into its possible role in differential silencing of HOX genes in MCL vs. CLL, we performed detailed epigenetic characterization using representative cell lines and primary samples. We observed significant overexpression of EZH2 in MCL vs. CLL. Chromatin immune precipitation (ChIP) assays revealed that EZH2 catalyzed repressive H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3), which was sufficient to silence HOX genes in CLL, whereas in MCL H3K27me3 is accompanied by DNA methylation for a more stable repression. More importantly, hypermethylation of the HOX genes in MCL resulted from EZH2 overexpression and subsequent recruitment of the DNA methylation machinery onto HOX gene promoters. The importance of EZH2 upregulation in this process was further underscored by siRNA transfection and EZH2 inhibitor experiments. Altogether, these observations implicate EZH2 in the long-term silencing of HOX genes in MCL, and allude to its potential as a therapeutic target with clinical impact.',
			'date' => '2013-12-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24107828',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:02',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:02',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 87 => array(
			'id' => '1661',
			'name' => 'Targeted disruption of hotair leads to homeotic transformation and gene derepression.',
			'authors' => 'Li L, Liu B, Wapinski OL, Tsai MC, Qu K, Zhang J, Carlson JC, Lin M, Fang F, Gupta RA, Helms JA, Chang HY',
			'description' => 'Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are thought to be prevalent regulators of gene expression, but the consequences of lncRNA inactivation in vivo are mostly unknown. Here, we show that targeted deletion of mouse Hotair lncRNA leads to derepression of hundreds of genes, resulting in homeotic transformation of the spine and malformation of metacarpal-carpal bones. RNA sequencing and conditional inactivation reveal an ongoing requirement of Hotair to repress HoxD genes and several imprinted loci such as Dlk1-Meg3 and Igf2-H19 without affecting imprinting choice. Hotair binds to both Polycomb repressive complex 2, which methylates histone H3 at lysine 27 (H3K27), and Lsd1 complex, which demethylates histone H3 at lysine 4 (H3K4) in vivo. Hotair inactivation causes H3K4me3 gain and, to a lesser extent, H3K27me3 loss at target genes. These results reveal the function and mechanisms of Hotair lncRNA in enforcing a silent chromatin state at Hox and additional genes.',
			'date' => '2013-10-17',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24075995',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:01',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:01',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 88 => array(
			'id' => '1482',
			'name' => 'VAL- and AtBMI1-Mediated H2Aub Initiate the Switch from Embryonic to Postgerminative Growth in Arabidopsis.',
			'authors' => 'Yang C, Bratzel F, Hohmann N, Koch M, Turck F, Calonje M',
			'description' => 'Plant B3-domain transcription factors have an important role in regulating seed development, in particular seed maturation and germination [1]. Among the B3 factors, the AFL (ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE3 [ABI3], FUSCA3 [FUS3], and LEAFY COTYLEDON2 [LEC2]) proteins activate the seed maturation program in a complex network, while the VAL (VP1/ABI3-LIKE) 1/2/3 proteins suppress AFL action in order to initiate germination and vegetative development through an as yet unknown mechanism [2, 3]. In addition, the AFL genes and LEAFY COTYLEDON1 (LEC1) [4], referred as seed maturation genes, are epigenetically repressed after germination by the Polycomb group (PcG) machinery via its histone-modifying activities: the histone H3 lysine 27 trimethyltransferase activity of the PcG repressive complex 2 (PRC2) and the E3 H2A monoubiquitin ligase activity of the PRC1 [5-9]. Both histone modifications are required for the repression [7-12]; however, the underlying mechanism is far from clear, because the localization and the role of H2Aub marks are still unknown. In this work, we demonstrate that VAL proteins and AtBMI1-mediated H2Aub initiate repression of seed maturation genes. After the initial off switch, the repression is maintained by PRC2-mediated H3K27me3. Our results indicate that the regulation of seed maturation genes does not follow the classic hierarchical model proposed for animal PcG-mediated repression [13], since the PRC1 activity is required for the H3K27me3 modification of these genes. Furthermore, we show different mechanisms to achieve PcG repression in plants, as the repression of genes involved in other processes has different requirements for H2Aub and H3K27me3 marking.',
			'date' => '2013-07-22',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23810531',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:00',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:00',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 89 => array(
			'id' => '1512',
			'name' => 'Disease-Related Growth Factor and Embryonic Signaling Pathways Modulate an Enhancer of TCF21 Expression at the 6q23.2 Coronary Heart Disease Locus.',
			'authors' => 'Miller CL, Anderson DR, Kundu RK, Raiesdana A, Nürnberg ST, Diaz R, Cheng K, Leeper NJ, Chen CH, Chang IS, Schadt EE, Hsiung CA, Assimes TL, Quertermous T',
			'description' => 'Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of mortality in both developed and developing countries worldwide. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have now identified 46 independent susceptibility loci for CHD, however, the biological and disease-relevant mechanisms for these associations remain elusive. The large-scale meta-analysis of GWAS recently identified in Caucasians a CHD-associated locus at chromosome 6q23.2, a region containing the transcription factor TCF21 gene. TCF21 (Capsulin/Pod1/Epicardin) is a member of the basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor family, and regulates cell fate decisions and differentiation in the developing coronary vasculature. Herein, we characterize a cis-regulatory mechanism by which the lead polymorphism rs12190287 disrupts an atypical activator protein 1 (AP-1) element, as demonstrated by allele-specific transcriptional regulation, transcription factor binding, and chromatin organization, leading to altered TCF21 expression. Further, this element is shown to mediate signaling through platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFR-β) and Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) pathways. A second disease allele identified in East Asians also appears to disrupt an AP-1-like element. Thus, both disease-related growth factor and embryonic signaling pathways may regulate CHD risk through two independent alleles at TCF21.',
			'date' => '2013-07-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23874238',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:00',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:00',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 90 => array(
			'id' => '1332',
			'name' => 'Passaging Techniques and ROCK Inhibitor Exert Reversible Effects on Morphology and Pluripotency Marker Gene Expression of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Lines.',
			'authors' => 'Holm F, Nikdin H, Kjartansdóttir KR, Gaudenzi G, Fried K, Aspenström P, Hermanson O, Bergström-Tengzelius R',
			'description' => 'Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are known for their potential usage in regenerative medicine, but also for handling sensitivity. Much effort has been put into optimizing the culture methods of hESCs. It has been shown that the use of Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase inhibitor (ROCKi) decreases the cellular stress response and the apoptotic cell death in hESC cultures that have been passaged enzymatically. These observations sparked a wide use of ROCKi in hESC cultures. We and others, however, noted that cells passaged enzymatically with the use of ROCKi had a different morphology compared to cells passaged mechanically. Here we show that hESCs that were enzymatically passaged displayed alterations in the nuclear size compared to cultures that were mechanically passaged. Notably, a dramatically decreased expression of the genes encoding common pluripotency markers, such as OCT4/POU5F1 and NANOG were revealed in enzymatically passaged hESCs compared to mechanically passaged, while such differences were not significant when assessing protein levels. The differences in gene expression did not correlate strongly with commonly analyzed histone modifications (H3K4me3, H3K9me3, H3K27me3, and H4K16ac) on the promoters of these genes. Surprisingly, the effects of enzymatic passaging were at least in part reversible as the gene expression profile of enzymatically passaged hESCs that were transferred back to mechanical passaging, showed no significant difference compared to those hESCs that were continuously passaged mechanically. Our results suggest that enzymatic passaging influences parameters associated with hESC characteristics, and emphasizes the importance of using cells handled in the same manner when comparing results both within and between projects.',
			'date' => '2013-07-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23421967',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:00',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:00',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 91 => array(
			'id' => '1425',
			'name' => 'Expression of a large LINE-1-driven antisense RNA is linked to epigenetic silencing of the metastasis suppressor gene TFPI-2 in cancer.',
			'authors' => 'Cruickshanks HA, Vafadar-Isfahani N, Dunican DS, Lee A, Sproul D, Lund JN, Meehan RR, Tufarelli C',
			'description' => 'LINE-1 retrotransposons are abundant repetitive elements of viral origin, which in normal cells are kept quiescent through epigenetic mechanisms. Activation of LINE-1 occurs frequently in cancer and can enable LINE-1 mobilization but also has retrotransposition-independent consequences. We previously reported that in cancer, aberrantly active LINE-1 promoters can drive transcription of flanking unique sequences giving rise to LINE-1 chimeric transcripts (LCTs). Here, we show that one such LCT, LCT13, is a large transcript (>300 kb) running antisense to the metastasis-suppressor gene TFPI-2. We have modelled antisense RNA expression at TFPI-2 in transgenic mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells and demonstrate that antisense RNA induces silencing and deposition of repressive histone modifications implying a causal link. Consistent with this, LCT13 expression in breast and colon cancer cell lines is associated with silencing and repressive chromatin at TFPI-2. Furthermore, we detected LCT13 transcripts in 56% of colorectal tumours exhibiting reduced TFPI-2 expression. Our findings implicate activation of LINE-1 elements in subsequent epigenetic remodelling of surrounding genes, thus hinting a novel retrotransposition-independent role for LINE-1 elements in malignancy.',
			'date' => '2013-05-23',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23703216',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:00',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:00',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 92 => array(
			'id' => '1497',
			'name' => 'Histone lysine trimethylation or acetylation can be modulated by phytoestrogen, estrogen or anti-HDAC in breast cancer cell lines.',
			'authors' => 'Dagdemir A, Durif J, Ngollo M, Bignon YJ, Bernard-Gallon D',
			'description' => '<p>AIM: The isoflavones genistein, daidzein and equol (daidzein metabolite) have been reported to interact with epigenetic modifications, specifically hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes. The objective of this study was to analyze and understand the mechanisms by which phytoestrogens act on chromatin in breast cancer cell lines. MATERIALS &amp; METHODS: Two breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7 and MDA-MB 231, were treated with genistein (18.5 &micro;M), daidzein (78.5 &micro;M), equol (12.8 &micro;M), 17&beta;-estradiol (10 nM) and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (1 &micro;M) for 48 h. A control with untreated cells was performed. 17&beta;-estradiol and an anti-HDAC were used to compare their actions with phytoestrogens. The chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with quantitative PCR was used to follow soy phytoestrogen effects on H3 and H4 histones on H3K27me3, H3K9me3, H3K4me3, H4K8ac and H3K4ac marks, and we selected six genes (EZH2, BRCA1, ER&alpha;, ER&beta;, SRC3 and P300) for analysis. RESULTS: Soy phytoestrogens induced a decrease in trimethylated marks and an increase in acetylating marks studied at six selected genes. CONCLUSION: We demonstrated that soy phytoestrogens tend to modify transcription through the demethylation and acetylation of histones in breast cancer cell lines.</p>',
			'date' => '2013-02-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23414320',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2016-05-03 12:17:35',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:00',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 93 => array(
			'id' => '1179',
			'name' => 'Epigenetic Regulation of Nestin Expression During Neurogenic Differentiation of Adipose Tissue Stem Cells.',
			'authors' => 'Boulland JL, Mastrangelopoulou M, Boquest AC, Jakobsen R, Noer A, Glover JC, Collas P.',
			'description' => 'Adipose-tissue-derived stem cells (ASCs) have received considerable attention due to their easy access, expansion potential, and differentiation capacity. ASCs are believed to have the potential to differentiate into neurons. However, the mechanisms by which this may occur remain largely unknown. Here, we show that culturing ASCs under active proliferation conditions greatly improves their propensity to differentiate toward osteogenic, adipogenic, and neurogenic lineages. Neurogenic-induced ASCs express early neurogenic genes as well as markers of mature neurons, including voltage-gated ion channels. Nestin, highly expressed in neural progenitors, is upregulated by mitogenic stimulation of ASCs, and as in neural progenitors, then repressed during neurogenic differentiation. Nestin gene (NES) expression under these conditions appears to be regulated by epigenetic mechanisms. The neural-specific, but not muscle-specific, enhancer regions of NES are DNA demethylated by mitogenic stimulation, and remethylated upon neurogenic differentiation. We observe dynamic changes in histone H3K4, H3K9, and H3K27 methylation on the NES locus before and during neurogenic differentiation that are consistent with epigenetic processes involved in the regulation of NES expression. We suggest that ASCs are epigenetically prepatterned to differentiate toward a neural lineage and that this prepatterning is enhanced by demethylation of critical NES enhancer elements upon mitogenic stimulation preceding neurogenic differentiation. Our findings provide molecular evidence that the differentiation repertoire of ASCs may extend beyond mesodermal lineages.',
			'date' => '2012-12-21',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23140086',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:38:59',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:38:59',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 94 => array(
			'id' => '1078',
			'name' => 'New partners in regulation of gene expression: the enhancer of trithorax and polycomb corto interacts with methylated ribosomal protein l12 via its chromodomain.',
			'authors' => 'Coléno-Costes A, Jang SM, de Vanssay A, Rougeot J, Bouceba T, Randsholt NB, Gibert JM, Le Crom S, Mouchel-Vielh E, Bloyer S, Peronnet F',
			'description' => 'Chromodomains are found in many regulators of chromatin structure, and most of them recognize methylated lysines on histones. Here, we investigate the role of the Drosophila melanogaster protein Corto's chromodomain. The Enhancer of Trithorax and Polycomb Corto is involved in both silencing and activation of gene expression. Over-expression of the Corto chromodomain (CortoCD) in transgenic flies shows that it is a chromatin-targeting module, critical for Corto function. Unexpectedly, mass spectrometry analysis reveals that polypeptides pulled down by CortoCD from nuclear extracts correspond to ribosomal proteins. Furthermore, real-time interaction analyses demonstrate that CortoCD binds with high affinity RPL12 tri-methylated on lysine 3. Corto and RPL12 co-localize with active epigenetic marks on polytene chromosomes, suggesting that both are involved in fine-tuning transcription of genes in open chromatin. RNA-seq based transcriptomes of wing imaginal discs over-expressing either CortoCD or RPL12 reveal that both factors deregulate large sets of common genes, which are enriched in heat-response and ribosomal protein genes, suggesting that they could be implicated in dynamic coordination of ribosome biogenesis. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments show that Corto and RPL12 bind hsp70 and are similarly recruited on gene body after heat shock. Hence, Corto and RPL12 could be involved together in regulation of gene transcription. We discuss whether pseudo-ribosomal complexes composed of various ribosomal proteins might participate in regulation of gene expression in connection with chromatin regulators.',
			'date' => '2012-10-11',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23071455',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:38:59',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:38:59',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 95 => array(
			'id' => '979',
			'name' => 'Multigenerational epigenetic adaptation of the hepatic wound-healing response.',
			'authors' => 'Zeybel M, Hardy T, Wong YK, Mathers JC, Fox CR, Gackowska A, Oakley F, Burt AD, Wilson CL, Anstee QM, Barter MJ, Masson S, Elsharkawy AM, Mann DA, Mann J',
			'description' => 'We investigated whether ancestral liver damage leads to heritable reprogramming of hepatic wound healing in male rats. We found that a history of liver damage corresponds with transmission of an epigenetic suppressive adaptation of the fibrogenic component of wound healing to the male F(1) and F(2) generations. Underlying this adaptation was less generation of liver myofibroblasts, higher hepatic expression of the antifibrogenic factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ) and lower expression of the profibrogenic factor transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) compared to rats without this adaptation. Remodeling of DNA methylation and histone acetylation underpinned these alterations in gene expression. Sperm from rats with liver fibrosis were enriched for the histone variant H2A.Z and trimethylation of histone H3 at Lys27 (H3K27me3) at PPAR-γ chromatin. These modifications to the sperm chromatin were transmittable by adaptive serum transfer from fibrotic rats to naive rats and similar modifications were induced in mesenchymal stem cells exposed to conditioned media from cultured rat or human myofibroblasts. Thus, it is probable that a myofibroblast-secreted soluble factor stimulates heritable epigenetic signatures in sperm so that the resulting offspring better adapt to future fibrogenic hepatic insults. Adding possible relevance to humans, we found that people with mild liver fibrosis have hypomethylation of the PPARG promoter compared to others with severe fibrosis.',
			'date' => '2012-09-02',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22941276',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:38:59',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:38:59',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 96 => array(
			'id' => '930',
			'name' => 'The H3K4me3 histone demethylase Fbxl10 is a regulator of chemokine expression, cellular morphology and the metabolome of fibroblasts',
			'authors' => 'Janzer A, Stamm K, Becker A, Zimmer A, Buettner R, Kirfel J',
			'description' => 'Fbxl10 (Jhdm1b/Kdm2b) is a conserved and ubiquitously expressed member of the JHDM (JmjC-domain-containing histone demethy-lase) family. Fbxl10 was implicated in the demethylation of H3K4me3 or H3K36me2 thereby removing active chromatin marks and inhibiting gene transcription. Apart from the JmjC domain, Fbxl10 consists of a CxxC domain, a PHD domain and a Fbox domain. By purifying the JmjC and the PHD domain of Fbxl10 and using different approaches we were able to characterize the properties of these domains in vitro. Our results suggest that Fbxl10 is rather a H3K4me3 than a H3K36me2 histone demethylase. The PHD domain exerts a dual function in binding H3K4me3 and H3K36me2 and exhibiting E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. We generated mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) stably over-expressing Fbxl10. These cells reveal an increase in cell size but no changes in proliferation, mitosis or apoptosis. Using a microarray approach we were able to identify potentially new target genes for Fbxl10 including chemokines, the non-coding RNA Xist, and proteins involved in metabolic processes. Additionally, we found that Fbxl10 is recruited to the promoters of Ccl7, Xist, Crabp2 and RipK3. Promoter occupancy by Fbxl10 was accompanied by reduced levels of H3K4me3 but unchanged levels of H3K36me2. Furthermore, knockdown of Fbxl10 using small interfering RNA approaches, showed inverse regulation of Fbxl10 target genes. In summary, our data reveal a regulatory role of Fbxl10 in cell morphology, chemokine expression and the metabolic control of fibroblasts. ',
			'date' => '2012-07-23',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22825849',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:38:58',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:38:58',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 97 => array(
			'id' => '1204',
			'name' => 'The histone H2B monoubiquitination regulatory pathway is required for differentiation of multipotent stem cells.',
			'authors' => 'Karpiuk O, Najafova Z, Kramer F, Hennion M, Galonska C, König A, Snaidero N, Vogel T, Shchebet A, Begus-Nahrmann Y, Kassem M, Simons M, Shcherbata H, Beissbarth T, Johnsen SA',
			'description' => 'Extensive changes in posttranslational histone modifications accompany the rewiring of the transcriptional program during stem cell differentiation. However, the mechanisms controlling the changes in specific chromatin modifications and their function during differentiation remain only poorly understood. We show that histone H2B monoubiquitination (H2Bub1) significantly increases during differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and various lineage-committed precursor cells and in diverse organisms. Furthermore, the H2B ubiquitin ligase RNF40 is required for the induction of differentiation markers and transcriptional reprogramming of hMSCs. This function is dependent upon CDK9 and the WAC adaptor protein, which are required for H2B monoubiquitination. Finally, we show that RNF40 is required for the resolution of the H3K4me3/H3K27me3 bivalent poised state on lineage-specific genes during the transition from an inactive to an active chromatin conformation. Thus, these data indicate that H2Bub1 is required for maintaining multipotency of hMSCs and plays a central role in controlling stem cell differentiation.',
			'date' => '2012-06-08',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22681891',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:38:59',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:38:59',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 98 => array(
			'id' => '792',
			'name' => 'Intronic RNAs mediate EZH2 regulation of epigenetic targets.',
			'authors' => 'Guil S, Soler M, Portela A, Carrère J, Fonalleras E, Gómez A, Villanueva A, Esteller M',
			'description' => 'Epigenetic deregulation at a number of genomic loci is one of the hallmarks of cancer. A role for some RNA molecules in guiding repressive polycomb complex PRC2 to specific chromatin regions has been proposed. Here we use an in vivo cross-linking method to detect and identify direct PRC2-RNA interactions in human cancer cells, revealing a number of intronic RNA sequences capable of binding to the core component EZH2 and regulating the transcriptional output of its genomic counterpart. Overexpression of EZH2-bound intronic RNA for the H3K4 methyltransferase gene SMYD3 is concomitant with an increase in EZH2 occupancy throughout the corresponding genomic fragment and is sufficient to reduce levels of the endogenous transcript and protein, resulting in reduced growth capability in cell culture and animal models. These findings reveal the role of intronic RNAs in fine-tuning gene expression regulation at the level of transcriptional control.',
			'date' => '2012-06-03',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22659877',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:38:58',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:38:58',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 99 => array(
			'id' => '1229',
			'name' => 'Chromatin structural changes around satellite repeats on the female sex chromosome in Schistosoma mansoni and their possible role in sex chromosome emergence.',
			'authors' => 'Lepesant JM, Cosseau C, Boissier J, Freitag M, Portela J, Climent D, Perrin C, Zerlotini A, Grunau C',
			'description' => 'BACKGROUND: In the leuphotrochozoan parasitic platyhelminth Schistosoma mansoni, male individuals are homogametic (ZZ) whereas females are heterogametic (ZW). To elucidate the mechanisms that led to the emergence of sex chromosomes, we compared the genomic sequence and the chromatin structure of male and female individuals. As for many eukaryotes, the lower estimate for the repeat content is 40%, with an unknown proportion of domesticated repeats. We used massive sequencing to de novo assemble all repeats, and identify unambiguously Z-specific, W-specific and pseudoautosomal regions of the S. mansoni sex chromosomes. RESULTS: We show that 70 to 90% of S. mansoni W and Z are pseudoautosomal. No female-specific gene could be identified. Instead, the W-specific region is composed almost entirely of 36 satellite repeat families, of which 33 were previously unknown. Transcription and chromatin status of female-specific repeats are stage-specific: for those repeats that are transcribed, transcription is restricted to the larval stages lacking sexual dimorphism. In contrast, in the sexually dimorphic adult stage of the life cycle, no transcription occurs. In addition, the euchromatic character of histone modifications around the W-specific repeats decreases during the life cycle. Recombination repression occurs in this region even if homologous sequences are present on both the Z and W chromosomes. CONCLUSION: Our study provides for the first time evidence for the hypothesis that, at least in organisms with a ZW type of sex chromosomes, repeat-induced chromatin structure changes could indeed be the initial event in sex chromosome emergence.',
			'date' => '2012-02-29',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22377319',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:38:59',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:38:59',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 100 => array(
			'id' => '919',
			'name' => 'Prepatterning of developmental gene expression by modified histones before zygotic genome activation.',
			'authors' => 'Lindeman LC, Andersen IS, Reiner AH, Li N, Aanes H, Østrup O, Winata C, Mathavan S, Müller F, Aleström P, Collas P',
			'description' => 'A hallmark of anamniote vertebrate development is a window of embryonic transcription-independent cell divisions before onset of zygotic genome activation (ZGA). Chromatin determinants of ZGA are unexplored; however, marking of developmental genes by modified histones in sperm suggests a predictive role of histone marks for ZGA. In zebrafish, pre-ZGA development for ten cell cycles provides an opportunity to examine whether genomic enrichment in modified histones is present before initiation of transcription. By profiling histone H3 trimethylation on all zebrafish promoters before and after ZGA, we demonstrate here an epigenetic prepatterning of developmental gene expression. This involves pre-ZGA marking of transcriptionally inactive genes involved in homeostatic and developmental regulation by permissive H3K4me3 with or without repressive H3K9me3 or H3K27me3. Our data suggest that histone modifications are instructive for the developmental gene expression program.',
			'date' => '2011-12-13',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22137762',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:38:58',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:38:58',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 101 => array(
			'id' => '350',
			'name' => 'Silencing of Kruppel-like factor 2 by the histone methyltransferase EZH2 in human cancer.',
			'authors' => 'Taniguchi H, Jacinto FV, Villanueva A, Fernandez AF, Yamamoto H, Carmona FJ, Puertas S, Marquez VE, Shinomura Y, Imai K, Esteller M',
			'description' => '<p>The Kruppel-like factor (KLF) proteins are multitasked transcriptional regulators with an expanding tumor suppressor function. KLF2 is one of the prominent members of the family because of its diminished expression in malignancies and its growth-inhibitory, pro-apoptotic and anti-angiogenic roles. In this study, we show that epigenetic silencing of KLF2 occurs in cancer cells through direct transcriptional repression mediated by the Polycomb group protein Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 (EZH2). Binding of EZH2 to the 5'-end of KLF2 is also associated with a gain of trimethylated lysine 27 histone H3 and a depletion of phosphorylated serine 2 of RNA polymerase. Upon depletion of EZH2 by RNA interference, short hairpin RNA or use of the small molecule 3-Deazaneplanocin A, the expression of KLF2 was restored. The transfection of KLF2 in cells with EZH2-associated silencing showed a significant anti-tumoral effect, both in culture and in xenografted nude mice. In this last setting, KLF2 transfection was also associated with decreased dissemination and lower mortality rate. In EZH2-depleted cells, which characteristically have lower tumorigenicity, the induction of KLF2 depletion 'rescued' partially the oncogenic phenotype, suggesting that KLF2 repression has an important role in EZH2 oncogenesis. Most importantly, the translation of the described results to human primary samples demonstrated that patients with prostate or breast tumors with low levels of KLF2 and high expression of EZH2 had a shorter overall survival.Oncogene advance online publication, 5 September 2011; doi:10.1038/onc.2011.387.</p>',
			'date' => '2011-09-05',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21892211',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2016-04-08 09:54:37',
			'created' => '2015-07-24 15:38:57',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		)
	),
	'Testimonial' => array(
		(int) 0 => array(
			'id' => '46',
			'name' => 'Ermelinda Lomazzo',
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />ChIP assays were performed using human K562 cells, the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the "iDeal ChIP-seq" kit (Cat. No. C01010051), using sheared chromatin from 1 million (figure A) or 100,000 cells (figure B). The indicated amounts of antibody were used per ChIP experiment. IgG (1 &micro;g/IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers specific for the promoter of the active genes GAPDH and EIF4A2, used as negative controls, and TSH2B and MYT1, used as positive controls. The figure shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis).</small></p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 2. ChIP-seq results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />ChIP was performed on sheared chromatin from 100,000 K562 cells using 1 &micro;g of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) as described above. The IP'd DNA was subsequently analysed on an Illumina Genome Analyzer. Library preparation, cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. The 36 bp tags were aligned to the human genome using the ELAND algorithm. Figure 2A and B show the signal distribution in two regions surrounding the MYT1 and TSH2B positive control genes, respectively. The position of the PCR amplicon, used for ChIP-qPCR is indicated with an arrow. Figure 2C and D show the signal distribution in two 3 Mb regions from chromosome 11 and 22.</small></p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 3. Determination of the antibody titer</strong><br />To determine the titer of the antibody, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069). The antigen used was a peptide containing the histone modification of interest. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution (Figure 3), the titer of the antibody was estimated to be &gt;1:1,000,000.</small></p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 4. Cross reactivity test of the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />To test the cross reactivity of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069), a Dot Blot analysis was performed with peptides containing other modifications or unmodified sequences of histone H3 and H4. One hundred to 0.2 pmol of the respective peptides were spotted on a membrane. The antibody was used at a dilution of 1:20,000. Figure 4A shows a high specificity of the antibody for the modification of interest.</small></p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 5. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />Western blot was performed on whole cell (40 &micro;g, lane 1) and histone extracts (15 &micro;g, lane 2) from HeLa cells, and on 1 &micro;g of recombinant histone H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 (lane 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively) using the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069). The antibody was diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is shown on the right, the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 6. Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 10&rsquo; and blocked with PBS/TX-100 containing 5% normal goat serum and 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labeled with the H3K27me3 antibody (left) diluted 1:500 in blocking solution followed by an anti-rabbit antibody conjugated to Alexa488. The middle panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of the two stainings is shown on the right.</small></p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />ChIP assays were performed using human K562 cells, the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the "iDeal ChIP-seq" kit (Cat. No. C01010051), using sheared chromatin from 1 million (figure A) or 100,000 cells (figure B). The indicated amounts of antibody were used per ChIP experiment. IgG (1 &micro;g/IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers specific for the promoter of the active genes GAPDH and EIF4A2, used as negative controls, and TSH2B and MYT1, used as positive controls. The figure shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis).</small></p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 2. ChIP-seq results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />ChIP was performed on sheared chromatin from 100,000 K562 cells using 1 &micro;g of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) as described above. The IP'd DNA was subsequently analysed on an Illumina Genome Analyzer. Library preparation, cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. The 36 bp tags were aligned to the human genome using the ELAND algorithm. Figure 2A and B show the signal distribution in two regions surrounding the MYT1 and TSH2B positive control genes, respectively. The position of the PCR amplicon, used for ChIP-qPCR is indicated with an arrow. Figure 2C and D show the signal distribution in two 3 Mb regions from chromosome 11 and 22.</small></p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 3. Determination of the antibody titer</strong><br />To determine the titer of the antibody, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069). The antigen used was a peptide containing the histone modification of interest. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution (Figure 3), the titer of the antibody was estimated to be &gt;1:1,000,000.</small></p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 4. Cross reactivity test of the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />To test the cross reactivity of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069), a Dot Blot analysis was performed with peptides containing other modifications or unmodified sequences of histone H3 and H4. One hundred to 0.2 pmol of the respective peptides were spotted on a membrane. The antibody was used at a dilution of 1:20,000. Figure 4A shows a high specificity of the antibody for the modification of interest.</small></p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 5. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />Western blot was performed on whole cell (40 &micro;g, lane 1) and histone extracts (15 &micro;g, lane 2) from HeLa cells, and on 1 &micro;g of recombinant histone H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 (lane 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively) using the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069). The antibody was diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is shown on the right, the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
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	'meta_description' => 'H3K27me3  (Histone H3 trimethylated at lysine 27) Polyclonal Antibody  validated  in ChIP-seq, ChIP-qPCR, ELISA, WB, DB and IF. Batch-specific data available on the website. Sample size available.',
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	'created' => '2018-01-08 13:18:27',
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$testimonials = '<blockquote><p><span>I have extensively used the antibodies against the histone modifications <a href="../p/h3k4me3-monoclonal-antibody-classic-50-ug-50-ul">H3K4me3</a>, <a href="../p/h3k27me3-polyclonal-antibody-classic-50-mg-34-ml">H3k27me3</a>, <a href="../p/h3k9ac-polyclonal-antibody-classic-50-ug-37-ul">H3K9ac</a>, <a href="../p/h4k8ac-polyclonal-antibody-classic-50-mg-41-ml">H4k8ac</a> and <a href="../p/h3k18ac-polyclonal-antibody-classic-50-mg-62-ml">H3K18ac</a> provided by Diagenode. The high level of specificity and selectivity of these antibodies in mouse brain samples, confirmed by using several negative and positive controls run in parallel with mouse brain tissue samples, ensured successful and reproducible results. I have been a Diagenode costumer for over one year now and I am extremely satisfied with the efficiency of the Bioruptor Pico for chromatin shearing as well as all of the ChIP materials (i.e., <a href="../categories/antibodies">antibodies</a>, blocking peptides, primer pairs for qPCR) provided by this company. Many thanks.</span></p><cite>Dr. Ermelinda Lomazzo, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, AG Prof. Beat Lutz. University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany</cite></blockquote>
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	'name' => 'Ermelinda Lomazzo',
	'description' => '<p><span>I have extensively used the antibodies against the histone modifications <a href="../p/h3k4me3-monoclonal-antibody-classic-50-ug-50-ul">H3K4me3</a>, <a href="../p/h3k27me3-polyclonal-antibody-classic-50-mg-34-ml">H3k27me3</a>, <a href="../p/h3k9ac-polyclonal-antibody-classic-50-ug-37-ul">H3K9ac</a>, <a href="../p/h4k8ac-polyclonal-antibody-classic-50-mg-41-ml">H4k8ac</a> and <a href="../p/h3k18ac-polyclonal-antibody-classic-50-mg-62-ml">H3K18ac</a> provided by Diagenode. The high level of specificity and selectivity of these antibodies in mouse brain samples, confirmed by using several negative and positive controls run in parallel with mouse brain tissue samples, ensured successful and reproducible results. I have been a Diagenode costumer for over one year now and I am extremely satisfied with the efficiency of the Bioruptor Pico for chromatin shearing as well as all of the ChIP materials (i.e., <a href="../categories/antibodies">antibodies</a>, blocking peptides, primer pairs for qPCR) provided by this company. Many thanks.</span></p>',
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$related = array(
	'id' => '2270',
	'antibody_id' => '109',
	'name' => 'H3K27ac Antibody',
	'description' => '<p><span>Polyclonal antibody raised in rabbit against the region of histone <strong>H3 containing the acetylated lysine 27</strong> (<strong>H3K27ac</strong>), using a KLH-conjugated synthetic peptide.</span></p>',
	'label1' => 'Validation Data',
	'info1' => '<div class="row">
<div class="small-6 columns">A.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410196-ChIP-Fig1a.png" width="356" /><br /> B.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410196-ChIP-Fig1b.png" width="356" /></div>
<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27ac</strong></p>
<p>Figure 1A ChIP assays were performed using human HeLa cells, the Diagenode antibody against H3K27ac (Cat. No. C15410196) and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the &ldquo;Auto Histone ChIP-seq&rdquo; kit on the IP-Star automated system, using sheared chromatin from 1,000,000 cells. A titration consisting of 1, 2, 5 and 10 &micro;g of antibody per ChIP experiment was analyzed. IgG (2 &micro;g/IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers for the promoters of the active EIF4A2 and ACTB genes, used as positive controls, and for the inactive TSH2B and MYT1 genes, used as negative controls.</p>
<p>Figure 1B ChIP assays were performed using human K562 cells, the Diagenode antibody against H3K27ac (Cat. No. C15410196)and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the &ldquo;iDeal ChIP-seq&rdquo; kit (Cat. No. C01010051), using sheared chromatin from 100,000 cells. A titration consisting of 0.2, 0.5, 1 and 2 &micro;g of antibody per ChIP experiment was analyzed. IgG (1 &micro;g/IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers for the promoters of the active GAPDH and EIF4A2 genes, used as positive controls, and for the coding regions of the inactive MB and MYT1 genes, used as negative controls. Figure 1 shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis)</p>
</div>
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<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns"><center>
<p>A.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410196-ChIP-Fig2a.png" /></p>
</center><center>
<p>B.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410196-ChIP-Fig2b.png" /></p>
</center><center>
<p>C.<img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410196-ChIP-Fig2c.png" /></p>
</center></div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><strong>Figure 2. ChIP-seq results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27ac</strong></p>
<p>ChIP was performed on sheared chromatin from 100,000 K562 cells using 1 &micro;g of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27ac (Cat. No. C15410196<span class="label-primary"></span>) as described above. The IP&rsquo;d DNA was subsequently analysed on an Illumina Genome Analyzer. Library preparation, cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer&rsquo;s instructions. The 36 bp tags were aligned to the human genome using the ELAND algorithm. Figure 2A shows the peak distribution along the complete human X-chromosome. Figure 2 B and C show the peak distribution in two regions surrounding the EIF4A2 and GAPDH positive control genes, respectively. The position of the PCR amplicon, used for validating the ChIP assay is indicated with an arrow.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns"><center><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410196-fig3.jpg" /></center></div>
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<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><strong>Figure 3. Cut&amp;Tag results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27ac</strong></p>
<p>CUT&amp;TAG (Kaya-Okur, H.S., Nat Commun 10, 1930, 2019) was performed on 50,000 K562 cells using 1 &micro;g of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27ac (cat. No. C15410196) and the Diagenode pA-Tn5 transposase (C01070001). The libraries were subsequently analysed on an Illumina NextSeq 500 sequencer (2x75 paired-end reads) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The tags were aligned to the human genome (hg19) using the BWA algorithm. Figure 3 shows the peak distribution in 2 genomic regions surrounding the EIF2S3 gene on the X-chromosome and the CCT5 gene on chromosome 5 (figure 3A and B, respectively).</p>
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<p><strong>Figure 4. Determination of the antibody titer</strong></p>
<p>To determine the titer of the antibody, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27ac (Cat. No. C15410196<span class="label-primary"></span>). The antigen used was a peptide containing the histone modification of interest. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution (Figure 4), the titer of the antibody was estimated to be 1:8,300.</p>
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<p><strong>Figure 5. Cross reactivity tests using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27ac</strong><br />To test the cross reactivity of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27ac (Cat. No. C15410196<span class="label-primary"></span>), a Dot Blot analysis was performed with peptides containing other histone modifications and the unmodified H3K27. One hundred to 0.2 pmol of the respective peptides were spotted on a membrane. The antibody was used at a dilution of 1:20,000. Figure 5 shows a high specificity of the antibody for the modification of interest.</p>
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<p><strong>Figure 6. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27ac</strong><br />Western blot was performed on whole cell (25 &micro;g, lane 1) and histone extracts (15 &micro;g, lane 2) from HeLa cells, and on 1 &micro;g of recombinant histone H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 (lane 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively) using the Diagenode antibody against H3K27ac (Cat. No. C1541196). The antibody was diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</p>
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<p><strong>Figure 7. Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27ac</strong></p>
<p>HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against H3K27ac (Cat. No. C15410196<span class="label-primary"></span>) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 10&rsquo; and blocked with PBS/ TX-100 containing 5% normal goat serum and 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labeled with the H3K27ac antibody (top) diluted 1:500 in blocking solution followed by an anti-rabbit antibody conjugated to Alexa488. The middle panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of the two stainings is shown at the bottom.</p>
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<div class="small-12 columns"><center><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody for ChIP " caption="false" width="893" height="353" /></center></div>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />ChIP assays were performed using human K562 cells, the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) and optimized PCR primer pairs for qPCR. ChIP was performed with the "iDeal ChIP-seq" kit (Cat. No. C01010051), using sheared chromatin from 1 million (figure A) or 100,000 cells (figure B). The indicated amounts of antibody were used per ChIP experiment. IgG (1 &micro;g/IP) was used as a negative IP control. Quantitative PCR was performed with primers specific for the promoter of the active genes GAPDH and EIF4A2, used as negative controls, and TSH2B and MYT1, used as positive controls. The figure shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis).</small></p>
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<p>A. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP-seq-A.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody ChIP-seq Grade" caption="false" width="893" height="272" /></p>
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<p>B. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP-seq-B.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody for ChIP-seq assay" caption="false" width="893" height="261" /></p>
<p>C. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP-seq-C.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody Validated in ChIP-seq" caption="false" width="893" height="191" /></p>
<p>D. <img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ChIP-seq-D.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody for ChIP-seq" caption="false" width="893" height="211" /></p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 2. ChIP-seq results obtained with the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />ChIP was performed on sheared chromatin from 100,000 K562 cells using 1 &micro;g of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) as described above. The IP'd DNA was subsequently analysed on an Illumina Genome Analyzer. Library preparation, cluster generation and sequencing were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. The 36 bp tags were aligned to the human genome using the ELAND algorithm. Figure 2A and B show the signal distribution in two regions surrounding the MYT1 and TSH2B positive control genes, respectively. The position of the PCR amplicon, used for ChIP-qPCR is indicated with an arrow. Figure 2C and D show the signal distribution in two 3 Mb regions from chromosome 11 and 22.</small></p>
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<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-ELISA.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody ELISA Validation " caption="false" width="432" height="380" /></p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 3. Determination of the antibody titer</strong><br />To determine the titer of the antibody, an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069). The antigen used was a peptide containing the histone modification of interest. By plotting the absorbance against the antibody dilution (Figure 3), the titer of the antibody was estimated to be &gt;1:1,000,000.</small></p>
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<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-dotblot.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody Dot Blot Validation " caption="false" width="432" height="366" /></p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 4. Cross reactivity test of the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />To test the cross reactivity of the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069), a Dot Blot analysis was performed with peptides containing other modifications or unmodified sequences of histone H3 and H4. One hundred to 0.2 pmol of the respective peptides were spotted on a membrane. The antibody was used at a dilution of 1:20,000. Figure 4A shows a high specificity of the antibody for the modification of interest.</small></p>
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<div class="small-6 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-WB.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody Validation in Western Blot " caption="false" width="432" height="300" /></p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 5. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />Western blot was performed on whole cell (40 &micro;g, lane 1) and histone extracts (15 &micro;g, lane 2) from HeLa cells, and on 1 &micro;g of recombinant histone H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 (lane 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively) using the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069). The antibody was diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is shown on the right, the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.</small></p>
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<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410069-IF.jpg" alt="H3K27me3 Antibody Validation in Immunofluorescence " caption="false" width="700" height="171" /></p>
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<p><small> <strong>Figure 6. Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode antibody directed against H3K27me3</strong><br />HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against H3K27me3 (Cat. No. C15410069) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 10&rsquo; and blocked with PBS/TX-100 containing 5% normal goat serum and 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labeled with the H3K27me3 antibody (left) diluted 1:500 in blocking solution followed by an anti-rabbit antibody conjugated to Alexa488. The middle panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of the two stainings is shown on the right.</small></p>
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	'description' => '<p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Epigenetic research tools have evolved over time from endpoint PCR to qPCR to the analyses of large sets of genome-wide sequencing data. ChIP sequencing (ChIP-seq) has now become the gold standard method for chromatin studies, given the accuracy and coverage scale of the approach over other methods. Successful ChIP-seq, however, requires a higher level of experimental accuracy and consistency in all steps of ChIP than ever before. Particularly crucial is the quality of ChIP antibodies. </span></p>',
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Datasheet H3K27me3 C15410069 DATASHEET Polyclonal antibody raised in rabbit against against histone H3, trimethylated at lysine 27 (H3K2...	Download
Epigenetic Antibodies Brochure BROCHURE More than in any other immuoprecipitation assays, quality antibodies are critical tools in many e...	Download
Antibodies you can trust POSTER Epigenetic research tools have evolved over time from endpoint PCR to qPCR to the analyses of lar...	Download

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