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H3K9me2 monoclonal antibody (sample size)

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目录号

格式

价格

C15200154-10

10 µg

$115.00
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其他格式

C15200154

50 μg

Monoclonal antibody raised in mouse against histone H3, dimethylated at lysine 9 (H3K9me2), using a KLH-conjugated synthetic peptide.

Lot	001-013
Concentration	1.0 µg/µl
Species reactivity	Human, zebrafish, Arabidopsis, silena latifolia: positive. Other species: not tested.
Type	Monoclonal
Purity	Protein A purified monoclonal antibody.
Host	Mouse
Storage Conditions	Store at -20°C; for long storage, store at -80°C. Avoid multiple freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage Buffer	PBS containing 0.05% azide and 0.05% ProClin 300.
Precautions	This product is for research use only. Not for use in diagnostic or therapeutic procedures.

Applications	Suggested dilution	References
ChIP ^*	3 µg/ChIP	Fig 1
ELISA	1:1,000	Fig 2
Western Blotting	1:1,000	Fig 3
Immunofluorescence	1:500	Fig 4

^* Please note that the optimal antibody amount per IP should be determined by the end-user. We recommend testing 1-5 µg per IP.

Validation data

Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against H3K9me2
ChIP assays were performed using HeLa cells, the monoclonal antibody against H3K9me2 (Cat. No. C15200154) and optimized PCR primer sets for qPCR. Chromatin was sheared with the Diagenode Bioruptor using the “Shearing ChIP” kit (Cat. No. C01020021). ChIP was performed with the “OneDay ChIP” kit (Cat. No. C01010080), using sheared chromatin from 1.6 million cells. A titration of the antibody consisting of 1, 3 and 9 µg per ChIP experiment was analysed. IgG (5 µg/IP) was used as negative IP control. QPCR was performed with primers for the promoter and the coding region of the GAPDH gene, and for the RPL10 and HBB promoters. Figure 1 shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis).

Figure 2. Cross reactivity of the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against H3K9me2
To test the specificity an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against H3K9me2 (cat. No. C15200154). The wells were coated with peptides containing the unmodified H3K9 as well as the mono-, di- and trimethylated H3K9 and the dimethylated H3K27. Figure 2 shows a high specificity of the antibody for the modification of interest.

Figure 3. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against H3K9me2
Histone extracts (15 µg) from HeLa cells were analysed by Western blot using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against H3K9me2 (Cat. No. C15200154) diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left.

Figure 4. Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against H3K9me2
HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against H3K9me2 (Cat. No. C15200154) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 10’ and blocked with PBS/TX-100 containing 5% normal goat serum and 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labelled with the H3K9me2 antibody (left) diluted 1:500 in blocking solution followed by an anti-mouse antibody conjugated to Alexa594. The middle panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of the two stainings is shown on the right.

应用

WB
Western blot : The quality of antibodies used in this technique is crucial for correct and specific protein identification. Diagenode offers huge selection of highly sensitive and specific western blot-validated antibodies. Learn more about: Load... Read more

ELISA
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Read more

IF
Immunofluorescence: Diagenode offers huge selection of highly sensitive antibodies validated in IF. Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against CRISPR/Cas9 HeLa cells transfected with a Cas9 expression vector (... Read more

ChIP-qPCR (ab)
Read more

出版物

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Using our products in your publication? Let us know!

Histone lysine demethylase inhibition reprograms prostate cancermetabolism and mechanics.
Chianese Ugo and Papulino Chiara and Passaro Eugenia andEvers Tom Mj and Babaei Mehrad and Toraldo Antonella andDe Marchi Tommaso and Niméus Emma and Carafa Vincenzo andNicoletti Maria Maddalena and Del Gaudio Nunzio andIaccarino Nunzia an
OBJECTIVE: Aberrant activity of androgen receptor (AR) is the primary cause underlying development and progression of prostate cancer (PCa) and castration-resistant PCa (CRPC). Androgen signaling regulates gene transcription and lipid metabolism, facilitating tumor growth and therapy resistance in early and advanced...

Histone post-translational modifications in Silene latifolia X and Y chromosomes suggest a mammal-like dosage compensation system
Luis Rodríguez Lorenzo José, Hubinský Marcel, Vyskot Boris, Hobza Roman
Silene latifolia is a model organism to study evolutionary young heteromorphic sex chromosome evolution in plants. Previous research indicates a Y-allele gene degeneration and a dosage compensation system already operating. Here, we propose an epigenetic approach based on analysis of several histone post-translation...

The histone methyltransferase DOT1L is required for proper DNA damage response, DNA repair, and modulates chemotherapy responsiveness.
Kari V, Raul SK, Henck JM, Kitz J, Kramer F, Kosinsky RL, Übelmesser N, Mansour WY, Eggert J, Spitzner M, Najafova Z, Bastians H, Grade M, Gaedcke J, Wegwitz F, Johnsen SA
BACKGROUND: Disruptor of telomeric silencing 1-like (DOT1L) is a non-SET domain containing methyltransferase known to catalyze mono-, di-, and tri-methylation of histone 3 on lysine 79 (H3K79me). DOT1L-mediated H3K79me has been implicated in chromatin-associated functions including gene transcription, heterochromati...

Role of Annexin gene and its regulation during zebrafish caudal fin regeneration
Saxena S, Purushothaman S, Meghah V, Bhatti B, Poruri A, Meena Lakshmi MG, Sarath Babu N, Murthy CL, Mandal KK, Kumar A, Idris MM
The molecular mechanism of epimorphic regeneration is elusive due to its complexity and limitation in mammals. Epigenetic regulatory mechanisms play a crucial role in development and regeneration. This investigation attempted to reveal the role of epigenetic regulatory mechanisms, such as histone H3 and H4 lysine ac...

Independent Mechanisms Target SMCHD1 to Trimethylated Histone H3 Lysine 9-Modified Chromatin and the Inactive X Chromosome
Brideau NJ, Coker H, Gendrel AV, Siebert CA, Bezstarosti K, Demmers J, Poot RA, Nesterova TB, Brockdorff N
The chromosomal protein SMCHD1 plays an important role in epigenetic silencing at diverse loci, including the inactive X chromosome, imprinted genes, and the facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy locus. Although homology with canonical SMC family proteins suggests a role in chromosome organization, the mechanisms u...

A gene expression signature identifying transient DNMT1 depletion as a causal factor of cancer-germline gene activation in melanoma
Charles De Smet
Many human tumors show aberrant activation of a group of germline-specific genes, termed cancer-germline (CG) genes, several of which appear to exert oncogenic functions. Although activation of CG genes in tumors has been linked to promoter DNA demethylation, the mechanisms underlying this epigenetic alteration rema...

Epigenetic hierarchy within the MAGEA1 cancer-germline gene: promoter DNA methylation dictates local histone modifications.
Cannuyer J, Loriot A, Parvizi GK, De Smet C
Gene MAGEA1 belongs to a group of human germline-specific genes that rely on DNA methylation for repression in somatic tissues. Many of these genes, termed cancer-germline (CG) genes, become demethylated and activated in a wide variety of tumors, where they encode tumor-specific antigens. The process leading to DNA ...

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<p><small><strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against H3K9me2 </strong><br />ChIP assays were performed using HeLa cells, the monoclonal antibody against H3K9me2 (Cat. No. C15200154) and optimized PCR primer sets for qPCR. Chromatin was sheared with the Diagenode Bioruptor using the &ldquo;Shearing ChIP&rdquo; kit (Cat. No. C01020021). ChIP was performed with the &ldquo;OneDay ChIP&rdquo; kit (Cat. No. C01010080), using sheared chromatin from 1.6 million cells. A titration of the antibody consisting of 1, 3 and 9 &micro;g per ChIP experiment was analysed. IgG (5 &micro;g/IP) was used as negative IP control. QPCR was performed with primers for the promoter and the coding region of the GAPDH gene, and for the RPL10 and HBB promoters. Figure 1 shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis). </small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 2. Cross reactivity of the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against H3K9me2 </strong><br />To test the specificity an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against H3K9me2 (cat. No. C15200154). The wells were coated with peptides containing the unmodified H3K9 as well as the mono-, di- and trimethylated H3K9 and the dimethylated H3K27. Figure 2 shows a high specificity of the antibody for the modification of interest. </small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 3. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against H3K9me2 </strong><br />Histone extracts (15 &micro;g) from HeLa cells were analysed by Western blot using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against H3K9me2 (Cat. No. C15200154) diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left. </small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 4. Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against H3K9me2 </strong><br />HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against H3K9me2 (Cat. No. C15200154) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 10&rsquo; and blocked with PBS/TX-100 containing 5% normal goat serum and 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labelled with the H3K9me2 antibody (left) diluted 1:500 in blocking solution followed by an anti-mouse antibody conjugated to Alexa594. The middle panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of the two stainings is shown on the right. </small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against H3K9me2 </strong><br />ChIP assays were performed using HeLa cells, the monoclonal antibody against H3K9me2 (Cat. No. C15200154) and optimized PCR primer sets for qPCR. Chromatin was sheared with the Diagenode Bioruptor using the &ldquo;Shearing ChIP&rdquo; kit (Cat. No. C01020021). ChIP was performed with the &ldquo;OneDay ChIP&rdquo; kit (Cat. No. C01010080), using sheared chromatin from 1.6 million cells. A titration of the antibody consisting of 1, 3 and 9 &micro;g per ChIP experiment was analysed. IgG (5 &micro;g/IP) was used as negative IP control. QPCR was performed with primers for the promoter and the coding region of the GAPDH gene, and for the RPL10 and HBB promoters. Figure 1 shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis). </small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-5 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200154_ELISA.png" alt="ELISA" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
</div>
<div class="small-7 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 2. Cross reactivity of the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against H3K9me2 </strong><br />To test the specificity an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against H3K9me2 (cat. No. C15200154). The wells were coated with peptides containing the unmodified H3K9 as well as the mono-, di- and trimethylated H3K9 and the dimethylated H3K27. Figure 2 shows a high specificity of the antibody for the modification of interest. </small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-2 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200154_WB.png" alt="Western Blot" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
</div>
<div class="small-10 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 3. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against H3K9me2 </strong><br />Histone extracts (15 &micro;g) from HeLa cells were analysed by Western blot using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against H3K9me2 (Cat. No. C15200154) diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left. </small></p>
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<div class="extra-spaced"></div>
<div class="extra-spaced"></div>
<div class="extra-spaced"></div>
<div class="extra-spaced"></div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200154_IF.png" alt="Immunofluorescence" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
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</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 4. Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against H3K9me2 </strong><br />HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against H3K9me2 (Cat. No. C15200154) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 10&rsquo; and blocked with PBS/TX-100 containing 5% normal goat serum and 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labelled with the H3K9me2 antibody (left) diluted 1:500 in blocking solution followed by an anti-mouse antibody conjugated to Alexa594. The middle panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of the two stainings is shown on the right. </small></p>
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<p>Learn more about: <a href="https://www.diagenode.com/applications/western-blot">Loading control, MW marker visualization</a><em>. <br /></em></p>
<p><em></em>Check our selection of antibodies validated in Western blot.</p>',
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<p>Diagenode offers huge selection of highly sensitive antibodies validated in IF.</p>
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200229-IF.jpg" alt="" height="245" width="256" /></p>
<p><sup><strong>Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against CRISPR/Cas9</strong></sup></p>
<p><sup>HeLa cells transfected with a Cas9 expression vector (left) or untransfected cells (right) were fixed in methanol at -20&deg;C, permeabilized with acetone at -20&deg;C and blocked with PBS containing 2% BSA. The cells were stained with the Cas9 C-terminal antibody (Cat. No. C15200229) diluted 1:400, followed by incubation with an anti-mouse secondary antibody coupled to AF488. The bottom images show counter-staining of the nuclei with Hoechst 33342.</sup></p>
<h5><sup>Check our selection of antibodies validated in IF.</sup></h5>',
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			'description' => '<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">All Diagenode&rsquo;s antibodies are listed below. Please, use our Quick search field to find the antibody of interest by target name, application, purity.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Diagenode&rsquo;s highly validated antibodies:</span></p>
<ul>
<li>Highly sensitive and specific</li>
<li>Cost-effective (requires less antibody per reaction)</li>
<li>Batch-specific data is available on the website</li>
<li>Expert technical support</li>
<li>Sample sizes available</li>
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			'description' => '<p>Histones are the main protein components of chromatin involved in the compaction of DNA into nucleosomes, the basic units of chromatin. A <strong>nucleosome</strong> consists of one pair of each of the core histones (<strong>H2A</strong>, <strong>H2B</strong>, <strong>H3</strong> and <strong>H4</strong>) forming an octameric structure wrapped by 146 base pairs of DNA. The different nucleosomes are linked by the linker histone<strong> H1, </strong>allowing for further condensation of chromatin.</p>
<p>The core histones have a globular structure with large unstructured N-terminal tails protruding from the nucleosome.&nbsp; They can undergo to multiple post-translational modifications (PTM), mainly at the N-terminal tails. These <strong>post-translational modifications </strong>include&nbsp; methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitinylation, citrullination, sumoylation, deamination and crotonylation.&nbsp; The most well characterized PTMs are <strong>methylation,</strong> <strong>acetylation and phosphorylation</strong>. Histone methylation occurs mainly on lysine (K) residues, which can be mono-, di- or tri-methylated, and on arginines (R), which can be mono-methylated and symmetrically or asymmetrically di-methylated. Histone acetylation occurs on lysines and histone phosphorylation mainly on serines (S), threonines (T) and tyrosines (Y).</p>
<p>The PTMs of the different residues are involved in numerous processes such as DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosome condensation. They influence the chromatin organization and can be positively or negatively associated with gene expression. Trimethylation of H3K4, H3K36 and H3K79, and lysine acetylation generally result in an open chromatin configuration (figure below) and are therefore associated with <strong>euchromatin</strong> and gene activation. Trimethylation of H3K9, K3K27 and H4K20, on the other hand, is enriched in <strong>heterochromatin </strong>and associated with gene silencing. The combination of different histone modifications is called the "<strong>histone code</strong>&rdquo;, analogous to the genetic code.</p>
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/categories/antibodies/histone-marks-illustration.png" /></p>
<p>Diagenode is proud to offer a large range of antibodies against histones and histone modifications. Our&nbsp; antibodies are highly specific and have been validated in many applications, including <strong>ChIP</strong> and <strong>ChIP-seq</strong>.</p>
<p>Diagenode&rsquo;s collection includes antibodies recognizing:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Histone H1 variants</strong></li>
<li><strong>Histone H2A, H2A variants and histone H2A</strong> <strong>modifications</strong> (serine phosphorylation, lysine acetylation, lysine ubiquitinylation)</li>
<li><strong>Histone H2B and H2B</strong> <strong>modifications </strong>(serine phosphorylation, lysine acetylation)</li>
<li><strong>Histone H3 and H3 modifications </strong>(lysine methylation (mono-, di- and tri-methylated), lysine acetylation, serine phosphorylation, threonine phosphorylation, arginine methylation (mono-methylated, symmetrically and asymmetrically di-methylated))</li>
<li><strong>Histone H4 and H4 modifications (</strong>lysine methylation (mono-, di- and tri-methylated), lysine acetylation, arginine methylation (mono-methylated and symmetrically di-methylated), serine phosphorylation )</li>
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<p><span style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>HDAC's HAT's, HMT's and other</strong> <strong>enzymes</strong> which modify histones can be found in the category <a href="../categories/chromatin-modifying-proteins-histone-transferase">Histone modifying enzymes</a><br /></span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Diagenode&rsquo;s highly validated antibodies:</span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Highly sensitive and specific</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cost-effective (requires less antibody per reaction)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Batch-specific data is available on the website</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Expert technical support</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sample sizes available</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 100% satisfaction guarantee</span></li>
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<div class="small-12 columns"><center></center>
<p><br />Chromatin immunoprecipitation (<b>ChIP</b>) is a technique to study the associations of proteins with the specific genomic regions in intact cells. One of the most important steps of this protocol is the immunoprecipitation of targeted protein using the antibody specifically recognizing it. The quality of antibodies used in ChIP is essential for the success of the experiment. Diagenode offers extensively validated ChIP-grade antibodies, confirmed for their specificity, and high level of performance in ChIP. Each batch is validated, and batch-specific data are available on the website.</p>
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<p><strong>ChIP results</strong> obtained with the antibody directed against H3K4me3 (Cat. No. <a href="../p/h3k4me3-polyclonal-antibody-premium-50-ug-50-ul">C15410003</a>).&nbsp;</p>
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<div class="small-12 medium-6 large-6 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410003-fig1-ChIP.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="315" />&nbsp;</div>
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<p>Our aim at Diagenode is to offer the largest collection of highly specific <strong>ChIP-grade antibodies</strong>. We add new antibodies monthly. Find your ChIP-grade antibody in the list below and check more information about tested applications, extensive validation data, and product information.</p>',
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			'description' => '<h1><strong>Validated epigenetics antibodies</strong>&nbsp;&ndash; care for a sample?<br />&nbsp;</h1>
<p>Diagenode has partnered with leading epigenetics experts and numerous epigenetics consortiums to bring to you a validated and comprehensive collection of epigenetic antibodies. As an expert in epigenetics, we are committed to offering highly-specific antibodies validated for ChIP/ChIP-seq and many other applications. All batch-specific validation data is available on our website.<br /><a href="../categories/antibodies">Read about our expertise in antibody production</a>.</p>
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<li><strong>Focused</strong> -&nbsp;Diagenode's selection of antibodies is exclusively dedicated for epigenetic research. <a title="See the full collection." href="../categories/all-antibodies">See the full collection.</a></li>
<li><strong>Strict quality standards</strong>&nbsp;with rigorous QC and validation</li>
<li><strong>Classified</strong>&nbsp;based on level of validation for flexibility of application</li>
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<p>Existing sample sizes are listed below. We will soon expand our collection. &nbsp;Are you looking for a sample size of another antibody? Just <a href="mailto:agnieszka.zelisko@diagenode.com?Subject=Sample%20Size%20Request" target="_top">Contact us</a>.</p>',
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			'description' => '<p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Epigenetic research tools have evolved over time from endpoint PCR to qPCR to the analyses of large sets of genome-wide sequencing data. ChIP sequencing (ChIP-seq) has now become the gold standard method for chromatin studies, given the accuracy and coverage scale of the approach over other methods. Successful ChIP-seq, however, requires a higher level of experimental accuracy and consistency in all steps of ChIP than ever before. Particularly crucial is the quality of ChIP antibodies. </span></p>',
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			'name' => 'Histone lysine demethylase inhibition reprograms prostate cancermetabolism and mechanics.',
			'authors' => 'Chianese  Ugo and Papulino  Chiara and Passaro  Eugenia andEvers  Tom Mj and Babaei  Mehrad and Toraldo  Antonella andDe Marchi  Tommaso and Niméus  Emma and Carafa  Vincenzo andNicoletti  Maria Maddalena and Del Gaudio  Nunzio andIaccarino  Nunzia an',
			'description' => '<p>OBJECTIVE: Aberrant activity of androgen receptor (AR) is the primary cause underlying development and progression of prostate cancer (PCa) and castration-resistant PCa (CRPC). Androgen signaling regulates gene transcription and lipid metabolism, facilitating tumor growth and therapy resistance in early and advanced PCa. Although direct AR signaling inhibitors exist, AR expression and function can also be epigenetically regulated. Specifically, lysine (K)-specific demethylases (KDMs), which are often overexpressed in PCa and CRPC phenotypes, regulate the AR transcriptional program. METHODS: We investigated LSD1/UTX inhibition, two KDMs, in PCa and CRPC using a multi-omics approach. We first performed a mitochondrial stress test to evaluate respiratory capacity after treatment with MC3324, a dual KDM-inhibitor, and then carried out lipidomic, proteomic, and metabolic analyses. We also investigated mechanical cellular properties with acoustic force spectroscopy. RESULTS: MC3324 induced a global increase in H3K4me2 and H3K27me3 accompanied by significant growth arrest and apoptosis in androgen-responsive and -unresponsive PCa systems. LSD1/UTX inhibition downregulated AR at both transcriptional and non-transcriptional level, showing cancer selectivity, indicating its potential use in resistance to androgen deprivation therapy. Since MC3324 impaired metabolic activity, by modifying the protein and lipid content in PCa and CRPC cell lines. Epigenetic inhibition of LSD1/UTX disrupted mitochondrial ATP production and mediated lipid plasticity, which affected the phosphocholine class, an important structural element for the cell membrane in PCa and CRPC associated with changes in physical and mechanical properties of cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest a network in which epigenetics, hormone signaling, metabolite availability, lipid content, and mechano-metabolic process are closely related. This network may be able to identify additional hotspots for pharmacological intervention and underscores the key role of KDM-mediated epigenetic modulation in PCa and CRPC.</p>',
			'date' => '2022-08-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35944897',
			'doi' => '10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101561',
			'modified' => '2022-10-21 09:37:56',
			'created' => '2022-09-28 09:53:13',
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		(int) 1 => array(
			'id' => '3965',
			'name' => 'Histone post-translational modifications in Silene latifolia X and Y chromosomes suggest a mammal-like dosage compensation system',
			'authors' => 'Luis Rodríguez Lorenzo José, Hubinský Marcel, Vyskot Boris, Hobza Roman',
			'description' => '<p>Silene latifolia is a model organism to study evolutionary young heteromorphic sex chromosome evolution in plants. Previous research indicates a Y-allele gene degeneration and a dosage compensation system already operating. Here, we propose an epigenetic approach based on analysis of several histone post-translational modifications (PTMs) to find the first epigenetic hints of the X:Y sex chromosome system regulation in S. latifolia. Through chromatin immunoprecipitation we interrogated six genes from X and Y alleles. Several histone PTMS linked to DNA methylation and transcriptional repression (H3K27me3, H3K23me, H3K9me2 and H3K9me3) and to transcriptional activation (H3K4me3 and H4K5, 8, 12, 16ac) were used. DNA enrichment (Immunoprecipitated DNA/input DNA) was analyzed and showed three main results: i) promoters of the Y allele are associated with heterochromatin marks, ii) promoters of the X allele in males are associated with activation of transcription marks and finally, iii) promoters of X alleles in females are associated with active and repressive marks. Our finding indicates a transcription activation of X allele and transcription repression of Y allele in males. In females we found a possible differential regulation (up X1, down X2) of each female X allele. These results agree with the mammal-like epigenetic dosage compensation regulation.</p>',
			'date' => '2020-05-24',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0168945220301333',
			'doi' => '10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110528',
			'modified' => '2020-08-12 09:42:21',
			'created' => '2020-08-10 12:12:25',
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		(int) 2 => array(
			'id' => '3657',
			'name' => 'The histone methyltransferase DOT1L is required for proper DNA damage response, DNA repair, and modulates chemotherapy responsiveness.',
			'authors' => 'Kari V, Raul SK, Henck JM, Kitz J, Kramer F, Kosinsky RL, Übelmesser N, Mansour WY, Eggert J, Spitzner M, Najafova Z, Bastians H, Grade M, Gaedcke J, Wegwitz F, Johnsen SA',
			'description' => '<p>BACKGROUND: Disruptor of telomeric silencing 1-like (DOT1L) is a non-SET domain containing methyltransferase known to catalyze mono-, di-, and tri-methylation of histone 3 on lysine 79 (H3K79me). DOT1L-mediated H3K79me has been implicated in chromatin-associated functions including gene transcription, heterochromatin formation, and DNA repair. Recent studies have uncovered a role for DOT1L in the initiation and progression of leukemia and other solid tumors. The development and availability of small molecule inhibitors of DOT1L may provide new and unique therapeutic options for certain types or subgroups of cancer. METHODS: In this study, we examined the role of DOT1L in DNA double-strand break (DSB) response and repair by depleting DOT1L using siRNA or inhibiting its methyltransferase activity using small molecule inhibitors in colorectal cancer cells. Cells were treated with different agents to induce DNA damage in DOT1L-depleted or -inhibited cells and analyzed for DNA repair efficiency and survival. Further, rectal cancer patient samples were analyzed for H3K79me3 levels in order to determine whether it may serve as a potential marker for personalized therapy. RESULTS: Our results indicate that DOT1L is required for a proper DNA damage response following DNA double-strand breaks by regulating the phosphorylation of the variant histone H2AX (&gamma;H2AX) and repair via homologous recombination (HR). Importantly, we show that small molecule inhibitors of DOT1L combined with chemotherapeutic agents that are used to treat colorectal cancers show additive effects. Furthermore, examination of H3K79me3 levels in rectal cancer patients demonstrates that lower levels correlate with a poorer prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we conclude that DOT1L plays an important role in an early DNA damage response and repair of DNA double-strand breaks via the HR pathway. Moreover, DOT1L inhibition leads to&nbsp;increased sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents and PARP inhibition, which further highlights its potential clinical utility. Our results further suggest that H3K79me3 can be useful as a predictive and or prognostic marker for rectal cancer patients.</p>',
			'date' => '2019-01-07',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/30616689',
			'doi' => '10.1186/s13148-018-0601-1',
			'modified' => '2019-06-07 09:01:28',
			'created' => '2019-06-06 12:11:18',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
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		),
		(int) 3 => array(
			'id' => '2886',
			'name' => 'Role of Annexin gene and its regulation during zebrafish caudal fin regeneration',
			'authors' => 'Saxena S, Purushothaman S, Meghah V, Bhatti B, Poruri A, Meena Lakshmi MG, Sarath Babu N, Murthy CL, Mandal KK, Kumar A, Idris MM',
			'description' => '<p>The molecular mechanism of epimorphic regeneration is elusive due to its complexity and limitation in mammals. Epigenetic regulatory mechanisms play a crucial role in development and regeneration. This investigation attempted to reveal the role of epigenetic regulatory mechanisms, such as histone H3 and H4 lysine acetylation and methylation during zebrafish caudal fin regeneration. It was intriguing to observe that H3K9,14 acetylation, H4K20 trimethylation, H3K4 trimethylation and H3K9 dimethylation along with their respective regulatory genes, such as <em>GCN5, SETd8b, SETD7/9</em> and <em>SUV39h1</em>, were differentially regulated in the regenerating fin at various time points of post-amputation. Annexin genes have been associated with regeneration; this study reveals the significant upregulation of <em>ANXA2a</em> and <em>ANXA2b</em> transcripts and their protein products during the regeneration process. Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and PCR analysis of the regulatory regions of the <em>ANXA2a</em> and <em>ANXA2b</em> genes demonstrated the ability to repress two histone methylations, H3K27me3 and H4K20me3, in transcriptional regulation during regeneration. It is hypothesized that this novel insight into the diverse epigenetic mechanisms that play a critical role during the regeneration process may help to strategize the translational efforts, in addition to identifying the molecules involved in vertebrate regeneration.</p>',
			'date' => '2016-03-12',
			'pmid' => 'http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/wrr.12429/abstract',
			'doi' => '10.1111/wrr.12429',
			'modified' => '2016-04-08 17:24:06',
			'created' => '2016-04-08 17:24:06',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
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		),
		(int) 4 => array(
			'id' => '2848',
			'name' => 'Independent Mechanisms Target SMCHD1 to Trimethylated Histone H3 Lysine 9-Modified Chromatin and the Inactive X Chromosome',
			'authors' => 'Brideau NJ, Coker H, Gendrel AV, Siebert CA, Bezstarosti K, Demmers J, Poot RA, Nesterova TB, Brockdorff N',
			'description' => '<p>The chromosomal protein SMCHD1 plays an important role in epigenetic silencing at diverse loci, including the inactive X chromosome, imprinted genes, and the facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy locus. Although homology with canonical SMC family proteins suggests a role in chromosome organization, the mechanisms underlying SMCHD1 function and target site selection remain poorly understood. Here we show that SMCHD1 forms an active GHKL-ATPase homodimer, contrasting with canonical SMC complexes, which exist as tripartite ring structures. Electron microscopy analysis demonstrates that SMCHD1 homodimers structurally resemble prokaryotic condensins. We further show that the principal mechanism for chromatin loading of SMCHD1 involves an LRIF1-mediated interaction with HP1&gamma; at trimethylated histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9me3)-modified chromatin sites on the chromosome arms. A parallel pathway accounts for chromatin loading at a minority of sites, notably the inactive X chromosome. Together, our results provide key insights into SMCHD1 function and target site selection.</p>',
			'date' => '2015-12-01',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26391951',
			'doi' => ' 10.1128/MCB.00432-15',
			'modified' => '2016-03-11 16:15:30',
			'created' => '2016-03-11 16:15:30',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
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		),
		(int) 5 => array(
			'id' => '2807',
			'name' => 'A gene expression signature identifying transient DNMT1 depletion as a causal factor of cancer-germline gene activation in melanoma',
			'authors' => 'Charles De Smet',
			'description' => '<p><span>Many human tumors show aberrant activation of a group of germline-specific genes, termed cancer-germline (CG) genes, several of which appear to exert oncogenic functions. Although activation of CG genes in tumors has been linked to promoter DNA demethylation, the mechanisms underlying this epigenetic alteration remain unclear. Two main processes have been proposed: awaking of a gametogenic program directing demethylation of target DNA sequences via specific regulators, or general deficiency of DNA methylation activities resulting from mis-targeting or down-regulation of the DNMT1 methyltransferase.</span></p>',
			'date' => '2015-10-26',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.clinicalepigeneticsjournal.com/content/7/1/114',
			'doi' => '10.1186/s13148-015-0147-4',
			'modified' => '2016-01-05 17:50:05',
			'created' => '2016-01-05 07:36:04',
			'ProductsPublication' => array(
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		),
		(int) 6 => array(
			'id' => '1328',
			'name' => 'Epigenetic hierarchy within the MAGEA1 cancer-germline gene: promoter DNA methylation dictates local histone modifications.',
			'authors' => 'Cannuyer J, Loriot A, Parvizi GK, De Smet C',
			'description' => 'Gene MAGEA1 belongs to a group of human germline-specific genes that rely on DNA methylation for repression in somatic tissues. Many of these genes, termed cancer-germline (CG) genes, become demethylated and activated in a wide variety of tumors, where they encode tumor-specific antigens. The process leading to DNA demethylation of CG genes in tumors remains unclear. Previous data suggested that histone acetylation might be involved. Here, we investigated the relative contribution of DNA methylation and histone acetylation in the epigenetic regulation of gene MAGEA1. We show that MAGEA1 DNA hypomethylation in expressing melanoma cells is indeed correlated with local increases in histone H3 acetylation (H3ac). However, when MAGEA1-negative cells were exposed to a histone deacetylase inhibitor (TSA), we observed only short-term activation of the gene and detected no demethylation of its promoter. As a more sensitive assay, we used a cell clone harboring a methylated MAGEA1/hph construct, which confers resistance to hygromycin upon stable re-activation. TSA induced only transient de-repression of the transgene, and did not lead to the emergence of hygromycin-resistant cells. In striking contrast, transient depletion of DNA-methyltransferase-1 in the reporter cell clone gave rise to a hygromycin-resistant population, in which the re-activated MAGEA1/hph transgene displayed not only marked DNA hypomethylation, but also significant reversal of histone marks, including gains in H3ac and H3K4me2, and losses of H3K9me2. Collectively, our results indicate that DNA methylation has a dominant role in the epigenetic hierarchy governing MAGEA1 expression.',
			'date' => '2013-03-05',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23472218',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:00',
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		'name' => 'H3K9me2 Antibody',
		'description' => '<p><span>Monoclonal antibody raised in mouse against histone H3, dimethylated at lysine 9 (H3K9me2), using a KLH-conjugated synthetic peptide.</span></p>',
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<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200154_chip.png" alt="ChIP" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against H3K9me2 </strong><br />ChIP assays were performed using HeLa cells, the monoclonal antibody against H3K9me2 (Cat. No. C15200154) and optimized PCR primer sets for qPCR. Chromatin was sheared with the Diagenode Bioruptor using the &ldquo;Shearing ChIP&rdquo; kit (Cat. No. C01020021). ChIP was performed with the &ldquo;OneDay ChIP&rdquo; kit (Cat. No. C01010080), using sheared chromatin from 1.6 million cells. A titration of the antibody consisting of 1, 3 and 9 &micro;g per ChIP experiment was analysed. IgG (5 &micro;g/IP) was used as negative IP control. QPCR was performed with primers for the promoter and the coding region of the GAPDH gene, and for the RPL10 and HBB promoters. Figure 1 shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis). </small></p>
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<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200154_ELISA.png" alt="ELISA" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 2. Cross reactivity of the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against H3K9me2 </strong><br />To test the specificity an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against H3K9me2 (cat. No. C15200154). The wells were coated with peptides containing the unmodified H3K9 as well as the mono-, di- and trimethylated H3K9 and the dimethylated H3K27. Figure 2 shows a high specificity of the antibody for the modification of interest. </small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 3. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against H3K9me2 </strong><br />Histone extracts (15 &micro;g) from HeLa cells were analysed by Western blot using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against H3K9me2 (Cat. No. C15200154) diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left. </small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 4. Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against H3K9me2 </strong><br />HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against H3K9me2 (Cat. No. C15200154) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 10&rsquo; and blocked with PBS/TX-100 containing 5% normal goat serum and 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labelled with the H3K9me2 antibody (left) diluted 1:500 in blocking solution followed by an anti-mouse antibody conjugated to Alexa594. The middle panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of the two stainings is shown on the right. </small></p>
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	'meta_description' => 'H3K9me2 (Histone H3 dimethylated at lysine 9) Monoclonal Antibody validated  in ChIP-qPCR, ELISA, IF and WB. Batch-specific data available on the website. Sample size available.',
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<p><small><strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against H3K9me2 </strong><br />ChIP assays were performed using HeLa cells, the monoclonal antibody against H3K9me2 (Cat. No. C15200154) and optimized PCR primer sets for qPCR. Chromatin was sheared with the Diagenode Bioruptor using the &ldquo;Shearing ChIP&rdquo; kit (Cat. No. C01020021). ChIP was performed with the &ldquo;OneDay ChIP&rdquo; kit (Cat. No. C01010080), using sheared chromatin from 1.6 million cells. A titration of the antibody consisting of 1, 3 and 9 &micro;g per ChIP experiment was analysed. IgG (5 &micro;g/IP) was used as negative IP control. QPCR was performed with primers for the promoter and the coding region of the GAPDH gene, and for the RPL10 and HBB promoters. Figure 1 shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis). </small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 2. Cross reactivity of the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against H3K9me2 </strong><br />To test the specificity an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against H3K9me2 (cat. No. C15200154). The wells were coated with peptides containing the unmodified H3K9 as well as the mono-, di- and trimethylated H3K9 and the dimethylated H3K27. Figure 2 shows a high specificity of the antibody for the modification of interest. </small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 3. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against H3K9me2 </strong><br />Histone extracts (15 &micro;g) from HeLa cells were analysed by Western blot using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against H3K9me2 (Cat. No. C15200154) diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left. </small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 4. Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against H3K9me2 </strong><br />HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against H3K9me2 (Cat. No. C15200154) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 10&rsquo; and blocked with PBS/TX-100 containing 5% normal goat serum and 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labelled with the H3K9me2 antibody (left) diluted 1:500 in blocking solution followed by an anti-mouse antibody conjugated to Alexa594. The middle panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of the two stainings is shown on the right. </small></p>
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	'description' => 'Gene MAGEA1 belongs to a group of human germline-specific genes that rely on DNA methylation for repression in somatic tissues. Many of these genes, termed cancer-germline (CG) genes, become demethylated and activated in a wide variety of tumors, where they encode tumor-specific antigens. The process leading to DNA demethylation of CG genes in tumors remains unclear. Previous data suggested that histone acetylation might be involved. Here, we investigated the relative contribution of DNA methylation and histone acetylation in the epigenetic regulation of gene MAGEA1. We show that MAGEA1 DNA hypomethylation in expressing melanoma cells is indeed correlated with local increases in histone H3 acetylation (H3ac). However, when MAGEA1-negative cells were exposed to a histone deacetylase inhibitor (TSA), we observed only short-term activation of the gene and detected no demethylation of its promoter. As a more sensitive assay, we used a cell clone harboring a methylated MAGEA1/hph construct, which confers resistance to hygromycin upon stable re-activation. TSA induced only transient de-repression of the transgene, and did not lead to the emergence of hygromycin-resistant cells. In striking contrast, transient depletion of DNA-methyltransferase-1 in the reporter cell clone gave rise to a hygromycin-resistant population, in which the re-activated MAGEA1/hph transgene displayed not only marked DNA hypomethylation, but also significant reversal of histone marks, including gains in H3ac and H3K4me2, and losses of H3K9me2. Collectively, our results indicate that DNA methylation has a dominant role in the epigenetic hierarchy governing MAGEA1 expression.',
	'date' => '2013-03-05',
	'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23472218',
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			'description' => 'Histones are the main constituents of the protein part of chromosomes of eukaryotic cells. They are rich in the amino acids arginine and lysine and have been greatly conserved during evolution. Histones pack the DNA into tight masses of chromatin. Two core histones of each class H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assemble and are wrapped by 146 base pairs of DNA to form one octameric nucleosome. Histone tails undergo numerous post-translational modifications, which either directly or indirectly alter chromatin structure to facilitate transcriptional activation or repression or other nuclear processes. In addition to the genetic code, combinations of the different histone modifications reveal the so-called “histone code”. Histone methylation and demethylation is dynamically regulated by respectively histone methyl transferases and histone demethylases.',
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<p><small><strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against H3K9me2 </strong><br />ChIP assays were performed using HeLa cells, the monoclonal antibody against H3K9me2 (Cat. No. C15200154) and optimized PCR primer sets for qPCR. Chromatin was sheared with the Diagenode Bioruptor using the &ldquo;Shearing ChIP&rdquo; kit (Cat. No. C01020021). ChIP was performed with the &ldquo;OneDay ChIP&rdquo; kit (Cat. No. C01010080), using sheared chromatin from 1.6 million cells. A titration of the antibody consisting of 1, 3 and 9 &micro;g per ChIP experiment was analysed. IgG (5 &micro;g/IP) was used as negative IP control. QPCR was performed with primers for the promoter and the coding region of the GAPDH gene, and for the RPL10 and HBB promoters. Figure 1 shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis). </small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 2. Cross reactivity of the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against H3K9me2 </strong><br />To test the specificity an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against H3K9me2 (cat. No. C15200154). The wells were coated with peptides containing the unmodified H3K9 as well as the mono-, di- and trimethylated H3K9 and the dimethylated H3K27. Figure 2 shows a high specificity of the antibody for the modification of interest. </small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 3. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against H3K9me2 </strong><br />Histone extracts (15 &micro;g) from HeLa cells were analysed by Western blot using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against H3K9me2 (Cat. No. C15200154) diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left. </small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 4. Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against H3K9me2 </strong><br />HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against H3K9me2 (Cat. No. C15200154) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 10&rsquo; and blocked with PBS/TX-100 containing 5% normal goat serum and 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labelled with the H3K9me2 antibody (left) diluted 1:500 in blocking solution followed by an anti-mouse antibody conjugated to Alexa594. The middle panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of the two stainings is shown on the right. </small></p>
</div>
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		'price_EUR' => '105',
		'price_USD' => '115',
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		'price_JPY' => '16450',
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		'slug' => 'h3k9me2-monoclonal-antibody-classic-10-ug',
		'meta_title' => 'H3K9me2 Monoclonal Antibody | Diagenode',
		'meta_keywords' => '',
		'meta_description' => 'H3K9me2 (Histone H3 dimethylated at lysine 9) Monoclonal Antibody validated  in ChIP-qPCR, ELISA, IF and WB. Batch-specific data available on the website. Sample size available.',
		'modified' => '2021-12-23 11:36:05',
		'created' => '2018-05-23 10:12:23',
		'locale' => 'zho'
	),
	'Antibody' => array(
		'host' => '*****',
		'id' => '136',
		'name' => 'H3K9me2 monoclonal antibody',
		'description' => 'Histones are the main constituents of the protein part of chromosomes of eukaryotic cells. They are rich in the amino acids arginine and lysine and have been greatly conserved during evolution. Histones pack the DNA into tight masses of chromatin. Two core histones of each class H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assemble and are wrapped by 146 base pairs of DNA to form one octameric nucleosome. Histone tails undergo numerous post-translational modifications, which either directly or indirectly alter chromatin structure to facilitate transcriptional activation or repression or other nuclear processes. In addition to the genetic code, combinations of the different histone modifications reveal the so-called “histone code”. Histone methylation and demethylation is dynamically regulated by respectively histone methyl transferases and histone demethylases.',
		'clonality' => '',
		'isotype' => 'IgG1',
		'lot' => '001-013',
		'concentration' => '1.0 &micro;g/&micro;l',
		'reactivity' => 'Human, zebrafish, Arabidopsis, silena latifolia: positive. Other species: not tested.',
		'type' => 'Monoclonal',
		'purity' => 'Protein A purified monoclonal antibody.',
		'classification' => '',
		'application_table' => '<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Applications</th>
<th>Suggested dilution</th>
<th>References</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>ChIP <sup>*</sup></td>
<td>3 &micro;g/ChIP</td>
<td>Fig 1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ELISA</td>
<td>1:1,000</td>
<td>Fig 2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Western Blotting</td>
<td>1:1,000</td>
<td>Fig 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Immunofluorescence</td>
<td>1:500</td>
<td>Fig 4</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>
<p><small><sup>*</sup> Please note that the optimal antibody amount per IP should be determined by the end-user. We recommend testing 1-5 &micro;g per IP.</small></p>',
		'storage_conditions' => 'Store at -20°C; for long storage, store at -80°C. Avoid multiple freeze-thaw cycles.',
		'storage_buffer' => 'PBS containing 0.05% azide and 0.05% ProClin 300.',
		'precautions' => 'This product is for research use only. Not for use in diagnostic or therapeutic procedures.',
		'uniprot_acc' => '',
		'slug' => '',
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		'meta_description' => '',
		'modified' => '2022-11-08 14:16:18',
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		'select_label' => '136 - H3K9me2 monoclonal antibody (001-013 - 1.0 &micro;g/&micro;l - Human, zebrafish, Arabidopsis, silena latifolia: positive. Other species: not tested. - Protein A purified monoclonal antibody. - Mouse)'
	),
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			'product_id' => '1992',
			'modified' => '2018-05-23 10:12:44',
			'created' => '2018-05-23 10:12:44'
		),
		'Master' => array(
			'id' => '1992',
			'antibody_id' => '136',
			'name' => 'H3K9me2 Antibody',
			'description' => '<p><span>Monoclonal antibody raised in mouse against histone H3, dimethylated at lysine 9 (H3K9me2), using a KLH-conjugated synthetic peptide.</span></p>',
			'label1' => 'Validation Data',
			'info1' => '<div class="row">
<div class="small-5 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200154_chip.png" alt="ChIP" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
</div>
<div class="small-7 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against H3K9me2 </strong><br />ChIP assays were performed using HeLa cells, the monoclonal antibody against H3K9me2 (Cat. No. C15200154) and optimized PCR primer sets for qPCR. Chromatin was sheared with the Diagenode Bioruptor using the &ldquo;Shearing ChIP&rdquo; kit (Cat. No. C01020021). ChIP was performed with the &ldquo;OneDay ChIP&rdquo; kit (Cat. No. C01010080), using sheared chromatin from 1.6 million cells. A titration of the antibody consisting of 1, 3 and 9 &micro;g per ChIP experiment was analysed. IgG (5 &micro;g/IP) was used as negative IP control. QPCR was performed with primers for the promoter and the coding region of the GAPDH gene, and for the RPL10 and HBB promoters. Figure 1 shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis). </small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-5 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200154_ELISA.png" alt="ELISA" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
</div>
<div class="small-7 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 2. Cross reactivity of the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against H3K9me2 </strong><br />To test the specificity an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against H3K9me2 (cat. No. C15200154). The wells were coated with peptides containing the unmodified H3K9 as well as the mono-, di- and trimethylated H3K9 and the dimethylated H3K27. Figure 2 shows a high specificity of the antibody for the modification of interest. </small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-2 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200154_WB.png" alt="Western Blot" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
</div>
<div class="small-10 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 3. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against H3K9me2 </strong><br />Histone extracts (15 &micro;g) from HeLa cells were analysed by Western blot using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against H3K9me2 (Cat. No. C15200154) diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left. </small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="extra-spaced"></div>
<div class="extra-spaced"></div>
<div class="extra-spaced"></div>
<div class="extra-spaced"></div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200154_IF.png" alt="Immunofluorescence" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 4. Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against H3K9me2 </strong><br />HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against H3K9me2 (Cat. No. C15200154) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 10&rsquo; and blocked with PBS/TX-100 containing 5% normal goat serum and 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labelled with the H3K9me2 antibody (left) diluted 1:500 in blocking solution followed by an anti-mouse antibody conjugated to Alexa594. The middle panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of the two stainings is shown on the right. </small></p>
</div>
</div>',
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			'meta_title' => 'H3K9me2 Monoclonal Antibody | Diagenode',
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			'meta_description' => 'H3K9me2 (Histone H3 dimethylated at lysine 9) Monoclonal Antibody validated  in ChIP-qPCR, ELISA, WB and IF. Batch-specific data available on the website. Sample size available.',
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			'description' => '<p><strong>Western blot</strong> : The quality of antibodies used in this technique is crucial for correct and specific protein identification. Diagenode offers huge selection of highly sensitive and specific western blot-validated antibodies.</p>
<p>Learn more about: <a href="https://www.diagenode.com/applications/western-blot">Loading control, MW marker visualization</a><em>. <br /></em></p>
<p><em></em>Check our selection of antibodies validated in Western blot.</p>',
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			'description' => '<p><strong>Immunofluorescence</strong>:</p>
<p>Diagenode offers huge selection of highly sensitive antibodies validated in IF.</p>
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200229-IF.jpg" alt="" height="245" width="256" /></p>
<p><sup><strong>Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against CRISPR/Cas9</strong></sup></p>
<p><sup>HeLa cells transfected with a Cas9 expression vector (left) or untransfected cells (right) were fixed in methanol at -20&deg;C, permeabilized with acetone at -20&deg;C and blocked with PBS containing 2% BSA. The cells were stained with the Cas9 C-terminal antibody (Cat. No. C15200229) diluted 1:400, followed by incubation with an anti-mouse secondary antibody coupled to AF488. The bottom images show counter-staining of the nuclei with Hoechst 33342.</sup></p>
<h5><sup>Check our selection of antibodies validated in IF.</sup></h5>',
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			'meta_description' => 'Diagenode offers a wide range of antibodies and technical support for ChIP-qPCR applications',
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			'name' => 'All antibodies',
			'description' => '<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">All Diagenode&rsquo;s antibodies are listed below. Please, use our Quick search field to find the antibody of interest by target name, application, purity.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Diagenode&rsquo;s highly validated antibodies:</span></p>
<ul>
<li>Highly sensitive and specific</li>
<li>Cost-effective (requires less antibody per reaction)</li>
<li>Batch-specific data is available on the website</li>
<li>Expert technical support</li>
<li>Sample sizes available</li>
<li>100% satisfaction guarantee</li>
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			'meta_description' => 'Diagenode Offers Strict quality standards with Rigorous QC and validated Antibodies. Classified based on level of validation for flexibility of Application. Comprehensive selection of histone and non-histone Antibodies',
			'meta_title' => 'Diagenode's selection of Antibodies is exclusively dedicated for Epigenetic Research | Diagenode',
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			'name' => 'Histone antibodies',
			'description' => '<p>Histones are the main protein components of chromatin involved in the compaction of DNA into nucleosomes, the basic units of chromatin. A <strong>nucleosome</strong> consists of one pair of each of the core histones (<strong>H2A</strong>, <strong>H2B</strong>, <strong>H3</strong> and <strong>H4</strong>) forming an octameric structure wrapped by 146 base pairs of DNA. The different nucleosomes are linked by the linker histone<strong> H1, </strong>allowing for further condensation of chromatin.</p>
<p>The core histones have a globular structure with large unstructured N-terminal tails protruding from the nucleosome.&nbsp; They can undergo to multiple post-translational modifications (PTM), mainly at the N-terminal tails. These <strong>post-translational modifications </strong>include&nbsp; methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitinylation, citrullination, sumoylation, deamination and crotonylation.&nbsp; The most well characterized PTMs are <strong>methylation,</strong> <strong>acetylation and phosphorylation</strong>. Histone methylation occurs mainly on lysine (K) residues, which can be mono-, di- or tri-methylated, and on arginines (R), which can be mono-methylated and symmetrically or asymmetrically di-methylated. Histone acetylation occurs on lysines and histone phosphorylation mainly on serines (S), threonines (T) and tyrosines (Y).</p>
<p>The PTMs of the different residues are involved in numerous processes such as DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosome condensation. They influence the chromatin organization and can be positively or negatively associated with gene expression. Trimethylation of H3K4, H3K36 and H3K79, and lysine acetylation generally result in an open chromatin configuration (figure below) and are therefore associated with <strong>euchromatin</strong> and gene activation. Trimethylation of H3K9, K3K27 and H4K20, on the other hand, is enriched in <strong>heterochromatin </strong>and associated with gene silencing. The combination of different histone modifications is called the "<strong>histone code</strong>&rdquo;, analogous to the genetic code.</p>
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/categories/antibodies/histone-marks-illustration.png" /></p>
<p>Diagenode is proud to offer a large range of antibodies against histones and histone modifications. Our&nbsp; antibodies are highly specific and have been validated in many applications, including <strong>ChIP</strong> and <strong>ChIP-seq</strong>.</p>
<p>Diagenode&rsquo;s collection includes antibodies recognizing:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Histone H1 variants</strong></li>
<li><strong>Histone H2A, H2A variants and histone H2A</strong> <strong>modifications</strong> (serine phosphorylation, lysine acetylation, lysine ubiquitinylation)</li>
<li><strong>Histone H2B and H2B</strong> <strong>modifications </strong>(serine phosphorylation, lysine acetylation)</li>
<li><strong>Histone H3 and H3 modifications </strong>(lysine methylation (mono-, di- and tri-methylated), lysine acetylation, serine phosphorylation, threonine phosphorylation, arginine methylation (mono-methylated, symmetrically and asymmetrically di-methylated))</li>
<li><strong>Histone H4 and H4 modifications (</strong>lysine methylation (mono-, di- and tri-methylated), lysine acetylation, arginine methylation (mono-methylated and symmetrically di-methylated), serine phosphorylation )</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>HDAC's HAT's, HMT's and other</strong> <strong>enzymes</strong> which modify histones can be found in the category <a href="../categories/chromatin-modifying-proteins-histone-transferase">Histone modifying enzymes</a><br /></span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Diagenode&rsquo;s highly validated antibodies:</span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Highly sensitive and specific</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cost-effective (requires less antibody per reaction)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Batch-specific data is available on the website</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Expert technical support</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sample sizes available</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 100% satisfaction guarantee</span></li>
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			'name' => 'ChIP-grade antibodies',
			'description' => '<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns"><center></center>
<p><br />Chromatin immunoprecipitation (<b>ChIP</b>) is a technique to study the associations of proteins with the specific genomic regions in intact cells. One of the most important steps of this protocol is the immunoprecipitation of targeted protein using the antibody specifically recognizing it. The quality of antibodies used in ChIP is essential for the success of the experiment. Diagenode offers extensively validated ChIP-grade antibodies, confirmed for their specificity, and high level of performance in ChIP. Each batch is validated, and batch-specific data are available on the website.</p>
<p></p>
</div>
</div>
<p><strong>ChIP results</strong> obtained with the antibody directed against H3K4me3 (Cat. No. <a href="../p/h3k4me3-polyclonal-antibody-premium-50-ug-50-ul">C15410003</a>).&nbsp;</p>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 medium-6 large-6 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410003-fig1-ChIP.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="315" />&nbsp;</div>
<div class="small-12 medium-6 large-6 columns">
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
</div>
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<p></p>
<p>Our aim at Diagenode is to offer the largest collection of highly specific <strong>ChIP-grade antibodies</strong>. We add new antibodies monthly. Find your ChIP-grade antibody in the list below and check more information about tested applications, extensive validation data, and product information.</p>',
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			'name' => 'Sample size antibodies',
			'description' => '<h1><strong>Validated epigenetics antibodies</strong>&nbsp;&ndash; care for a sample?<br />&nbsp;</h1>
<p>Diagenode has partnered with leading epigenetics experts and numerous epigenetics consortiums to bring to you a validated and comprehensive collection of epigenetic antibodies. As an expert in epigenetics, we are committed to offering highly-specific antibodies validated for ChIP/ChIP-seq and many other applications. All batch-specific validation data is available on our website.<br /><a href="../categories/antibodies">Read about our expertise in antibody production</a>.</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Focused</strong> -&nbsp;Diagenode's selection of antibodies is exclusively dedicated for epigenetic research. <a title="See the full collection." href="../categories/all-antibodies">See the full collection.</a></li>
<li><strong>Strict quality standards</strong>&nbsp;with rigorous QC and validation</li>
<li><strong>Classified</strong>&nbsp;based on level of validation for flexibility of application</li>
</ul>
<p>Existing sample sizes are listed below. We will soon expand our collection. &nbsp;Are you looking for a sample size of another antibody? Just <a href="mailto:agnieszka.zelisko@diagenode.com?Subject=Sample%20Size%20Request" target="_top">Contact us</a>.</p>',
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			'id' => '11',
			'name' => 'Antibodies you can trust',
			'description' => '<p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Epigenetic research tools have evolved over time from endpoint PCR to qPCR to the analyses of large sets of genome-wide sequencing data. ChIP sequencing (ChIP-seq) has now become the gold standard method for chromatin studies, given the accuracy and coverage scale of the approach over other methods. Successful ChIP-seq, however, requires a higher level of experimental accuracy and consistency in all steps of ChIP than ever before. Particularly crucial is the quality of ChIP antibodies. </span></p>',
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			'id' => '38',
			'name' => 'Epigenetic Antibodies Brochure',
			'description' => '<p>More than in any other immuoprecipitation assays, quality antibodies are critical tools in many epigenetics experiments. Since 10 years, Diagenode has developed the most stringent quality production available on the market for antibodies exclusively focused on epigenetic uses. All our antibodies have been qualified to work in epigenetic applications.</p>',
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			'alt' => 'Mouse IgG',
			'modified' => '2020-11-27 07:00:09',
			'created' => '2015-07-17 10:12:18',
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			'id' => '4454',
			'name' => 'Histone lysine demethylase inhibition reprograms prostate cancermetabolism and mechanics.',
			'authors' => 'Chianese  Ugo and Papulino  Chiara and Passaro  Eugenia andEvers  Tom Mj and Babaei  Mehrad and Toraldo  Antonella andDe Marchi  Tommaso and Niméus  Emma and Carafa  Vincenzo andNicoletti  Maria Maddalena and Del Gaudio  Nunzio andIaccarino  Nunzia an',
			'description' => '<p>OBJECTIVE: Aberrant activity of androgen receptor (AR) is the primary cause underlying development and progression of prostate cancer (PCa) and castration-resistant PCa (CRPC). Androgen signaling regulates gene transcription and lipid metabolism, facilitating tumor growth and therapy resistance in early and advanced PCa. Although direct AR signaling inhibitors exist, AR expression and function can also be epigenetically regulated. Specifically, lysine (K)-specific demethylases (KDMs), which are often overexpressed in PCa and CRPC phenotypes, regulate the AR transcriptional program. METHODS: We investigated LSD1/UTX inhibition, two KDMs, in PCa and CRPC using a multi-omics approach. We first performed a mitochondrial stress test to evaluate respiratory capacity after treatment with MC3324, a dual KDM-inhibitor, and then carried out lipidomic, proteomic, and metabolic analyses. We also investigated mechanical cellular properties with acoustic force spectroscopy. RESULTS: MC3324 induced a global increase in H3K4me2 and H3K27me3 accompanied by significant growth arrest and apoptosis in androgen-responsive and -unresponsive PCa systems. LSD1/UTX inhibition downregulated AR at both transcriptional and non-transcriptional level, showing cancer selectivity, indicating its potential use in resistance to androgen deprivation therapy. Since MC3324 impaired metabolic activity, by modifying the protein and lipid content in PCa and CRPC cell lines. Epigenetic inhibition of LSD1/UTX disrupted mitochondrial ATP production and mediated lipid plasticity, which affected the phosphocholine class, an important structural element for the cell membrane in PCa and CRPC associated with changes in physical and mechanical properties of cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest a network in which epigenetics, hormone signaling, metabolite availability, lipid content, and mechano-metabolic process are closely related. This network may be able to identify additional hotspots for pharmacological intervention and underscores the key role of KDM-mediated epigenetic modulation in PCa and CRPC.</p>',
			'date' => '2022-08-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35944897',
			'doi' => '10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101561',
			'modified' => '2022-10-21 09:37:56',
			'created' => '2022-09-28 09:53:13',
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			'id' => '3965',
			'name' => 'Histone post-translational modifications in Silene latifolia X and Y chromosomes suggest a mammal-like dosage compensation system',
			'authors' => 'Luis Rodríguez Lorenzo José, Hubinský Marcel, Vyskot Boris, Hobza Roman',
			'description' => '<p>Silene latifolia is a model organism to study evolutionary young heteromorphic sex chromosome evolution in plants. Previous research indicates a Y-allele gene degeneration and a dosage compensation system already operating. Here, we propose an epigenetic approach based on analysis of several histone post-translational modifications (PTMs) to find the first epigenetic hints of the X:Y sex chromosome system regulation in S. latifolia. Through chromatin immunoprecipitation we interrogated six genes from X and Y alleles. Several histone PTMS linked to DNA methylation and transcriptional repression (H3K27me3, H3K23me, H3K9me2 and H3K9me3) and to transcriptional activation (H3K4me3 and H4K5, 8, 12, 16ac) were used. DNA enrichment (Immunoprecipitated DNA/input DNA) was analyzed and showed three main results: i) promoters of the Y allele are associated with heterochromatin marks, ii) promoters of the X allele in males are associated with activation of transcription marks and finally, iii) promoters of X alleles in females are associated with active and repressive marks. Our finding indicates a transcription activation of X allele and transcription repression of Y allele in males. In females we found a possible differential regulation (up X1, down X2) of each female X allele. These results agree with the mammal-like epigenetic dosage compensation regulation.</p>',
			'date' => '2020-05-24',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0168945220301333',
			'doi' => '10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110528',
			'modified' => '2020-08-12 09:42:21',
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			'id' => '3657',
			'name' => 'The histone methyltransferase DOT1L is required for proper DNA damage response, DNA repair, and modulates chemotherapy responsiveness.',
			'authors' => 'Kari V, Raul SK, Henck JM, Kitz J, Kramer F, Kosinsky RL, Übelmesser N, Mansour WY, Eggert J, Spitzner M, Najafova Z, Bastians H, Grade M, Gaedcke J, Wegwitz F, Johnsen SA',
			'description' => '<p>BACKGROUND: Disruptor of telomeric silencing 1-like (DOT1L) is a non-SET domain containing methyltransferase known to catalyze mono-, di-, and tri-methylation of histone 3 on lysine 79 (H3K79me). DOT1L-mediated H3K79me has been implicated in chromatin-associated functions including gene transcription, heterochromatin formation, and DNA repair. Recent studies have uncovered a role for DOT1L in the initiation and progression of leukemia and other solid tumors. The development and availability of small molecule inhibitors of DOT1L may provide new and unique therapeutic options for certain types or subgroups of cancer. METHODS: In this study, we examined the role of DOT1L in DNA double-strand break (DSB) response and repair by depleting DOT1L using siRNA or inhibiting its methyltransferase activity using small molecule inhibitors in colorectal cancer cells. Cells were treated with different agents to induce DNA damage in DOT1L-depleted or -inhibited cells and analyzed for DNA repair efficiency and survival. Further, rectal cancer patient samples were analyzed for H3K79me3 levels in order to determine whether it may serve as a potential marker for personalized therapy. RESULTS: Our results indicate that DOT1L is required for a proper DNA damage response following DNA double-strand breaks by regulating the phosphorylation of the variant histone H2AX (&gamma;H2AX) and repair via homologous recombination (HR). Importantly, we show that small molecule inhibitors of DOT1L combined with chemotherapeutic agents that are used to treat colorectal cancers show additive effects. Furthermore, examination of H3K79me3 levels in rectal cancer patients demonstrates that lower levels correlate with a poorer prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we conclude that DOT1L plays an important role in an early DNA damage response and repair of DNA double-strand breaks via the HR pathway. Moreover, DOT1L inhibition leads to&nbsp;increased sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents and PARP inhibition, which further highlights its potential clinical utility. Our results further suggest that H3K79me3 can be useful as a predictive and or prognostic marker for rectal cancer patients.</p>',
			'date' => '2019-01-07',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/30616689',
			'doi' => '10.1186/s13148-018-0601-1',
			'modified' => '2019-06-07 09:01:28',
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			'id' => '2886',
			'name' => 'Role of Annexin gene and its regulation during zebrafish caudal fin regeneration',
			'authors' => 'Saxena S, Purushothaman S, Meghah V, Bhatti B, Poruri A, Meena Lakshmi MG, Sarath Babu N, Murthy CL, Mandal KK, Kumar A, Idris MM',
			'description' => '<p>The molecular mechanism of epimorphic regeneration is elusive due to its complexity and limitation in mammals. Epigenetic regulatory mechanisms play a crucial role in development and regeneration. This investigation attempted to reveal the role of epigenetic regulatory mechanisms, such as histone H3 and H4 lysine acetylation and methylation during zebrafish caudal fin regeneration. It was intriguing to observe that H3K9,14 acetylation, H4K20 trimethylation, H3K4 trimethylation and H3K9 dimethylation along with their respective regulatory genes, such as <em>GCN5, SETd8b, SETD7/9</em> and <em>SUV39h1</em>, were differentially regulated in the regenerating fin at various time points of post-amputation. Annexin genes have been associated with regeneration; this study reveals the significant upregulation of <em>ANXA2a</em> and <em>ANXA2b</em> transcripts and their protein products during the regeneration process. Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and PCR analysis of the regulatory regions of the <em>ANXA2a</em> and <em>ANXA2b</em> genes demonstrated the ability to repress two histone methylations, H3K27me3 and H4K20me3, in transcriptional regulation during regeneration. It is hypothesized that this novel insight into the diverse epigenetic mechanisms that play a critical role during the regeneration process may help to strategize the translational efforts, in addition to identifying the molecules involved in vertebrate regeneration.</p>',
			'date' => '2016-03-12',
			'pmid' => 'http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/wrr.12429/abstract',
			'doi' => '10.1111/wrr.12429',
			'modified' => '2016-04-08 17:24:06',
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			'id' => '2848',
			'name' => 'Independent Mechanisms Target SMCHD1 to Trimethylated Histone H3 Lysine 9-Modified Chromatin and the Inactive X Chromosome',
			'authors' => 'Brideau NJ, Coker H, Gendrel AV, Siebert CA, Bezstarosti K, Demmers J, Poot RA, Nesterova TB, Brockdorff N',
			'description' => '<p>The chromosomal protein SMCHD1 plays an important role in epigenetic silencing at diverse loci, including the inactive X chromosome, imprinted genes, and the facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy locus. Although homology with canonical SMC family proteins suggests a role in chromosome organization, the mechanisms underlying SMCHD1 function and target site selection remain poorly understood. Here we show that SMCHD1 forms an active GHKL-ATPase homodimer, contrasting with canonical SMC complexes, which exist as tripartite ring structures. Electron microscopy analysis demonstrates that SMCHD1 homodimers structurally resemble prokaryotic condensins. We further show that the principal mechanism for chromatin loading of SMCHD1 involves an LRIF1-mediated interaction with HP1&gamma; at trimethylated histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9me3)-modified chromatin sites on the chromosome arms. A parallel pathway accounts for chromatin loading at a minority of sites, notably the inactive X chromosome. Together, our results provide key insights into SMCHD1 function and target site selection.</p>',
			'date' => '2015-12-01',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26391951',
			'doi' => ' 10.1128/MCB.00432-15',
			'modified' => '2016-03-11 16:15:30',
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			'id' => '2807',
			'name' => 'A gene expression signature identifying transient DNMT1 depletion as a causal factor of cancer-germline gene activation in melanoma',
			'authors' => 'Charles De Smet',
			'description' => '<p><span>Many human tumors show aberrant activation of a group of germline-specific genes, termed cancer-germline (CG) genes, several of which appear to exert oncogenic functions. Although activation of CG genes in tumors has been linked to promoter DNA demethylation, the mechanisms underlying this epigenetic alteration remain unclear. Two main processes have been proposed: awaking of a gametogenic program directing demethylation of target DNA sequences via specific regulators, or general deficiency of DNA methylation activities resulting from mis-targeting or down-regulation of the DNMT1 methyltransferase.</span></p>',
			'date' => '2015-10-26',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.clinicalepigeneticsjournal.com/content/7/1/114',
			'doi' => '10.1186/s13148-015-0147-4',
			'modified' => '2016-01-05 17:50:05',
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		(int) 6 => array(
			'id' => '1328',
			'name' => 'Epigenetic hierarchy within the MAGEA1 cancer-germline gene: promoter DNA methylation dictates local histone modifications.',
			'authors' => 'Cannuyer J, Loriot A, Parvizi GK, De Smet C',
			'description' => 'Gene MAGEA1 belongs to a group of human germline-specific genes that rely on DNA methylation for repression in somatic tissues. Many of these genes, termed cancer-germline (CG) genes, become demethylated and activated in a wide variety of tumors, where they encode tumor-specific antigens. The process leading to DNA demethylation of CG genes in tumors remains unclear. Previous data suggested that histone acetylation might be involved. Here, we investigated the relative contribution of DNA methylation and histone acetylation in the epigenetic regulation of gene MAGEA1. We show that MAGEA1 DNA hypomethylation in expressing melanoma cells is indeed correlated with local increases in histone H3 acetylation (H3ac). However, when MAGEA1-negative cells were exposed to a histone deacetylase inhibitor (TSA), we observed only short-term activation of the gene and detected no demethylation of its promoter. As a more sensitive assay, we used a cell clone harboring a methylated MAGEA1/hph construct, which confers resistance to hygromycin upon stable re-activation. TSA induced only transient de-repression of the transgene, and did not lead to the emergence of hygromycin-resistant cells. In striking contrast, transient depletion of DNA-methyltransferase-1 in the reporter cell clone gave rise to a hygromycin-resistant population, in which the re-activated MAGEA1/hph transgene displayed not only marked DNA hypomethylation, but also significant reversal of histone marks, including gains in H3ac and H3K4me2, and losses of H3K9me2. Collectively, our results indicate that DNA methylation has a dominant role in the epigenetic hierarchy governing MAGEA1 expression.',
			'date' => '2013-03-05',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23472218',
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		'id' => '1992',
		'antibody_id' => '136',
		'name' => 'H3K9me2 Antibody',
		'description' => '<p><span>Monoclonal antibody raised in mouse against histone H3, dimethylated at lysine 9 (H3K9me2), using a KLH-conjugated synthetic peptide.</span></p>',
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<div class="small-5 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200154_chip.png" alt="ChIP" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against H3K9me2 </strong><br />ChIP assays were performed using HeLa cells, the monoclonal antibody against H3K9me2 (Cat. No. C15200154) and optimized PCR primer sets for qPCR. Chromatin was sheared with the Diagenode Bioruptor using the &ldquo;Shearing ChIP&rdquo; kit (Cat. No. C01020021). ChIP was performed with the &ldquo;OneDay ChIP&rdquo; kit (Cat. No. C01010080), using sheared chromatin from 1.6 million cells. A titration of the antibody consisting of 1, 3 and 9 &micro;g per ChIP experiment was analysed. IgG (5 &micro;g/IP) was used as negative IP control. QPCR was performed with primers for the promoter and the coding region of the GAPDH gene, and for the RPL10 and HBB promoters. Figure 1 shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis). </small></p>
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<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200154_ELISA.png" alt="ELISA" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 2. Cross reactivity of the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against H3K9me2 </strong><br />To test the specificity an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against H3K9me2 (cat. No. C15200154). The wells were coated with peptides containing the unmodified H3K9 as well as the mono-, di- and trimethylated H3K9 and the dimethylated H3K27. Figure 2 shows a high specificity of the antibody for the modification of interest. </small></p>
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<div class="row">
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<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200154_WB.png" alt="Western Blot" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
</div>
<div class="small-10 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 3. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against H3K9me2 </strong><br />Histone extracts (15 &micro;g) from HeLa cells were analysed by Western blot using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against H3K9me2 (Cat. No. C15200154) diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left. </small></p>
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<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200154_IF.png" alt="Immunofluorescence" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
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<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 4. Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against H3K9me2 </strong><br />HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against H3K9me2 (Cat. No. C15200154) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 10&rsquo; and blocked with PBS/TX-100 containing 5% normal goat serum and 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labelled with the H3K9me2 antibody (left) diluted 1:500 in blocking solution followed by an anti-mouse antibody conjugated to Alexa594. The middle panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of the two stainings is shown on the right. </small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against H3K9me2 </strong><br />ChIP assays were performed using HeLa cells, the monoclonal antibody against H3K9me2 (Cat. No. C15200154) and optimized PCR primer sets for qPCR. Chromatin was sheared with the Diagenode Bioruptor using the &ldquo;Shearing ChIP&rdquo; kit (Cat. No. C01020021). ChIP was performed with the &ldquo;OneDay ChIP&rdquo; kit (Cat. No. C01010080), using sheared chromatin from 1.6 million cells. A titration of the antibody consisting of 1, 3 and 9 &micro;g per ChIP experiment was analysed. IgG (5 &micro;g/IP) was used as negative IP control. QPCR was performed with primers for the promoter and the coding region of the GAPDH gene, and for the RPL10 and HBB promoters. Figure 1 shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis). </small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 2. Cross reactivity of the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against H3K9me2 </strong><br />To test the specificity an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against H3K9me2 (cat. No. C15200154). The wells were coated with peptides containing the unmodified H3K9 as well as the mono-, di- and trimethylated H3K9 and the dimethylated H3K27. Figure 2 shows a high specificity of the antibody for the modification of interest. </small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 3. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against H3K9me2 </strong><br />Histone extracts (15 &micro;g) from HeLa cells were analysed by Western blot using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against H3K9me2 (Cat. No. C15200154) diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left. </small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 4. Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against H3K9me2 </strong><br />HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against H3K9me2 (Cat. No. C15200154) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 10&rsquo; and blocked with PBS/TX-100 containing 5% normal goat serum and 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labelled with the H3K9me2 antibody (left) diluted 1:500 in blocking solution followed by an anti-mouse antibody conjugated to Alexa594. The middle panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of the two stainings is shown on the right. </small></p>
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	'description' => 'Gene MAGEA1 belongs to a group of human germline-specific genes that rely on DNA methylation for repression in somatic tissues. Many of these genes, termed cancer-germline (CG) genes, become demethylated and activated in a wide variety of tumors, where they encode tumor-specific antigens. The process leading to DNA demethylation of CG genes in tumors remains unclear. Previous data suggested that histone acetylation might be involved. Here, we investigated the relative contribution of DNA methylation and histone acetylation in the epigenetic regulation of gene MAGEA1. We show that MAGEA1 DNA hypomethylation in expressing melanoma cells is indeed correlated with local increases in histone H3 acetylation (H3ac). However, when MAGEA1-negative cells were exposed to a histone deacetylase inhibitor (TSA), we observed only short-term activation of the gene and detected no demethylation of its promoter. As a more sensitive assay, we used a cell clone harboring a methylated MAGEA1/hph construct, which confers resistance to hygromycin upon stable re-activation. TSA induced only transient de-repression of the transgene, and did not lead to the emergence of hygromycin-resistant cells. In striking contrast, transient depletion of DNA-methyltransferase-1 in the reporter cell clone gave rise to a hygromycin-resistant population, in which the re-activated MAGEA1/hph transgene displayed not only marked DNA hypomethylation, but also significant reversal of histone marks, including gains in H3ac and H3K4me2, and losses of H3K9me2. Collectively, our results indicate that DNA methylation has a dominant role in the epigenetic hierarchy governing MAGEA1 expression.',
	'date' => '2013-03-05',
	'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23472218',
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	'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:00',
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include - APP/View/Products/view.ctp, line 755
View::_evaluate() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 971
View::_render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 933
View::render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 473
Controller::render() - CORE/Cake/Controller/Controller.php, line 963
ProductsController::slug() - APP/Controller/ProductsController.php, line 1052
ReflectionMethod::invokeArgs() - [internal], line ??
Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/Cake/Controller/Controller.php, line 491
Dispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 193
Dispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 167
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<p><small><sup>*</sup> Please note that the optimal antibody amount per IP should be determined by the end-user. We recommend testing 1-5 &micro;g per IP.</small></p>',
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<p><small><strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against H3K9me2 </strong><br />ChIP assays were performed using HeLa cells, the monoclonal antibody against H3K9me2 (Cat. No. C15200154) and optimized PCR primer sets for qPCR. Chromatin was sheared with the Diagenode Bioruptor using the &ldquo;Shearing ChIP&rdquo; kit (Cat. No. C01020021). ChIP was performed with the &ldquo;OneDay ChIP&rdquo; kit (Cat. No. C01010080), using sheared chromatin from 1.6 million cells. A titration of the antibody consisting of 1, 3 and 9 &micro;g per ChIP experiment was analysed. IgG (5 &micro;g/IP) was used as negative IP control. QPCR was performed with primers for the promoter and the coding region of the GAPDH gene, and for the RPL10 and HBB promoters. Figure 1 shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis). </small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 2. Cross reactivity of the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against H3K9me2 </strong><br />To test the specificity an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against H3K9me2 (cat. No. C15200154). The wells were coated with peptides containing the unmodified H3K9 as well as the mono-, di- and trimethylated H3K9 and the dimethylated H3K27. Figure 2 shows a high specificity of the antibody for the modification of interest. </small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 3. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against H3K9me2 </strong><br />Histone extracts (15 &micro;g) from HeLa cells were analysed by Western blot using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against H3K9me2 (Cat. No. C15200154) diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left. </small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 4. Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against H3K9me2 </strong><br />HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against H3K9me2 (Cat. No. C15200154) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 10&rsquo; and blocked with PBS/TX-100 containing 5% normal goat serum and 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labelled with the H3K9me2 antibody (left) diluted 1:500 in blocking solution followed by an anti-mouse antibody conjugated to Alexa594. The middle panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of the two stainings is shown on the right. </small></p>
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		'description' => 'Histones are the main constituents of the protein part of chromosomes of eukaryotic cells. They are rich in the amino acids arginine and lysine and have been greatly conserved during evolution. Histones pack the DNA into tight masses of chromatin. Two core histones of each class H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 assemble and are wrapped by 146 base pairs of DNA to form one octameric nucleosome. Histone tails undergo numerous post-translational modifications, which either directly or indirectly alter chromatin structure to facilitate transcriptional activation or repression or other nuclear processes. In addition to the genetic code, combinations of the different histone modifications reveal the so-called “histone code”. Histone methylation and demethylation is dynamically regulated by respectively histone methyl transferases and histone demethylases.',
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		'concentration' => '1.0 &micro;g/&micro;l',
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<th>References</th>
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<td>ChIP <sup>*</sup></td>
<td>3 &micro;g/ChIP</td>
<td>Fig 1</td>
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<tr>
<td>ELISA</td>
<td>1:1,000</td>
<td>Fig 2</td>
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<tr>
<td>Western Blotting</td>
<td>1:1,000</td>
<td>Fig 3</td>
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<tr>
<td>Immunofluorescence</td>
<td>1:500</td>
<td>Fig 4</td>
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<p></p>
<p><small><sup>*</sup> Please note that the optimal antibody amount per IP should be determined by the end-user. We recommend testing 1-5 &micro;g per IP.</small></p>',
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			'description' => '<p><span>Monoclonal antibody raised in mouse against histone H3, dimethylated at lysine 9 (H3K9me2), using a KLH-conjugated synthetic peptide.</span></p>',
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<div class="small-5 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200154_chip.png" alt="ChIP" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
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<div class="small-7 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against H3K9me2 </strong><br />ChIP assays were performed using HeLa cells, the monoclonal antibody against H3K9me2 (Cat. No. C15200154) and optimized PCR primer sets for qPCR. Chromatin was sheared with the Diagenode Bioruptor using the &ldquo;Shearing ChIP&rdquo; kit (Cat. No. C01020021). ChIP was performed with the &ldquo;OneDay ChIP&rdquo; kit (Cat. No. C01010080), using sheared chromatin from 1.6 million cells. A titration of the antibody consisting of 1, 3 and 9 &micro;g per ChIP experiment was analysed. IgG (5 &micro;g/IP) was used as negative IP control. QPCR was performed with primers for the promoter and the coding region of the GAPDH gene, and for the RPL10 and HBB promoters. Figure 1 shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis). </small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-5 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200154_ELISA.png" alt="ELISA" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
</div>
<div class="small-7 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 2. Cross reactivity of the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against H3K9me2 </strong><br />To test the specificity an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against H3K9me2 (cat. No. C15200154). The wells were coated with peptides containing the unmodified H3K9 as well as the mono-, di- and trimethylated H3K9 and the dimethylated H3K27. Figure 2 shows a high specificity of the antibody for the modification of interest. </small></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-2 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200154_WB.png" alt="Western Blot" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
</div>
<div class="small-10 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 3. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against H3K9me2 </strong><br />Histone extracts (15 &micro;g) from HeLa cells were analysed by Western blot using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against H3K9me2 (Cat. No. C15200154) diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left. </small></p>
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<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns">
<p><small><strong>Figure 4. Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against H3K9me2 </strong><br />HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against H3K9me2 (Cat. No. C15200154) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 10&rsquo; and blocked with PBS/TX-100 containing 5% normal goat serum and 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labelled with the H3K9me2 antibody (left) diluted 1:500 in blocking solution followed by an anti-mouse antibody conjugated to Alexa594. The middle panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of the two stainings is shown on the right. </small></p>
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<p>Learn more about: <a href="https://www.diagenode.com/applications/western-blot">Loading control, MW marker visualization</a><em>. <br /></em></p>
<p><em></em>Check our selection of antibodies validated in Western blot.</p>',
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<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200229-IF.jpg" alt="" height="245" width="256" /></p>
<p><sup><strong>Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against CRISPR/Cas9</strong></sup></p>
<p><sup>HeLa cells transfected with a Cas9 expression vector (left) or untransfected cells (right) were fixed in methanol at -20&deg;C, permeabilized with acetone at -20&deg;C and blocked with PBS containing 2% BSA. The cells were stained with the Cas9 C-terminal antibody (Cat. No. C15200229) diluted 1:400, followed by incubation with an anti-mouse secondary antibody coupled to AF488. The bottom images show counter-staining of the nuclei with Hoechst 33342.</sup></p>
<h5><sup>Check our selection of antibodies validated in IF.</sup></h5>',
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<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Diagenode&rsquo;s highly validated antibodies:</span></p>
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<li>Highly sensitive and specific</li>
<li>Cost-effective (requires less antibody per reaction)</li>
<li>Batch-specific data is available on the website</li>
<li>Expert technical support</li>
<li>Sample sizes available</li>
<li>100% satisfaction guarantee</li>
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			'description' => '<p>Histones are the main protein components of chromatin involved in the compaction of DNA into nucleosomes, the basic units of chromatin. A <strong>nucleosome</strong> consists of one pair of each of the core histones (<strong>H2A</strong>, <strong>H2B</strong>, <strong>H3</strong> and <strong>H4</strong>) forming an octameric structure wrapped by 146 base pairs of DNA. The different nucleosomes are linked by the linker histone<strong> H1, </strong>allowing for further condensation of chromatin.</p>
<p>The core histones have a globular structure with large unstructured N-terminal tails protruding from the nucleosome.&nbsp; They can undergo to multiple post-translational modifications (PTM), mainly at the N-terminal tails. These <strong>post-translational modifications </strong>include&nbsp; methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitinylation, citrullination, sumoylation, deamination and crotonylation.&nbsp; The most well characterized PTMs are <strong>methylation,</strong> <strong>acetylation and phosphorylation</strong>. Histone methylation occurs mainly on lysine (K) residues, which can be mono-, di- or tri-methylated, and on arginines (R), which can be mono-methylated and symmetrically or asymmetrically di-methylated. Histone acetylation occurs on lysines and histone phosphorylation mainly on serines (S), threonines (T) and tyrosines (Y).</p>
<p>The PTMs of the different residues are involved in numerous processes such as DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosome condensation. They influence the chromatin organization and can be positively or negatively associated with gene expression. Trimethylation of H3K4, H3K36 and H3K79, and lysine acetylation generally result in an open chromatin configuration (figure below) and are therefore associated with <strong>euchromatin</strong> and gene activation. Trimethylation of H3K9, K3K27 and H4K20, on the other hand, is enriched in <strong>heterochromatin </strong>and associated with gene silencing. The combination of different histone modifications is called the "<strong>histone code</strong>&rdquo;, analogous to the genetic code.</p>
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/categories/antibodies/histone-marks-illustration.png" /></p>
<p>Diagenode is proud to offer a large range of antibodies against histones and histone modifications. Our&nbsp; antibodies are highly specific and have been validated in many applications, including <strong>ChIP</strong> and <strong>ChIP-seq</strong>.</p>
<p>Diagenode&rsquo;s collection includes antibodies recognizing:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Histone H1 variants</strong></li>
<li><strong>Histone H2A, H2A variants and histone H2A</strong> <strong>modifications</strong> (serine phosphorylation, lysine acetylation, lysine ubiquitinylation)</li>
<li><strong>Histone H2B and H2B</strong> <strong>modifications </strong>(serine phosphorylation, lysine acetylation)</li>
<li><strong>Histone H3 and H3 modifications </strong>(lysine methylation (mono-, di- and tri-methylated), lysine acetylation, serine phosphorylation, threonine phosphorylation, arginine methylation (mono-methylated, symmetrically and asymmetrically di-methylated))</li>
<li><strong>Histone H4 and H4 modifications (</strong>lysine methylation (mono-, di- and tri-methylated), lysine acetylation, arginine methylation (mono-methylated and symmetrically di-methylated), serine phosphorylation )</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>HDAC's HAT's, HMT's and other</strong> <strong>enzymes</strong> which modify histones can be found in the category <a href="../categories/chromatin-modifying-proteins-histone-transferase">Histone modifying enzymes</a><br /></span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Diagenode&rsquo;s highly validated antibodies:</span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Highly sensitive and specific</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cost-effective (requires less antibody per reaction)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Batch-specific data is available on the website</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Expert technical support</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sample sizes available</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 100% satisfaction guarantee</span></li>
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<div class="small-12 columns"><center></center>
<p><br />Chromatin immunoprecipitation (<b>ChIP</b>) is a technique to study the associations of proteins with the specific genomic regions in intact cells. One of the most important steps of this protocol is the immunoprecipitation of targeted protein using the antibody specifically recognizing it. The quality of antibodies used in ChIP is essential for the success of the experiment. Diagenode offers extensively validated ChIP-grade antibodies, confirmed for their specificity, and high level of performance in ChIP. Each batch is validated, and batch-specific data are available on the website.</p>
<p></p>
</div>
</div>
<p><strong>ChIP results</strong> obtained with the antibody directed against H3K4me3 (Cat. No. <a href="../p/h3k4me3-polyclonal-antibody-premium-50-ug-50-ul">C15410003</a>).&nbsp;</p>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 medium-6 large-6 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410003-fig1-ChIP.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="315" />&nbsp;</div>
<div class="small-12 medium-6 large-6 columns">
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
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</div>
<p></p>
<p>Our aim at Diagenode is to offer the largest collection of highly specific <strong>ChIP-grade antibodies</strong>. We add new antibodies monthly. Find your ChIP-grade antibody in the list below and check more information about tested applications, extensive validation data, and product information.</p>',
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			'name' => 'Sample size antibodies',
			'description' => '<h1><strong>Validated epigenetics antibodies</strong>&nbsp;&ndash; care for a sample?<br />&nbsp;</h1>
<p>Diagenode has partnered with leading epigenetics experts and numerous epigenetics consortiums to bring to you a validated and comprehensive collection of epigenetic antibodies. As an expert in epigenetics, we are committed to offering highly-specific antibodies validated for ChIP/ChIP-seq and many other applications. All batch-specific validation data is available on our website.<br /><a href="../categories/antibodies">Read about our expertise in antibody production</a>.</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Focused</strong> -&nbsp;Diagenode's selection of antibodies is exclusively dedicated for epigenetic research. <a title="See the full collection." href="../categories/all-antibodies">See the full collection.</a></li>
<li><strong>Strict quality standards</strong>&nbsp;with rigorous QC and validation</li>
<li><strong>Classified</strong>&nbsp;based on level of validation for flexibility of application</li>
</ul>
<p>Existing sample sizes are listed below. We will soon expand our collection. &nbsp;Are you looking for a sample size of another antibody? Just <a href="mailto:agnieszka.zelisko@diagenode.com?Subject=Sample%20Size%20Request" target="_top">Contact us</a>.</p>',
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			'id' => '11',
			'name' => 'Antibodies you can trust',
			'description' => '<p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Epigenetic research tools have evolved over time from endpoint PCR to qPCR to the analyses of large sets of genome-wide sequencing data. ChIP sequencing (ChIP-seq) has now become the gold standard method for chromatin studies, given the accuracy and coverage scale of the approach over other methods. Successful ChIP-seq, however, requires a higher level of experimental accuracy and consistency in all steps of ChIP than ever before. Particularly crucial is the quality of ChIP antibodies. </span></p>',
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			'alt' => 'Mouse IgG',
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			'id' => '4454',
			'name' => 'Histone lysine demethylase inhibition reprograms prostate cancermetabolism and mechanics.',
			'authors' => 'Chianese  Ugo and Papulino  Chiara and Passaro  Eugenia andEvers  Tom Mj and Babaei  Mehrad and Toraldo  Antonella andDe Marchi  Tommaso and Niméus  Emma and Carafa  Vincenzo andNicoletti  Maria Maddalena and Del Gaudio  Nunzio andIaccarino  Nunzia an',
			'description' => '<p>OBJECTIVE: Aberrant activity of androgen receptor (AR) is the primary cause underlying development and progression of prostate cancer (PCa) and castration-resistant PCa (CRPC). Androgen signaling regulates gene transcription and lipid metabolism, facilitating tumor growth and therapy resistance in early and advanced PCa. Although direct AR signaling inhibitors exist, AR expression and function can also be epigenetically regulated. Specifically, lysine (K)-specific demethylases (KDMs), which are often overexpressed in PCa and CRPC phenotypes, regulate the AR transcriptional program. METHODS: We investigated LSD1/UTX inhibition, two KDMs, in PCa and CRPC using a multi-omics approach. We first performed a mitochondrial stress test to evaluate respiratory capacity after treatment with MC3324, a dual KDM-inhibitor, and then carried out lipidomic, proteomic, and metabolic analyses. We also investigated mechanical cellular properties with acoustic force spectroscopy. RESULTS: MC3324 induced a global increase in H3K4me2 and H3K27me3 accompanied by significant growth arrest and apoptosis in androgen-responsive and -unresponsive PCa systems. LSD1/UTX inhibition downregulated AR at both transcriptional and non-transcriptional level, showing cancer selectivity, indicating its potential use in resistance to androgen deprivation therapy. Since MC3324 impaired metabolic activity, by modifying the protein and lipid content in PCa and CRPC cell lines. Epigenetic inhibition of LSD1/UTX disrupted mitochondrial ATP production and mediated lipid plasticity, which affected the phosphocholine class, an important structural element for the cell membrane in PCa and CRPC associated with changes in physical and mechanical properties of cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest a network in which epigenetics, hormone signaling, metabolite availability, lipid content, and mechano-metabolic process are closely related. This network may be able to identify additional hotspots for pharmacological intervention and underscores the key role of KDM-mediated epigenetic modulation in PCa and CRPC.</p>',
			'date' => '2022-08-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35944897',
			'doi' => '10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101561',
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		(int) 1 => array(
			'id' => '3965',
			'name' => 'Histone post-translational modifications in Silene latifolia X and Y chromosomes suggest a mammal-like dosage compensation system',
			'authors' => 'Luis Rodríguez Lorenzo José, Hubinský Marcel, Vyskot Boris, Hobza Roman',
			'description' => '<p>Silene latifolia is a model organism to study evolutionary young heteromorphic sex chromosome evolution in plants. Previous research indicates a Y-allele gene degeneration and a dosage compensation system already operating. Here, we propose an epigenetic approach based on analysis of several histone post-translational modifications (PTMs) to find the first epigenetic hints of the X:Y sex chromosome system regulation in S. latifolia. Through chromatin immunoprecipitation we interrogated six genes from X and Y alleles. Several histone PTMS linked to DNA methylation and transcriptional repression (H3K27me3, H3K23me, H3K9me2 and H3K9me3) and to transcriptional activation (H3K4me3 and H4K5, 8, 12, 16ac) were used. DNA enrichment (Immunoprecipitated DNA/input DNA) was analyzed and showed three main results: i) promoters of the Y allele are associated with heterochromatin marks, ii) promoters of the X allele in males are associated with activation of transcription marks and finally, iii) promoters of X alleles in females are associated with active and repressive marks. Our finding indicates a transcription activation of X allele and transcription repression of Y allele in males. In females we found a possible differential regulation (up X1, down X2) of each female X allele. These results agree with the mammal-like epigenetic dosage compensation regulation.</p>',
			'date' => '2020-05-24',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0168945220301333',
			'doi' => '10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110528',
			'modified' => '2020-08-12 09:42:21',
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			'id' => '3657',
			'name' => 'The histone methyltransferase DOT1L is required for proper DNA damage response, DNA repair, and modulates chemotherapy responsiveness.',
			'authors' => 'Kari V, Raul SK, Henck JM, Kitz J, Kramer F, Kosinsky RL, Übelmesser N, Mansour WY, Eggert J, Spitzner M, Najafova Z, Bastians H, Grade M, Gaedcke J, Wegwitz F, Johnsen SA',
			'description' => '<p>BACKGROUND: Disruptor of telomeric silencing 1-like (DOT1L) is a non-SET domain containing methyltransferase known to catalyze mono-, di-, and tri-methylation of histone 3 on lysine 79 (H3K79me). DOT1L-mediated H3K79me has been implicated in chromatin-associated functions including gene transcription, heterochromatin formation, and DNA repair. Recent studies have uncovered a role for DOT1L in the initiation and progression of leukemia and other solid tumors. The development and availability of small molecule inhibitors of DOT1L may provide new and unique therapeutic options for certain types or subgroups of cancer. METHODS: In this study, we examined the role of DOT1L in DNA double-strand break (DSB) response and repair by depleting DOT1L using siRNA or inhibiting its methyltransferase activity using small molecule inhibitors in colorectal cancer cells. Cells were treated with different agents to induce DNA damage in DOT1L-depleted or -inhibited cells and analyzed for DNA repair efficiency and survival. Further, rectal cancer patient samples were analyzed for H3K79me3 levels in order to determine whether it may serve as a potential marker for personalized therapy. RESULTS: Our results indicate that DOT1L is required for a proper DNA damage response following DNA double-strand breaks by regulating the phosphorylation of the variant histone H2AX (&gamma;H2AX) and repair via homologous recombination (HR). Importantly, we show that small molecule inhibitors of DOT1L combined with chemotherapeutic agents that are used to treat colorectal cancers show additive effects. Furthermore, examination of H3K79me3 levels in rectal cancer patients demonstrates that lower levels correlate with a poorer prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we conclude that DOT1L plays an important role in an early DNA damage response and repair of DNA double-strand breaks via the HR pathway. Moreover, DOT1L inhibition leads to&nbsp;increased sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents and PARP inhibition, which further highlights its potential clinical utility. Our results further suggest that H3K79me3 can be useful as a predictive and or prognostic marker for rectal cancer patients.</p>',
			'date' => '2019-01-07',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/30616689',
			'doi' => '10.1186/s13148-018-0601-1',
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			'id' => '2886',
			'name' => 'Role of Annexin gene and its regulation during zebrafish caudal fin regeneration',
			'authors' => 'Saxena S, Purushothaman S, Meghah V, Bhatti B, Poruri A, Meena Lakshmi MG, Sarath Babu N, Murthy CL, Mandal KK, Kumar A, Idris MM',
			'description' => '<p>The molecular mechanism of epimorphic regeneration is elusive due to its complexity and limitation in mammals. Epigenetic regulatory mechanisms play a crucial role in development and regeneration. This investigation attempted to reveal the role of epigenetic regulatory mechanisms, such as histone H3 and H4 lysine acetylation and methylation during zebrafish caudal fin regeneration. It was intriguing to observe that H3K9,14 acetylation, H4K20 trimethylation, H3K4 trimethylation and H3K9 dimethylation along with their respective regulatory genes, such as <em>GCN5, SETd8b, SETD7/9</em> and <em>SUV39h1</em>, were differentially regulated in the regenerating fin at various time points of post-amputation. Annexin genes have been associated with regeneration; this study reveals the significant upregulation of <em>ANXA2a</em> and <em>ANXA2b</em> transcripts and their protein products during the regeneration process. Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and PCR analysis of the regulatory regions of the <em>ANXA2a</em> and <em>ANXA2b</em> genes demonstrated the ability to repress two histone methylations, H3K27me3 and H4K20me3, in transcriptional regulation during regeneration. It is hypothesized that this novel insight into the diverse epigenetic mechanisms that play a critical role during the regeneration process may help to strategize the translational efforts, in addition to identifying the molecules involved in vertebrate regeneration.</p>',
			'date' => '2016-03-12',
			'pmid' => 'http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/wrr.12429/abstract',
			'doi' => '10.1111/wrr.12429',
			'modified' => '2016-04-08 17:24:06',
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			'id' => '2848',
			'name' => 'Independent Mechanisms Target SMCHD1 to Trimethylated Histone H3 Lysine 9-Modified Chromatin and the Inactive X Chromosome',
			'authors' => 'Brideau NJ, Coker H, Gendrel AV, Siebert CA, Bezstarosti K, Demmers J, Poot RA, Nesterova TB, Brockdorff N',
			'description' => '<p>The chromosomal protein SMCHD1 plays an important role in epigenetic silencing at diverse loci, including the inactive X chromosome, imprinted genes, and the facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy locus. Although homology with canonical SMC family proteins suggests a role in chromosome organization, the mechanisms underlying SMCHD1 function and target site selection remain poorly understood. Here we show that SMCHD1 forms an active GHKL-ATPase homodimer, contrasting with canonical SMC complexes, which exist as tripartite ring structures. Electron microscopy analysis demonstrates that SMCHD1 homodimers structurally resemble prokaryotic condensins. We further show that the principal mechanism for chromatin loading of SMCHD1 involves an LRIF1-mediated interaction with HP1&gamma; at trimethylated histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9me3)-modified chromatin sites on the chromosome arms. A parallel pathway accounts for chromatin loading at a minority of sites, notably the inactive X chromosome. Together, our results provide key insights into SMCHD1 function and target site selection.</p>',
			'date' => '2015-12-01',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26391951',
			'doi' => ' 10.1128/MCB.00432-15',
			'modified' => '2016-03-11 16:15:30',
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			'id' => '2807',
			'name' => 'A gene expression signature identifying transient DNMT1 depletion as a causal factor of cancer-germline gene activation in melanoma',
			'authors' => 'Charles De Smet',
			'description' => '<p><span>Many human tumors show aberrant activation of a group of germline-specific genes, termed cancer-germline (CG) genes, several of which appear to exert oncogenic functions. Although activation of CG genes in tumors has been linked to promoter DNA demethylation, the mechanisms underlying this epigenetic alteration remain unclear. Two main processes have been proposed: awaking of a gametogenic program directing demethylation of target DNA sequences via specific regulators, or general deficiency of DNA methylation activities resulting from mis-targeting or down-regulation of the DNMT1 methyltransferase.</span></p>',
			'date' => '2015-10-26',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.clinicalepigeneticsjournal.com/content/7/1/114',
			'doi' => '10.1186/s13148-015-0147-4',
			'modified' => '2016-01-05 17:50:05',
			'created' => '2016-01-05 07:36:04',
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		(int) 6 => array(
			'id' => '1328',
			'name' => 'Epigenetic hierarchy within the MAGEA1 cancer-germline gene: promoter DNA methylation dictates local histone modifications.',
			'authors' => 'Cannuyer J, Loriot A, Parvizi GK, De Smet C',
			'description' => 'Gene MAGEA1 belongs to a group of human germline-specific genes that rely on DNA methylation for repression in somatic tissues. Many of these genes, termed cancer-germline (CG) genes, become demethylated and activated in a wide variety of tumors, where they encode tumor-specific antigens. The process leading to DNA demethylation of CG genes in tumors remains unclear. Previous data suggested that histone acetylation might be involved. Here, we investigated the relative contribution of DNA methylation and histone acetylation in the epigenetic regulation of gene MAGEA1. We show that MAGEA1 DNA hypomethylation in expressing melanoma cells is indeed correlated with local increases in histone H3 acetylation (H3ac). However, when MAGEA1-negative cells were exposed to a histone deacetylase inhibitor (TSA), we observed only short-term activation of the gene and detected no demethylation of its promoter. As a more sensitive assay, we used a cell clone harboring a methylated MAGEA1/hph construct, which confers resistance to hygromycin upon stable re-activation. TSA induced only transient de-repression of the transgene, and did not lead to the emergence of hygromycin-resistant cells. In striking contrast, transient depletion of DNA-methyltransferase-1 in the reporter cell clone gave rise to a hygromycin-resistant population, in which the re-activated MAGEA1/hph transgene displayed not only marked DNA hypomethylation, but also significant reversal of histone marks, including gains in H3ac and H3K4me2, and losses of H3K9me2. Collectively, our results indicate that DNA methylation has a dominant role in the epigenetic hierarchy governing MAGEA1 expression.',
			'date' => '2013-03-05',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23472218',
			'doi' => '',
			'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:00',
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	'description' => 'Gene MAGEA1 belongs to a group of human germline-specific genes that rely on DNA methylation for repression in somatic tissues. Many of these genes, termed cancer-germline (CG) genes, become demethylated and activated in a wide variety of tumors, where they encode tumor-specific antigens. The process leading to DNA demethylation of CG genes in tumors remains unclear. Previous data suggested that histone acetylation might be involved. Here, we investigated the relative contribution of DNA methylation and histone acetylation in the epigenetic regulation of gene MAGEA1. We show that MAGEA1 DNA hypomethylation in expressing melanoma cells is indeed correlated with local increases in histone H3 acetylation (H3ac). However, when MAGEA1-negative cells were exposed to a histone deacetylase inhibitor (TSA), we observed only short-term activation of the gene and detected no demethylation of its promoter. As a more sensitive assay, we used a cell clone harboring a methylated MAGEA1/hph construct, which confers resistance to hygromycin upon stable re-activation. TSA induced only transient de-repression of the transgene, and did not lead to the emergence of hygromycin-resistant cells. In striking contrast, transient depletion of DNA-methyltransferase-1 in the reporter cell clone gave rise to a hygromycin-resistant population, in which the re-activated MAGEA1/hph transgene displayed not only marked DNA hypomethylation, but also significant reversal of histone marks, including gains in H3ac and H3K4me2, and losses of H3K9me2. Collectively, our results indicate that DNA methylation has a dominant role in the epigenetic hierarchy governing MAGEA1 expression.',
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include - APP/View/Products/view.ctp, line 755
View::_evaluate() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 971
View::_render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 933
View::render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 473
Controller::render() - CORE/Cake/Controller/Controller.php, line 963
ProductsController::slug() - APP/Controller/ProductsController.php, line 1052
ReflectionMethod::invokeArgs() - [internal], line ??
Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/Cake/Controller/Controller.php, line 491
Dispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 193
Dispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 167
[main] - APP/webroot/index.php, line 118

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<p><small><strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against H3K9me2 </strong><br />ChIP assays were performed using HeLa cells, the monoclonal antibody against H3K9me2 (Cat. No. C15200154) and optimized PCR primer sets for qPCR. Chromatin was sheared with the Diagenode Bioruptor using the &ldquo;Shearing ChIP&rdquo; kit (Cat. No. C01020021). ChIP was performed with the &ldquo;OneDay ChIP&rdquo; kit (Cat. No. C01010080), using sheared chromatin from 1.6 million cells. A titration of the antibody consisting of 1, 3 and 9 &micro;g per ChIP experiment was analysed. IgG (5 &micro;g/IP) was used as negative IP control. QPCR was performed with primers for the promoter and the coding region of the GAPDH gene, and for the RPL10 and HBB promoters. Figure 1 shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis). </small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 2. Cross reactivity of the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against H3K9me2 </strong><br />To test the specificity an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against H3K9me2 (cat. No. C15200154). The wells were coated with peptides containing the unmodified H3K9 as well as the mono-, di- and trimethylated H3K9 and the dimethylated H3K27. Figure 2 shows a high specificity of the antibody for the modification of interest. </small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 3. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against H3K9me2 </strong><br />Histone extracts (15 &micro;g) from HeLa cells were analysed by Western blot using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against H3K9me2 (Cat. No. C15200154) diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left. </small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 4. Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against H3K9me2 </strong><br />HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against H3K9me2 (Cat. No. C15200154) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 10&rsquo; and blocked with PBS/TX-100 containing 5% normal goat serum and 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labelled with the H3K9me2 antibody (left) diluted 1:500 in blocking solution followed by an anti-mouse antibody conjugated to Alexa594. The middle panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of the two stainings is shown on the right. </small></p>
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<td>3 &micro;g/ChIP</td>
<td>Fig 1</td>
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<td>1:1,000</td>
<td>Fig 2</td>
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<td>1:1,000</td>
<td>Fig 3</td>
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<td>Fig 4</td>
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<p><small><sup>*</sup> Please note that the optimal antibody amount per IP should be determined by the end-user. We recommend testing 1-5 &micro;g per IP.</small></p>',
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<p><small><strong>Figure 1. ChIP results obtained with the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against H3K9me2 </strong><br />ChIP assays were performed using HeLa cells, the monoclonal antibody against H3K9me2 (Cat. No. C15200154) and optimized PCR primer sets for qPCR. Chromatin was sheared with the Diagenode Bioruptor using the &ldquo;Shearing ChIP&rdquo; kit (Cat. No. C01020021). ChIP was performed with the &ldquo;OneDay ChIP&rdquo; kit (Cat. No. C01010080), using sheared chromatin from 1.6 million cells. A titration of the antibody consisting of 1, 3 and 9 &micro;g per ChIP experiment was analysed. IgG (5 &micro;g/IP) was used as negative IP control. QPCR was performed with primers for the promoter and the coding region of the GAPDH gene, and for the RPL10 and HBB promoters. Figure 1 shows the recovery, expressed as a % of input (the relative amount of immunoprecipitated DNA compared to input DNA after qPCR analysis). </small></p>
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<div class="small-5 columns">
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200154_ELISA.png" alt="ELISA" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 2. Cross reactivity of the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against H3K9me2 </strong><br />To test the specificity an ELISA was performed using a serial dilution of the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against H3K9me2 (cat. No. C15200154). The wells were coated with peptides containing the unmodified H3K9 as well as the mono-, di- and trimethylated H3K9 and the dimethylated H3K27. Figure 2 shows a high specificity of the antibody for the modification of interest. </small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 3. Western blot analysis using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against H3K9me2 </strong><br />Histone extracts (15 &micro;g) from HeLa cells were analysed by Western blot using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody against H3K9me2 (Cat. No. C15200154) diluted 1:1,000 in TBS-Tween containing 5% skimmed milk. The position of the protein of interest is indicated on the right; the marker (in kDa) is shown on the left. </small></p>
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<p><small><strong>Figure 4. Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against H3K9me2 </strong><br />HeLa cells were stained with the Diagenode antibody against H3K9me2 (Cat. No. C15200154) and with DAPI. Cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 10&rsquo; and blocked with PBS/TX-100 containing 5% normal goat serum and 1% BSA. The cells were immunofluorescently labelled with the H3K9me2 antibody (left) diluted 1:500 in blocking solution followed by an anti-mouse antibody conjugated to Alexa594. The middle panel shows staining of the nuclei with DAPI. A merge of the two stainings is shown on the right. </small></p>
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<p>Learn more about: <a href="https://www.diagenode.com/applications/western-blot">Loading control, MW marker visualization</a><em>. <br /></em></p>
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<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15200229-IF.jpg" alt="" height="245" width="256" /></p>
<p><sup><strong>Immunofluorescence using the Diagenode monoclonal antibody directed against CRISPR/Cas9</strong></sup></p>
<p><sup>HeLa cells transfected with a Cas9 expression vector (left) or untransfected cells (right) were fixed in methanol at -20&deg;C, permeabilized with acetone at -20&deg;C and blocked with PBS containing 2% BSA. The cells were stained with the Cas9 C-terminal antibody (Cat. No. C15200229) diluted 1:400, followed by incubation with an anti-mouse secondary antibody coupled to AF488. The bottom images show counter-staining of the nuclei with Hoechst 33342.</sup></p>
<h5><sup>Check our selection of antibodies validated in IF.</sup></h5>',
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			'meta_keywords' => 'Immunofluorescence,Monoclonal antibody,Polyclonal antibody',
			'meta_description' => 'Diagenode offers a wide range of antibodies and technical support for Immunofluorescence applications',
			'meta_title' => 'Immunofluorescence - Monoclonal antibody - Polyclonal antibody | Diagenode',
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			'slug' => 'chip-qpcr-antibodies',
			'meta_keywords' => 'Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing,ChIP-Seq,ChIP-seq grade antibodies,DNA purification,qPCR,Shearing of chromatin',
			'meta_description' => 'Diagenode offers a wide range of antibodies and technical support for ChIP-qPCR applications',
			'meta_title' => 'ChIP Quantitative PCR  Antibodies (ChIP-qPCR) | Diagenode',
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			'name' => 'All antibodies',
			'description' => '<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">All Diagenode&rsquo;s antibodies are listed below. Please, use our Quick search field to find the antibody of interest by target name, application, purity.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Diagenode&rsquo;s highly validated antibodies:</span></p>
<ul>
<li>Highly sensitive and specific</li>
<li>Cost-effective (requires less antibody per reaction)</li>
<li>Batch-specific data is available on the website</li>
<li>Expert technical support</li>
<li>Sample sizes available</li>
<li>100% satisfaction guarantee</li>
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			'meta_description' => 'Diagenode Offers Strict quality standards with Rigorous QC and validated Antibodies. Classified based on level of validation for flexibility of Application. Comprehensive selection of histone and non-histone Antibodies',
			'meta_title' => 'Diagenode's selection of Antibodies is exclusively dedicated for Epigenetic Research | Diagenode',
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			'name' => 'Histone antibodies',
			'description' => '<p>Histones are the main protein components of chromatin involved in the compaction of DNA into nucleosomes, the basic units of chromatin. A <strong>nucleosome</strong> consists of one pair of each of the core histones (<strong>H2A</strong>, <strong>H2B</strong>, <strong>H3</strong> and <strong>H4</strong>) forming an octameric structure wrapped by 146 base pairs of DNA. The different nucleosomes are linked by the linker histone<strong> H1, </strong>allowing for further condensation of chromatin.</p>
<p>The core histones have a globular structure with large unstructured N-terminal tails protruding from the nucleosome.&nbsp; They can undergo to multiple post-translational modifications (PTM), mainly at the N-terminal tails. These <strong>post-translational modifications </strong>include&nbsp; methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitinylation, citrullination, sumoylation, deamination and crotonylation.&nbsp; The most well characterized PTMs are <strong>methylation,</strong> <strong>acetylation and phosphorylation</strong>. Histone methylation occurs mainly on lysine (K) residues, which can be mono-, di- or tri-methylated, and on arginines (R), which can be mono-methylated and symmetrically or asymmetrically di-methylated. Histone acetylation occurs on lysines and histone phosphorylation mainly on serines (S), threonines (T) and tyrosines (Y).</p>
<p>The PTMs of the different residues are involved in numerous processes such as DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosome condensation. They influence the chromatin organization and can be positively or negatively associated with gene expression. Trimethylation of H3K4, H3K36 and H3K79, and lysine acetylation generally result in an open chromatin configuration (figure below) and are therefore associated with <strong>euchromatin</strong> and gene activation. Trimethylation of H3K9, K3K27 and H4K20, on the other hand, is enriched in <strong>heterochromatin </strong>and associated with gene silencing. The combination of different histone modifications is called the "<strong>histone code</strong>&rdquo;, analogous to the genetic code.</p>
<p><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/categories/antibodies/histone-marks-illustration.png" /></p>
<p>Diagenode is proud to offer a large range of antibodies against histones and histone modifications. Our&nbsp; antibodies are highly specific and have been validated in many applications, including <strong>ChIP</strong> and <strong>ChIP-seq</strong>.</p>
<p>Diagenode&rsquo;s collection includes antibodies recognizing:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Histone H1 variants</strong></li>
<li><strong>Histone H2A, H2A variants and histone H2A</strong> <strong>modifications</strong> (serine phosphorylation, lysine acetylation, lysine ubiquitinylation)</li>
<li><strong>Histone H2B and H2B</strong> <strong>modifications </strong>(serine phosphorylation, lysine acetylation)</li>
<li><strong>Histone H3 and H3 modifications </strong>(lysine methylation (mono-, di- and tri-methylated), lysine acetylation, serine phosphorylation, threonine phosphorylation, arginine methylation (mono-methylated, symmetrically and asymmetrically di-methylated))</li>
<li><strong>Histone H4 and H4 modifications (</strong>lysine methylation (mono-, di- and tri-methylated), lysine acetylation, arginine methylation (mono-methylated and symmetrically di-methylated), serine phosphorylation )</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;"><strong>HDAC's HAT's, HMT's and other</strong> <strong>enzymes</strong> which modify histones can be found in the category <a href="../categories/chromatin-modifying-proteins-histone-transferase">Histone modifying enzymes</a><br /></span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Diagenode&rsquo;s highly validated antibodies:</span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Highly sensitive and specific</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cost-effective (requires less antibody per reaction)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Batch-specific data is available on the website</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Expert technical support</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sample sizes available</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: 400;"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 100% satisfaction guarantee</span></li>
</ul>',
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			'meta_keywords' => 'Histone, antibody, histone h1, histone h2, histone h3, histone h4',
			'meta_description' => 'Polyclonal and Monoclonal Antibodies against Histones and their modifications validated for many applications, including Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and ChIP-Sequencing (ChIP-seq)',
			'meta_title' => 'Histone and Modified Histone Antibodies | Diagenode',
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			'name' => 'ChIP-grade antibodies',
			'description' => '<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 columns"><center></center>
<p><br />Chromatin immunoprecipitation (<b>ChIP</b>) is a technique to study the associations of proteins with the specific genomic regions in intact cells. One of the most important steps of this protocol is the immunoprecipitation of targeted protein using the antibody specifically recognizing it. The quality of antibodies used in ChIP is essential for the success of the experiment. Diagenode offers extensively validated ChIP-grade antibodies, confirmed for their specificity, and high level of performance in ChIP. Each batch is validated, and batch-specific data are available on the website.</p>
<p></p>
</div>
</div>
<p><strong>ChIP results</strong> obtained with the antibody directed against H3K4me3 (Cat. No. <a href="../p/h3k4me3-polyclonal-antibody-premium-50-ug-50-ul">C15410003</a>).&nbsp;</p>
<div class="row">
<div class="small-12 medium-6 large-6 columns"><img src="https://www.diagenode.com/img/product/antibodies/C15410003-fig1-ChIP.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="315" />&nbsp;</div>
<div class="small-12 medium-6 large-6 columns">
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
</div>
</div>
<p></p>
<p>Our aim at Diagenode is to offer the largest collection of highly specific <strong>ChIP-grade antibodies</strong>. We add new antibodies monthly. Find your ChIP-grade antibody in the list below and check more information about tested applications, extensive validation data, and product information.</p>',
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			'meta_description' => 'Diagenode Offers Extensively Validated ChIP-Grade Antibodies, Confirmed for their Specificity, and high level of Performance in Chromatin Immunoprecipitation ChIP',
			'meta_title' => 'Chromatin immunoprecipitation ChIP-grade antibodies | Diagenode',
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			'name' => 'Sample size antibodies',
			'description' => '<h1><strong>Validated epigenetics antibodies</strong>&nbsp;&ndash; care for a sample?<br />&nbsp;</h1>
<p>Diagenode has partnered with leading epigenetics experts and numerous epigenetics consortiums to bring to you a validated and comprehensive collection of epigenetic antibodies. As an expert in epigenetics, we are committed to offering highly-specific antibodies validated for ChIP/ChIP-seq and many other applications. All batch-specific validation data is available on our website.<br /><a href="../categories/antibodies">Read about our expertise in antibody production</a>.</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Focused</strong> -&nbsp;Diagenode's selection of antibodies is exclusively dedicated for epigenetic research. <a title="See the full collection." href="../categories/all-antibodies">See the full collection.</a></li>
<li><strong>Strict quality standards</strong>&nbsp;with rigorous QC and validation</li>
<li><strong>Classified</strong>&nbsp;based on level of validation for flexibility of application</li>
</ul>
<p>Existing sample sizes are listed below. We will soon expand our collection. &nbsp;Are you looking for a sample size of another antibody? Just <a href="mailto:agnieszka.zelisko@diagenode.com?Subject=Sample%20Size%20Request" target="_top">Contact us</a>.</p>',
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			'meta_keywords' => '5-hmC monoclonal antibody,CRISPR/Cas9 polyclonal antibody ,H3K36me3 polyclonal antibody,diagenode',
			'meta_description' => 'Diagenode offers sample volume on selected antibodies for researchers to test, validate and provide confidence and flexibility in choosing from our wide range of antibodies ',
			'meta_title' => 'Sample-size Antibodies | Diagenode',
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			'name' => 'Datasheet H3K9me2 C15200154 ',
			'description' => '<p>Datasheet description</p>',
			'image_id' => null,
			'type' => 'Datasheet',
			'url' => 'files/products/antibodies/Datasheet_H3K9me2_C15200154.pdf',
			'slug' => 'datasheet-h3k9me2-mab-154-050',
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		(int) 1 => array(
			'id' => '11',
			'name' => 'Antibodies you can trust',
			'description' => '<p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Epigenetic research tools have evolved over time from endpoint PCR to qPCR to the analyses of large sets of genome-wide sequencing data. ChIP sequencing (ChIP-seq) has now become the gold standard method for chromatin studies, given the accuracy and coverage scale of the approach over other methods. Successful ChIP-seq, however, requires a higher level of experimental accuracy and consistency in all steps of ChIP than ever before. Particularly crucial is the quality of ChIP antibodies. </span></p>',
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			'type' => 'Poster',
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		(int) 2 => array(
			'id' => '38',
			'name' => 'Epigenetic Antibodies Brochure',
			'description' => '<p>More than in any other immuoprecipitation assays, quality antibodies are critical tools in many epigenetics experiments. Since 10 years, Diagenode has developed the most stringent quality production available on the market for antibodies exclusively focused on epigenetic uses. All our antibodies have been qualified to work in epigenetic applications.</p>',
			'image_id' => null,
			'type' => 'Brochure',
			'url' => 'files/brochures/Epigenetic_Antibodies_Brochure.pdf',
			'slug' => 'epigenetic-antibodies-brochure',
			'meta_keywords' => '',
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			'alt' => 'Mouse IgG',
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			'id' => '4454',
			'name' => 'Histone lysine demethylase inhibition reprograms prostate cancermetabolism and mechanics.',
			'authors' => 'Chianese  Ugo and Papulino  Chiara and Passaro  Eugenia andEvers  Tom Mj and Babaei  Mehrad and Toraldo  Antonella andDe Marchi  Tommaso and Niméus  Emma and Carafa  Vincenzo andNicoletti  Maria Maddalena and Del Gaudio  Nunzio andIaccarino  Nunzia an',
			'description' => '<p>OBJECTIVE: Aberrant activity of androgen receptor (AR) is the primary cause underlying development and progression of prostate cancer (PCa) and castration-resistant PCa (CRPC). Androgen signaling regulates gene transcription and lipid metabolism, facilitating tumor growth and therapy resistance in early and advanced PCa. Although direct AR signaling inhibitors exist, AR expression and function can also be epigenetically regulated. Specifically, lysine (K)-specific demethylases (KDMs), which are often overexpressed in PCa and CRPC phenotypes, regulate the AR transcriptional program. METHODS: We investigated LSD1/UTX inhibition, two KDMs, in PCa and CRPC using a multi-omics approach. We first performed a mitochondrial stress test to evaluate respiratory capacity after treatment with MC3324, a dual KDM-inhibitor, and then carried out lipidomic, proteomic, and metabolic analyses. We also investigated mechanical cellular properties with acoustic force spectroscopy. RESULTS: MC3324 induced a global increase in H3K4me2 and H3K27me3 accompanied by significant growth arrest and apoptosis in androgen-responsive and -unresponsive PCa systems. LSD1/UTX inhibition downregulated AR at both transcriptional and non-transcriptional level, showing cancer selectivity, indicating its potential use in resistance to androgen deprivation therapy. Since MC3324 impaired metabolic activity, by modifying the protein and lipid content in PCa and CRPC cell lines. Epigenetic inhibition of LSD1/UTX disrupted mitochondrial ATP production and mediated lipid plasticity, which affected the phosphocholine class, an important structural element for the cell membrane in PCa and CRPC associated with changes in physical and mechanical properties of cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest a network in which epigenetics, hormone signaling, metabolite availability, lipid content, and mechano-metabolic process are closely related. This network may be able to identify additional hotspots for pharmacological intervention and underscores the key role of KDM-mediated epigenetic modulation in PCa and CRPC.</p>',
			'date' => '2022-08-01',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35944897',
			'doi' => '10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101561',
			'modified' => '2022-10-21 09:37:56',
			'created' => '2022-09-28 09:53:13',
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		(int) 1 => array(
			'id' => '3965',
			'name' => 'Histone post-translational modifications in Silene latifolia X and Y chromosomes suggest a mammal-like dosage compensation system',
			'authors' => 'Luis Rodríguez Lorenzo José, Hubinský Marcel, Vyskot Boris, Hobza Roman',
			'description' => '<p>Silene latifolia is a model organism to study evolutionary young heteromorphic sex chromosome evolution in plants. Previous research indicates a Y-allele gene degeneration and a dosage compensation system already operating. Here, we propose an epigenetic approach based on analysis of several histone post-translational modifications (PTMs) to find the first epigenetic hints of the X:Y sex chromosome system regulation in S. latifolia. Through chromatin immunoprecipitation we interrogated six genes from X and Y alleles. Several histone PTMS linked to DNA methylation and transcriptional repression (H3K27me3, H3K23me, H3K9me2 and H3K9me3) and to transcriptional activation (H3K4me3 and H4K5, 8, 12, 16ac) were used. DNA enrichment (Immunoprecipitated DNA/input DNA) was analyzed and showed three main results: i) promoters of the Y allele are associated with heterochromatin marks, ii) promoters of the X allele in males are associated with activation of transcription marks and finally, iii) promoters of X alleles in females are associated with active and repressive marks. Our finding indicates a transcription activation of X allele and transcription repression of Y allele in males. In females we found a possible differential regulation (up X1, down X2) of each female X allele. These results agree with the mammal-like epigenetic dosage compensation regulation.</p>',
			'date' => '2020-05-24',
			'pmid' => 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0168945220301333',
			'doi' => '10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110528',
			'modified' => '2020-08-12 09:42:21',
			'created' => '2020-08-10 12:12:25',
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		(int) 2 => array(
			'id' => '3657',
			'name' => 'The histone methyltransferase DOT1L is required for proper DNA damage response, DNA repair, and modulates chemotherapy responsiveness.',
			'authors' => 'Kari V, Raul SK, Henck JM, Kitz J, Kramer F, Kosinsky RL, Übelmesser N, Mansour WY, Eggert J, Spitzner M, Najafova Z, Bastians H, Grade M, Gaedcke J, Wegwitz F, Johnsen SA',
			'description' => '<p>BACKGROUND: Disruptor of telomeric silencing 1-like (DOT1L) is a non-SET domain containing methyltransferase known to catalyze mono-, di-, and tri-methylation of histone 3 on lysine 79 (H3K79me). DOT1L-mediated H3K79me has been implicated in chromatin-associated functions including gene transcription, heterochromatin formation, and DNA repair. Recent studies have uncovered a role for DOT1L in the initiation and progression of leukemia and other solid tumors. The development and availability of small molecule inhibitors of DOT1L may provide new and unique therapeutic options for certain types or subgroups of cancer. METHODS: In this study, we examined the role of DOT1L in DNA double-strand break (DSB) response and repair by depleting DOT1L using siRNA or inhibiting its methyltransferase activity using small molecule inhibitors in colorectal cancer cells. Cells were treated with different agents to induce DNA damage in DOT1L-depleted or -inhibited cells and analyzed for DNA repair efficiency and survival. Further, rectal cancer patient samples were analyzed for H3K79me3 levels in order to determine whether it may serve as a potential marker for personalized therapy. RESULTS: Our results indicate that DOT1L is required for a proper DNA damage response following DNA double-strand breaks by regulating the phosphorylation of the variant histone H2AX (&gamma;H2AX) and repair via homologous recombination (HR). Importantly, we show that small molecule inhibitors of DOT1L combined with chemotherapeutic agents that are used to treat colorectal cancers show additive effects. Furthermore, examination of H3K79me3 levels in rectal cancer patients demonstrates that lower levels correlate with a poorer prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we conclude that DOT1L plays an important role in an early DNA damage response and repair of DNA double-strand breaks via the HR pathway. Moreover, DOT1L inhibition leads to&nbsp;increased sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents and PARP inhibition, which further highlights its potential clinical utility. Our results further suggest that H3K79me3 can be useful as a predictive and or prognostic marker for rectal cancer patients.</p>',
			'date' => '2019-01-07',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.pubmed.gov/30616689',
			'doi' => '10.1186/s13148-018-0601-1',
			'modified' => '2019-06-07 09:01:28',
			'created' => '2019-06-06 12:11:18',
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		),
		(int) 3 => array(
			'id' => '2886',
			'name' => 'Role of Annexin gene and its regulation during zebrafish caudal fin regeneration',
			'authors' => 'Saxena S, Purushothaman S, Meghah V, Bhatti B, Poruri A, Meena Lakshmi MG, Sarath Babu N, Murthy CL, Mandal KK, Kumar A, Idris MM',
			'description' => '<p>The molecular mechanism of epimorphic regeneration is elusive due to its complexity and limitation in mammals. Epigenetic regulatory mechanisms play a crucial role in development and regeneration. This investigation attempted to reveal the role of epigenetic regulatory mechanisms, such as histone H3 and H4 lysine acetylation and methylation during zebrafish caudal fin regeneration. It was intriguing to observe that H3K9,14 acetylation, H4K20 trimethylation, H3K4 trimethylation and H3K9 dimethylation along with their respective regulatory genes, such as <em>GCN5, SETd8b, SETD7/9</em> and <em>SUV39h1</em>, were differentially regulated in the regenerating fin at various time points of post-amputation. Annexin genes have been associated with regeneration; this study reveals the significant upregulation of <em>ANXA2a</em> and <em>ANXA2b</em> transcripts and their protein products during the regeneration process. Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and PCR analysis of the regulatory regions of the <em>ANXA2a</em> and <em>ANXA2b</em> genes demonstrated the ability to repress two histone methylations, H3K27me3 and H4K20me3, in transcriptional regulation during regeneration. It is hypothesized that this novel insight into the diverse epigenetic mechanisms that play a critical role during the regeneration process may help to strategize the translational efforts, in addition to identifying the molecules involved in vertebrate regeneration.</p>',
			'date' => '2016-03-12',
			'pmid' => 'http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/wrr.12429/abstract',
			'doi' => '10.1111/wrr.12429',
			'modified' => '2016-04-08 17:24:06',
			'created' => '2016-04-08 17:24:06',
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		),
		(int) 4 => array(
			'id' => '2848',
			'name' => 'Independent Mechanisms Target SMCHD1 to Trimethylated Histone H3 Lysine 9-Modified Chromatin and the Inactive X Chromosome',
			'authors' => 'Brideau NJ, Coker H, Gendrel AV, Siebert CA, Bezstarosti K, Demmers J, Poot RA, Nesterova TB, Brockdorff N',
			'description' => '<p>The chromosomal protein SMCHD1 plays an important role in epigenetic silencing at diverse loci, including the inactive X chromosome, imprinted genes, and the facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy locus. Although homology with canonical SMC family proteins suggests a role in chromosome organization, the mechanisms underlying SMCHD1 function and target site selection remain poorly understood. Here we show that SMCHD1 forms an active GHKL-ATPase homodimer, contrasting with canonical SMC complexes, which exist as tripartite ring structures. Electron microscopy analysis demonstrates that SMCHD1 homodimers structurally resemble prokaryotic condensins. We further show that the principal mechanism for chromatin loading of SMCHD1 involves an LRIF1-mediated interaction with HP1&gamma; at trimethylated histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9me3)-modified chromatin sites on the chromosome arms. A parallel pathway accounts for chromatin loading at a minority of sites, notably the inactive X chromosome. Together, our results provide key insights into SMCHD1 function and target site selection.</p>',
			'date' => '2015-12-01',
			'pmid' => 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26391951',
			'doi' => ' 10.1128/MCB.00432-15',
			'modified' => '2016-03-11 16:15:30',
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			'description' => 'Gene MAGEA1 belongs to a group of human germline-specific genes that rely on DNA methylation for repression in somatic tissues. Many of these genes, termed cancer-germline (CG) genes, become demethylated and activated in a wide variety of tumors, where they encode tumor-specific antigens. The process leading to DNA demethylation of CG genes in tumors remains unclear. Previous data suggested that histone acetylation might be involved. Here, we investigated the relative contribution of DNA methylation and histone acetylation in the epigenetic regulation of gene MAGEA1. We show that MAGEA1 DNA hypomethylation in expressing melanoma cells is indeed correlated with local increases in histone H3 acetylation (H3ac). However, when MAGEA1-negative cells were exposed to a histone deacetylase inhibitor (TSA), we observed only short-term activation of the gene and detected no demethylation of its promoter. As a more sensitive assay, we used a cell clone harboring a methylated MAGEA1/hph construct, which confers resistance to hygromycin upon stable re-activation. TSA induced only transient de-repression of the transgene, and did not lead to the emergence of hygromycin-resistant cells. In striking contrast, transient depletion of DNA-methyltransferase-1 in the reporter cell clone gave rise to a hygromycin-resistant population, in which the re-activated MAGEA1/hph transgene displayed not only marked DNA hypomethylation, but also significant reversal of histone marks, including gains in H3ac and H3K4me2, and losses of H3K9me2. Collectively, our results indicate that DNA methylation has a dominant role in the epigenetic hierarchy governing MAGEA1 expression.',
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	'created' => '2015-07-03 16:05:27',
	'ProductsDocument' => array(
		'id' => '2623',
		'product_id' => '2970',
		'document_id' => '38'
	)
)
$sds = array(
	'id' => '1474',
	'name' => 'H3K9me2 Antibody SDS BE nl',
	'language' => 'nl',
	'url' => 'files/SDS/H3K9me2/SDS-C15200154-H3K9me2_Antibody-BE-nl-GHS_2_0.pdf',
	'countries' => 'BE',
	'modified' => '2021-08-30 15:10:20',
	'created' => '2021-08-30 15:10:20',
	'ProductsSafetySheet' => array(
		'id' => '2594',
		'product_id' => '2970',
		'safety_sheet_id' => '1474'
	)
)
$publication = array(
	'id' => '1328',
	'name' => 'Epigenetic hierarchy within the MAGEA1 cancer-germline gene: promoter DNA methylation dictates local histone modifications.',
	'authors' => 'Cannuyer J, Loriot A, Parvizi GK, De Smet C',
	'description' => 'Gene MAGEA1 belongs to a group of human germline-specific genes that rely on DNA methylation for repression in somatic tissues. Many of these genes, termed cancer-germline (CG) genes, become demethylated and activated in a wide variety of tumors, where they encode tumor-specific antigens. The process leading to DNA demethylation of CG genes in tumors remains unclear. Previous data suggested that histone acetylation might be involved. Here, we investigated the relative contribution of DNA methylation and histone acetylation in the epigenetic regulation of gene MAGEA1. We show that MAGEA1 DNA hypomethylation in expressing melanoma cells is indeed correlated with local increases in histone H3 acetylation (H3ac). However, when MAGEA1-negative cells were exposed to a histone deacetylase inhibitor (TSA), we observed only short-term activation of the gene and detected no demethylation of its promoter. As a more sensitive assay, we used a cell clone harboring a methylated MAGEA1/hph construct, which confers resistance to hygromycin upon stable re-activation. TSA induced only transient de-repression of the transgene, and did not lead to the emergence of hygromycin-resistant cells. In striking contrast, transient depletion of DNA-methyltransferase-1 in the reporter cell clone gave rise to a hygromycin-resistant population, in which the re-activated MAGEA1/hph transgene displayed not only marked DNA hypomethylation, but also significant reversal of histone marks, including gains in H3ac and H3K4me2, and losses of H3K9me2. Collectively, our results indicate that DNA methylation has a dominant role in the epigenetic hierarchy governing MAGEA1 expression.',
	'date' => '2013-03-05',
	'pmid' => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23472218',
	'doi' => '',
	'modified' => '2015-07-24 15:39:00',
	'created' => '2015-07-24 15:39:00',
	'ProductsPublication' => array(
		'id' => '2758',
		'product_id' => '2970',
		'publication_id' => '1328'
	)
)
$externalLink = ' <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23472218" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-external-link"></i></a>'
include - APP/View/Products/view.ctp, line 755
View::_evaluate() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 971
View::_render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 933
View::render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 473
Controller::render() - CORE/Cake/Controller/Controller.php, line 963
ProductsController::slug() - APP/Controller/ProductsController.php, line 1052
ReflectionMethod::invokeArgs() - [internal], line ??
Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/Cake/Controller/Controller.php, line 491
Dispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 193
Dispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 167
[main] - APP/webroot/index.php, line 118

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Datasheet H3K9me2 C15200154 DATASHEET Datasheet description	Download
Antibodies you can trust POSTER Epigenetic research tools have evolved over time from endpoint PCR to qPCR to the analyses of lar...	Download
Epigenetic Antibodies Brochure BROCHURE More than in any other immuoprecipitation assays, quality antibodies are critical tools in many e...	Download

H3K9me2 Antibody SDS US en	Download
H3K9me2 Antibody SDS GB en	Download
H3K9me2 Antibody SDS BE fr	Download
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H3K9me2 Antibody SDS BE nl	Download